151
|
Bagh MB, Appu AP, Sadhukhan T, Mondal A, Plavelil N, Raghavankutty M, Supran AM, Sadhukhan S, Liu A, Mukherjee AB. Disruption of lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold contributes to pathogenesis of a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105641. [PMID: 38211816 PMCID: PMC10862020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 1 (CLN1) disease, formerly called infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, is a fatal hereditary neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. This disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CLN1 gene, encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1). PPT1 catalyzes depalmitoylation of S-palmitoylated proteins for degradation and clearance by lysosomal hydrolases. Numerous proteins, especially in the brain, require dynamic S-palmitoylation (palmitoylation-depalmitoylation cycles) for endosomal trafficking to their destination. While 23 palmitoyl-acyl transferases in the mammalian genome catalyze S-palmitoylation, depalmitoylation is catalyzed by thioesterases such as PPT1. Despite these discoveries, the pathogenic mechanism of CLN1 disease has remained elusive. Here, we report that in the brain of Cln1-/- mice, which mimic CLN1 disease, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) kinase is hyperactivated. The activation of mTORC1 by nutrients requires its anchorage to lysosomal limiting membrane by Rag GTPases and Ragulator complex. These proteins form the lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold to which mTORC1 must attach to activate. We found that in Cln1-/- mice, two constituent proteins of the Ragulator complex (vacuolar (H+)-ATPase and Lamtor1) require dynamic S-palmitoylation for endosomal trafficking to the lysosomal limiting membrane. Intriguingly, Ppt1 deficiency in Cln1-/- mice misrouted these proteins to the plasma membrane disrupting the lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold. Despite this defect, mTORC1 was hyperactivated via the IGF1/PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway, which suppressed autophagy contributing to neuropathology. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/Akt suppressed mTORC1 activation, restored autophagy, and ameliorated neurodegeneration in Cln1-/- mice. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of Cln1/Ppt1 in regulating mTORC1 activation and suggest that IGF1/PI3K/Akt may be a targetable pathway for CLN1 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhilash P Appu
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamal Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avisek Mondal
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nisha Plavelil
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahadevan Raghavankutty
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajayan M Supran
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sriparna Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch (HNT72), Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Abudu YP, Kournoutis A, Brenne HB, Lamark T, Johansen T. MORG1 limits mTORC1 signaling by inhibiting Rag GTPases. Mol Cell 2024; 84:552-569.e11. [PMID: 38103557 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an important quality control and recycling process vital for cellular homeostasis, is tightly regulated. The mTORC1 signaling pathway regulates autophagy under conditions of nutrient availability and scarcity. However, how mTORC1 activity is fine-tuned during nutrient availability to allow basal autophagy is unclear. Here, we report that the WD-domain repeat protein MORG1 facilitates basal constitutive autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1 signaling through Rag GTPases. Mechanistically, MORG1 interacts with active Rag GTPase complex inhibiting the Rag GTPase-mediated recruitment of mTORC1 to the lysosome. MORG1 depletion in HeLa cells increases mTORC1 activity and decreases autophagy. The autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 binds to MORG1, but MORG1 is not an autophagy substrate. However, p62/SQSTM1 binding to MORG1 upon re-addition of amino acids following amino acid's depletion precludes MORG1 from inhibiting the Rag GTPases, allowing mTORC1 activation. MORG1 depletion increases cell proliferation and migration. Low expression of MORG1 correlates with poor survival in several important cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Princely Abudu
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Nanoscopy Group, Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Athanasios Kournoutis
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanne Britt Brenne
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Nguyen HT, Wiederkehr A, Wollheim CB, Park KS. Regulation of autophagy by perilysosomal calcium: a new player in β-cell lipotoxicity. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:273-288. [PMID: 38297165 PMCID: PMC10907728 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential quality control mechanism for maintaining organellar functions in eukaryotic cells. Defective autophagy in pancreatic beta cells has been shown to be involved in the progression of diabetes through impaired insulin secretion under glucolipotoxic stress. The underlying mechanism reveals the pathologic role of the hyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which inhibits lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic processes. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress induces Ca2+ depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cytosolic Ca2+ overload, which may contribute to mTOR activation in perilysosomal microdomains, leading to autophagic defects and β-cell failure due to lipotoxicity. This review delineates the antagonistic regulation of autophagic flux by mTOR and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) at the lysosomal membrane, and both of these molecules could be activated by perilysosomal calcium signaling. However, aberrant and persistent Ca2+ elevation upon lipotoxic stress increases mTOR activity and suppresses autophagy. Therefore, normalization of autophagy is an attractive therapeutic strategy for patients with β-cell failure and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thu Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | | | - Claes B Wollheim
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Kincheloe GN, Roberson PA, Jefferson LS, Kimball SR. Tissue-specific expression differences in Ras-related GTP-binding proteins in male rats. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15928. [PMID: 38296461 PMCID: PMC10830385 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Complex 1 (mTORC1) is regulated in part by the Ras-related GTP-binding proteins (Rag GTPases). Rag GTPases form a heterodimeric complex consisting of either RagA or RagB associated with either RagC or RagD and act to localize mTORC1 to the lysosomal membrane. Until recently, RagA and RagB were thought to be functionally redundant, as were RagC and RagD. However, recent research suggests that the various isoforms differentially activate mTORC1. Here, the mRNA expression and protein abundance of the Rag GTPases was compared across male rat skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Whereas mRNA expression of RagA was higher than RagB in nearly all tissues studied, RagB protein abundance was higher than RagA in all tissues besides skeletal muscle. RagC mRNA expression was more abundant or equal to RagD mRNA, and RagD protein was more abundant than RagC protein in all tissues. Moreover, the proportion of RagB in the short isoform was greater than the long in liver, whereas the opposite was true in brain. These results serve to further elucidate Rag GTPase expression and offer potential explanations for the differential responses to amino acids that are observed in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Kincheloe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of AnatomyUCSF College of MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul A. Roberson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado – Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Leonard S. Jefferson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Scot R. Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Rudar M, Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Chacko SK, Vonderohe C, Stoll B, Burrin DG, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Pulsatile Leucine Administration during Continuous Enteral Feeding Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling and Protein Synthesis in a Preterm Piglet Model. J Nutr 2024; 154:505-515. [PMID: 38141773 PMCID: PMC10900192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous feeding does not elicit an optimal anabolic response in skeletal muscle but is required for some preterm infants. We reported previously that intermittent intravenous pulses of leucine (Leu; 800 μmol Leu·kg-1·h-1 every 4 h) to continuously fed pigs born at term promoted mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the extent to which intravenous Leu pulses activate mTORC1 and enhance protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of continuously fed pigs born preterm. METHODS Pigs delivered 10 d preterm was advanced to full oral feeding >4 d and then assigned to 1 of the following 4 treatments for 28 h: 1) ALA (continuous feeding; pulsed with 800 μmol alanine·kg-1·h-1 every 4 h; n = 8); 2) L1× (continuous feeding; pulsed with 800 μmol Leu·kg-1·h-1 every 4 h; n = 7); 3) L2× (continuous feeding; pulsed with 1600 μmol Leu·kg-1·h-1 every 4 h; n = 8); and 4) INT (intermittent feeding every 4 h; supplied with 800 μmol alanine·kg-1 per feeding; n = 7). Muscle protein synthesis rates were determined with L-[2H5-ring]Phenylalanine. The activation of insulin, amino acid, and translation initiation signaling pathways were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Peak plasma Leu concentrations were 134% and 420% greater in the L2× compared to the L1× and ALA groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Protein synthesis was greater in the L2× than in the ALA and L1× groups in both the longissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius muscles (P < 0.05) but not different from the INT group (P > 0.10). Amino acid signaling upstream and translation initiation signaling downstream of mTORC1 largely corresponded to the differences in protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous Leu pulses potentiate mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis in the skeletal muscles of continuously fed preterm pigs, but the amount required is greater than in pigs born at term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Rudar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Agus Suryawan
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Shaji K Chacko
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Barbara Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa A Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Zeng Q, Araki Y, Noda T. Pib2 is a cysteine sensor involved in TORC1 activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113599. [PMID: 38127619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a master regulator that monitors the availability of various amino acids to promote cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is activated via two distinct upstream pathways: the Gtr pathway, which corresponds to mammalian Rag, and the Pib2 pathway. This study shows that Ser3 was phosphorylated exclusively in a Pib2-dependent manner. Using Ser3 as an indicator of TORC1 activity, together with the established TORC1 substrate Sch9, we investigated which pathways were employed by individual amino acids. Different amino acids exhibited different dependencies on the Gtr and Pib2 pathways. Cysteine was most dependent on the Pib2 pathway and increased the interaction between TORC1 and Pib2 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, cysteine directly bound to Pib2 via W632 and F635, two critical residues in the T(ail) motif that are necessary to activate TORC1. These results indicate that Pib2 functions as a sensor for cysteine in TORC1 regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Zeng
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Araki
- Center for Frontier Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Frontier Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Morozumi Y, Mahayot F, Nakase Y, Soong JX, Yamawaki S, Sofyantoro F, Imabata Y, Oda AH, Tamura M, Kofuji S, Akikusa Y, Shibatani A, Ohta K, Shiozaki K. Rapamycin-sensitive mechanisms confine the growth of fission yeast below the temperatures detrimental to cell physiology. iScience 2024; 27:108777. [PMID: 38269097 PMCID: PMC10805665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells cease to proliferate above their growth-permissible temperatures, a ubiquitous phenomenon generally attributed to heat damage to cellular macromolecules. We here report that, in the presence of rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1), the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe can proliferate at high temperatures that usually arrest its growth. Consistently, mutations to the TORC1 subunit RAPTOR/Mip1 and the TORC1 substrate Sck1 significantly improve cellular heat resistance, suggesting that TORC1 restricts fission yeast growth at high temperatures. Aiming for a more comprehensive understanding of the negative regulation of high-temperature growth, we conducted genome-wide screens, which identified additional factors that suppress cell proliferation at high temperatures. Among them is Mks1, which is phosphorylated in a TORC1-dependent manner, forms a complex with the 14-3-3 protein Rad24, and suppresses the high-temperature growth independently of Sck1. Our study has uncovered unexpected mechanisms of growth restraint even below the temperatures deleterious to cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Morozumi
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fontip Mahayot
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakase
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jia Xin Soong
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamawaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fajar Sofyantoro
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yuki Imabata
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Arisa H. Oda
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Miki Tamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kofuji
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Akikusa
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayu Shibatani
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Liu Y, Zhang M, Jang H, Nussinov R. The allosteric mechanism of mTOR activation can inform bitopic inhibitor optimization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1003-1017. [PMID: 38239681 PMCID: PMC10793652 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
mTOR serine/threonine kinase is a cornerstone in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Yet, the detailed mechanism of activation of its catalytic core is still unresolved, likely due to mTOR complexes' complexity. Its dysregulation was implicated in cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and compiled published experimental data, we determine exactly how mTOR's inherent motifs can control the conformational changes in the kinase domain, thus kinase activity. We also chronicle the critical regulation by the unstructured negative regulator domain (NRD). When positioned inside the catalytic cleft (NRD IN state), mTOR tends to adopt a deep and closed catalytic cleft. This is primarily due to the direct interaction with the FKBP-rapamycin binding (FRB) domain which restricts it, preventing substrate access. Conversely, when outside the catalytic cleft (NRD OUT state), mTOR favors an open conformation, exposing the substrate-binding site on the FRB domain. We further show how an oncogenic mutation (L2427R) promotes shifting the mTOR ensemble toward the catalysis-favored state. Collectively, we extend mTOR's "active-site restriction" mechanism and clarify mutation action. In particular, our mechanism suggests that RMC-5552 (RMC-6272) bitopic inhibitors may benefit from adjustment of the (PEG8) linker length when targeting certain mTOR variants. In the cryo-EM mTOR/RMC-5552 structure, the distance between the allosteric and orthosteric inhibitors is ∼22.7 Å. With a closed catalytic cleft, this linker bridges the sites. However, in our activation mechanism, in the open cleft it expands to ∼24.7 Å, offering what we believe to be the first direct example of how discovering an activation mechanism can potentially increase the affinity of inhibitors targeting mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Liu
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Li J, Yang D, Lin Y, Xu W, Zhao SM, Wang C. OTUD3 suppresses the mTORC1 signaling by deubiquitinating KPTN. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1337732. [PMID: 38288086 PMCID: PMC10822905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1337732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Ubiquitination and deubiquitination modifications play pivotal roles in eukaryotic life processes, regulating protein dynamics via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Dysregulation can impact disease development, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Increasing evidence highlights their role in tumorigenesis, modulating key proteins. OTUD3, a deubiquitinase, stabilizes PTEN, suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting PI3K-AKT signaling. Yet, further OTUD3 substrates remain underexplored. Methods: We employed the In vivo ubiquitination assay to investigate the ubiquitination role of OTUD3 on KPTN within the cellular context. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 editing and Immunofluorescence were utilized to study the impact of OTUD3 on the mTOR signaling pathway in cells. Furthermore, Cell proliferation assay and NMR were employed to explore the effects of OTUD3 on cellular growth and proliferation. Results: OTUD3 serves as a deubiquitinase for KPTN. OTUD3 interacts with KPTN, facilitated by the OTU domain within OTUD3. Further investigations confirmed KPTN's ubiquitination modification, primarily at lysine residue 49. Ubiquitination experiments demonstrated OTUD3's ability to mediate KPTN's deubiquitination without affecting its protein levels. This suggests KPTN's ubiquitination is a function-regulated, non-degradable modification. Under various amino acid starvation or stimulation conditions, overexpressing OTUD3 reduces mTORC1 signaling activation, while knocking out OTUD3 further enhances it. Notably, OTUD3's regulation of mTORC1 signaling relies on its deubiquitinase activity, and this effect is observed even in PTEN KO cells, confirming its independence from PTEN, a reported substrate. OTUD3 also promotes GATOR1's lysosomal localization, a process requiring KPTN's involvement. Ultimately, OTUD3 affects cellular metabolic pool products by downregulating the mTORC1 pathway, significantly inhibiting tumor cell growth and proliferation. Discussion: Our experiments shed light on an alternative perspective regarding the intrinsic functions of OTUD3 in inhibiting tumor development. We propose a novel mechanism involving KPTN-mediated regulation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, offering fresh insights into the occurrence and progression of tumor diseases driven by related genes. This may inspire new approaches for drug screening and cancer treatment, potentially guiding future therapies for relevant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-min Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenji Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Alesi N, Khabibullin D, Rosenthal DM, Akl EW, Cory PM, Alchoueiry M, Salem S, Daou M, Gibbons WF, Chen JA, Zhang L, Filippakis H, Graciotti L, Miceli C, Monfregola J, Vilardo C, Morroni M, Di Malta C, Napolitano G, Ballabio A, Henske EP. TFEB drives mTORC1 hyperactivation and kidney disease in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:406. [PMID: 38195686 PMCID: PMC10776564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is caused by TSC1 or TSC2 mutations, leading to hyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and lesions in multiple organs including lung (lymphangioleiomyomatosis) and kidney (angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma). Previously, we found that TFEB is constitutively active in TSC. Here, we generated two mouse models of TSC in which kidney pathology is the primary phenotype. Knockout of TFEB rescues kidney pathology and overall survival, indicating that TFEB is the primary driver of renal disease in TSC. Importantly, increased mTORC1 activity in the TSC2 knockout kidneys is normalized by TFEB knockout. In TSC2-deficient cells, Rheb knockdown or Rapamycin treatment paradoxically increases TFEB phosphorylation at the mTORC1-sites and relocalizes TFEB from nucleus to cytoplasm. In mice, Rapamycin treatment normalizes lysosomal gene expression, similar to TFEB knockout, suggesting that Rapamycin's benefit in TSC is TFEB-dependent. These results change the view of the mechanisms of mTORC1 hyperactivation in TSC and may lead to therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alesi
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean M Rosenthal
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elie W Akl
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pieter M Cory
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Alchoueiry
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samer Salem
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Daou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William F Gibbons
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harilaos Filippakis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Graciotti
- Section of Experimental and Technical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Manrico Morroni
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
- SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Montero-Vergara J, Plachetta K, Kinch L, Bernhardt S, Kashyap K, Levine B, Thukral L, Vetter M, Thomssen C, Wiemann S, Peña-Llopis S, Jendrossek V, Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S. GRB2 is a BECN1 interacting protein that regulates autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:14. [PMID: 38182563 PMCID: PMC10770341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
GRB2 is an adaptor protein of HER2 (and several other tyrosine kinases), which we identified as a novel BECN1 (Beclin 1) interacting partner. GRB2 co-immunoprecipitated with BECN1 in several breast cancer cell lines and regulates autophagy through a mechanism involving the modulation of the class III PI3Kinase VPS34 activity. In ovo studies in a CAM (Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane) model indicated that GRB2 knockdown, as well as overexpression of GRB2 loss-of-function mutants (Y52A and S86A-R88A) compromised tumor growth. These differences in tumor growth correlated with differential autophagy activity, indicating that autophagy effects might be related to the effects on tumorigenesis. Our data highlight a novel function of GRB2 as a BECN1 binding protein and a regulator of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jetsy Montero-Vergara
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Kira Plachetta
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kinch
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Stephan Bernhardt
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kriti Kashyap
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Beth Levine
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lipi Thukral
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Martina Vetter
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Thomssen
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Peña-Llopis
- Translational Genomics. Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vega-Rubin-de-Celis
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, D-45122, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Raevsky A, Kovalenko O, Bulgakov E, Sharifi M, Volochnyuk D, Tukalo M. Developing a comprehensive solution aimed to disrupt LARS1/RagD protein-protein interaction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:747-758. [PMID: 36995308 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2194996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are crucial enzymes involved in protein synthesis and various cellular physiological reactions. Aside from their standard role in linking amino acids to the corresponding tRNAs, they also impact protein homeostasis by controlling the level of soluble amino acids within the cell. For instance, leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS1) acts as a leucine sensor for the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and may also function as a probable GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the RagD subunit of the heteromeric activator of mTORC1. In turn, mTORC1 regulates cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, autophagy, and cell growth, and is implicated in various human diseases including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Hence, inhibitors of mTORC1 or a deregulated mTORC1 pathway may offer potential cancer therapies. In this study, we investigated the structural requirements for preventing the sensing and signal transmission from LARS to mTORC1. Building upon recent studies on mTORC1 regulation activation by leucine, we lay the foundation for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against mTORC1 that can overcome resistance to rapamycin. Using a combination of in-silico approaches to develop and validate an alternative interaction model, discussing its benefits and advancements. Finally, we identified a set of compounds ready for testing to prevent LARS1/RagD protein-protein interactions. We establish a basis for creating chemotherapeutic drugs targeting mTORC1, which can conquer resistance to rapamycin. We utilize in-silico methods to generate and confirm an alternative interaction model, outlining its advantages and improvements, and pinpoint a group of novel substances that can prevent LARS1/RagD interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Raevsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Kovalenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elijah Bulgakov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmityi Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michael Tukalo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
López-Perrote A, Serna M, Llorca O. Maturation and Assembly of mTOR Complexes by the HSP90-R2TP-TTT Chaperone System: Molecular Insights and Mechanisms. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:459-483. [PMID: 38963496 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism, integrating environmental signals to regulate anabolic and catabolic processes, regulating lipid synthesis, growth factor-induced cell proliferation, cell survival, and migration. These activities are performed as part of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, each with specific roles. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are elaborated dimeric structures formed by the interaction of mTOR with specific partners. mTOR functions only as part of these large complexes, but their assembly and activation require a dedicated and sophisticated chaperone system. mTOR folding and assembly are temporarily separated with the TELO2-TTI1-TTI2 (TTT) complex assisting the cotranslational folding of mTOR into a native conformation. Matured mTOR is then transferred to the R2TP complex for assembly of active mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes. R2TP works in concert with the HSP90 chaperone to promote the incorporation of additional subunits to mTOR and dimerization. This review summarizes our current knowledge on how the HSP90-R2TP-TTT chaperone system facilitates the maturation and assembly of active mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, discussing interactions, structures, and mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Perrote
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Structural Biology Programme, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina Serna
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Structural Biology Programme, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Structural Biology Programme, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Shao J, Lang Y, Ding M, Yin X, Cui L. Transcription Factor EB: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:170-190. [PMID: 37491856 PMCID: PMC10788889 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230724095558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is an important endogenous defensive protein that responds to ischemic stimuli. Acute ischemic stroke is a growing concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. Most survivors suffer from disabilities such as numbness or weakness in an arm or leg, facial droop, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, confusion, impaired balance or coordination, or loss of vision. Although TFEB plays a neuroprotective role, its potential effect on ischemic stroke remains unclear. This article describes the basic structure, regulation of transcriptional activity, and biological roles of TFEB relevant to ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explore the effects of TFEB on the various pathological processes underlying ischemic stroke and current therapeutic approaches. The information compiled here may inform clinical and basic studies on TFEB, which may be an effective therapeutic drug target for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manqiu Ding
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Mangione MC, Wen J, Cao DJ. Mechanistic target of rapamycin in regulating macrophage function in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 186:111-124. [PMID: 38039845 PMCID: PMC10843805 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans and is one of the most fundamental pathways of living organisms. Since its discovery three decades ago, mTOR has been recognized as the center of nutrient sensing and growth, homeostasis, metabolism, life span, and aging. The role of dysregulated mTOR in common diseases, especially cancer, has been extensively studied and reported. Emerging evidence supports that mTOR critically regulates innate immune responses that govern the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the regulatory role of mTOR in macrophage functions in acute inflammation triggered by ischemia and in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), in which chronic inflammation plays critical roles. Specifically, we discuss the role of mTOR in trained immunity, immune senescence, and clonal hematopoiesis. In addition, this review includes a discussion on the architecture of mTOR, the function of its regulatory complexes, and the dual-arm signals required for mTOR activation to reflect the current knowledge state. We emphasize future research directions necessary to understand better the powerful pathway to take advantage of the mTOR inhibitors for innovative applications in patients with cardiovascular diseases associated with aging and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MariaSanta C Mangione
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinhua Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dian J Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas TX 75216, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Wang T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Wang W. Amino Acid-Starved Cancer Cells Utilize Macropinocytosis and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System for Nutrient Acquisition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304791. [PMID: 37983609 PMCID: PMC10767443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
To grow in nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment, cancer cells often internalize and degrade extracellular proteins to refuel intracellular amino acids. However, the nutrient acquisition routes reported by previous studies are mainly restricted in autophagy-lysosomal pathway. It remains largely unknown if other protein degradation systems also contribute to the utilization of extracellular nutrients. Herein, it is demonstrated that under amino acid starvation, extracellular protein internalization through macropinocytosis and protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system are activated as a nutrient supply route, sensitizing cancer cells to proteasome inhibition. By inhibiting both macropinocytosis and ubiquitin-proteasome system, an innovative approach to intensify amino acid starvation for cancer therapy is presented. To maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize systemic side effects, a pH-responsive polymersome nanocarrier is developed to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to tumor tissues. This nanoparticle system provides an approach to exacerbate amino acid starvation for cancer therapy, which represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yaming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Weiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Ivanova I, Shen K. Structures and Functions of the Human GATOR1 Complex. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:269-294. [PMID: 38963491 PMCID: PMC11997690 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells coordinate available nutrients with their growth through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, in which numerous evolutionarily conserved protein complexes survey and transmit nutrient inputs toward mTORC1. mTORC1 integrates these inputs and activates downstream anabolic or catabolic programs that are in tune with cellular needs, effectively maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The GAP activity toward Rags-1 (GATOR1) protein complex is a critical negative regulator of the mTORC1 pathway and, in the absence of amino acid inputs, is activated to turn off mTORC1 signaling. GATOR1-mediated inhibition of mTORC1 signaling is tightly regulated by an ensemble of protein complexes that antagonize or promote its activity in response to the cellular nutrient environment. Structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of the GATOR1 complex and its interactors have advanced our understanding of how it regulates cellular metabolism when amino acids are limited. Here, we review the current research with a focus on GATOR1 structure, its enzymatic mechanism, and the growing group of proteins that regulate its activity. Finally, we discuss the implication of GATOR1 dysregulation in physiology and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilina Ivanova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kuang Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Zhao T, Guan Y, Xu C, Wang D, Guan J, Liu Y. VWCE modulates amino acid-dependent mTOR signaling and coordinates with KICSTOR to recruit GATOR1 to the lysosomes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8464. [PMID: 38123554 PMCID: PMC10733324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a crucial regulator of cell growth. It senses nutrient signals and adjusts cellular metabolism accordingly. Deregulation of mTORC1 has been associated with metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Amino acid signals are transduced to mTORC1 through sensor proteins and two protein complexes named GATOR1 and GATOR2. In this study, we identify VWCE (von Willebrand factor C and EGF domains) as a negative regulator of amino acid-dependent mTORC1 signaling. Knockdown of VWCE promotes mTORC1 activity even in the absence of amino acids. VWCE interacts with the KICSTOR complex to facilitate the recruitment of GATOR1 to the lysosomes. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that expression of VWCE is reduced in prostate cancer. More importantly, overexpression of VWCE inhibits the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, VWCE may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jialiang Guan
- PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Tai YT, Fukuda T, Morozumi Y, Hirai H, Oda AH, Kamada Y, Akikusa Y, Kanki T, Ohta K, Shiozaki K. Fission Yeast TORC1 Promotes Cell Proliferation through Sfp1, a Transcription Factor Involved in Ribosome Biogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:675-692. [PMID: 38051102 PMCID: PMC10761059 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2282349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is activated in response to nutrient availability and growth factors, promoting cellular anabolism and proliferation. To explore the mechanism of TORC1-mediated proliferation control, we performed a genetic screen in fission yeast and identified Sfp1, a zinc-finger transcription factor, as a multicopy suppressor of temperature-sensitive TORC1 mutants. Our observations suggest that TORC1 phosphorylates Sfp1 and protects Sfp1 from proteasomal degradation. Transcription analysis revealed that Sfp1 positively regulates genes involved in ribosome production together with two additional transcription factors, Ifh1/Crf1 and Fhl1. Ifh1 physically interacts with Fhl1, and the nuclear localization of Ifh1 is regulated in response to nutrient levels in a manner dependent on TORC1 and Sfp1. Taken together, our data suggest that the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in ribosome biosynthesis by Sfp1, Ifh1, and Fhl1 is one of the key pathways through which nutrient-activated TORC1 promotes cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen Teng Tai
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fukuda
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morozumi
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hayato Hirai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa H. Oda
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Akikusa
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomotake Kanki
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Xie Y, Zhao G, Lei X, Cui N, Wang H. Advances in the regulatory mechanisms of mTOR in necroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297408. [PMID: 38164133 PMCID: PMC10757967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a prominent role in controlling gene expression, metabolism, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) is indispensable for maintaining homeostasis by removing senescent, defective, or malignant cells. Necroptosis, a type of PCD, relies on the interplay between receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases (RIPKs) and the membrane perforation by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is distinguished from apoptosis. With the development of necroptosis-regulating mechanisms, the importance of mTOR in the complex network of intersecting signaling pathways that govern the process has become more evident. mTOR is directly responsible for the regulation of RIPKs. Autophagy is an indirect mechanism by which mTOR regulates the removal and interaction of RIPKs. Another necroptosis trigger is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress; mTOR regulates necroptosis by exploiting ROS. Considering the intricacy of the signal network, it is reasonable to assume that mTOR exerts a bifacial effect on necroptosis. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms underlying mTOR activation and necroptosis and highlighted the signaling pathway through which mTOR regulates necroptosis. The development of therapeutic targets for various diseases has been greatly advanced by the expanding knowledge of how mTOR regulates necroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Lanz AL, Erdem S, Ozcan A, Ceylaner G, Cansever M, Ceylaner S, Conca R, Magg T, Acuto O, Latour S, Klein C, Patiroglu T, Unal E, Eken A, Hauck F. A Novel Biallelic LCK Variant Resulting in Profound T-Cell Immune Deficiency and Review of the Literature. J Clin Immunol 2023; 44:1. [PMID: 38100037 PMCID: PMC10724324 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is an SRC-family kinase critical for initiation and propagation of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling through phosphorylation of TCR-associated CD3 chains and recruited downstream molecules. Until now, only one case of profound T-cell immune deficiency with complete LCK deficiency [1] caused by a biallelic missense mutation (c.1022T>C, p.L341P) and three cases of incomplete LCK deficiency [2] caused by a biallelic splice site mutation (c.188-2A>G) have been described. Additionally, deregulated LCK expression has been associated with genetically undefined immune deficiencies and hematological malignancies. Here, we describe the second case of complete LCK deficiency in a 6-month-old girl born to consanguineous parents presenting with profound T-cell immune deficiency. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel pathogenic biallelic missense mutation in LCK (c.1393T>C, p.C465R), which led to the absence of LCK protein expression and phosphorylation, and a consecutive decrease in proximal TCR signaling. Loss of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ αβT-cells and homeostatic T-cell expansion was accompanied by increased γδT-cell and Treg percentages. Surface CD4 and CD8 co-receptor expression was reduced in the patient T-cells, while the heterozygous mother had impaired CD4 and CD8 surface expression to a lesser extent. We conclude that complete LCK deficiency is characterized by profound T-cell immune deficiency, reduced CD4 and CD8 surface expression, and a characteristic TCR signaling disorder. CD4 and CD8 surface expression may be of value for early detection of mono- and/or biallelic LCK deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Lanz
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Serife Erdem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alper Ozcan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Cansever
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Raffaele Conca
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Magg
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Oreste Acuto
- T Cell Signalling Laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX2 3RE, UK
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Klein
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Turkan Patiroglu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Intergen, Ankara, Turkey
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Point Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Centre for Rare Diseases (M-ZSELMU), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Cecil JH, Padilla CM, Lipinski AA, Langlais PR, Luo X, Capaldi AP. The Molecular Logic of Gtr1/2 and Pib2 Dependent TORC1 Regulation in Budding Yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570342. [PMID: 38106135 PMCID: PMC10723367 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Target of Rapamycin kinase Complex I (TORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism in eukaryotes. Previous studies have shown that, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nitrogen and amino acid signals activate TORC1 via the highly conserved small GTPases, Gtr1/2, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding protein, Pib2. However, it was unclear if/how Gtr1/2 and Pib2 cooperate to control TORC1. Here we report that this dual regulator system pushes TORC1 into three distinct signaling states: (i) a Gtr1/2 on, Pib2 on, rapid growth state in nutrient replete conditions; (ii) a Gtr1/2 off, Pib2 on, adaptive/slow growth state in poor-quality growth medium; and (iii) a Gtr1/2 off, Pib2 off, quiescent state in starvation conditions. We suggest that other signaling pathways work in a similar way, to drive a multi-level response via a single kinase, but the behavior has been overlooked since most studies follow signaling to a single reporter protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Cecil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Cristina M. Padilla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | | | - Paul R. Langlais
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Xiangxia Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Andrew P. Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Ling H, Li Y, Peng C, Yang S, Seto E. HDAC10 blockade upregulates SPARC expression thereby repressing melanoma cell growth and BRAF inhibitor resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570182. [PMID: 38106051 PMCID: PMC10723323 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), a highly conserved secreted glycoprotein, is crucial for various bioprocesses. Here we demonstrate that histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) is a key regulator of SPARC expression. HDAC10 depletion or inhibition upregulates, while overexpression of HDAC10 downregulates, SPARC expression. Mechanistically, HDAC10 coordinates with histone acetyltransferase p300 to modulate the acetylation state of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) at SPARC regulatory elements and the recruitment of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) to these regions, thereby tuning SPARC transcription. HDAC10 depletion and resultant SPARC upregulation repress melanoma cell growth, primarily by induction of autophagy via activation of AMPK signaling. Moreover, SPARC upregulation due to HDAC10 depletion partly accounts for the resensitivity of resistant cells to a BRAF inhibitor. Our work reveals the role of HDAC10 in gene regulation through epigenetic modification and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for melanoma or other cancers by targeting HDAC10 and SPARC. Highlights HDAC10 is the primary HDAC member that tightly controls SPARC expression. HDAC10 coordinates with p300 in modulating the H3K27ac state at SPARC regulatory elements and the recruitment of BRD4 to these regions. HDAC10 depletion and resultant SPARC upregulation inhibit melanoma cell growth by inducing autophagy via activation of AMPK signaling.SPARC upregulation as a result of HDAC10 depletion resensitizes resistant cells to BRAF inhibitors.
Collapse
|
174
|
Jiang C, Liu J, He S, Xu W, Huang R, Pan W, Li X, Dai X, Guo J, Zhang T, Inuzuka H, Wang P, Asara JM, Xiao J, Wei W. PRMT1 orchestrates with SAMTOR to govern mTORC1 methionine sensing via Arg-methylation of NPRL2. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2183-2199.e7. [PMID: 38006878 PMCID: PMC11192564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential branch of diverse nutrient inputs that dictate mTORC1 activation. In the absence of methionine, SAMTOR binds to GATOR1 and inhibits mTORC1 signaling. However, how mTORC1 is activated upon methionine stimulation remains largely elusive. Here, we report that PRMT1 senses methionine/SAM by utilizing SAM as a cofactor for an enzymatic activity-based regulation of mTORC1 signaling. Under methionine-sufficient conditions, elevated cytosolic SAM releases SAMTOR from GATOR1, which confers the association of PRMT1 with GATOR1. Subsequently, SAM-loaded PRMT1 methylates NPRL2, the catalytic subunit of GATOR1, thereby suppressing its GAP activity and leading to mTORC1 activation. Notably, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT1 impedes hepatic methionine sensing by mTORC1 and improves insulin sensitivity in aged mice, establishing the role of PRMT1-mediated methionine sensing at physiological levels. Thus, PRMT1 coordinates with SAMTOR to form the methionine-sensing apparatus of mTORC1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaohui He
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weijuan Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Ge MK, Zhang C, Zhang N, He P, Cai HY, Li S, Wu S, Chu XL, Zhang YX, Ma HM, Xia L, Yang S, Yu JX, Yao SY, Zhou XL, Su B, Chen GQ, Shen SM. The tRNA-GCN2-FBXO22-axis-mediated mTOR ubiquitination senses amino acid insufficiency. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2216-2230.e8. [PMID: 37979583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) monitors cellular amino acid changes for function, but the molecular mediators of this process remain to be fully defined. Here, we report that depletion of cellular amino acids, either alone or in combination, leads to the ubiquitination of mTOR, which inhibits mTORC1 kinase activity by preventing substrate recruitment. Mechanistically, amino acid depletion causes accumulation of uncharged tRNAs, thereby stimulating GCN2 to phosphorylate FBXO22, which in turn accrues in the cytoplasm and ubiquitinates mTOR at Lys2066 in a K27-linked manner. Accordingly, mutation of mTOR Lys2066 abolished mTOR ubiquitination in response to amino acid depletion, rendering mTOR insensitive to amino acid starvation both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data reveal a novel mechanism of amino acid sensing by mTORC1 via a previously unknown GCN2-FBXO22-mTOR pathway that is uniquely controlled by uncharged tRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Kai Ge
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping He
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cai
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Song Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xi-Li Chu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu-Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Ming Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shi-Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China; Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China.
| | - Shao-Ming Shen
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, SJTU-SM, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Farra SD. Acute consumption of a branched chain amino acid and vitamin B-6 containing sports drink does not improve multiple sprint exercise performance, but increases post-exercise blood glucose. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1266422. [PMID: 38144425 PMCID: PMC10740374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1266422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the ergogenicity of BioSteel High Performance Sports Drink (B-HPSD), a commercially available branched chain amino acid (BCAA) and vitamin B-6 (VitB-6) supplement, on multiple sprint exercise (MSE). Methods Eleven experienced cyclists completed two MSE trials in counterbalanced order, after ingesting either B-HPSD (2,256 mg of BCAA, 300 mcg of VitB-6) or placebo (PLA). The MSE protocol consisted of five maximal effort 1 km sprints on a cycle ergometer separated by 2 min of active recovery. Power output (PO) was continuously measured throughout the cycling protocol. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored following each sprint. Capillary blood samples were collected and analyzed for lactate and glucose before and 2 min post-trial. Cognitive function was assessed before and 15 min after the exercise protocol. Results The PO maintained during each 1 km sprint decreased throughout the protocol (p < 0.05), but the change in PO was similar between conditions. Post-exercise blood glucose was elevated after consuming B-HPSD but not PLA (p < 0.05). Blood lactate (p < 0.05), HR (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) increased throughout the trials, however no differences were observed between conditions. Cognitive performance improved after exercise (p < 0.05), but the change was similar between conditions. Conclusion These results demonstrate that acute B-HPSD consumption does not have an ergogenic effect on MSE performance. However, ingestion of B-HPSD increased post-exercise blood glucose concentration when compared to PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saro D. Farra
- Faculty of Applied Health and Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Wang X, Hu Z, Zhang W, Wu S, Hao Y, Xiao X, Li J, Yu X, Yang C, Wang J, Zhang H, Ma F, Shi W, Wang J, Lei X, Zhang X, He S. Inhibition of lysosome-tethered Ragulator-Rag-3D complex restricts the replication of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackie A16. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303108. [PMID: 37906052 PMCID: PMC10619577 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie A16 (CVA16) are two major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. However, the mechanisms regulating the replication and pathogenesis of EV71/CVA16 remain incompletely understood. We performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen and identified Ragulator as a mediator of EV71-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis. The Ragulator-Rag complex is required for EV71 and CVA16 replication. Upon infection, the Ragulator-Rag complex recruits viral 3D protein to the lysosomal surface through the interaction between 3D and RagB. Disruption of the lysosome-tethered Ragulator-Rag-3D complex significantly impairs the replication of EV71/CVA16. We discovered a novel EV71 inhibitor, ZHSI-1, which interacts with 3D and significantly reduces the lysosomal tethering of 3D. ZHSI-1 treatment significantly represses replication of EV71/CVA16 as well as virus-induced pyroptosis associated with viral pathogenesis. Importantly, ZHSI-1 treatment effectively protects against EV71 infection in neonatal and young mice. Thus, our study indicates that targeting lysosome-tethered Ragulator-Rag-3D may be an effective therapeutic strategy for HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhilin Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongjin Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Luthuli SD, Shonhai A. The multi-faceted roles of R2TP complex span across regulation of gene expression, translation, and protein functional assembly. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1951-1965. [PMID: 38192347 PMCID: PMC10771493 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes play essential roles in various cellular processes. The assembly of macromolecular assemblies within the cell must overcome barriers imposed by a crowded cellular environment which is characterized by an estimated concentration of biological macromolecules amounting to 100-450 g/L that take up approximately 5-40% of the cytoplasmic volume. The formation of the macromolecular assemblies is facilitated by molecular chaperones in cooperation with their co-chaperones. The R2TP protein complex has emerged as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 that plays an important role in macromolecular assembly. The R2TP complex is composed of a heterodimer of RPAP3:P1H1DI that is in turn complexed to members of the ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA +), RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 (R1 and R2) families. What makes the R2TP co-chaperone complex particularly important is that it is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including gene expression, translation, co-translational complex assembly, and posttranslational protein complex formation. The functional versatility of the R2TP co-chaperone complex makes it central to cellular development; hence, it is implicated in various human diseases. In addition, their roles in the development of infectious disease agents has become of interest. In the current review, we discuss the roles of these proteins as co-chaperones regulating Hsp90 and its partnership with Hsp70. Furthermore, we highlight the structure-function features of the individual proteins within the R2TP complex and describe their roles in various cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifiso Duncan Luthuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Hertz E, Glasstetter LM, Chen Y, Sidransky E. New tools can propel research in lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107729. [PMID: 37951057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the clinical manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases offered an early glimpse into the essential digestive functions of the lysosome. However, it was only recently that the more subtle role of this organelle in the dynamic regulation of multiple cellular processes was appreciated. With the need for precise interrogation of lysosomal interplay in health and disease comes the demand for more sophisticated functional tools. This demand has recently been met with 1) induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models that recapitulate the disease phenotype in vitro, 2) methods for lysosome affinity purification coupled with downstream omics analysis that provide a high-resolution snapshot of lysosomal alterations, and 3) gene editing and CRISPR/Cas9-based functional genomic strategies that enable screening for genetic modifiers of the disease phenotype. These emerging methods have garnered much interest in the field of neurodegeneration, and their use in the field of metabolic disorders is now also steadily gaining momentum. Looking forward, these robust tools should accelerate basic science efforts to understand lysosomal dysfunction distal to substrate accumulation and provide translational opportunities to identify disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hertz
- Molecular Neurogenetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Logan M Glasstetter
- Molecular Neurogenetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Molecular Neurogenetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Molecular Neurogenetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Goul C, Peruzzo R, Zoncu R. The molecular basis of nutrient sensing and signalling by mTORC1 in metabolism regulation and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:857-875. [PMID: 37612414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism. As part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR integrates signals such as the levels of nutrients, growth factors, energy sources and oxygen, and triggers responses that either boost anabolism or suppress catabolism. mTORC1 signalling has wide-ranging consequences for the growth and homeostasis of key tissues and organs, and its dysregulated activity promotes cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration and other age-related disorders. How mTORC1 integrates numerous upstream cues and translates them into specific downstream responses is an outstanding question with major implications for our understanding of physiology and disease mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss recent structural and functional insights into the molecular architecture of mTORC1 and its lysosomal partners, which have greatly increased our mechanistic understanding of nutrient-dependent mTORC1 regulation. We also discuss the emerging involvement of aberrant nutrient-mTORC1 signalling in multiple diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goul
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Khalil MI, Ali MM, Holail J, Houssein M. Growth or death? Control of cell destiny by mTOR and autophagy pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:39-55. [PMID: 37944568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2; unlike m TORC2, mTORC1 is activated in response to the sufficiency of nutrients and is inhibited by rapamycin. mTOR complexes have critical roles not only in protein synthesis, gene transcription regulation, proliferation, tumor metabolism, but also in the regulation of the programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic mechanism in which damaged molecules are recycled in response to nutrient starvation. Emerging evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is frequently activated in tumors. In addition, dysregulation of autophagy was associated with the development of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and aging. Since mTOR can inhibit the induction of the autophagic process from the early stages of autophagosome formation to the late stage of lysosome degradation, the use of mTOR inhibitors to regulate autophagy could be considered a potential therapeutic option. The present review sheds light on the mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways and the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR-autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon; Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jasmine Holail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Perpiñán E, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Safinia N. Immunoregulation: the interplay between metabolism and redox homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1283275. [PMID: 38993920 PMCID: PMC11235320 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1283275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are fundamental for the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis, with their dysfunction resulting in uncontrolled immune responses and tissue destruction predisposing to autoimmunity, transplant rejection and several inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that metabolic processes and mitochondrial function are critical for the appropriate functioning of these cells in health, with their metabolic adaptation, influenced by microenvironmental factors, seen in several pathological processes. Upon activation regulatory T cells rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system, which in turn supports their metabolic reprogramming, adding a layer of complexity to our understanding of cellular metabolism. Here we review the literature surrounding redox homeostasis and metabolism of regulatory T cells to highlight new mechanistic insights of these interlinked pathways in immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Safinia
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Ruiz-Babot G, Eceiza A, Abollo-Jiménez F, Malyukov M, Carlone DL, Borges K, Da Costa AR, Qarin S, Matsumoto T, Morizane R, Skarnes WC, Ludwig B, Chapple PJ, Guasti L, Storr HL, Bornstein SR, Breault DT. Generation of glucocorticoid-producing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100627. [PMID: 37924815 PMCID: PMC10694497 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening condition resulting from the inability to produce adrenal hormones in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Establishing a cell-based therapy would provide a physiologically responsive approach for the treatment of this condition. We report the generation of large numbers of human-induced steroidogenic cells (hiSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Directed differentiation of hPSCs into hiSCs recapitulates the initial stages of human adrenal development. Following expression of steroidogenic factor 1, activation of protein kinase A signaling drives a steroidogenic gene expression profile most comparable to human fetal adrenal cells, and leads to dynamic secretion of steroid hormones, in vitro. Moreover, expression of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) receptor/co-receptor (MC2R/MRAP) results in dose-dependent ACTH responsiveness. This protocol recapitulates adrenal insufficiency resulting from loss-of-function mutations in AAAS, which cause the enigmatic triple A syndrome. Our differentiation protocol generates sufficient numbers of hiSCs for cell-based therapy and offers a platform to study disorders causing adrenal insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ariane Eceiza
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria Malyukov
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kleiton Borges
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Rodrigues Da Costa
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shamma Qarin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Skarnes
- Cellular Engineering, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul J Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Rehman SU, Ali R, Zhang H, Zafar MH, Wang M. Research progress in the role and mechanism of Leucine in regulating animal growth and development. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1252089. [PMID: 38046946 PMCID: PMC10691278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1252089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, is essential in regulating animal growth and development. Recent research has uncovered the mechanisms underlying Leucine's anabolic effects on muscle and other tissues, including its ability to stimulate protein synthesis by activating the mTORC1 signaling pathway. The co-ingestion of carbohydrates and essential amino acids enhances Leucine's anabolic effects. Moreover, Leucine has been shown to benefit lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, making it a promising strategy for preventing and treating metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. While emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate Leucine's effects on growth and development, more research is needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action fully. Specific studies have demonstrated that Leucine promotes muscle growth and metabolic health in animals and humans, making it a promising therapeutic agent. However, it is essential to note that Leucine supplementation may cause digestive issues or interact with certain medications, and More study is required to determine definitively optimal dosages. Therefore, it is important to understand how Leucine interacts with other nutrients, dietary factors, and lifestyle habits to maximize its benefits. Overall, Leucine's importance in human nutrition is far-reaching, and its potential to prevent muscle loss and enhance athletic performance warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Navyasree KV, Ramesh ST, Umasankar PK. Cholesterol regulates insulin-induced mTORC1 signaling. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261402. [PMID: 37921368 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid activation of the crucial kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) by insulin is key to cell growth in mammals, but the regulatory factors remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cholesterol plays a crucial role in the regulation of insulin-stimulated mTORC1 signaling. The rapid progression of insulin-induced mTORC1 signaling declines in sterol-depleted cells and restores in cholesterol-repleted cells. In insulin-stimulated cells, cholesterol promotes recruitment of mTORC1 onto lysosomes without affecting insulin-induced dissociation of the TSC complex from lysosomes, thereby enabling complete activation of mTORC1. We also show that under prolonged starvation conditions, cholesterol coordinates with autophagy to support mTORC1 reactivation on lysosomes thereby restoring insulin-responsive mTORC1 signaling. Furthermore, we identify that fibroblasts from individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) and model HeLa-SLOS cells, which are deficient in cholesterol biosynthesis, exhibit defects in the insulin-mTORC1 growth axis. These defects are rescued by supplementation of exogenous cholesterol or by expression of constitutively active Rag GTPase, a downstream activator of mTORC1. Overall, our findings propose novel signal integration mechanisms to achieve spatial and temporal control of mTORC1-dependent growth signaling and their aberrations in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolaparamba V Navyasree
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shikha T Ramesh
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Perunthottathu K Umasankar
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Frappaolo A, Giansanti MG. Using Drosophila melanogaster to Dissect the Roles of the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Cell Growth. Cells 2023; 12:2622. [PMID: 37998357 PMCID: PMC10670727 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) serine/threonine kinase controls eukaryotic cell growth, metabolism and survival by integrating signals from the nutritional status and growth factors. TOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct functional multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) and mTORC2, which phosphorylate a different set of substrates and display different physiological functions. Dysregulation of TOR signaling has been involved in the development and progression of several disease states including cancer and diabetes. Here, we highlight how genetic and biochemical studies in the model system Drosophila melanogaster have been crucial to identify the mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling components and to dissect their function in cellular growth, in strict coordination with insulin signaling. In addition, we review new findings that involve Drosophila Golgi phosphoprotein 3 in regulating organ growth via Rheb-mediated activation of mTORC1 in line with an emerging role for the Golgi as a major hub for mTORC1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Li Q, Sun M, Meng Y, Feng M, Wang M, Chang C, Dong H, Bu F, Xu C, Liu J, Ling Q, Qiao Y, Chen J. Kinesin family member 18B activates mTORC1 signaling via actin gamma 1 to promote the recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37957153 PMCID: PMC10643429 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway is frequently reported to be hyperactivated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and contributes to HCC recurrence. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of mTORC1 signaling in HCC are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that the expression of kinesin family member 18B (KIF18B) was positively correlated with mTORC1 signaling in HCC, and the upregulation of KIF18B and p-mTOR was associated with a poor prognosis and HCC recurrence. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo assays, we showed that KIF18B promoted HCC cell proliferation and migration through activating mTORC1 signaling. Mechanistically, we identified Actin gamma 1 (γ-Actin) as a binding partner of KIF18B. KIF18B and γ-Actin synergistically modulated lysosome positioning, promoted mTORC1 translocation to lysosome membrane, and prohibited p70 S6K from entering lysosomes for degradation, which finally led to the enhancement of mTORC1 signaling transduction. Moreover, we found that KIF18B was a direct target of Forkhead box M1, which explains the potential mechanism of KIF18B overexpression in HCC. Our study highlights the potential of KIF18B as a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Mengqing Sun
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Mengqing Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Menglan Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Cunjie Chang
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Heng Dong
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Fangtian Bu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.
| | - Yiting Qiao
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China.
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, P. R. China.
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Hepatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Takla M, Keshri S, Rubinsztein DC. The post-translational regulation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in health and disease. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57574. [PMID: 37728021 PMCID: PMC10626434 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, lysosomal exocytosis, and macro-autophagy. TFEB contributes to a wide range of physiological functions, including mitochondrial biogenesis and innate and adaptive immunity. As such, TFEB is an essential component of cellular adaptation to stressors, ranging from nutrient deprivation to pathogenic invasion. The activity of TFEB depends on its subcellular localisation, turnover, and DNA-binding capacity, all of which are regulated at the post-translational level. Pathological states are characterised by a specific set of stressors, which elicit post-translational modifications that promote gain or loss of TFEB function in the affected tissue. In turn, the resulting increase or decrease in survival of the tissue in which TFEB is more or less active, respectively, may either benefit or harm the organism as a whole. In this way, the post-translational modifications of TFEB account for its otherwise paradoxical protective and deleterious effects on organismal fitness in diseases ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer. In this review, we describe how the intracellular environment characteristic of different diseases alters the post-translational modification profile of TFEB, enabling cellular adaptation to a particular pathological state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Takla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Swati Keshri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Prosseda PP, Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tran M, Liton PB, Sun Y. Crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and primary cilia in human diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:1-37. [PMID: 38043949 PMCID: PMC11227733 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process whereby excessive or damaged cytoplasmic components are degraded through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Studies of mTOR signaling have revealed that mTOR controls biomass generation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Primary cilia, the assembly of which depends on kinesin molecular motors, serve as sensory organelles and signaling platforms. Given these pathways' central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, a connection between mTOR and primary cilia signaling is starting to emerge in a variety of diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and cilia and discuss its function in the context of related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Pasquier A, Pastore N, D'Orsi L, Colonna R, Esposito A, Maffia V, De Cegli R, Mutarelli M, Ambrosio S, Tufano G, Grimaldi A, Cesana M, Cacchiarelli D, Delalleau N, Napolitano G, Ballabio A. TFEB and TFE3 control glucose homeostasis by regulating insulin gene expression. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113928. [PMID: 37712288 PMCID: PMC10620765 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their function, pancreatic beta cells require precise nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control insulin production. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) and its homolog TFE3 have emerged as crucial regulators of the adaptive response of cell metabolism to environmental cues. Here, we show that TFEB and TFE3 regulate beta-cell function and insulin gene expression in response to variations in nutrient availability. We found that nutrient deprivation in beta cells promoted TFEB/TFE3 activation, which resulted in suppression of insulin gene expression. TFEB overexpression was sufficient to inhibit insulin transcription, whereas beta cells depleted of both TFEB and TFE3 failed to suppress insulin gene expression in response to amino acid deprivation. Interestingly, ChIP-seq analysis showed binding of TFEB to super-enhancer regions that regulate insulin transcription. Conditional, beta-cell-specific, Tfeb-overexpressing, and Tfeb/Tfe3 double-KO mice showed severe alteration of insulin transcription, secretion, and glucose tolerance, indicating that TFEB and TFE3 are important physiological mediators of pancreatic function. Our findings reveal a nutrient-controlled transcriptional mechanism that regulates insulin production, thus playing a key role in glucose homeostasis at both cellular and organismal levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Pasquier
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Nunzia Pastore
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Luca D'Orsi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Rita Colonna
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Veronica Maffia
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Margherita Mutarelli
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent SystemsNational Research Council (ISASI‐CNR)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Gennaro Tufano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Marcella Cesana
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
| | | | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Ali ES, Ben-Sahra I. Regulation of nucleotide metabolism in cancers and immune disorders. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:950-966. [PMID: 36967301 PMCID: PMC10518033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are the foundational elements of life. Proliferative cells acquire nutrients for energy production and the synthesis of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Nucleotides are continuously replenished through the activation of the nucleotide synthesis pathways. Despite the importance of nucleotides in cell physiology, there is still much to learn about how the purine and pyrimidine synthesis pathways are regulated in response to intracellular and exogenous signals. Over the past decade, evidence has emerged that several signaling pathways [Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex I (mTORC1), RAS, TP53, and Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling] alter nucleotide synthesis activity and influence cell function. Here, we examine the mechanisms by which these signaling networks affect de novo nucleotide synthesis in mammalian cells. We also discuss how these molecular links can be targeted in diseases such as cancers and immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Jiang J, Zhang L, Zou J, Liu J, Yang J, Jiang Q, Duan P, Jiang B. Phosphorylated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 play different roles in constitutively active Rheb-mediated retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2526-2534. [PMID: 37282486 PMCID: PMC10360084 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) is a small GTPase that activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Previous studies have shown that constitutively active Rheb can enhance the regeneration of sensory axons after spinal cord injury by activating downstream effectors of mTOR. S6K1 and 4E-BP1 are important downstream effectors of mTORC1. In this study, we investigated the role of Rheb/mTOR and its downstream effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1 in the protection of retinal ganglion cells. We transfected an optic nerve crush mouse model with adeno-associated viral 2-mediated constitutively active Rheb and observed the effects on retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration. We found that overexpression of constitutively active Rheb promoted survival of retinal ganglion cells in the acute (14 days) and chronic (21 and 42 days) stages of injury. We also found that either co-expression of the dominant-negative S6K1 mutant or the constitutively active 4E-BP1 mutant together with constitutively active Rheb markedly inhibited axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells. This suggests that mTORC1-mediated S6K1 activation and 4E-BP1 inhibition were necessary components for constitutively active Rheb-induced axon regeneration. However, only S6K1 activation, but not 4E-BP1 knockdown, induced axon regeneration when applied alone. Furthermore, S6K1 activation promoted the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury, whereas 4E-BP1 knockdown unexpectedly slightly decreased the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury. Overexpression of constitutively active 4E-BP1 increased the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury. Likewise, co-expressing constitutively active Rheb and constitutively active 4E-BP1 markedly increased the survival of retinal ganglion cells compared with overexpression of constitutively active Rheb alone at 14 days post-injury. These findings indicate that functional 4E-BP1 and S6K1 are neuroprotective and that 4E-BP1 may exert protective effects through a pathway at least partially independent of Rheb/mTOR. Together, our results show that constitutively active Rheb promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells and axon regeneration through modulating S6K1 and 4E-BP1 activity. Phosphorylated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 promote axon regeneration but play an antagonistic role in the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peiyun Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Kahlhofer J, Teis D. The human LAT1-4F2hc (SLC7A5-SLC3A2) transporter complex: Physiological and pathophysiological implications. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:459-472. [PMID: 36460306 PMCID: PMC11497297 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
LAT1 and 4F2hc form a heterodimeric membrane protein complex, which functions as one of the best characterized amino acid transporters. Since LAT1-4F2hc is required for the efficient uptake of essential amino acids and hormones, it promotes cellular growth, in part, by stimulating mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) signalling and by repressing the integrated stress response (ISR). Gain or loss of LAT1-4F2hc function is associated with cancer, diabetes, and immunological and neurological diseases. Hence, LAT1-4F2hc represents an attractive drug target for disease treatment. Specific targeting of LAT1-4F2hc will be facilitated by the increasingly detailed understanding of its molecular architecture, which provides important concepts for its function and regulation. Here, we summarize (i) structural insights that help to explain how LAT1 and 4F2hc assemble to transport amino acids across membranes, (ii) the role of LAT1-4F2hc in key metabolic signalling pathways, and (iii) how derailing these processes could contribute to diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, BiocenterMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, BiocenterMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Tae K, Kim SJ, Cho SW, Lee H, Cha HS, Choi CY. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Promotes PMA-Induced Cell Migration through mTORC2 Activation at the Lysosome. Cells 2023; 12:2504. [PMID: 37887348 PMCID: PMC10605051 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway integrates signaling inputs from nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, which are precisely regulated by transporters depending on nutrient levels. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) affects the activity of mTORC1 through upstream regulators that sense intracellular amino acid levels. While mTORC1 activation by LAT1 has been thoroughly investigated in cultured cells, the effects of LAT1 expression on the activity of mTORC2 has scarcely been studied. Here, we provide evidence that LAT1 recruits and activates mTORC2 on the lysosome for PMA-induced cell migration. LAT1 is translocated to the lysosomes in cells treated with PMA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Lysosomal LAT1 interacted with mTORC2 through a direct interaction with Rictor, leading to the lysosomal localization of mTORC2. Furthermore, the depletion of LAT1 reduced PMA-induced cell migration in a wound-healing assay. Consistent with these results, the LAT1 N3KR mutant, which is defective in PMA-induced endocytosis and lysosomal localization, did not induce mTORC2 recruitment to the lysosome, with the activation of mTORC2 determined via Akt phosphorylation or the LAT1-mediated promotion of cell migration. Taken together, lysosomal LAT1 recruits and activates the mTORC2 complex and downstream Akt for PMA-mediated cell migration. These results provide insights into the development of therapeutic drugs targeting the LAT1 amino acid transporter to block metastasis, as well as disease progression in various types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheol-Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (K.T.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-W.C.); (H.L.); (H.-S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Li Q, Liu X, Mao J, Liu S, Hou B, Li K, Fang D. RRAGB-mediated suppression of PI3K/AKT exerts anti-cancer role in glioblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:149-157. [PMID: 37517217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has a high degree of invasiveness, which is largely attributed to the invalidation of current therapy and the unclear tumor growth mechanism. Ras related GTP binding B (RRAGB) is a family member of the Ras-homologous GTPases. The effect of RRAGB on tumor growth has been recognized, but its influences on GBM progression are ill-defined. Here, in our research, a significantly decreased expression of RRAGB in GBM tissues by using TCGA databases and glioma samples is observed. According to Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, RRAGB low expression leads to a significant decrease of overall survival rate of patients, and is associated with the classification of WHO grade, histological type and age increase. Functional enrichment analysis reveals that the pathway of enrichment includes cell cycle arrest, extracellular matrix (ECM) processes and PI3K/AKT signal. Thereafter, our cell experiments confirm an obvious decrease of RRAGB in several GBM cell lines. It should be noted that RRAGB promotion strongly reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells and induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. RRAGB up-regulation significantly decreases the expression of PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, mTOR and S6K in GBM cell lines. Surprisingly, we further find that RRAGB-restrained proliferative, migratory and invasive properties of GBM cells are markedly offset after promoting AKT activation, accompanied with restored phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K, elucidating that AKT signaling blockage is partially indispensable for RRAGB to play its anti-cancer role in GBM. Animal studies confirmed that RRAGB over-expression obviously inhibits the tumor growth both in the xenograft and orthotopic mouse glioma models, along with improved overall survival rates. In short, we provide evidence that RRAGB is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Beiya Orthopedic Hospital, No. 20, Haotian North Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102445, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Neurotumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, 472000, Sanmenxia, Henan, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Neurotumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, 472000, Sanmenxia, Henan, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Neurotumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, 472000, Sanmenxia, Henan, China
| | - Baosen Hou
- Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Neurotumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, 472000, Sanmenxia, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyan Li
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Dandong Fang
- Sanmenxia Key Laboratory of Neurotumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, 472000, Sanmenxia, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Yan L, Fang YX, Lu EQ, Xu E, Zhang YY, Chen X, Zhu M. Extracellular Glutamine Promotes Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Proliferation via Arf1-mTORC1 Pathway Independently of Rag GTPases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14251-14262. [PMID: 37738360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the major energy source of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) and plays a critical role in the nutritional physiological function of the intestine. However, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Here, the Gln-sensing pathway in IPEC-J2 cells was investigated. The results showed that Gln increased the cell proliferation. Subsequently, an analysis of the phosphorylated proteome revealed that Gln markedly upregulated ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) phosphorylation at serine 235/236, suggesting that Gln activated the mTORC1 pathway. mTOR inhibition revealed that Gln promotes cell proliferation through the mTORC1 pathway. Similarly, blocking ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) activity indicated that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promoted cell proliferation in an Arf1-dependent manner. Additionally, the RagA/B pathway did not participate in Gln-induced mTORC1 activation. Collectively, these findings suggest that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promotes IPEC-J2 cell proliferation via Arf1, not Rag GTPases. These results broaden our understanding of functional-cell-sensing amino acids, particularly Gln, that are regulated by mTORC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong-Xia Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - E Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Panwar V, Singh A, Bhatt M, Tonk RK, Azizov S, Raza AS, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Garg M. Multifaceted role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37779156 PMCID: PMC10543444 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism, catabolism, immune responses, autophagy, survival, proliferation, and migration, to maintain cellular homeostasis. The mTOR signaling cascade consists of two distinct multi-subunit complexes named mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of several critical proteins like AKT, protein kinase C, insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), transcription factor EB (TFEB), sterol-responsive element-binding proteins (SREBPs), Lipin-1, and Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases. mTOR signaling plays a central role in regulating translation, lipid synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, biogenesis of lysosomes, nutrient sensing, and growth factor signaling. The emerging pieces of evidence have revealed that the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway due to mutations/amplification/deletion in either mTOR and its complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) or upstream targets is responsible for aging, neurological diseases, and human malignancies. Here, we provide the detailed structure of mTOR, its complexes, and the comprehensive role of upstream regulators, as well as downstream effectors of mTOR signaling cascades in the metabolism, biogenesis of biomolecules, immune responses, and autophagy. Additionally, we summarize the potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as an important modulator of mTOR signaling. Importantly, we have highlighted the potential of mTOR signaling in aging, neurological disorders, human cancers, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. Here, we discuss the developments for the therapeutic targeting of mTOR signaling with improved anticancer efficacy for the benefit of cancer patients in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Panwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manini Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Laboratory of Biological Active Macromolecular Systems, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Agha Saquib Raza
- Rajive Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, New Delhi, 110093, India
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Piwarski SA, Salisbury TB. The effects of environmental aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands on signaling and cell metabolism in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115771. [PMID: 37652105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are chlorinated organic pollutants formed during the manufacturing of other chemicals. Dioxins are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), that induce AHR-mediated biochemical and toxic responses and are persistent in the environment. 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin (TCDD) is the prototypical AHR ligand and its effects represent dioxins. TCDD induces toxicity, immunosuppression and is a suspected tumor promoter. The role of TCDD in cancer however is debated and context-dependent. Environmental particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, endogenous AHR ligands, and cAMP signaling activate AHR through TCDD-independent pathways. The effect of activated AHR in cancer is context-dependent. The ability of FDA-approved drugs to modulate AHR activity has sparked interest in their repurposing for cancer therapy. TCDD by interfering with endogenous pathways, and overstimulating other endogenous pathways influences all stages of cancer. Herein we review signaling mechanisms that activate AHR and mechanisms by which activated AHR modulates signaling in cancer including affected metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Piwarski
- Duke Cancer Institute, Department of GU Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 905 South Lasalle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Travis B Salisbury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA. The resolution of phagosomes. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:45-64. [PMID: 37551912 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental immunobiological process responsible for the removal of harmful particulates. While the number of phagocytic events achieved by a single phagocyte can be remarkable, exceeding hundreds per day, the same phagocytic cells are relatively long-lived. It should therefore be obvious that phagocytic meals must be resolved in order to maintain the responsiveness of the phagocyte and to avoid storage defects. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resolution process, including solute transport pathways and membrane traffic. We describe how products liberated in phagolysosomes support phagocyte metabolism and the immune response. We also speculate on mechanisms involved in the redistribution of phagosomal metabolites back to circulation. Finally, we highlight the pathologies owed to impaired phagosome resolution, which range from storage disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Shapiro JS, Chang HC, Tatekoshi Y, Zhao Z, Waxali ZS, Hong BJ, Chen H, Geier JA, Bartom ET, De Jesus A, Nejad FK, Mahmoodzadeh A, Sato T, Ramos-Alonso L, Romero AM, Martinez-Pastor MT, Jiang SC, Sah-Teli SK, Li L, Bentrem D, Lopaschuk G, Ben-Sahra I, O'Halloran TV, Shilatifard A, Puig S, Bergelson J, Koivunen P, Ardehali H. Iron drives anabolic metabolism through active histone demethylation and mTORC1. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1478-1494. [PMID: 37749225 PMCID: PMC11407783 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells require a minimal iron threshold to sustain anabolic metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which cells sense iron to regulate anabolic processes are unclear. Here we report a previously undescribed eukaryotic pathway for iron sensing in which molecular iron is required to sustain active histone demethylation and maintain the expression of critical components of the pro-anabolic mTORC1 pathway. Specifically, we identify the iron-binding histone-demethylase KDM3B as an intrinsic iron sensor that regulates mTORC1 activity by demethylating H3K9me2 at enhancers of a high-affinity leucine transporter, LAT3, and RPTOR. By directly suppressing leucine availability and RAPTOR levels, iron deficiency supersedes other nutrient inputs into mTORC1. This process occurs in vivo and is not an indirect effect by canonical iron-utilizing pathways. Because ancestral eukaryotes share homologues of KDMs and mTORC1 core components, this pathway probably pre-dated the emergence of the other kingdom-specific nutrient sensors for mTORC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Shapiro
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuki Tatekoshi
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zibo Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zohra Sattar Waxali
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bong Jin Hong
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Haimei Chen
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Justin A Geier
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam De Jesus
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farnaz K Nejad
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lucia Ramos-Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonia Maria Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Plant Production and Protection Division (NSP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Shiv K Sah-Teli
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|