151
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Wesselingh R, Butzkueven H, Buzzard K, Tarlinton D, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Innate Immunity in the Central Nervous System: A Missing Piece of the Autoimmune Encephalitis Puzzle? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2066. [PMID: 31552027 PMCID: PMC6746826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune encephalitides are a group of autoimmune conditions targeting the central nervous system and causing severe clinical symptoms including drug-resistant seizures, cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disturbance. Although these disorders appear to be antibody mediated, the role of innate immune responses needs further clarification. Infiltrating monocytes and microglial proliferation at the site of pathology could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease with resultant blood brain barrier dysfunction, and subsequent activation of adaptive immune response. Both innate and adaptive immune cells can produce pro-inflammatory molecules which can perpetuate ongoing neuroinflammation and drive ongoing seizure activity. Ultimately neurodegenerative changes can ensue with resultant long-term neurological sequelae that can impact on ongoing patient morbidity and quality of life, providing a potential target for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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152
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153
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Xiong Y, Cheng S, Wu X, Ren Y, Xie X. Changes of B cell subsets in central pathological process of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 31286875 PMCID: PMC6613246 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating and autoimmune disease and its immune response is not fully elucidated. This study was conducted to examine the pathological changes and B cell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, and analyze the expression of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) and GADPH to define the role of B cell subsets in the disease. Results Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into EAE group (n = 18) and control (n = 18). During the experiments, the weight and nerve function scores were determined. The proportions of B cell subsets in the peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Seven, 18 and 30 days after immunization, the brain and spinal cord tissues were examined for the infiltration of inflammatory cells using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) HE staining and the demyelination using Luxol fast blue staining. The expression of B cell-related proteins was detected immunohistochemistrially and the expression of antigenic TPI and GADPH was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HE staining showed that mice had more severe EAE 18 d than 7 d after modelling, while the symptoms were significantly relieved at 30 d. The results were consistent with the weight measurements and neural function scores. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that B cells aggregated in the spinal cord, but not much in the brain. Flow cytometry studies showed that there were more B cells in control than in EAE models from day 7 and the difference was narrowed at day 30. The level of plasma cells increased continuously, reached the top at day 21 and obviously declined at day 30. On other hand, the numbers of memory B cells increased gradually over the experimental period. The numbers of plasma and memory B cells were similar between the control and EAE mice. ELISA data revealed that the brain contents of TPI and GAPDH were higher in EAE mice than in control at day 7, while at day 18, the levels were reversed. Conclusions In the central pathological process of EAE mice, B cells exert role through the mechanism other than producing antibodies and the levels of brain TPI and GADPH are related to the severity of autoimmune induced-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiong Xiong
- Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, 153 Aiguo road, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaomin Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaomu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, 153 Aiguo road, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, 153 Aiguo road, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xufang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, 153 Aiguo road, Nanchang, China. .,Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China. .,Key Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.
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154
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Efficient T cell-B cell collaboration guides autoantibody epitope bias and onset of celiac disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15134-15139. [PMID: 31285344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901561116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases through autoantibody production, cytokine secretion, or antigen presentation to T cells. In most cases, the contribution of B cells as antigen-presenting cells is not well understood. We have studied the autoantibody response against the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in celiac disease patients by generating recombinant antibodies from single gut plasma cells reactive with discrete antigen domains and by undertaking proteomic analysis of anti-TG2 serum antibodies. The majority of the cells recognized epitopes in the N-terminal domain of TG2. Antibodies recognizing C-terminal epitopes interfered with TG2 cross-linking activity, and B cells specific for C-terminal epitopes were inefficient at taking up TG2-gluten complexes for presentation to gluten-specific T cells. The bias toward N-terminal epitopes hence reflects efficient T-B collaboration. Production of antibodies against N-terminal epitopes coincided with clinical onset of disease, suggesting that TG2-reactive B cells with certain epitope specificities could be the main antigen-presenting cells for pathogenic, gluten-specific T cells. The link between B cell epitopes, antigen presentation, and disease onset provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of a T cell-mediated autoimmune condition.
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155
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Lovett-Racke AE, Gormley M, Liu Y, Yang Y, Graham C, Wray S, Racke MK, Shubin R, Twyman C, Alvarez E, Bass A, Eubanks JL, Fox E. B cell depletion with ublituximab reshapes the T cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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156
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Bob1 enhances RORγt-mediated IL-17A expression in Th17 cells through interaction with RORγt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1167-1171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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157
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Takata K, Stathopoulos P, Cao M, Mané-Damas M, Fichtner ML, Benotti ES, Jacobson L, Waters P, Irani SR, Martinez-Martinez P, Beeson D, Losen M, Vincent A, Nowak RJ, O'Connor KC. Characterization of pathogenic monoclonal autoantibodies derived from muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis patients. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127167. [PMID: 31217355 PMCID: PMC6629167 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and caused by pathogenic autoantibodies that bind to membrane proteins at the neuromuscular junction. Most patients have autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), but a subset of patients have autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) instead. MuSK is an essential component of the pathway responsible for synaptic differentiation, which is activated by nerve-released agrin. Through binding MuSK, serum-derived autoantibodies inhibit agrin-induced MuSK autophosphorylation, impair clustering of AChRs, and block neuromuscular transmission. We sought to establish individual MuSK autoantibody clones so that the autoimmune mechanisms could be better understood. We isolated MuSK autoantibody-expressing B cells from 6 MuSK MG patients using a fluorescently tagged MuSK antigen multimer, then generated a panel of human monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs) from these cells. Here we focused on 3 highly specific mAbs that bound quantitatively to MuSK in solution, to MuSK-expressing HEK cells, and at mouse neuromuscular junctions, where they colocalized with AChRs. These 3 IgG isotype mAbs (2 IgG4 and 1 IgG3 subclass) recognized the Ig-like domain 2 of MuSK. The mAbs inhibited AChR clustering, but intriguingly, they enhanced rather than inhibited MuSK phosphorylation, which suggests an alternative mechanism for inhibiting AChR clustering. A fluorescent tetrameric antigen allows isolation of human myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies that interrupt acetylcholine receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushiro Takata
- Department of Neurology and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Panos Stathopoulos
- Department of Neurology and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelangelo Cao
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, England
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Miriam L Fichtner
- Department of Neurology and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erik S Benotti
- Department of Neurology and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leslie Jacobson
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Patrick Waters
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, England
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Angela Vincent
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, England
| | | | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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158
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DiSano KD, Linzey MR, Royce DB, Pachner AR, Gilli F. Differential neuro-immune patterns in two clinically relevant murine models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:109. [PMID: 31118079 PMCID: PMC6532235 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms driving multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, remain unknown despite extensive research. Especially puzzling are the underlying molecular processes behind the two major disease patterns of MS: relapsing-remitting and progressive. The relapsing-remitting course is exemplified by acute inflammatory attacks, whereas progressive MS is characterized by neurodegeneration on a background of mild-moderate inflammation. The molecular and cellular features differentiating the two patterns are still unclear, and the role of inflammation during progressive disease is a subject of active debate. Methods We performed a comprehensive analysis of the intrathecal inflammation in two clinically distinct mouse models of MS: the PLP139-151-induced relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) and the chronic progressive, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). Microarray technology was first used to examine global gene expression changes in the spinal cord. Inflammation in the spinal cord was further assessed by immunohistochemical image analysis and flow cytometry. Levels of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes and chemokines were quantitated using Luminex Multiplex technology, whereas a capture ELISA was used to measure serum and CSF albumin levels. Finally, an intrathecal Ig synthesis index was established with the ratio of CSF and serum test results corrected as a ratio of their albumin concentrations. Results Microarray analysis identified an enrichment of B cell- and Ig-related genes upregulated in TMEV-IDD mice. We also demonstrated an increased level of intrathecal Ig synthesis as well as a marked infiltration of late differentiated B cells, including antibody secreting cells (ASC), in the spinal cord of TMEV-IDD, but not R-EAE mice. An intact blood-brain barrier in TMEV-IDD mice along with higher CSF levels of CXCL13, CXCL12, and CCL19 provides evidence for an intrathecal synthesis of chemokines mediating B cell localization to the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusions Overall, these findings, showing increased concentrations of intrathecally produced Igs, substantial infiltration of ASC, and the presence of B cell supporting chemokines in the CNS of TMEV-IDD mice, but not R-EAE mice, suggest a potentially important role for Igs and ASC in the chronic progressive phase of demyelinating diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1501-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Michael R Linzey
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Darlene B Royce
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Andrew R Pachner
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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159
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Increase of Hspa1a and Hspa1b genes in the resting B cells of Sirt1 knockout mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4225-4234. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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160
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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161
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ESTRADA JA, QUIJANO-JUÁREZ U, CONTRERAS I. Expression of MHC-I and II by Microglia and Lymphocytes in the Brain of Diet-Restricted Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:132-141. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio ESTRADA
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
| | - Uriel QUIJANO-JUÁREZ
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
| | - Irazú CONTRERAS
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
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162
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Murakami M, Kamimura D, Hirano T. Pleiotropy and Specificity: Insights from the Interleukin 6 Family of Cytokines. Immunity 2019; 50:812-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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163
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Li R, Bar-Or A. The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029108. [PMID: 29661809 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent functions of B cells are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of distinct B-cell targeting therapies in MS patients underscores the importance of elucidating these multiple B-cell functions. In this review, we discuss the generation of autoreactive B cells, migration of B cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and how different functions of B cells may contribute to MS disease activity and potentially mitigation in both the periphery and CNS compartments. In addition, we propose several future therapeutic strategies that may better target/shape B-cell responses for long-term treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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164
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Greenfield AL, Dandekar R, Ramesh A, Eggers EL, Wu H, Laurent S, Harkin W, Pierson NS, Weber MS, Henry RG, Bischof A, Cree BA, Hauser SL, Wilson MR, von Büdingen HC. Longitudinally persistent cerebrospinal fluid B cells can resist treatment in multiple sclerosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126599. [PMID: 30747723 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are key contributors to chronic autoimmune pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS). Clonally related B cells exist in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges, and CNS parenchyma of MS patients. We sought to investigate the presence of clonally related B cells over time by performing Ig heavy chain variable region repertoire sequencing on B cells from longitudinally collected blood and CSF samples of MS patients (n = 10). All patients were untreated at the time of the initial sampling; the majority (n = 7) were treated with immune-modulating therapies 1.2 (±0.3 SD) years later during the second sampling. We found clonal persistence of B cells in the CSF of 5 patients; these B cells were frequently Ig class-switched and CD27+. Specific blood B cell subsets appear to provide input into CNS repertoires over time. We demonstrate complex patterns of clonal B cell persistence in CSF and blood, even in patients on immune-modulating therapy. Our findings support the concept that peripheral B cell activation and CNS-compartmentalized immune mechanisms can in part be therapy resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariele L Greenfield
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ravi Dandekar
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Akshaya Ramesh
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica L Eggers
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Laurent
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Harkin
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natalie S Pierson
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland G Henry
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antje Bischof
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce Ac Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael R Wilson
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - H-Christian von Büdingen
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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165
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Non-Antibody-Secreting Functions of B Cells and Their Contribution to Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:337-356. [PMID: 30883216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B cells play multiple important roles in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Beyond producing pathogenic autoantibodies, B cells can act as antigen-presenting cells and producers of cytokines, including both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here we review our current understanding of the non-antibody-secreting roles that B cells may play during development of autoimmunity, as learned primarily from reductionist preclinical models. Attention is also given to concepts emerging from clinical studies using B cell depletion therapy, which shed light on the roles of these mechanisms in human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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166
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Van Kaer L, Postoak JL, Wang C, Yang G, Wu L. Innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:531-539. [PMID: 30874627 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding the nerve fibers that project from neurons. A hallmark of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is autoimmunity against proteins of the myelin sheath. Most studies in this field have focused on the roles of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which form part of the adaptive immune system as both mediators and regulators in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, the treatments for MS often target the inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses. However, many other lymphocyte subsets contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and EAE, and these subsets include CD8+ T cells and B cells of the adaptive immune system, lymphocytes of the innate immune system such as natural killer cells, and subsets of innate-like T and B lymphocytes such as γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Several of these lymphocyte subsets can act as mediators of CNS inflammation, whereas others exhibit immunoregulatory functions in disease. Importantly, the efficacy of some MS treatments might be mediated in part by effects on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. Here we review the contributions of distinct subsets of lymphocytes on the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, with an emphasis on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. A better understanding of the distinct lymphocyte subsets that contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and its experimental models will inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Joshua L Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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167
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Häusser-Kinzel S, Weber MS. The Role of B Cells and Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica, and Related Disorders. Front Immunol 2019; 10:201. [PMID: 30800132 PMCID: PMC6375838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our pathophysiological concept of the most common central nervous system demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, strikingly evolved by recent discoveries suggesting that B lymphocytes substantially contribute in its initiation and chronic propagation. In this regard, activated B cells are nowadays considered to act as important antigen-presenting cells for the activation of T cells and as essential source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hereby, they create a milieu in which other immune cells differentiate and join an orchestrated inflammatory infiltration of the CNS. Without a doubt, this scientific leap was critically pioneered by the empirical use of anti-CD20 antibodies in recent clinical MS trials, which revealed that the therapeutic removal of immature and mature B cells basically halted development of new inflammatory flares in otherwise relapsing MS patients. This stabilization occurred largely independent of any indirect effect on plasma cell-produced antibody levels. On the contrary, peripherally produced autoantibodies are probably the most important B cell component in two other CNS demyelinating diseases which are currently in the process of being delineated as separate disease entities. The first one is neuromyelitis optica in which an antibody response against aquaporin-4 targets and destroys astrocytes, the second, likely distinct entity embraces a group of patients containing antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. In this review, we will describe and summarize pro-inflammatory B cell properties in these three CNS demyelinating disorders; we will however also provide an overview on the emerging concept that B cells or B cell subsets may exert immunologically counterbalancing properties, which may be therapeutically desirable to maintain and foster in inflammatory CNS demyelination. In an outlook, we will discuss accordingly, how this potentially important aspect can be harnessed to advance future B cell-directed therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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168
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Abstract
B cells play a vital function in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis through an array of effector functions. All currently approved MS disease-modifying therapies alter the frequency, phenotype, or homing of B cells in one way or another. The importance of this mechanism of action has been reinforced with the successful development and clinical testing of B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies that target the CD20 surface antigen. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2017 after pivotal trials showed dramatic reductions in inflammatory disease activity in relapsing MS as well as lessening of disability progression in primary progressive MS. These and other clinical studies place B cells at the center of the inflammatory cascade in MS and provide a launching point for development of therapies that target selective pathogenic B-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Sabatino
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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169
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Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, Lossius A, Bø L, Holmøy T. B cell depletion in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:261-271. [PMID: 30632834 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1568407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The latest development of B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies has been a large step forward in the treatment of this devastating disease. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerance of anti-CD20 therapies for MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab. EXPERT OPINION B-cell depletion efficiently suppresses acute inflammatory disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and may slowdown progression in primary progressive MS (PPMS). The treatment is generally well tolerated, with manageable adverse events related to infusion reactions and infections. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is the first therapy to be approved for the treatment of both RRMS and PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell-Morten Myhr
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,d Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lars Bø
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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170
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Antigen-presenting cell diversity for T cell reactivation in central nervous system autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1279-1292. [PMID: 30386908 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells are considered the major culprits in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Upon activation in the lymphoid organs, autoreactive T cells migrate towards the central nervous system (CNS) and target the myelin sheath-forming oligodendrocytes, resulting in detrimental neurological symptoms. Despite the availability of extensively studied systems like the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, our understanding of this disease and the underlying pathogenesis is still elusive. One vividly discussed subject represents the T cell reactivation in the CNS. In order to exert their effector functions in the CNS, autoreactive T cells must encounter antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This interaction provides an antigen-restricted stimulus in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and other co-stimulatory molecules. Peripherally derived dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, border-associated macrophages (BAM), CNS-resident microglia, and astrocytes have the capacity to express molecules required for antigen presentation under inflammatory conditions. Also, endothelial cells can fulfill these prerequisites in certain situations. Which of these cells in fact act as APCs for T cell reactivation and to which extent they can exert this function has been studied intensively, but unfortunately with no firm conclusion. In this review, we will summarize the findings that support or question the antigen presenting capacities of the mentioned cell types of CNS-localized T cell reactivation.
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171
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Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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172
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Knier B, Hiltensperger M, Sie C, Aly L, Lepennetier G, Engleitner T, Garg G, Muschaweckh A, Mitsdörffer M, Koedel U, Höchst B, Knolle P, Gunzer M, Hemmer B, Rad R, Merkler D, Korn T. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells control B cell accumulation in the central nervous system during autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1341-1351. [PMID: 30374128 PMCID: PMC6241855 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) have been characterized in the context of malignancies. Here we show that PMN-MDSCs can restrain B cell accumulation during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Ly6G+ cells were recruited to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), interacted with B cells that produced the cytokines GM-CSF and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and acquired properties of PMN-MDSCs in the CNS in a manner dependent on the signal transducer STAT3. Depletion of Ly6G+ cells or dysfunction of Ly6G+ cells through conditional ablation of STAT3 led to the selective accumulation of GM-CSF-producing B cells in the CNS compartment, which in turn promoted an activated microglial phenotype and lack of recovery from EAE. The frequency of CD138+ B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects with multiple sclerosis was negatively correlated with the frequency of PMN-MDSCs in the CSF. Thus PMN-MDSCs might selectively control the accumulation and cytokine secretion of B cells in the inflamed CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Knier
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hiltensperger
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Sie
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian Aly
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gildas Lepennetier
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Garima Garg
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meike Mitsdörffer
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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173
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Negron A, Robinson RR, Stüve O, Forsthuber TG. The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: Current and future therapies. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:10-23. [PMID: 31130183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While it was long held that T cells were the primary mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, the beneficial effects observed in response to treatment with Rituximab (RTX), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20, shed light on a key contributor to MS that had been previously underappreciated: B cells. This has been reaffirmed by results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of subsequently developed B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 as well as studies revisiting the effects of previous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on B cell subsets thought to modulate disease severity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the complex roles of B cells in MS pathogenesis and current and potential future B cell-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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174
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Quinn JL, Axtell RC. Emerging Role of Follicular T Helper Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103233. [PMID: 30347676 PMCID: PMC6214126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where both T cells and B cells are implicated in pathology. However, it remains unclear how these two distinct populations cooperate to drive disease. There is ample evidence from studies in both MS patients and mouse models that Th17, B cells, and follicular T helper (TFH) cells contribute to disease. This review article describes the literature that identifies mechanisms by which Th17, TFH, and B cells cooperatively drive disease activity in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The curation of this literature has identified that central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating TFH cells act with TH17 cell to contribute to an inflammatory B cell response in neuroinflammation. This demonstrates that TFH cells and their products are promising targets for therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Robert C Axtell
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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175
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Jelcic I, Al Nimer F, Wang J, Lentsch V, Planas R, Jelcic I, Madjovski A, Ruhrmann S, Faigle W, Frauenknecht K, Pinilla C, Santos R, Hammer C, Ortiz Y, Opitz L, Grönlund H, Rogler G, Boyman O, Reynolds R, Lutterotti A, Khademi M, Olsson T, Piehl F, Sospedra M, Martin R. Memory B Cells Activate Brain-Homing, Autoreactive CD4 + T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell 2018; 175:85-100.e23. [PMID: 30173916 PMCID: PMC6191934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that is caused by the interplay of genetic, particularly the HLA-DR15 haplotype, and environmental risk factors. How these etiologic factors contribute to generating an autoreactive CD4+ T cell repertoire is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that self-reactivity, defined as “autoproliferation” of peripheral Th1 cells, is elevated in patients carrying the HLA-DR15 haplotype. Autoproliferation is mediated by memory B cells in a HLA-DR-dependent manner. Depletion of B cells in vitro and therapeutically in vivo by anti-CD20 effectively reduces T cell autoproliferation. T cell receptor deep sequencing showed that in vitro autoproliferating T cells are enriched for brain-homing T cells. Using an unbiased epitope discovery approach, we identified RASGRP2 as target autoantigen that is expressed in the brain and B cells. These findings will be instrumental to address important questions regarding pathogenic B-T cell interactions in multiple sclerosis and possibly also to develop novel therapies. Autoproliferation of CD4+ T cells and B cells is involved in multiple sclerosis The main genetic factor of MS, HLA-DR15, plays a central role in autoproliferation Memory B cells drive autoproliferation of Th1 brain-homing CD4+ T cells Autoproliferating T cells recognize antigens expressed in B cells and brain lesions
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Wang
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Lentsch
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Planas
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Madjovski
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Faigle
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Frauenknecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies (TPIMS), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Radleigh Santos
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies (TPIMS), Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Christian Hammer
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yaneth Ortiz
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Grönlund
- Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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176
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Alkaissi H, Havarinasab S, Nielsen JB, Söderkvist P, Hultman P. Bank1 and NF-kappaB as key regulators in anti-nucleolar antibody development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199979. [PMID: 30016332 PMCID: PMC6049909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders (SARD) represent important causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. The mechanisms triggering autoimmune responses are complex and involve a network of genetic factors. Mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA) in mice is an established model to study the mechanisms of the development of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), which is a hallmark in the diagnosis of SARD. A.SW mice with HgIA show a significantly higher titer of antinucleolar antibodies (ANoA) than the B10.S mice, although both share the same MHC class II (H-2). We applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to their Hg-exposed F2 offspring to investigate the non-MHC genes involved in the development of ANoA. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis showed a peak logarithm of odds ratio (LOD) score of 3.05 on chromosome 3. Microsatellites were used for haplotyping, and fine mapping was conducted with next generation sequencing. The candidate genes Bank1 (B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1) and Nfkb1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) were identified by additional QTL analysis. Expression of the Bank1 and Nfkb1 genes and their downstream target genes involved in the intracellular pathway (Tlr9, Il6, Tnf) was investigated in mercury-exposed A.SW and B10.S mice by real-time PCR. Bank1 showed significantly lower gene expression in the A.SW strain after Hg-exposure, whereas the B10.S strain showed no significant difference. Nfkb1, Tlr9, Il6 and Tnf had significantly higher gene expression in the A.SW strain after Hg-exposure, while the B10.S strain showed no difference. This study supports the roles of Bank1 (produced mainly in B-cells) and Nfkb1 (produced in most immune cells) as key regulators of ANoA development in HgIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammoudi Alkaissi
- Molecular and Immunological Pathology, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Said Havarinasab
- Molecular and Immunological Pathology, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bo Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Peter Söderkvist
- Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Hultman
- Molecular and Immunological Pathology, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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177
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Galicia G, Lee DSW, Ramaglia V, Ward LA, Yam JY, Leung LYT, Li R, Handy M, Zhang J, Drohomyrecky PC, Lancaster E, Bar-Or A, Martin A, Gommerman JL. Isotype-Switched Autoantibodies Are Necessary To Facilitate Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease in Aicda−/− and Ung−/− Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1119-1130. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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178
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Parker Harp CR, Archambault AS, Sim J, Shlomchik MJ, Russell JH, Wu GF. B cells are capable of independently eliciting rapid reactivation of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199694. [PMID: 29944721 PMCID: PMC6019098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent success with B cell depletion therapies has revitalized efforts to understand the pathogenic role of B cells in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Using the adoptive transfer system of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS, we have previously shown that mice in which B cells are the only MHCII-expressing antigen presenting cell (APC) are susceptible to EAE. However, a reproducible delay in the day of onset of disease driven by exclusive B cell antigen presentation suggests that B cells require optimal conditions to function as APCs in EAE. In this study, we utilize an in vivo genetic system to conditionally and temporally regulate expression of MHCII to test the hypothesis that B cell APCs mediate attenuated and delayed neuroinflammatory T cell responses during EAE. Remarkably, induction of MHCII on B cells following the transfer of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells induced a rapid and robust form of EAE, while no change in the time to disease onset occurred for recipient mice in which MHCII is induced on a normal complement of APC subsets. Changes in CD4 T cell activation over time did not account for more rapid onset of EAE symptoms in this new B cell-mediated EAE model. Our system represents a novel model to study how the timing of pathogenic cognate interactions between lymphocytes facilitates the development of autoimmune attacks within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Parker Harp
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Angela S. Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - John H. Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Li R, Patterson KR, Bar-Or A. Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:696-707. [PMID: 29925992 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate-adaptive interface and their potential to modulate the responses of other immune cells such as T cells and myeloid cells. These B cell functions can have both pathogenic and protective effects in the context of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in the field of multiple sclerosis (MS), which has traditionally been viewed as primarily a T cell-mediated disease, and we consider antibody-dependent and, particularly, emerging antibody-independent functions of B cells that may be relevant in both the peripheral and CNS disease compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina R Patterson
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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180
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Rahmanzadeh R, Weber MS, Brück W, Navardi S, Sahraian MA. B cells in multiple sclerosis therapy-A comprehensive review. Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 137:544-556. [PMID: 29512131 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, B cells were ignored in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, and the disease was always regarded as a T cell-mediated disorder. Recent evidence shows that there is an antigen-driven B-cell response in the central nervous system of patients with MS, and memory B cells/plasma cells are detectable in MS lesions. The striking efficacy of B cell-depleting therapies in reducing the inflammatory activity of the disease highlights that B cells may play more pathogenetic roles than expected. B cells express several unique characteristic markers on their surface, for example, CD19, CD20 molecules, that provide selective targets for monoclonal antibodies. In this respect, several B cell-targeted therapies emerged, including anti-CD20 antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab), anti-CD19 antibody (inebilizumab), and agents targeting the BAFF/APRIL signaling pathway (atacicept, belimumab, and LY2127399). In this review, we discuss, in detail, the immunobiology of B cells and their protective and destructive roles in MS pathogenesis. In the second part, we list the completed and ongoing clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of B cell-related monoclonal antibodies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Rahmanzadeh
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
| | - M. S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - W. Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - S. Navardi
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
| | - M. A. Sahraian
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
- Iranian Center for Neurological Research; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
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181
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Wong KY, Baron R, Seldon TA, Jones ML, Rice AM, Munster DJ. CD83 Antibody Inhibits Human B Cell Responses to Antigen as well as Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD4 T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3383-3396. [PMID: 29643191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD83 Ab capable of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can deplete activated CD83+ human dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting CD4 T cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease. As CD83 is also expressed on the surface of activated B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that anti-CD83 would also inhibit B cell responses to stimulation. We found that anti-CD83 inhibited total IgM and IgG production in vitro by allostimulated human PBMC. Also, Ag-specific Ab responses to immunization of SCID mice xenografted with human PBMC were inhibited by anti-CD83 treatment. This inhibition occurred without depletion of all human B cells because anti-CD83 lysed activated CD83+ B cells by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spared resting (CD83-) B cells. In cultured human PBMC, anti-CD83 inhibited tetanus toxoid-stimulated B cell proliferation and concomitant dendritic cell-mediated CD4 T cell proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A, with minimal losses of B cells (<20%). In contrast, the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab depleted >80% of B cells but had no effect on CD4 T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. By virtue of the ability of anti-CD83 to selectively deplete activated, but not resting, B cells and dendritic cells, with the latter reducing CD4 T cell responses, anti-CD83 may be clinically useful in autoimmunity and transplantation. Advantages might include inhibited expansion of autoantigen- or alloantigen-specific B cells and CD4 T cells, thus preventing further production of pathogenic Abs and inflammatory cytokines while preserving protective memory and regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Wong
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Rebecca Baron
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Therese A Seldon
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alison M Rice
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - David J Munster
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
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182
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Marui T, Fukahori H, Kawashima T, Ito M, Akamatsu M, Kaneko Y, Takahashi F, Imada S, Morokata T. Effects of AS2541019, a novel selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, on antibody production and hamster to rat xenotransplantation. Eur J Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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183
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Katikaneni DS, Jin L. B cell MHC class II signaling: A story of life and death. Hum Immunol 2018; 80:37-43. [PMID: 29715484 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II regulates B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation during cognate B cell-T cell interaction. This is, in part, due to the MHC class II signaling in B cells. Activation of MHC Class II in human B cells or "primed" murine B cells leads to tyrosine phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, AKT, ERK, JNK activation. In addition, crosslinking MHC class II with monoclonal Abs kill malignant human B cells. Several humanized anti-HLA-DR/MHC class II monoclonal Abs entered clinical trials for lymphoma/leukemia and MHC class II-expressing melanomas. Mechanistically, MHC class II is associated with a wealth of transmembrane proteins including the B cell-specific signaling proteins CD79a/b, CD19 and a group of four-transmembrane proteins including tetraspanins and the apoptotic protein MPYS/STING. Furthermore, MHC class II signals are compartmentalized in the tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of MHC class II signaling in B cells focusing on its physiological significance and the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sai Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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184
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Sage PT, Schildberg FA, Sobel RA, Kuchroo VK, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. Dendritic Cell PD-L1 Limits Autoimmunity and Follicular T Cell Differentiation and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29531164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The programmed death (PD)-1 coinhibitory receptor regulates the balance between T cell activation and tolerance. Although the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are expressed on a variety of cell types, the cell type-specific functions of PD-1 ligands in inducing signals through PD-1 are unknown. In this study, we use PD-L1 conditional knockout mice to investigate the cell type-specific functions of PD-L1. We demonstrate that PD-L1 expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), and to a lesser extent on B cells, attenuates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibits naive and effector T cells. PD-1 is highly expressed on effector populations, including T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, which reside in germinal centers. We also show that DC PD-L1 is essential for limiting Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation. In addition, we find that PD-1 suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and help for Ig class switching, even in the presence of wild-type Tfr cells. Our work points to critical roles for PD-L1 expressed on DCs in mediating PD-1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; .,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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185
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Wang Q, He Z, Huang M, Liu T, Wang Y, Xu H, Duan H, Ma P, Zhang L, Zamvil SS, Hidalgo J, Zhang Z, O'Rourke DM, Dahmane N, Brem S, Mou Y, Gong Y, Fan Y. Vascular niche IL-6 induces alternative macrophage activation in glioblastoma through HIF-2α. Nat Commun 2018; 9:559. [PMID: 29422647 PMCID: PMC5805734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of tumor immunity remains largely unexplored. Here we identify a vascular niche that controls alternative macrophage activation in glioblastoma (GBM). We show that tumor-promoting macrophages are spatially proximate to GBM-associated endothelial cells (ECs), permissive for angiocrine-induced macrophage polarization. We identify ECs as one of the major sources for interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in GBM microenvironment. Furthermore, we reveal that colony-stimulating factor-1 and angiocrine IL-6 induce robust arginase-1 expression and macrophage alternative activation, mediated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-dependent transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α. Finally, utilizing a genetic murine GBM model, we show that EC-specific knockout of IL-6 inhibits macrophage alternative activation and improves survival in the GBM-bearing mice. These findings illustrate a vascular niche-dependent mechanism for alternative macrophage activation and cancer progression, and suggest that targeting endothelial IL-6 may offer a selective and efficient therapeutic strategy for GBM, and possibly other solid malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tianrun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510655, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Haineng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology The, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nadia Dahmane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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186
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Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL. Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron 2018; 97:742-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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187
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Beginning of the end of two-stage theory purporting that inflammation then degeneration explains pathogenesis of progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 29:340-4. [PMID: 27027554 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review discusses future directions in research on multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, as long-held beliefs about these diseases are undermined with data from recent clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Results of clinical trials for registration (phase 3) were reported in the last year. Anti-inflammatory approaches, such as daclizumab high-yield process targeting IL-2 receptor, and ocrelizumab targeting CD20 B cells, confirmed a beneficial role of immune suppression in relapsing-remitting disease. And now for the first time achieving the primary end point in primary progressive multiple sclerosis was attained with ocrelizumab. SUMMARY The results in the past year challenge the long-held belief that relapsing-remitting disease is inflammatory, whereas progressive forms of the disease are 'less inflammatory' and more 'degenerative.'
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188
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Khare P, Challa DK, Devanaboyina SC, Velmurugan R, Hughes S, Greenberg BM, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients exacerbate disease in a humanized mouse model. J Autoimmun 2018; 86:104-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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189
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Greenfield AL, Hauser SL. B-cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Entering an era. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:13-26. [PMID: 29244240 PMCID: PMC5876115 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that target CD20 expressing B cells represent an important new treatment option for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). B-cell-depleting therapy is highly effective against relapsing forms of the disease and is also the first treatment approach proven to protect against disability worsening in primary progressive MS. Moreover, evolving clinical experience with B-cell therapy, combined with a more sophisticated understanding of humoral immunity in preclinical models and in patients with MS, has led to major progress in deciphering the immune pathogenesis of MS. Here, we review the nuanced roles of B cells in MS autoimmunity, the clinical data supporting use of ocrelizumab and other anti-CD20 therapies in the treatment of MS, as well as safety and practical considerations for prescribing. Last, we summarize remaining unanswered questions regarding the proper role of anti-CD20 therapy in MS, its limitations, and the future landscape of B-cell-based approaches to treatment. Ann Neurol 2018;83:13-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariele L. Greenfield
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen L. Hauser
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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190
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Fillatreau S. B cells and their cytokine activities implications in human diseases. Clin Immunol 2018; 186:26-31. [PMID: 28736271 PMCID: PMC5844600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells are the only cell type that can give rise to antibody-producing cells, and the only cell type whose selective depletion can, today, lead to an improvement of a wide range of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including disorders not primarily driven by autoantibodies. Here, I discuss this paradoxical observation, and propose that the capacity of B cells to act as cytokine-producing cells explains how they can control monocyte activity and subsequently disease pathogenesis. Together with current data on the effect of anti-CD20 B cell-depleting reagents in the clinic, this novel knowledge on B cell heterogeneity opens the way for novel safer and more efficient strategies to target B cells. The forthcoming identification of disease-relevant B cell subsets is awaited to permit their monitoring and specific targeting in a personalized medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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191
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Kruglov AA, Nedospasov SA. [Cytokine neutralization at specific cellular source : A new therapeutic paradigm? German Version]. Z Rheumatol 2017; 76:163-165. [PMID: 28058501 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-016-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, treatment of autoimmune diseases is based on manipulation of general control mechanisms, including those mediated by immunoregulatory cytokines. This approach is non-curative and may cause unwanted side effects due to numerous beneficial and non-redundant functions of a particular cytokine. METHODS Techniques of reverse genetics, such as conditional gene targeting, were employed to uncover the contributions of two proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), in various disease states. RESULTS Several non-redundant functions of TNF from distinct cellular sources were identified. TNF from myeloid cells is pathogenic in several autoimmune diseases, whereas TNF produced by T cells showed non-redundant protective functions in experimental arthritis and in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection model. To test the idea of selective pharmacological inhibition of "bad" TNF produced by myeloid cells while sparing "good" TNF produced by T lymphocytes, a myeloid-specific TNF inhibitor (MYSTI) was designed - a recombinant mini-antibody with dual specificity that can bind to the surface molecule F4/80 on myeloid cells and to TNF. In vitro experiments confirmed retention of TNF on the surface of TNF-producing cells and in vivo experiments indicated that MYSTI can protect mice from lethal TNF-mediated hepatotoxicity. MYSTI is also effective in experimental arthritis. CONCLUSION The proposed therapeutic strategy may be more effective than systemic anti-cytokine therapy in several human autoimmune diseases, as it would preserve the potentially beneficial effects of the same cytokine produced by other cell types. Such bispecific biological agents may become interesting tools for experimental studies and, eventually, drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kruglov
- Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology and Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moskau, Russland
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland. .,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology and Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moskau, Russland.
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192
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Deciphering the Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis-Towards Specific Targeting of Pathogenic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102048. [PMID: 28946620 PMCID: PMC5666730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells, plasma cells and antibodies may play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by various immunological changes observed in MS patients, such as activation and pro-inflammatory differentiation of peripheral blood B cells, the persistence of clonally expanded plasma cells producing immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the composition of inflammatory central nervous system lesions frequently containing co-localizing antibody depositions and activated complement. In recent years, the perception of a respective pathophysiological B cell involvement was vividly promoted by the empirical success of anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion in clinical trials; based on these findings, the first monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody—ocrelizumab—is currently in the process of being approved for treatment of MS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of B cells, plasma cells and antibodies in MS and elucidate how approved and future treatments, first and foremost anti-CD20 antibodies, therapeutically modify these B cell components. We will furthermore describe regulatory functions of B cells in MS and discuss how the evolving knowledge of these therapeutically desirable B cell properties can be harnessed to improve future safety and efficacy of B cell-directed therapy in MS.
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193
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Warnecke A, Abele S, Musunuri S, Bergquist J, Harris RA. Scavenger Receptor A Mediates the Clearance and Immunological Screening of MDA-Modified Antigen by M2-Type Macrophages. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:463-479. [PMID: 28828577 PMCID: PMC5683054 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the uptake of malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the context of lipid peroxidation and its implications in CNS autoimmunity. The use of custom-produced fluorescently labeled versions of MOG or MDA-modified MOG enabled us to study and quantify the uptake by different macrophage populations and to identify the responsible receptor, namely SRA. The SRA-mediated uptake of MDA-modified MOG is roughly tenfold more efficient compared to that of the native form. Notably, this uptake is most strongly associated with anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages. MDA-modified MOG was demonstrated to be resistant to degradation by lysine-dependent proteases in vitro, but the overall digestion fragments appeared to be similar in cell lysates, although their relative abundance appeared to be altered as a result of faster uptake. Accordingly, MDA-modified MOG is processed for presentation by APCs, allowing maximized recall proliferation of MOG35-55-specific 2D2 T cells in vitro due to higher uptake. However, MDA modification of MOG did not enhance immune priming or disease course in the in vivo MOG-EAE model, but did induce antibody responses to both MOG and MDA adducts. Taken together our results indicate that MDA adducts primarily constitute clearance signals for phagocytes and promote rapid removal of antigen, which is subjected to immunological screening by previously licensed T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Inflammation
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Malondialdehyde/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- Proteolysis
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Warnecke
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Abele
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sravani Musunuri
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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194
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Sagan SA, Cruz-Herranz A, Spencer CM, Ho PP, Steinman L, Green AJ, Sobel RA, Zamvil SS. Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28872108 PMCID: PMC5614352 DOI: 10.3791/56185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disease, creation of an AQP4-targeted model with both clinical and histologic manifestations of CNS autoimmunity has proven challenging. Immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with AQP4 peptides elicited T cell proliferation, although those T cells could not transfer disease to naïve recipient mice. Recently, two novel AQP4 T cell epitopes, peptide (p) 135-153 and p201-220, were identified when studying immune responses to AQP4 in AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice, suggesting T cell reactivity to these epitopes is normally controlled by thymic negative selection. AQP4-/- Th17 polarized T cells primed to either p135-153 or p201-220 induced paralysis in recipient WT mice, that was associated with predominantly leptomeningeal inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerves. Inflammation surrounding optic nerves and involvement of the inner retinal layers (IRL) were manifested by changes in serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we illustrate the approaches used to create this new in vivo model of AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA), which can now be employed to study mechanisms that permit development of pathogenic AQP4-specific T cells and how they may cooperate with B cells in NMO pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Sagan
- Department of Neurology, University of California; Program in Immunology, University of California
| | | | - Collin M Spencer
- Department of Neurology, University of California; Program in Immunology, University of California
| | - Peggy P Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California
| | | | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California; Program in Immunology, University of California;
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195
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Robert R, Ang C, Sun G, Juglair L, Lim EX, Mason LJ, Payne NL, Bernard CC, Mackay CR. Essential role for CCR6 in certain inflammatory diseases demonstrated using specific antagonist and knockin mice. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94821. [PMID: 28768901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR6 marks subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22, and as such may play a role in the recruitment of these cells to certain inflammatory sites. However, the precise role of CCR6 has been controversial, in part because no effective monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibitors against this receptor exist for use in mouse models of inflammation. We circumvented this problem using transgenic mice expressing human CCR6 (hCCR6) under control of its native promoter (hCCR6-Tg/mCCR6-/-). We also developed a fully humanized mAb against hCCR6 with antagonistic activity. The expression pattern of hCCR6 in hCCR6-Tg/mCCR6-/- mice was consistent with the pattern observed in humans. In mouse models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and psoriasis, treatment with anti-hCCR6 mAb was remarkably effective in both preventive and therapeutic regimens. For instance, in the imiquimod model of psoriasis, anti-CCR6 completely abolished all signs of inflammation. Moreover, anti-hCCR6 attenuated clinical symptoms of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced (MOG-induced) EAE and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the central nervous system. CCR6 plays a critical role in Th17 type inflammatory reactions, and CCR6 inhibition may offer an alternative approach for the treatment of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Robert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Caroline Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurent Juglair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ee X Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Linda J Mason
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Natalie L Payne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claude Ca Bernard
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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196
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA, Schalk D, Bealmear B, Touil H, Li R, Muirhead G, Bar-Or A. B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis induce cell death via apoptosis in neurons in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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197
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Sweet RA, Nickerson KM, Cullen JL, Wang Y, Shlomchik MJ. B Cell-Extrinsic Myd88 and Fcer1g Negatively Regulate Autoreactive and Normal B Cell Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:885-893. [PMID: 28659358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 and FcR common γ-chain (Fcer1g, FcRγ) elicit proinflammatory responses to exogenous Ags. Deletion of these receptors in autoimmune models has generally led to reduced overall disease. In B cells, Myd88 is required for anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibody responses, whereas Fcer1g is not expressed in these cells. The roles of these receptors in myeloid cells during B cell autoimmune activation remain less clear. To investigate the roles of Myd88 and Fcer1g in non-B cells, we transferred anti-self-IgG (rheumatoid factor) B cells and their physiologic target Ag, anti-chromatin Ab, into mice lacking Fcer1g, Myd88, or both and studied the extrafollicular plasmablast response. Surprisingly, we found a markedly higher and more prolonged response in the absence of either molecule; this effect was accentuated in doubly deficient recipients, with a 40-fold increase compared with wild-type recipients at day 10. This enhancement was dependent on CD40L, indicating that Myd88 and FcRγ, presumably on myeloid APCs, were required to downregulate T cell help for the extrafollicular response. To extend the generality, we then investigated a classic T cell-dependent response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl conjugated to chicken γ globulin and found a similar effect. Thus, these results reveal novel regulatory roles in the B cell response for receptors that are typically proinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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198
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Berg CT, Khorooshi R, Asgari N, Owens T. Influence of type I IFN signaling on anti-MOG antibody-mediated demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28646890 PMCID: PMC5483301 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies with specificity for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are implicated in multiple sclerosis and related diseases. The pathogenic importance of anti-MOG antibody in primary demyelinating pathology remains poorly characterized. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate whether administration of anti-MOG antibody would be sufficient for demyelination and to determine if type I interferon (IFN) signaling plays a similar role in anti-MOG antibody-mediated pathology, as has been shown for neuromyelitis optica-like pathology. Methods Purified IgG2a monoclonal anti-MOG antibody and mouse complement were stereotactically injected into the corpus callosum of wild-type and type I IFN receptor deficient mice (IFNAR1-KO) with and without pre-established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Results Anti-MOG induced complement-dependent demyelination in the corpus callosum of wild-type mice and did not occur in mice that received control IgG2a. Deposition of activated complement coincided with demyelination, and this was significantly reduced in IFNAR1-KO mice. Co-injection of anti-MOG and complement at onset of symptoms of EAE induced similar levels of callosal demyelination in wild-type and IFNAR1-KO mice. Conclusions Anti-MOG antibody and complement was sufficient to induce callosal demyelination, and pathology was dependent on type I IFN. Induction of EAE in IFNAR1-KO mice overcame the dependence on type I IFN for anti-MOG and complement-mediated demyelination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0899-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tue Berg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, JB. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, JB. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, JB. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Service Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, JB. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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199
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Abstract
In central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and related NMO-spectrum disorders (NMO-SD), a pathogenic role for antibodies is primarily projected into enhancing ongoing CNS inflammation by directly binding to target antigens within the CNS. This scenario is supported at least in part, by antibodies in conjunction with complement activation in the majority of MS lesions and by deposition of anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibodies in areas of astrocyte loss in patients with classical NMO. A currently emerging subgroup of AQP-4 negative NMO-SD patients expresses antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), again suggestive of their direct binding to CNS myelin. However, both known entities of anti-CNS antibodies, anti-AQP-4- as well as anti-MOG antibodies, are predominantly found in the serum, which raises the questions why and how a humoral response against CNS antigens is raised in the periphery, and in a related manner, what pathogenic role these antibodies may exert outside the CNS. In this regard, recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that peripheral CNS-specific antibodies may indirectly activate peripheral CNS-autoreactive T cells by opsonization of otherwise unrecognized traces of CNS antigen in peripheral compartments, presumably drained from the CNS by its newly recognized lymphatic system. In this review, we will summarize all currently available data on both possible roles of antibodies in CNS demyelinating disorders, first, directly enhancing damage within the CNS, and second, promoting a peripheral immune response against the CNS. By elaborating on the latter scenario, we will develop the hypothesis that peripheral CNS-recognizing antibodies may have a powerful role in initiating acute flares of CNS demyelinating disease and that these humoral responses may represent a therapeutic target in its own right.
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200
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Yong H, Chartier G, Quandt J. Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:927-950. [PMID: 28580582 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system with a presentation and disease course that is largely unpredictable. MS can cause loss of balance, impaired vision or speech, weakness and paralysis, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. Immunomodulation is a major target given the appearance of focal demyelinating lesions in myelin-rich white matter, yet progression and an increasing appreciation for gray matter involvement, even during the earliest phases of the disease, highlights the need to afford neuroprotection and limit neurodegenerative processes that correlate with disability. This review summarizes key aspects of MS pathophysiology and histopathology with a focus on neuroimmune interactions in MS, which may facilitate neurodegeneration through both direct and indirect mechanisms. There is a focus on processes thought to influence disease progression and the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MS. The goals and efficacy of current disease-modifying therapies and those in the pipeline are discussed, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of pathways mediating disease progression to identify and translate both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutics from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yong
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chartier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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