151
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Using environmental niche models to elucidate drivers of the American bullfrog invasion in California. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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152
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Spatiotemporal Variations of Plague Risk in the Tibetan Plateau from 1954-2016. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020304. [PMID: 35205170 PMCID: PMC8869688 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plague persists in the plague natural foci today. Although previous studies have found climate drives plague dynamics, quantitative analysis on animal plague risk under climate change remains understudied. Here, we analyzed plague dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) which is a climate-sensitive area and one of the most severe animal plague areas in China to disentangle variations in marmot plague enzootic foci, diffusion patterns, and their possible links with climate and anthropogenic factors. Specifically, we developed a time-sharing ecological niche modelling framework to identify finer potential plague territories and their temporal epidemic trends. Models were conducted by assembling animal records and multi-source ecophysiological variables with actual ecological effects (both climatic predictors and landscape factors) and driven by matching plague strains to periods corresponding to meteorological datasets. The models identified abundant animal plague territories over the TP and suggested the spatial patterns varied spatiotemporal dimension across the years, undergoing repeated spreading and contractions. Plague risk increased in the 1980s and 2000s, with the risk area increasing by 17.7 and 55.5 thousand km2, respectively. The 1990s and 2010s were decades of decreased risk, with reductions of 71.9 and 39.5 thousand km2, respectively. Further factor analysis showed that intrinsic conditions (i.e., elevation, soil, and geochemical landscape) provided fundamental niches. In contrast, climatic conditions, especially precipitation, led to niche differentiation and resulted in varied spatial patterns. Additionally, while increased human interference may temporarily reduce plague risks, there is a strong possibility of recurrence. This study reshaped the plague distribution at multiple time scales in the TP and revealed multifactorial synergistic effects on the spreading and contraction of plague foci, confirming that TP plague is increasingly sensitive to climate change. These findings may facilitate groups to take measures to combat the plague threats and prevent potential future human plague from occurring.
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153
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Chien SC, Krumins JA. Natural versus urban global soil organic carbon stocks: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150999. [PMID: 34656570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, the human existence in urban environments is growing. In addition, anthropogenic activity has altered the global carbon (C) cycle and triggered climate change. Soil is the largest pool of organic C in terrestrial ecosystems, but its ability to retain and store C varies. As humans move forward to mitigate climate change, there is a growing need to understand the C storing capacity of soils and their interactions with factors like climate, vegetation or a footprint of human activity. Here, we constructed a meta-analysis which focused on 30 cm soil depth by collecting data from over 191 studies measuring soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks across natural, urban green space, and urban intensive habitats. We then compared the SOC data between different climatic zones, vegetation types, and anthropogenic influences with the human footprint index. The results indicate that SOC stocks in natural habitats (98.22 ± 49.10 Mg ha-1) are significantly higher than those of urban green spaces (54.61 ± 22.02 Mg ha-1) and urban intensive habitats (65.88 ± 35.27 Mg ha-1). We find a significant and negative relationship between the human footprint and SOC stocks of natural habitats but not between the human footprint and either of the urban habitats. Urban intensive and urban green space habitat soils store less C than natural ones. However, when compared across climatic zones or vegetation types, the capacity of natural soils to store C is variable and vulnerable to human activity. Carbon storage in urban soils is likely limited by persistent and stable anthropogenic influences keeping variability low. This is most pronounced in urban green spaces where human management is high (i.e. a golf course) and SOC is low. A comprehensive understanding of C storage in soils is essential to land management and climate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Chien
- Doctoral Program in Environmental Science and Management, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.
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154
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Semenchuk P, Plutzar C, Kastner T, Matej S, Bidoglio G, Erb KH, Essl F, Haberl H, Wessely J, Krausmann F, Dullinger S. Relative effects of land conversion and land-use intensity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:615. [PMID: 35105884 PMCID: PMC8807604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use has transformed ecosystems over three quarters of the terrestrial surface, with massive repercussions on biodiversity. Land-use intensity is known to contribute to the effects of land-use on biodiversity, but the magnitude of this contribution remains uncertain. Here, we use a modified countryside species-area model to compute a global account of the impending biodiversity loss caused by current land-use patterns, explicitly addressing the role of land-use intensity based on two sets of intensity indicators. We find that land-use entails the loss of ~15% of terrestrial vertebrate species from the average 5 × 5 arcmin-landscape outside remaining wilderness areas and ~14% of their average native area-of-habitat, with a risk of global extinction for 556 individual species. Given the large fraction of global land currently used under low land-use intensity, we find its contribution to biodiversity loss to be substantial (~25%). While both sets of intensity indicators yield similar global average results, we find regional differences between them and discuss data gaps. Our results support calls for improved sustainable intensification strategies and demand-side actions to reduce trade-offs between food security and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Semenchuk
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Plutzar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kastner
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Sarah Matej
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio Bidoglio
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Erb
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Essl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Wessely
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fridolin Krausmann
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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155
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Ramirez-Contreras NE, Fontanilla-Díaz CA, Pardo LE, Delgado T, Munar-Florez D, Wicke B, Ruíz-Delgado J, van der Hilst F, Garcia-Nuñez JA, Mosquera-Montoya M, Faaij APC. Integral analysis of environmental and economic performance of combined agricultural intensification & bioenergy production in the Orinoquia region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114137. [PMID: 34847366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification is a key strategy to help meet increasing demand for food and bioenergy. It has the potential to reduce direct and indirect land use change (LUC) and associated environmental impacts while contributing to a favorable economic performance of the agriculture sector. We conduct an integral analysis of environmental and economic impacts of LUC from projected agricultural intensification and bioenergy production in the Orinoquia region in 2030. We compare three agricultural intensification scenarios (low, medium, high) and a reference scenario, which assumes a business-as-usual development of agricultural production. The results show that with current inefficient management or with only very little intensification between 26% and 93% of the existing natural vegetation areas will be converted to agricultural land to meet increasing food demand. This results in the loss of biodiversity by 53% and increased water consumption by 111%. In the medium and high scenarios, the intensification allows meeting increased food demand within current agricultural lands and even generating surplus land which can be used to produce bioenergy crops. This results in the reduction of biodiversity loss by 8-13% with medium and high levels of intensification compared to the situation in 2018. Also, a positive economic performance is observed, stemming primarily from intensification of cattle production and additional energy crop production. Despite increasing irrigation efficiency in more intensive production systems, the water demand for perennial crops and cattle production over the dry season increases significantly, thus sustainable management practices that target efficient water use are needed. Agricultural productivity improvements, particularly for cattle production, are crucial for reducing the pressure on natural areas from increasing demand for both food products and bioenergy. This implies targeted investments in the agricultural sector and integrated planning of land use. Our results showed that production intensification in the Orinoquia region is a mechanism that could reduce the pressure on natural land and its associated environmental and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Elizabeth Ramirez-Contreras
- Energy Sustainability Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands; Colombian Oil Palm Research Centre, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Lain E Pardo
- Department of Nature Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela University, George, 6530, South Africa
| | - Tulia Delgado
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Centre, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Birka Wicke
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Floor van der Hilst
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - André P C Faaij
- Energy Sustainability Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands; TNO Energy Transition, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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156
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Chen C, Brodie JF, Kays R, Davies TJ, Liu R, Fisher JT, Ahumada J, McShea W, Sheil D, Agwanda B, Andrianarisoa MH, Appleton RD, Bitariho R, Espinosa S, Grigione MM, Helgen KM, Hubbard A, Hurtado CM, Jansen PA, Jiang X, Jones A, Kalies EL, Kiebou‐Opepa C, Li X, Lima MGM, Meyer E, Miller AB, Murphy T, Piana R, Quan R, Rota CT, Rovero F, Santos F, Schuttler S, Uduman A, Bommel JK, Young H, Burton AC. Global camera trap synthesis highlights the importance of protected areas in maintaining mammal diversity. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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157
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Norambuena HV, Rivera R, Barros R, Silva R, Peredo R, Hernández CE. Living on the edge: genetic structure and geographic distribution in the threatened Markham's Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates markhami). PeerJ 2022; 9:e12669. [PMID: 35036151 PMCID: PMC8711276 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, illegal killings, ineffective conservation policies, knowledge gaps and climate change. These threats are particularly troubling in the Procellariiformes (Aves), one of the most endangered bird groups. For “storm-petrels”, their cryptic breeding behavior, asynchrony between populations, and light pollution pose additional threats that contribute to increased mortality.Markham’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates markhami), a poorly known migratory species, is a pelagic bird that breeds in dispersed colonies in the Sechura and Atacama Deserts, with asynchronous reproduction between colonies, and is highly affected by artificial lights. Considering its complex conservation scenario and singular breeding, we expected to find narrow habitat distribution conditions, strong geographic genetic structure, and spatially differentiation related to human population activities (e.g., light pollution) and the climate global change. To evaluate these predictions, we analyzed the phylogeography, current and future potential distribution based on mitochondrial gene ND1 and geographic records.The phylogeographic analyses revealed three well-supported clades (i.e., Paracas, Arica, and Salar Grande), and the geographical distribution modeled using an intrinsic conditional model (iCAR) suggests a positive relationship with the mean temperature of the wettest quarter and of the driest quarter, solar radiation, and anthropogenic disturbance. The future predictions under moderate and severe scenarios of global change indicated a drastic distribution area reduction, especially in the southern zone around Tarapacá and Antofagasta in Chile. These suggest a potential loss of unique genetic diversity and the need for conservation actions particularly focused at the edges of the H. markhami distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heraldo V Norambuena
- Centro Bahía Lomas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Concepción, Chile.,Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Red de Observadores de Aves y Vida Silvestre de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Barros
- Red de Observadores de Aves y Vida Silvestre de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Silva
- Red de Observadores de Aves y Vida Silvestre de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronny Peredo
- Red de Observadores de Aves y Vida Silvestre de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú
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158
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Feijó A, Ge D, Wen Z, Xia L, Yang Q. Identifying hotspots and priority areas for xenarthran research and conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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159
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Pan F, Song M, Wan Q, Yuan L. A conservation planning framework for China's national key ecological function area based on ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:74. [PMID: 34997868 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
National Key Ecological Functions Areas (NKEFAs) in China perform critical ecological functions and play a key role in ensuring the ecological safety of a large region or the whole country. Conservation planning in NKEFAs needs to scientifically locate conservation areas and development sites to support the "globally conserved, locally developed" strategy. However, popular conservation planning approaches often underestimate the impacts of natural and anthropogenic stressors and thus fail to handle the conflicts between conservation and development goals. This article proposes a conservation planning framework (CP-NKEFA) to overcome the limitations of popular conservation planning approaches and fulfill the conservation planning requirements of China's NKEFAs. Conservation planning is converted to an ecological risk assessment problem to integrate natural and anthropogenic stressors analysis with ecosystem service (ES) evaluation. The framework clarifies stressor types and quantifies stressor risks and ES importance to set conservation, development, and buffer zones. As a case study, the framework was implemented in Changyang County, China, an NKEFA for water and soil retention in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. The framework is more useful than typical ecological redline zoning for instructing conservation and development spatial arrangement with a multi-category zoning scheme. The zoning results protect the areas vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic stressors or significant for ES provisions. Furthermore, the buffer zone prevents direct impacts of human activities on conservation areas and permits trade-offs between conservation and development goals. Except for NKEFAs, the framework also applies to conservation planning in other areas where conservation and development goals must be handled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Pan
- School of Management, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Mingjie Song
- College of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Qing Wan
- School of Management, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Lanlan Yuan
- Wuhan Real Estate Registration Center, Wuhan, 430015, China
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160
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Hirsh-Pearson K, Johnson CJ, Schuster R, Wheate RD, Venter O. Canada’s human footprint reveals large intact areas juxtaposed against areas under immense anthropogenic pressure. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts are underway in Canada to set aside terrestrial lands for conservation, thereby protecting them from anthropogenic pressures. Here we produce the first Canadian human footprint map by combining 12 different anthropogenic pressures and identifying intact and modified lands and ecosystems across the country. Our results showed strong spatial variation in pressures across the country, with just 18% of Canada experiencing measurable human pressure. However, some ecosystems are experiencing very high pressure, such as the Great Lakes Plains and Prairies national ecological areas that have over 75% and 56% of their areas, respectively, with a high human footprint. In contrast, the Arctic and Northern Mountains have less than 0.02% and 0.2%, respectively, of their extent under high human footprint. A validation of the final map, using random statistical sampling, resulted in a Cohen Kappa statistic of 0.91, signifying an “almost perfect” agreement between the human footprint and the validation data set. By increasing the number and accuracy of mapped pressures, our map demonstrates much more widespread pressures in Canada than were indicated by previous global mapping efforts, demonstrating the value in specific national data applications. Ecological areas with immense anthropogenic pressure highlight challenges that may arise when planning for ecologically representative protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Hirsh-Pearson
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Chris J. Johnson
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Richard Schuster
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Roger D. Wheate
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
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161
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Perrin SW, van der Veen B, Golding N, Finstad AG. Modelling temperature-driven changes in species associations across freshwater communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:86-97. [PMID: 34668617 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change-induced shifts in species distributions, estimating changes in community composition through the use of Species Distribution Models has become a key management tool. Being able to determine how species associations change along environmental gradients is likely to be pivotal in exploring the magnitude of future changes in species' distributions. This is particularly important in connectivity-limited ecosystems, such as freshwater ecosystems, where increased human translocation is creating species associations over previously unseen environmental gradients. Here, we use a large-scale presence-absence dataset of freshwater fish from lakes across the Fennoscandian region in a Joint Species Distribution Model, to measure the effect of temperature on species associations. We identified a trend of negative associations between species tolerant of cold waters and those tolerant of warmer waters, as well as positive associations between several more warm-tolerant species, with these associations often shifting depending on local temperatures. Our results confirm that freshwater ecosystems can expect to see a large-scale shift towards communities dominated by more warm-tolerant species. While there remains much work to be done to predict exactly where and when local extinctions may take place, the model implemented provides a starting-point for the exploration of climate-driven community trends. This approach is especially informative in regards to determining which species associations are most central in shaping future community composition, and which areas are most vulnerable to local extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wenaas Perrin
- Centre of Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bert van der Veen
- Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nick Golding
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anders Gravbrøt Finstad
- Centre of Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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162
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The Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve Is Partially Effective in Mitigating Human Pressures. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protected areas play significant roles in protecting biodiversity by mitigating human activities. As an indicator for human activities, the human footprint (HF) can be used to assess the effectiveness of protected areas. We developed a HF dataset for the Sanjiangyuan region in China after localizing the global HF model. Then we used it to assess the effectiveness of Sanjiangyuan nature reserve (SNR) in mitigating human pressures. Our results suggest that the HF value for the Sanjiangyuan region was generally low from 1995 to 2015, with a fluctuating increasing trend. The SNR is partially effective in mitigating human pressures. For 2005–2010, the HF values decreased both within and outside the reserve with more decreases for the outside. For the three functional zones of the SNR, our results show that the HF values decreased during 2005–2010 for all of them, with the largest decrease in the experimental area, and increased during 2010–2015, with the lowest increase in the core areas. The results we obtained are consistent with ecological indicator-based assessments. It is a challenge for the government to balance conservation and development in establishing Sanjiangyuan National Park.
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163
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Citeli N, Klaczko J, De-Lima AKS, de-Carvalho M, Nunes PMS, Passos P, Brandão RA. Taxonomy, allometry, sexual dimorphism, and conservation of the trans-Andean watersnake Helicops danieli Amaral, 1937 (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Hydropsini). CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extensive lack of knowledge on the morphological aspects of South American watersnakes includes a poor understanding of phenotypic parameters, intraspecific variation, and conservation of the trans-Andean Helicops species, Daniel’s Keelback (Helicops danieli Amaral, 1937). For the first time, we provide a multidisciplinary view using key features (e.g., morphology and niche modeling) to improve the taxonomic recognition of this species, as well as describing ontogenetic color changes, allometry, sexual dimorphism, and the conservation status of this poorly studied snake. First, we emended the morphological diagnosis of H. danieli with 23 characters and detected that juvenile tail length is positively related to allometric growth, and that juveniles differ from adults through the presence of the white nuchal collar. Females are larger than males for snout–vent length, whereas males showed proportionally longer tails and smaller head length growth. Suitable areas for H. danieli are restricted to the trans-Andean regions from the Magdalena drainage to the Caribbean coast, which also showed high values of anthropic impacts. Our multidisciplinary approach provided new insights into this South American watersnake’s morphology, intraspecific variation, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Citeli
- Laboratório de Fauna e Unidades de Conservação, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparada dos Vertebrados, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Klaczko
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparada dos Vertebrados, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana de-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Comportamento Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Sales Nunes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Passos
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Reuber Albuquerque Brandão
- Laboratório de Fauna e Unidades de Conservação, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
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164
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Zizka A, Andermann T, Silvestro D. IUCNN
– Deep learning approaches to approximate species' extinction risk. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zizka
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig (iDiv)University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Göteborg Sweden
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
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165
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Global patterns of potential future plant diversity hidden in soil seed banks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7023. [PMID: 34857747 PMCID: PMC8639999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil seed banks represent a critical but hidden stock for potential future plant diversity on Earth. Here we compiled and analyzed a global dataset consisting of 15,698 records of species diversity and density for soil seed banks in natural plant communities worldwide to quantify their environmental determinants and global patterns. Random forest models showed that absolute latitude was an important predictor for diversity of soil seed banks. Further, climate and soil were the major determinants of seed bank diversity, while net primary productivity and soil characteristics were the main predictors of seed bank density. Moreover, global mapping revealed clear spatial patterns for soil seed banks worldwide; for instance, low densities may render currently species-rich low latitude biomes (such as tropical rain-forests) less resilient to major disturbances. Our assessment provides quantitative evidence of how environmental conditions shape the distribution of soil seed banks, which enables a more accurate prediction of the resilience and vulnerabilities of plant communities and biomes under global changes.
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166
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Cervellini M, Di Musciano M, Zannini P, Fattorini S, Jiménez‐Alfaro B, Agrillo E, Attorre F, Angelini P, Beierkuhnlein C, Casella L, Field R, Fischer J, Genovesi P, Hoffmann S, Irl SDH, Nascimbene J, Rocchini D, Steinbauer M, Vetaas OR, Chiarucci A. Diversity of European habitat types is correlated with geography more than climate and human pressure. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18111-18124. [PMID: 35003661 PMCID: PMC8717275 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat richness, that is, the diversity of ecosystem types, is a complex, spatially explicit aspect of biodiversity, which is affected by bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables. The distribution of habitat types is a key component for understanding broad-scale biodiversity and for developing conservation strategies. We used data on the distribution of European Union (EU) habitats to answer the following questions: (i) how do bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables affect habitat richness? (ii) Which of those factors is the most important? (iii) How do interactions among these variables influence habitat richness and which combinations produce the strongest interactions? The distribution maps of 222 terrestrial habitat types as defined by the Natura 2000 network were used to calculate habitat richness for the 10 km × 10 km EU grid map. We then investigated how environmental variables affect habitat richness, using generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and boosted regression trees. The main factors associated with habitat richness were geographic variables, with negative relationships observed for both latitude and longitude, and a positive relationship for terrain ruggedness. Bioclimatic variables played a secondary role, with habitat richness increasing slightly with annual mean temperature and overall annual precipitation. We also found an interaction between anthropogenic variables, with the combination of increased landscape fragmentation and increased population density strongly decreasing habitat richness. This is the first attempt to disentangle spatial patterns of habitat richness at the continental scale, as a key tool for protecting biodiversity. The number of European habitats is related to geography more than climate and human pressure, reflecting a major component of biogeographical patterns similar to the drivers observed at the species level. The interaction between anthropogenic variables highlights the need for coordinated, continental-scale management plans for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cervellini
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Michele Di Musciano
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L’AquilaL’AquilaItaly
| | - Piero Zannini
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Simone Fattorini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L’AquilaL’AquilaItaly
| | | | - Emiliano Agrillo
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)RomeItaly
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental BiologySapienza University of RomeRomaItaly
| | | | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Geographical Institute Bayreuth (GIB)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Laura Casella
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)RomeItaly
| | - Richard Field
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jan‐Christopher Fischer
- Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Geographical Institute Bayreuth (GIB)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)RomeItaly
| | - Samuel Hoffmann
- Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Geographical Institute Bayreuth (GIB)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Severin D. H. Irl
- Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical GeographyGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Juri Nascimbene
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrahaCzech Republic
| | - Manuel Steinbauer
- Sport Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) & Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Ole R. Vetaas
- Department of GeographyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Alessandro Chiarucci
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
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167
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Hill J, DeVault T, Belant J. Comparative influence of anthropogenic landscape pressures on cause-specific mortality of mammals. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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168
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Gómez-Cruz A, Santos-Hernández NG, Cruz JA, Ariano-Sánchez D, Ruiz-Castillejos C, Espinoza-Medinilla EE, Fuentes-Vicente JAD. Effect of climate change on the potential distribution of Helodermaalvarezi (Squamata, Helodermatidae). Zookeys 2021; 1070:1-12. [PMID: 34819767 PMCID: PMC8599303 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1070.69186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change represents a real threat to biodiversity conservation worldwide. Although the effects on several species of conservation priority are known, comprehensive information about the impact of climate change on reptile populations is lacking. In the present study, we analyze outcomes on the potential distribution of the black beaded lizard (Helodermaalvarezi Bogert & Martin del Campo, 1956) under global warming scenarios. Its potential distribution, at present and in projections for the years 2050 and 2070, under both optimistic and pessimistic climate change forecasts, were computed using current data records and seven bioclimatic variables. General results predict a shift in the future potential distribution of H.alvarezi due to temperature increase. The optimistic scenario (4.5 W/m2) for 2070 suggests an enlargement in the species' distribution as a response to the availability of new areas of suitable habitat. On the contrary, the worst-case scenario (7 W/m2) shows a distribution decrease by 65%. Moreover, the range distribution of H.alvarezi is directly related to the human footprint, which consequently could magnify negative outcomes for this species. Our research elucidates the importance of conservation strategies to prevent the extinction of the black beaded lizard, especially considering that this species is highly threatened by aversive hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Gómez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Molecular (LIDiaM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico.,Red Mesoamericana y del Caribe para la Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico Red Mesoamericana y del Caribe para la Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico
| | - Nancy G Santos-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Molecular (LIDiaM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico
| | - José Alberto Cruz
- Centro Universitario Tenancingo, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca Mexico
| | - Daniel Ariano-Sánchez
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales y Biodiversidad, Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala
| | - Christian Ruiz-Castillejos
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Molecular (LIDiaM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico
| | - Eduardo E Espinoza-Medinilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Molecular (LIDiaM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico
| | - José A De Fuentes-Vicente
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Molecular (LIDiaM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Mexico
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169
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Martins FMS, Feio MJ, Porto M, Filipe AF, Bonin A, Serra SRQ, Alves PC, Taberlet P, Beja P. Assessing changes in stream macroinvertebrate communities across ecological gradients using morphological versus DNA metabarcoding approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149030. [PMID: 34311381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater macroinvertebrates provide valuable indicators for biomonitoring ecosystem change in relation to natural and anthropogenic drivers. DNA metabarcoding is an efficient approach for estimating such indicators, but its results may differ from morphotaxonomic approaches traditionally used in biomonitoring. Here we test the hypothesis that despite differences in the number and identity of taxa recorded, both approaches may retrieve comparable patterns of community change, and detect similar ecological gradients influencing such changes. We compared results obtained with morphological identification at family level of macroinvertebrates collected at 80 streams under a Water Framework Directive biomonitoring program in Portugal, with results obtained with metabarcoding from the ethanol preserving the bulk samples, using either single (COI-M19BR2, 16S-Inse01, 18S-Euka02) or multiple markers. Metabarcoding recorded less families and different communities compared to morphotaxonomy, but community sensitivities to disturbance estimated with the IASPT index were more similar across approaches. Spatial variation in local community metrics and the factors influencing such variation were significantly correlated between morphotaxonomy and metabarcoding. After reducing random noise in the dissimilarity matrices, the spatial variation in community composition was also significantly correlated across methods. A dominant gradient of community change was consistently retrieved, and all methods identified a largely similar set of anthropogenic stressors strongly influencing such gradient. Overall, results confirm our initial hypothesis, suggesting that morphotaxonomy and metabarcoding can estimate consistent spatial patterns of community variation and their main drivers. These results are encouraging for macroinvertebrate biomonitoring using metabarcoding approaches, suggesting that they can be intercalibrated with morphotaxonomic approaches to recover equivalent spatial and temporal gradients of ecological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M S Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Feio
- Universidade de Coimbra, MARE, Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Departamento de Ciência da Vida, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Porto
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana F Filipe
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble, France
| | - Sónia R Q Serra
- Universidade de Coimbra, MARE, Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Departamento de Ciência da Vida, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble, France; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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170
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Paterson JE, Pulfer T, Horrigan E, Sukumar S, Vezina BI, Zimmerling R, Davy CM. Individual and synergistic effects of habitat loss and roads on reptile occupancy. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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171
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Risks to global biodiversity and Indigenous lands from China's overseas development finance. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1520-1529. [PMID: 34545215 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
China has become one of the world's largest lenders in overseas development finance. Development projects, such as roads, railways and power plants, often drive biodiversity loss and infringe on Indigenous lands, yet the risks implicit in China's overseas development finance are poorly understood. Here we examine the extent to which projects financed by China's policy banks between 2008 and 2019 occur within and adjacent to areas where large-scale investment can present considerable risks to biodiversity and Indigenous peoples. Further, we compare these risks with those posed by similar projects financed by the World Bank, previously the world's largest source of development finance. We found that 63% of China-financed projects overlap with critical habitats, protected areas or Indigenous lands, with up to 24% of the world's threatened birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians potentially impacted by the projects. Hotspots of the risks are primarily distributed in northern sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of South America. Overall, China's development projects pose greater risks than those of the World Bank, particularly within the energy sector. These results provide an important global outlook of socio-ecological risks that can guide strategies for greening China's development finance around the world.
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172
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Wilson AG, Wilson S, Alavi N, Lapen DR. Human density is associated with the increased prevalence of a generalist zoonotic parasite in mammalian wildlife. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211724. [PMID: 34666519 PMCID: PMC8527198 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroecological approaches can provide valuable insight into the epidemiology of globally distributed, multi-host pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan that infects any warm-blooded animal, including humans, in almost every ecosystem worldwide. There is substantial geographical variation in T. gondii prevalence in wildlife populations and the mechanisms driving this variation are poorly understood. We implemented Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to determine the association between species' ecology, phylogeny and climatic and anthropogenic factors on T. gondii prevalence. Toxoplasma gondii prevalence data were compiled for free-ranging wild mammal species from 202 published studies, encompassing 45 079 individuals from 54 taxonomic families and 238 species. We found that T. gondii prevalence was positively associated with human population density and warmer temperatures at the sampling location. Terrestrial species had a lower overall prevalence, but there were no consistent patterns between trophic level and prevalence. The relationship between human density and T. gondii prevalence is probably mediated by higher domestic cat abundance and landscape degradation leading to increased environmental oocyst contamination. Landscape restoration and limiting free-roaming in domestic cats could synergistically increase the resiliency of wildlife populations and reduce wildlife and human infection risks from one of the world's most common parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Wilson
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V3G 2M3
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada V4 K 3N2 0H3
| | - Niloofar Alavi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - David R. Lapen
- Ottawa Research Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
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173
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Brealey JC, Leitão HG, Hofstede T, Kalthoff DC, Guschanski K. The oral microbiota of wild bears in Sweden reflects the history of antibiotic use by humans. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4650-4658.e6. [PMID: 34437844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the advent of industrial-scale antibiotic production in the 1940s,1 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been on the rise and now poses a major global health threat in terms of mortality, morbidity, and economic burden.2,3 Because AMR can be exchanged between humans, livestock, and wildlife, wild animals can be used as indicators of human-associated AMR contamination of the environment.4 However, AMR is a normal function of natural environments and is present in host-associated microbiomes, which makes it challenging to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural sources.4,5 One way to overcome this difficulty is to use historical samples that span the period from before the mass production of antibiotics to today. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing of dental calculus, the calcified form of the oral microbial biofilm, to determine the abundance and repertoire of AMR genes in the oral microbiome of Swedish brown bears collected over the last 180 years. Our temporal metagenomics approach allowed us to establish a baseline of natural AMR in the pre-antibiotics era and to quantify a significant increase in total AMR load and diversity of AMR genes that is consistent with patterns of national human antibiotic use. We also demonstrated a significant decrease in total AMR load in bears in the last two decades, which coincides with Swedish strategies to mitigate AMR. Our study suggests that public health policies can be effective in limiting human-associated AMR contamination of the environment and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden.
| | - Henrique G Leitão
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Thijs Hofstede
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Daniela C Kalthoff
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
| | - Katerina Guschanski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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174
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Ordaz-Németh I, Sop T, Amarasekaran B, Bachmann M, Boesch C, Brncic T, Caillaud D, Campbell G, Carvalho J, Chancellor R, Davenport TRB, Dowd D, Eno-Nku M, Ganas-Swaray J, Granier N, Greengrass E, Heinicke S, Herbinger I, Inkamba-Nkulu C, Iyenguet F, Junker J, Bobo KS, Lushimba A, Maisels F, Malanda GAF, McCarthy MS, Motsaba P, Moustgaard J, Murai M, Ndokoue B, Nixon S, Nseme RA, Nzooh Z, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Roy J, Rundus A, Sanderson J, Serckx A, Strindberg S, Tweh C, Vanleeuwe H, Vosper A, Waltert M, Williamson EA, Wilson M, Mundry R, Kühl HS. Range-wide indicators of African great ape density distribution. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23338. [PMID: 34662462 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Species distributions are influenced by processes occurring at multiple spatial scales. It is therefore insufficient to model species distribution at a single geographic scale, as this does not provide the necessary understanding of determining factors. Instead, multiple approaches are needed, each differing in spatial extent, grain, and research objective. Here, we present the first attempt to model continent-wide great ape density distribution. We used site-level estimates of African great ape abundance to (1) identify socioeconomic and environmental factors that drive densities at the continental scale, and (2) predict range-wide great ape density. We collated great ape abundance estimates from 156 sites and defined 134 pseudo-absence sites to represent additional absence locations. The latter were based on locations of unsuitable environmental conditions for great apes, and on existing literature. We compiled seven socioeconomic and environmental covariate layers and fitted a generalized linear model to investigate their influence on great ape abundance. We used an Akaike-weighted average of full and subset models to predict the range-wide density distribution of African great apes for the year 2015. Great ape densities were lowest where there were high Human Footprint and Gross Domestic Product values; the highest predicted densities were in Central Africa, and the lowest in West Africa. Only 10.7% of the total predicted population was found in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Category I and II protected areas. For 16 out of 20 countries, our estimated abundances were largely in line with those from previous studies. For four countries, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and South Sudan, the estimated populations were excessively high. We propose further improvements to the model to overcome survey and predictor data limitations, which would enable a temporally dynamic approach for monitoring great apes across their range based on key indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ordaz-Németh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tenekwetche Sop
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mona Bachmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Terry Brncic
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damien Caillaud
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Joana Carvalho
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tim R B Davenport
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dervla Dowd
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefanie Heinicke
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Transformation Pathways Research Department, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Fortuné Iyenguet
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Junker
- Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kadiri S Bobo
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Alain Lushimba
- IUCN, Regional Program Central and West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Prosper Motsaba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Mizuki Murai
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bezangoye Ndokoue
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lilian Pintea
- Conservation Science, Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, USA
| | | | - Justin Roy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jim Sanderson
- Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Corrales, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adeline Serckx
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., Cambridge, UK.,Behavioral Biology Unit, Primatology Research Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Samantha Strindberg
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clement Tweh
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hilde Vanleeuwe
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthias Waltert
- Workgroup on Endangered Species, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wilson
- Departments of Anthropology and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roger Mundry
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
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175
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Perrin SW, Bærum KM, Helland IP, Finstad AG. Forecasting the future establishment of invasive alien freshwater fish species. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wenaas Perrin
- Department of Natural History Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Centre of Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | | | | | - Anders Gravbrøt Finstad
- Department of Natural History Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Centre of Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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176
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Blue footprint: Distribution and use of indigo-yielding plant species Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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177
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Hansen AJ, Mullan K, Theobald DM, Powell S, Robinson N, East A. Natural vegetation cover on private lands: locations and risk of loss in the northwestern United States. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Hansen
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Katrina Mullan
- Department of Economics University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | | | - Scott Powell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | | | - Alyson East
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
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178
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Ma Y, Wang M, Wei F, Nie Y. Geographic distributions shape the functional traits in a large mammalian family. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13175-13185. [PMID: 34646461 PMCID: PMC8495830 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traits of organisms are shaped by their living environments and also determined in part by their phylogenetic relationships. For example, phylogenetic relationships often affect the geographic distributions of animals and cause variation in their living environments, which usually play key roles in the life history and determine the functional traits of species. As an ancient family of mammals, bears widely distribute and have evolved some specific strategies for survival and reproduction during their long-term evolutionary histories. Many studies on the ecology of bears have been conducted in recent decades, but few have focused on the relationships between their geographic distributions and ecological adaptations. Here, using bears as a model system, we collected and reanalyzed data from the available literatures to explore how geographic distributions and phylogenetic relationships shape the functional traits of animals. We found a positive relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and geographic distributions, with bears distributed in adjacent areas applying more similar strategies to survive and reproduce: (a) Bears living at high latitudes consumed a higher proportion of vertebrates, which may provide more fat for adaptation to low temperatures, and (b) their reproduction rhythms follow fluctuations in seasonal forage availability and quality, in which bears reach mating status from March to May and give birth in approximately November or later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Yonggang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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179
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Urbano F, Cagnacci F. Data Management and Sharing for Collaborative Science: Lessons Learnt From the Euromammals Initiative. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.727023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current and future consequences of anthropogenic impacts such as climate change and habitat loss on ecosystems will be better understood and therefore addressed if diverse ecological data from multiple environmental contexts are more effectively shared. Re-use requires that data are readily available to the scientific scrutiny of the research community. A number of repositories to store shared data have emerged in different ecological domains and developments are underway to define common data and metadata standards. Nevertheless, the goal is far from being achieved and many challenges still need to be addressed. The definition of best practices for data sharing and re-use can benefit from the experience accumulated by pilot collaborative projects. The Euromammals bottom-up initiative has pioneered collaborative science in spatial animal ecology since 2007. It involves more than 150 institutes to address scientific, management and conservation questions regarding terrestrial mammal species in Europe using data stored in a shared database. In this manuscript we present some key lessons that we have learnt from the process of making shared data and knowledge accessible to researchers and we stress the importance of data management for data quality assurance. We suggest putting in place a pro-active data review before data are made available in shared repositories via robust technical support and users’ training in data management and standards. We recommend pursuing the definition of common data collection protocols, data and metadata standards, and shared vocabularies with direct involvement of the community to boost their implementation. We stress the importance of knowledge sharing, in addition to data sharing. We show the crucial relevance of collaborative networking with pro-active involvement of data providers in all stages of the scientific process. Our main message is that for data-sharing collaborative efforts to obtain substantial and durable scientific returns, the goals should not only consist in the creation of e-infrastructures and software tools but primarily in the establishment of a network and community trust. This requires moderate investment, but over long-term horizons.
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180
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Hirt MR, Barnes AD, Gentile A, Pollock LJ, Rosenbaum B, Thuiller W, Tucker MA, Brose U. Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2576-2585. [PMID: 34476879 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals require a certain amount of habitat to persist and thrive, and habitat loss is one of the most critical drivers of global biodiversity decline. While habitat requirements have been predicted by relationships between species traits and home-range size, little is known about constraints imposed by environmental conditions and human impacts on a global scale. Our meta-analysis of 395 vertebrate species shows that global climate gradients in temperature and precipitation exert indirect effects via primary productivity, generally reducing space requirements. Human pressure, however, reduces realised space use due to ensuing limitations in available habitat, particularly for large carnivores. We show that human pressure drives extinction risk by increasing the mismatch between space requirements and availability. We use large-scale climate gradients to predict current species extinction risk across global regions, which also offers an important tool for predicting future extinction risk due to ongoing space loss and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam R Hirt
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Alessandro Gentile
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Marlee A Tucker
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Brose
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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181
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Toussaint A, Brosse S, Bueno CG, Pärtel M, Tamme R, Carmona CP. Extinction of threatened vertebrates will lead to idiosyncratic changes in functional diversity across the world. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5162. [PMID: 34453040 PMCID: PMC8397725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although species with larger body size and slow pace of life have a higher risk of extinction at a global scale, it is unclear whether this global trend will be consistent across biogeographic realms. Here we measure the functional diversity of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates in the six terrestrial biogeographic realms and predict their future changes through scenarios mimicking a gradient of extinction risk of threatened species. We show vastly different effects of extinctions on functional diversity between taxonomic groups and realms, ranging from almost no decline to deep functional losses. The Indo-Malay and Palearctic realms are particularly inclined to experience a drastic loss of functional diversity reaching 29 and 31%, respectively. Birds, mammals, and reptiles regionally display a consistent functional diversity loss, while the projected losses of amphibians and freshwater fishes differ across realms. More efficient global conservation policies should consider marked regional losses of functional diversity across the world. Anthropogenic extinctions are driving functional shifts in biological communities, but these changes might differ considerably among taxa and biogeographic regions. Here the authors show that projected losses of functional diversity among land and freshwater vertebrates are unevenly distributed across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurele Toussaint
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Sébastien Brosse
- Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France
| | - C Guillermo Bueno
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Tamme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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182
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Arenas-Castro S, Sillero N. Cross-scale monitoring of habitat suitability changes using satellite time series and ecological niche models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147172. [PMID: 34088022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges to deal with the global crisis of biodiversity loss is the lack of efficient and viable monitoring systems across scales. Unlike traditional in situ biodiversity monitoring, a usually costly and time-consuming enterprise, satellite remote sensing (SRS) data offer a technically feasible and sustainable in time solution. Here, we devise a cost-effective and upgradeable spatiotemporal framework for monitoring the species-specific habitat availability changes across scales by trend analysis of habitat suitability index (HSI) derived from ecological niche models (ENMs; Maxent) and using time series of SRS data (MODIS). The SRS-ENM framework was applied for a large suite of native species (911), from major taxonomic groups (flora (vascular plants), amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), and listed in the IUCN Red List at regional (Iberian Peninsula) and continental (Europe) scales. The HSI-trend analyses predict cumulative reductions in habitat suitability for Threatened and Non-Threatened species across scales for the period 2002-2016. Specifically, 19% and 66% of the total grid cells for both species' groups showed negative trends at both regional and continental scales, respectively. Results were similar when considering all IUCN threat categories. All taxa groups showed a decrease in habitat suitability, but amphibians and reptiles groups hosted the largest number of negative HSI-trends grid cells. Considering all groups together, 12% and 34% of both study areas have strong reductions in habitat quality. We conclude that our framework detects increases and decreases in species' habitat suitability regardless of the spatial scale, extent, and pixel size. Species' range predictions across space and time based on SRS time series represent a promising Earth observation tool to support traditional risk assessment protocols and anticipate the decision-making process, while serving as a cross-scale biodiversity monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Arenas-Castro
- CICGE - Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Observatório Astronómico "Prof. Manuel de Barros", Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
| | - Neftalí Sillero
- CICGE - Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Observatório Astronómico "Prof. Manuel de Barros", Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
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183
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Hantak MM, McLean BS, Li D, Guralnick RP. Mammalian body size is determined by interactions between climate, urbanization, and ecological traits. Commun Biol 2021; 4:972. [PMID: 34400755 PMCID: PMC8367959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenically-driven climate warming is a hypothesized driver of animal body size reductions. Less understood are effects of other human-caused disturbances on body size, such as urbanization. We compiled 140,499 body size records of over 100 North American mammals to test how climate and human population density, a proxy for urbanization, and their interactions with species traits, impact body size. We tested three hypotheses of body size variation across urbanization gradients: urban heat island effects, habitat fragmentation, and resource availability. Our results demonstrate that both urbanization and temperature influence mammalian body size variation, most often leading to larger individuals, thus supporting the resource availability hypothesis. In addition, life history and other ecological factors play a critical role in mediating the effects of climate and urbanization on body size. Larger mammals and species that utilize thermal buffering are more sensitive to warmer temperatures, while flexibility in activity time appears to be advantageous in urbanized areas. This work highlights the value of using digitized, natural history data to track how human disturbance drives morphological variation. Anthropogenically-driven climate change is responsible for body size decreases in mammals. Using an important dataset of historically-collected data and data from continental-scale survey efforts from the National Ecological Observatory Network, Hantak et al. show that urbanization plays an important role in mediating this dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Hantak
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Bryan S McLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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184
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Cazalis V, Barnes MD, Johnston A, Watson JEM, Şekercioğlu CH, Rodrigues ASL. Mismatch between bird species sensitivity and the protection of intact habitats across the Americas. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2394-2405. [PMID: 34397138 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protected areas are highly heterogeneous in their effectiveness at buffering human pressure, which may hamper their ability to conserve species highly sensitive to human activities. Here, we use 60 million bird observations from eBird to estimate the sensitivity to human pressure of each bird species breeding in the Americas. Concerningly, we find that ecoregions hosting large proportions of high-sensitivity species, concentrated in tropical biomes, do not have more intact protected habitat. Moreover, 266 high-sensitivity species have little or no intact protected habitat within their distributions. Finally, we show that protected area intactness is decreasing faster where high-sensitivity species concentrate. Our results highlight a major mismatch between species conservation needs and the coverage of intact protected habitats, which likely hampers the long-term effectiveness of protected areas at retaining species. We highlight ecoregions where protection and management of intact habitats, complemented by restoration, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cazalis
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Megan D Barnes
- Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Cagan H Şekercioğlu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Sarıyer, İstanbul, Turkey
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185
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Lu M, Zou Y, Xun Q, Yu Z, Jiang M, Sheng L, Lu X, Wang D. Anthropogenic disturbances caused declines in the wetland area and carbon pool in China during the last four decades. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3837-3845. [PMID: 34031943 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are among the natural ecosystems with the highest soil carbon stocks on Earth. However, how anthropogenic disturbances have impacted the quantity and distribution of wetland carbon pool in China is not well understood. Here we used a comprehensive countrywide wetland inventory and Landsat 8 data to document the spatial patterns in China's wetland areas and carbon pools and to understand the underlying causes of their changes from the 1980s to 2010s. We found that the wetland area and carbon pool have decreased from 4.11 × 105 km2 and 15.2 Pg C in the 1980s to 2.14 × 105 km2 and 7.6 Pg C in the 2010s, respectively. Using the human influence index (HII) as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic disturbance intensity, we found a positive relationship between the HII values and wetland decreases in many regions and across China as a whole-which have increased 17% during the time period-indicating that anthropogenic disturbances have been a major factor causing wetland destruction in recent decades. This study provides new evidence for recent changes in China's wetland carbon pool and emphasizes the importance of mitigating anthropogenic disturbances for wetland conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanchun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment & Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland and Ecology of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qilei Xun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
- Institute for Peat and Mire Research of School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment & Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland and Ecology of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxi Sheng
- School of Environment & State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianguo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment & Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Wetland and Ecology of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Deli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Environment & State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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186
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Ma H, Mo L, Crowther TW, Maynard DS, van den Hoogen J, Stocker BD, Terrer C, Zohner CM. The global distribution and environmental drivers of aboveground versus belowground plant biomass. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1110-1122. [PMID: 34168336 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A poor understanding of the fraction of global plant biomass occurring belowground as roots limits our understanding of present and future ecosystem function and carbon pools. Here we create a database of root-mass fractions (RMFs), an index of plant below- versus aboveground biomass distributions, and generate quantitative, spatially explicit global maps of RMFs in trees, shrubs and grasses. Our analyses reveal large gradients in RMFs both across and within vegetation types that can be attributed to resource availability. High RMFs occur in cold and dry ecosystems, while low RMFs dominate in warm and wet regions. Across all vegetation types, the directional effect of temperature on RMFs depends on water availability, suggesting feedbacks between heat, water and nutrient supply. By integrating our RMF maps with existing aboveground plant biomass information, we estimate that in forests, shrublands and grasslands, respectively, 22%, 47% and 67% of plant biomass exists belowground, with a total global belowground fraction of 24% (20-28%), that is, 113 (90-135) Gt carbon. By documenting the environmental correlates of root biomass allocation, our results can inform model projections of global vegetation dynamics under current and future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhi Ma
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lidong Mo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
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187
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Jha R, Jha KK. Habitat prediction modelling for vulture conservation in Gangetic-Thar-Deccan region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:532. [PMID: 34324089 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecologically and economically important obligate scavengers like vultures are under threat of extinction in the old world. Several resident and migratory vulture sites and individuals are hosted by the Gangetic-Thar-Deccan region of India with varied landscapes. The landscape is under threat from anthropogenic activities and climate change impacting the habitat. Therefore, habitat suitability of vultures was analysed using species distribution model, MaxEnt, ensemble of global circulation models (CCSM4, HadGEM2AO and MIROC5), citizen science and expert collected data. Altogether, 51 models were developed and their robustness was assessed to be good for conservation purpose (AUC range 0.719-0.906). Predicted unsuitable and suitable area categories of all vultures, resident vultures and migratory vultures were identified for the present and future years (2050 and 2070) under moderate and extreme emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The short-term and long-term area suitability change varied between 1 and 3%. Area suitability differences were also noticed among larger (global) and smaller (local) geographical areas. The bioenvironmental parameters (land use, land cover and human footprint) played a major role in habitat determination in the current scenario. Bioclimatic factors, like precipitation parameters (precipitation seasonality bio 15 and annual precipitation bio12) and temperature parameters (isothermality bio 3 and temperature seasonality bio04), were the main model determining covariates for future prediction. An earlier hypothesis of higher suitability of forest and lower suitability of agriculture area tested in this study stood modified. Implications of the results are discussed, and conservation strategies are suggested with an advice of global strategy and local execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Jha
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, 226007
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188
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Juffe-Bignoli D, Burgess ND, Hobbs J, Smith RJ, Tam C, Thorn JPR, Bull JW. Mitigating the Impacts of Development Corridors on Biodiversity: A Global Review. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.683949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development corridors are extensive, often transnational and linear, geographical areas targeted for investment to help achieve sustainable development. They often comprise the creation of hard infrastructure (i.e., physical structures) and soft infrastructure (i.e., policies, plans, and programmes) involving a variety of actors. They are globally widespread, and likely to be a significant driver of habitat loss. Here, we describe the development corridors phenomenon from a biodiversity perspective and identify the elements of best practice in biodiversity impact mitigation. We use these to carry out a review of the peer reviewed literature on corridors to respond to three questions: (i) how impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services are assessed; (ii) what mitigation measures are discussed to manage these impacts; and (iii) to what extent do these measures approximate to best practice. We found that of 271 publications on development corridors across all continents (except for Antarctica) mentioning biodiversity or ecosystem services, only 100 (37%) assessed impacts on biodiversity and 7 (3%) on ecosystem services. Importantly, only half of these (52, 19% of the total 271 articles) discussed mitigation measures to manage these impacts. These measures focused on avoidance and minimisation and there was scant mention of restoration or ecological compensation illustrating a deficient application of the mitigation hierarchy. We conclude that the academic literature on corridors does not give sufficient consideration to comprehensive mitigation of biodiversity impacts. To change this, impact assessment research needs to acknowledge the complexity of such multi-project and multi-stakeholder initiatives, quantify biodiversity losses due to the full suite of their potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts, and follow all the steps of the mitigation hierarchy impact framework. We suggest a series of research avenues and policy recommendations to improve impact assessments of corridors towards achieving better biodiversity outcomes.
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189
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Santarém F, Saarinen J, Brito JC. Assessment and prioritization of cultural ecosystem services in the Sahara-Sahelian region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146053. [PMID: 33684754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desert environments remain largely neglected by the society and their potential to provide benefits to people remain understudied. Hotspots of cultural ecosystem services have been identified in some deserts; yet, knowing which countries need to strengthen efforts to satisfy people's demand for those services is timely needed. Here, we show the performance of countries within the Earth's largest warm region - the Sahara-Sahel - in managing cultural ecosystem services. Using the most-advanced decision-support tools and updated databases on biodiversity features and constrains to ecosystem services and on socioeconomic indicators, we identified national priorities for cultural services management. We also identified countries that are missing opportunities for local sustainable development. About 34% of Sahara-Sahel is prioritized for cultural ecosystem services, particularly in the main mountains and waterbodies of the region and along the Western and Eastern coastal limits. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Senegal, and Tunisia are performing better in managing their cultural services given the availability of such services in their territories. Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, and South Sudan need to urgently improve their ease of mobility, governance, safety, socioeconomic and health systems to foster ecosystem services demand. Cameroon, Eritrea, and Senegal are receiving far less tourists than what their ecosystems can handle and need to improve their local conditions for better marketing international tourists able to economically contribute to sustainable development through ecotourism programs. The approach developed here serves as a framework for conserving the last world wild ecosystems and is replicable to other contexts where regional planning for ecosystem management is compulsory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Santarém
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jarkko Saarinen
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland; School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - José Carlos Brito
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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190
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Chen Y, Martinez A, Cleavenger S, Rudolph J, Barberán A. Changes in Soil Microbial Communities across an Urbanization Gradient: A Local-Scale Temporal Study in the Arid Southwestern USA. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071470. [PMID: 34361905 PMCID: PMC8305102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban development is one of the leading causes of biodiversity change. Understanding how soil microorganisms respond to urbanization is particularly important because they are crucial for the provisioning of ecosystem functions and services. Here, we collected monthly soil samples over one year across three locations representing an urbanization gradient (low-moderate-high) in the arid Southwestern USA, and we characterized their microbial communities using marker gene sequencing. Our results showed that microbial richness and community composition exhibited nonsignificant changes over time regardless of the location. Soil fungal richness was lower in moderately and highly urbanized locations, but soil bacterial/archaeal richness was not significantly different among locations. Both bacteria/archaea and fungi exhibited significant differences in community composition across locations. After inferring potential functional groups, soils in the highly urbanized location had lower proportions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil saprotrophic fungi but had higher proportions of bacterial taxa involved in aromatic compound degradation, human pathogens, and intracellular parasites. Furthermore, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were more abundant in the highly urbanized location, but ammonia-oxidizing archaea were more abundant in lowly and moderately urbanized locations. Together, these results highlight the significant changes in belowground microbial communities across an urbanization gradient, and these changes might have important implications for aboveground–belowground interactions, nutrient cycling, and human health.
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191
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Sargent R, Deere NJ, McGowan PJ, Bunnefeld N, Pfeifer M. Room to roam for African lions
Panthera leo
: a review of the key drivers of lion habitat use and implications for conservation. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sargent
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Ridley Building 2 Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Nicolas J. Deere
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Marlowe Building CanterburyCT2 7NRUK
| | - Philip J.K. McGowan
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Ridley Building 2 Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Nils Bunnefeld
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling StirlingFK9 4LAUK
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Ridley Building 2 Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
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192
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Catarino S, Romeiras MM, Pereira JMC, Figueira R. Assessing the conservation of Miombo timber species through an integrated index of anthropogenic and climatic threats. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9332-9348. [PMID: 34306625 PMCID: PMC8293741 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Angolan Miombo woodlands, rich in timber species of the Leguminosae family, go through one of the highest rates of deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa. This study presents, on the basis of updated information of the distribution of Leguminosae timber species native to Angola, an integrated index framing the main threats for trees, which aims to support new conservation measures. LOCATION Sub-Saharan Africa, Republic of Angola. METHODS The current distribution areas of six Leguminosae timber species (i.e., Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Guibourtia coleosperma, Isoberlinia angolensis, Julbernardia paniculata, and Pterocarpus angolensis) were predicted through ensemble modeling techniques. The level of threat to each species was analyzed, comparing the species potential distribution with a threat index map and with the protected areas. The threat index of anthropogenic and climatic factors encompasses the effects of population density, agriculture, proximity to roads, loss of tree cover, overexploitation, trends in wildfires, and predicted changes in temperature and precipitation. RESULTS Our results revealed that about 0.5% of Angola's area is classified as of "Very high" threat, 23.9% as "High" threat, and 66.5% as "Moderate" threat. Three of the studied species require special conservation efforts, namely B. spiciformis and I. angolensis, which have a large fraction of predicted distribution in areas of high threat, and G. coleosperma since it has a restricted distribution area and is one of the most valuable species in international markets. The priority areas for the conservation of Leguminosae timber species were found in Benguela and Huíla. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study provides updated data that should be applied to inform policymakers, contributing to national conservation planning and protection of native flora in Angola. Moreover, it presents a methodological approach for the predictions of species distribution and for the creation of a threat index map that can be applied in other poorly surveyed tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catarino
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Forest Research Centre (CEF)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Maria M. Romeiras
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - José M. C. Pereira
- Forest Research Centre (CEF)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Rui Figueira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO/InBIO)School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO/InBIO)University of Porto, Campus Agrário de VairãoVairãoPortugal
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193
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Shuai L, Chen C, Liu W, Xu W, Wang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Wang Y. Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese terrestrial mammals. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Shuai
- College of Life Sciences Huaibei Normal University Huaibei China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences Huaibei Normal University Huaibei China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- College of Life Sciences Huaibei Normal University Huaibei China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences Huaibei Normal University Huaibei China
| | - Zhigao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | | | - Yanping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
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194
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Meirmans PG. Niche divergence contributes to geographical parthenogenesis in two dandelion taxa. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1071-1086. [PMID: 33955626 PMCID: PMC8362108 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many sexual-asexual complexes show a distinct pattern where the asexuals have larger and more northerly ranges than closely related sexuals. A prime candidate to explain this so-called "geographical parthenogenesis" is ecological niche divergence between the sexuals and asexuals. Modern niche modelling techniques allow testing niche divergence by directly comparing the niches of sexuals and asexuals. In this study, I use such techniques to perform range-wide tests of whether nine bioclimatic variables, including annual mean temperature and annual precipitation, contribute to geographical parthenogenesis in two dandelion taxa: Taraxacum section Ruderalia and Taraxacum section Erythrosperma, which are both comprised of sexual diploids and asexual triploids. For both sections, I found evidence of niche divergence, though the exact nature of this divergence was different for the two sections. In section Ruderalia, the sexuals preferred warmer and wetter conditions, whereas in section Erythrosperma, the sexuals preferred dryer conditions. Using Species Distribution Modelling, consistent differences between the sexuals and asexuals were found when looking at the niche determinants: the variables that are most important for modelling the distribution. Furthermore, and in contrast with theoretical expectations that predict that the sexuals should have a wider niche, in section Erythrosperma the asexuals were found to have a wider niche than the sexuals. In conclusion, differences in niche optima, niche determinants, and niche width all contribute to the pattern of geographical parthenogenesis of these two dandelion taxa. However, the results also indicate that the exact causation of geographical parthenogenesis is not uniform across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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195
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Wei Y, Wu J, Huang J, Liu X, Han D, An L, Yu H, Huang J. Declining Oxygen Level as an Emerging Concern to Global Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7808-7817. [PMID: 33904720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising CO2 concentration and temperatures in urban areas are now well-known, but the potential of an emerging oxygen crisis in the world's large cities has so far attracted little attention from the science community. Here, we investigated the oxygen balance and its related risks in 391 global large cities (with a population of more than 1 million people) using the oxygen index (OI), which is the ratio of oxygen consumption to oxygen production. Our results show that the global urban areas, occupying only 3.8% of the global land surface, accounted for 39% (14.3 ± 1.5 Gt/yr) of the global terrestrial oxygen consumption during 2001-2015. We estimated that 75% of cities with a population more than 5 million had an OI of greater than 100. Also, cities with larger OI values were correlated with more frequent heatwaves and severe water withdrawals. In addition, cities with excessively large OI values would likely experience severe hypoxia in extremely calm weather. Thus, mitigation measures should be adopted to reduce the urban OI in order to build healthier and more sustainable cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, United States
| | - Jianping Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dongliang Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Linli An
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Enlightening Bioscience Research Center, Mississauga L4X 2X7, Canada
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196
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O'Bryan CJ, Garnett ST, Fa JE, Leiper I, Rehbein JA, Fernández‐Llamazares Á, Jackson MV, Jonas HD, Brondizio ES, Burgess ND, Robinson CJ, Zander KK, Molnár Z, Venter O, Watson JEM. The importance of Indigenous Peoples' lands for the conservation of terrestrial mammals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1002-1008. [PMID: 32852067 PMCID: PMC8247428 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples' lands cover over one-quarter of Earth's surface, a significant proportion of which is still free from industrial-level human impacts. As a result, Indigenous Peoples and their lands are crucial for the long-term persistence of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, information on species composition on these lands globally remains largely unknown. We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of terrestrial mammal composition across mapped Indigenous lands based on data on area of habitat (AOH) for 4460 mammal species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We overlaid each species' AOH on a current map of Indigenous lands and found that 2695 species (60% of assessed mammals) had ≥10% of their ranges on Indigenous Peoples' lands and 1009 species (23%) had >50% of their ranges on these lands. For threatened species, 473 (47%) occurred on Indigenous lands with 26% having >50% of their habitat on these lands. We also found that 935 mammal species (131 categorized as threatened) had ≥ 10% of their range on Indigenous Peoples' lands that had low human pressure. Our results show how important Indigenous Peoples' lands are to the successful implementation of conservation and sustainable development agendas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. O'Bryan
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNT0909Australia
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Division of Biology and Conservation EcologySchool of Science and the EnvironmentManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterM15 5RNU.K.
- Center for International Forestry ResearchSitu GedeBogor16115Indonesia
| | - Ian Leiper
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNT0909Australia
| | - Jose A. Rehbein
- Environment, Natural Resources, & the Blue Economy Global PracticeThe World BankWashingtonDC20433U.S.A.
| | | | - Micha V. Jackson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | | | | | - Neil D. Burgess
- Center for MacroecologyEvolution and ClimateUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2100Denmark
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP‐WCMC)CambridgeCB3 0DLU.K.
| | - Catherine J. Robinson
- Commonwealth Science & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)BrisbaneQLD4102Australia
| | | | - Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyVácrátót2163Hungary
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies InstituteUniversity of Northern British Columbia3333 University WayPrince GeorgeBCV2N 4Z9Canada
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Global Conservation ProgramWildlife Conservation Society2300 Southern BoulevardBronxNY10460U.S.A.
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197
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Laguardia A, Gobush K, Bourgeois S, Strindberg S, Abitsi G, Ebouta F, Fay J, Gopalaswamy A, Maisels F, Ogden R, White L, Stokes E. Assessing the feasibility of density estimation methodologies for African forest elephant at large spatial scales. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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198
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Singh M, Yan S. Spatial-temporal variations in deforestation hotspots in Sumatra and Kalimantan from 2001-2018. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7302-7314. [PMID: 34188814 PMCID: PMC8216897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical deforestation varies temporally and spatially which can inhibit the ability of existing protected areas to stem forest loss. Identifying the spatial-temporal distribution of deforestation and its concentration can help decision makers decide conservation priorities and leverage limited resources. This study assessed how topographic and anthropogenic variables affect deforestation patterns within and outside protected areas on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan in Indonesia. Emerging hotspot analysis (EHA) was used to evaluate spatial and temporal trends of forest loss on the Hansen annual forest loss data for these islands from 2001-2018. For the two islands, most hotspots were detected outside protected areas; those within protected areas were mainly concentrated at boundaries, where lower elevation/slope and high human pressure could be observed. New hotspots were identified within the three PAs in Sumatra, while three kinds of hotspots (consecutive, oscillating, and sporadic) were found in the two PAs of Kalimantan (Kutai and Teluk Kelumpang). Areas with high human pressure (average human footprint higher than 12) were covered by a high density of hotspots. The results identify specific areas where forest loss has emerged recently, which could indicate a conservation priority. It is suggested that new protected areas be established in locations showing intensifying and persistent hotspots-those where deforestation has occurred for ≥16 of 18 years of the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Singh
- Centre for Environmental PolicyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Siheng Yan
- Centre for Environmental PolicyImperial College LondonLondonUK
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199
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Elleason M, Guan Z, Deng Y, Jiang A, Goodale E, Mammides C. Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted. AMBIO 2021; 50:1058-1073. [PMID: 33159259 PMCID: PMC8035376 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Elleason
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Zhuoli Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yiming Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Aiwu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Eben Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Christos Mammides
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
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200
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A global occurrence database of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Sci Data 2021; 8:111. [PMID: 33863897 PMCID: PMC8052346 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus is a portunid native to the western Atlantic, from New England to Uruguay. The species was introduced in Europe in 1901 where it has become invasive; additionally, a significant northward expansion has been emphasized in its native range. Here we present a harmonized global compilation of C. sapidus occurrences from native and non-native distribution ranges derived from online databases (GBIF, BISON, OBIS, and iNaturalist) as well as from unpublished and published sources. The dataset consists of 40,388 geo-referenced occurrences, 39,824 from native and 564 from non-native ranges, recorded in 53 countries. The implementation of quality controls imposed a severe reduction, in particular from online databases, of the records selected for inclusion in the dataset. In addition, a technical validation procedure was used to flag entries showing identical coordinates but different year of record, in-land occurrences and those located close to the coast. Similarly, a flagging system identified entries outside the known distribution of the species, or associated with unsuccessful introductions. Measurement(s) | geographic location | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | location • year of record | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Callinectes sapidus | Sample Characteristic - Environment | marine biome | Sample Characteristic - Location | Globe |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14077112
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