151
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Abstract
Fertilization is a multistep process that culminates in the fusion of sperm and egg, thus marking the beginning of a new organism in sexually reproducing species. Despite its importance for reproduction, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this singular event, particularly sperm-egg fusion, have remained mysterious for many decades. Here, we summarize our current molecular understanding of sperm-egg interaction, focusing mainly on mammalian fertilization. Given the fundamental importance of sperm-egg fusion yet the lack of knowledge of this process in vertebrates, we discuss hallmarks and emerging themes of cell fusion by drawing from well-studied examples such as viral entry, placenta formation, and muscle development. We conclude by identifying open questions and exciting avenues for future studies in gamete fusion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Deneke
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; ,
| | - Andrea Pauli
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; ,
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152
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Guerra-Almeida D, Tschoeke DA, da-Fonseca RN. Understanding small ORF diversity through a comprehensive transcription feature classification. DNA Res 2021; 28:6317669. [PMID: 34240112 PMCID: PMC8435553 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small open reading frames (small ORFs/sORFs/smORFs) are potentially coding sequences smaller than 100 codons that have historically been considered junk DNA by gene prediction software and in annotation screening; however, the advent of next-generation sequencing has contributed to the deeper investigation of junk DNA regions and their transcription products, resulting in the emergence of smORFs as a new focus of interest in systems biology. Several smORF peptides were recently reported in noncanonical mRNAs as new players in numerous biological contexts; however, their relevance is still overlooked in coding potential analysis. Hence, this review proposes a smORF classification based on transcriptional features, discussing the most promising approaches to investigate smORFs based on their different characteristics. First, smORFs were divided into nonexpressed (intergenic) and expressed (genic) smORFs. Second, genic smORFs were classified as smORFs located in noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) or canonical mRNAs. Finally, smORFs in ncRNAs were further subdivided into sequences located in small or long RNAs, whereas smORFs located in canonical mRNAs were subdivided into several specific classes depending on their localization along the gene. We hope that this review provides new insights into large-scale annotations and reinforces the role of smORFs as essential components of a hidden coding DNA world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guerra-Almeida
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Antonio Tschoeke
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Engineering Research (COPPE), Biomedical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes- da-Fonseca
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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153
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Cai T, Zhang Q, Wu B, Wang J, Li N, Zhang T, Wang Z, Luo J, Guo X, Ding X, Xie Z, Niu L, Ning W, Fan Z, Chen X, Guo X, Chen R, Zhang H, Yang F. LncRNA-encoded microproteins: A new form of cargo in cell culture-derived and circulating extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12123. [PMID: 34276900 PMCID: PMC8275822 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in omics-based technologies over the past few years have led to the discovery of numerous biologically relevant peptides encoded by small open reading frames (smORFs) embedded in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts (referred to as microproteins here) in a variety of species. However, the mechanisms and modes of action that underlie the roles of microproteins have yet to be fully characterized. Herein, we provide the first experimental evidence of abundant microproteins in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from glioma cancer cells, indicating that the EV-mediated transfer of microproteins may represent a novel mechanism for intercellular communication. Intriguingly, when examining human plasma, 48, 11 and 3 microproteins were identified from purified EVs, whole plasma and EV-free plasma, respectively, suggesting that circulating microproteins are primarily enriched in EVs. Most importantly, the preliminary data showed that the expression profile of EV microproteins in glioma patient diverged from the health donors, suggesting that the circulating microproteins in EVs might have potential diagnostic application in identifying patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanxi Cai
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bowen Wu
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiang Ding
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhensheng Xie
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lili Niu
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weihai Ning
- Department of NeurosurgerySanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Fan
- Center for High Throughput SequencingCore Facility for Protein ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Center for High Throughput SequencingCore Facility for Protein ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumour Molecular MedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Runsheng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgerySanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of ProteomicsInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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154
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Nigella Sativa-Coated Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds: Synergetic Cues to Stimulate Myoblasts Differentiation and Offset Infections. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:787-795. [PMID: 34132986 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present osteoporosis has come into view as a major health concern. Skeletal diseases typified by weak and fragile bones have imposed threats of fissure. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is known to induce osteoblast like differentiation and provide mechanical strength, hence, used in bone tissue engineering; whereas, Nigella sativa has also demonstrated potential to treat bone and muscle diseases. This study was aimed to develop potential orthopedic scaffold exploiting natural resources of Saudi Arabia which can be used as prospective tissue engineering implant. METHODS The bone scaffold was developed by grafting biogenic HAP with N. sativa essential oil. N. sativa was applied for boosting osteogenesis and to stimulate antimicrobial potential. Antimicrobial potential was investigated utilizing S. aureus bacteria. Spectroscopic and surface characters of N. sativa grafted HAP scaffolds were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and Scanning electron microscopy. To ensure biocompatibility of scaffolds; we selected C2C12 cell-lines; best model to study mechanistic pathways related to osteoblasts and myoblasts differentiation. RESULTS Grafting of HAP with N. sativa did not affect typical spherical silhouette of nanoparticles. Characteristically; protein loaded polynucleated myotubes are result of in vitro myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts in squat serum environment. CONCLUSION It is first study of unique combination of N. sativa and HAP scaffold as a possible candidate of implantation for skeletal muscles regeneration. Outcome of this finding revealed N. sativa grafted HAP enhance differentiation significantly over that of HAP. The proposed scaffold will be an economical natural material for hard and soft tissue engineering and will aid in curing skeletal muscle diseases. Our findings have implications for treatment of muscular/bone diseases.
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155
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Zhang Q, Wu E, Tang Y, Cai T, Zhang L, Wang J, Hao Y, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Guo X, Luo J, Chen R, Yang F. Deeply Mining a Universe of Peptides Encoded by Long Noncoding RNAs. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100109. [PMID: 34129944 PMCID: PMC8335655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many small ORFs embedded in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts have been shown to encode biologically functional polypeptides (small ORF-encoded polypeptides [SEPs]) in different organisms. Despite some novel SEPs have been found, the identification is still hampered by their poor predictability, diminutive size, and low relative abundance. Here, we take advantage of NONCODE, a repository containing the most complete collection and annotation of lncRNA transcripts from different species, to build a novel database that attempts to maximize a collection of SEPs from human and mouse lncRNA transcripts. In order to further improve SEP discovery, we implemented two effective and complementary polypeptide enrichment strategies using 30-kDa molecular weight cutoff filter and C8 solid-phase extraction column. These combined strategies enabled us to discover 353 SEPs from eight human cell lines and 409 SEPs from three mouse cell lines and eight mouse tissues. Importantly, 19 of them were then verified through in vitro expression, immunoblotting, parallel reaction monitoring, and synthetic peptides. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed that some of the physical and chemical properties of these novel SEPs, including amino acid composition and codon usage, are different from those commonly found in canonical proteins. Intriguingly, nearly 65% of the identified SEPs were found to be initiated with non-AUG start codons. The 762 novel SEPs probably represent the largest number of SEPs detected by MS reported to date. These novel SEPs might not only provide new clues for the annotation of noncoding elements in the genome but also serve as a valuable resource for functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erzhong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiheng Tang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tanxi Cai
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Hao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Runsheng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Geneway Decoding Bio-Tech Co Ltd, Foshan, China.
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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156
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Costa ML, Jurberg AD, Mermelstein C. The Role of Embryonic Chick Muscle Cell Culture in the Study of Skeletal Myogenesis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668600. [PMID: 34093232 PMCID: PMC8173222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the development of skeletal muscle fibers have been studied in the last 70 years and yet many aspects of this process are still not completely understood. A myriad of in vivo and in vitro invertebrate and vertebrate animal models has been used for dissecting the molecular and cellular events involved in muscle formation. Among the most used animal models for the study of myogenesis are the rodents rat and mouse, the fruit fly Drosophila, and the birds chicken and quail. Here, we describe the robustness and advantages of the chick primary muscle culture model for the study of skeletal myogenesis. In the myoblast culture obtained from embryonic chick pectoralis muscle it is possible to analyze all the steps involved in skeletal myogenesis, such as myoblast proliferation, withdrawal from cell cycle, cell elongation and migration, myoblast alignment and fusion, the assembly of striated myofibrils, and the formation of multinucleated myotubes. The fact that in vitro chick myotubes can harbor hundreds of nuclei, whereas myotubes from cell lines have only a dozen nuclei demonstrates the high level of differentiation of the autonomous chick myogenic program. This striking differentiation is independent of serum withdrawal, which points to the power of the model. We also review the major pro-myogenic and anti-myogenic molecules and signaling pathways involved in chick myogenesis, in addition to providing a detailed protocol for the preparation of embryonic chick myogenic cultures. Moreover, we performed a bibliometric analysis of the articles that used this model to evaluate which were the main explored topics of interest and their contributors. We expect that by describing the major findings, and their advantages, of the studies using the embryonic chick myogenic model we will foster new studies on the molecular and cellular process involved in muscle proliferation and differentiation that are more similar to the actual in vivo condition than the muscle cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel L Costa
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnon D Jurberg
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina-Presidente Vargas, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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157
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Prasad V, Millay DP. Skeletal muscle fibers count on nuclear numbers for growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:3-10. [PMID: 33972174 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells are noteworthy for their syncytial nature, with each myofiber accumulating hundreds or thousands of nuclei derived from resident muscle stem cells (MuSCs). These nuclei are accrued through cell fusion, which is controlled by the two essential fusogens Myomaker and Myomerger that are transiently expressed within the myogenic lineage. While the absolute requirement of fusion for muscle development has been known for decades, the underlying need for the magnitude of multinucleation in muscle remains mysterious. Possible advantages of multinucleation include the potential it affords for transcriptional diversity within these massive cells, and as a means of increasing DNA content to support optimal cell size and function. In this article, we review recent advances that elucidate the relationship between myonuclear numbers and establishment of myofiber size, and discuss how this new information refines our understanding of the concept of myonuclear domains (MND), the cytoplasmic volumes that each resident myonucleus can support. Finally, we explore the potential consequences and costs of multinucleation and its impacts on myonuclear transcriptional reserve capacity, growth potential, myofiber size regulation, and muscle adaptability. We anticipate this report will not only serve to highlight the latest advances in the basic biology of syncytial muscle cells but also provide information to help design the next generation of therapeutic strategies to maintain muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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158
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Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2007526118. [PMID: 33443166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007526118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are a diverse family of nonstructural viral proteins. Once expressed on the plasma membrane of infected cells, they drive fusion with neighboring cells, increasing viral spread and pathogenicity. Unlike viral fusogens with tall ectodomains that pull two membranes together through conformational changes, FAST proteins have short fusogenic ectodomains that cannot bridge the intermembrane gap between neighboring cells. One orthoreovirus FAST protein, p14, has been shown to hijack the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion, but the actin adaptor-binding motif identified in p14 is not found in any other FAST protein. Here, we report that an evolutionarily divergent FAST protein, p22 from aquareovirus, also hijacks the actin cytoskeleton but does so through different adaptor proteins, Intersectin-1 and Cdc42, that trigger N-WASP-mediated branched actin assembly. We show that despite using different pathways, the cytoplasmic tail of p22 can replace that of p14 to create a potent chimeric fusogen, suggesting they are modular and play similar functional roles. When we directly couple p22 with the parallel filament nucleator formin instead of the branched actin nucleation promoting factor N-WASP, its ability to drive fusion is maintained, suggesting that localized mechanical pressure on the plasma membrane coupled to a membrane-disruptive ectodomain is sufficient to drive cell-cell fusion. This work points to a common biophysical strategy used by FAST proteins to push rather than pull membranes together to drive fusion, one that may be harnessed by other short fusogens responsible for physiological cell-cell fusion.
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159
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Sanders DW, Jumper CC, Ackerman PJ, Bracha D, Donlic A, Kim H, Kenney D, Castello-Serrano I, Suzuki S, Tamura T, Tavares AH, Saeed M, Holehouse AS, Ploss A, Levental I, Douam F, Padera RF, Levy BD, Brangwynne CP. SARS-CoV-2 requires cholesterol for viral entry and pathological syncytia formation. eLife 2021; 10:e65962. [PMID: 33890572 PMCID: PMC8104966 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses induce multinucleated cells (syncytia), reflective of membrane fusion events caused by the same machinery that underlies viral entry. These syncytia are thought to facilitate replication and evasion of the host immune response. Here, we report that co-culture of human cells expressing the receptor ACE2 with cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike, results in synapse-like intercellular contacts that initiate cell-cell fusion, producing syncytia resembling those we identify in lungs of COVID-19 patients. To assess the mechanism of spike/ACE2-driven membrane fusion, we developed a microscopy-based, cell-cell fusion assay to screen ~6000 drugs and >30 spike variants. Together with quantitative cell biology approaches, the screen reveals an essential role for biophysical aspects of the membrane, particularly cholesterol-rich regions, in spike-mediated fusion, which extends to replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Our findings potentially provide a molecular basis for positive outcomes reported in COVID-19 patients taking statins and suggest new strategies for therapeutics targeting the membrane of SARS-CoV-2 and other fusogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Chanelle C Jumper
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Paul J Ackerman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Dan Bracha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Anita Donlic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Hahn Kim
- Princeton University Small Molecule Screening Center, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Devin Kenney
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Ivan Castello-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Alexander H Tavares
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Robert F Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton, United States
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160
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Vitorino R, Guedes S, Amado F, Santos M, Akimitsu N. The role of micropeptides in biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3285-3298. [PMID: 33507325 PMCID: PMC11073438 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Micropeptides are small polypeptides coded by small open-reading frames. Progress in computational biology and the analyses of large-scale transcriptomes and proteomes have revealed that mammalian genomes produce a large number of transcripts encoding micropeptides. Many of these have been previously annotated as long noncoding RNAs. The role of micropeptides in cellular homeostasis maintenance has been demonstrated. This review discusses different types of micropeptides as well as methods to identify them, such as computational approaches, ribosome profiling, and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Vitorino
- Departamento de Cirurgia E Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, UnIC, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Guedes
- Departamento de Química, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- Departamento de Química, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Santos
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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161
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Zocchi M, Béchet D, Mazur A, Maier JA, Castiglioni S. Magnesium Influences Membrane Fusion during Myogenesis by Modulating Oxidative Stress in C2C12 Myoblasts. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041049. [PMID: 33804939 PMCID: PMC8063816 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is essential to skeletal muscle where it plays a key role in myofiber relaxation. Although the importance of Mg in the mature skeletal muscle is well established, little is known about the role of Mg in myogenesis. We studied the effects of low and high extracellular Mg in C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Non-physiological Mg concentrations induce oxidative stress in myoblasts. The increase of reactive oxygen species, which occurs during the early phase of the differentiation process, inhibits myoblast membrane fusion, thus impairing myogenesis. Therefore, correct Mg homeostasis, also maintained through a correct dietary intake, is essential to assure the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Zocchi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (M.Z.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Daniel Béchet
- INRAE, UNH, Unitéde Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (D.B.); (A.M.)
| | - André Mazur
- INRAE, UNH, Unitéde Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (D.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Jeanette A. Maier
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (M.Z.); (J.A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (M.Z.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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162
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Cell-cell fusions and cell-in-cell phenomena in healthy cells and cancer: Lessons from protists and invertebrates. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:96-105. [PMID: 33713795 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we analyze two special routes of the multinucleated cells' formation - the fusion of mononuclear cells and the formation of cell-in-cell structures - in the healthy tissues and in tumorigenesis. There are many theories of tumorigenesis based on the phenomenon of emergence of the hybrid cancer cells. We consider the phenomena, which are rarely mentioned in those theories: namely, cellularization of syncytium or coenocytes, and the reversible or irreversible somatogamy. The latter includes the short-term and the long-term vegetative (somatic) cells' fusions in the life cycles of unicellular organisms. The somatogamy and multinuclearity have repeatedly and independently emerged in various groups of unicellular eukaryotes. These phenomena are among dominant survival and biodiversity sustaining strategies in protists and we admit that they can likely play an analogous role in cancer cells.
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163
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Yan Y, Tang R, Li B, Cheng L, Ye S, Yang T, Han YC, Liu C, Dong Y, Qu LH, Lui KO, Yang JH, Huang ZP. The cardiac translational landscape reveals that micropeptides are new players involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2253-2267. [PMID: 33677093 PMCID: PMC8261087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes is one of the major compensatory responses in the heart after physiological or pathological stimulation. Protein synthesis enhancement, which is mediated by the translation of messenger RNAs, is one of the main features of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Although the transcriptome shift caused by cardiac hypertrophy induced by different stimuli has been extensively investigated, translatome dynamics in this cellular process has been less studied. Here, we generated a nucleotide-resolution translatome as well as transcriptome data from isolated primary cardiomyocytes undergoing hypertrophy. More than 10,000 open reading frames (ORFs) were detected from the deep sequencing of ribosome-protected fragments (Ribo-seq), which orchestrated the shift of the translatome in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Our data suggest that rather than increase the translational rate of ribosomes, the increased efficiency of protein synthesis in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was attributable to an increased quantity of ribosomes. In addition, more than 100 uncharacterized short ORFs (sORFs) were detected in long noncoding RNA genes from Ribo-seq with potential of micropeptide coding. In a random test of 15 candidates, the coding potential of 11 sORFs was experimentally supported. Three micropeptides were identified to regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by modulating the activities of oxidative phosphorylation, the calcium signaling pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our study provides a genome-wide overview of the translational controls behind cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and demonstrates an unrecognized role of micropeptides in cardiomyocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchen Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liangping Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shangmei Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tiqun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan-Chuang Han
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liang-Hu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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164
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Hu Z, Cao J, Zhang J, Ge L, Zhang H, Liu X. Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Analysis of Hanzhong Ma Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-Seq. Biomolecules 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 33669581 PMCID: PMC7927120 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important poultry worldwide, ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) are raised mainly for meat and egg products, and muscle development in ducks is important for meat production. Therefore, an investigation of gene expression in duck skeletal muscle would significantly contribute to our understanding of muscle development. In this study, twenty-four cDNA libraries were constructed from breast and leg muscles of Hanzhong Ma ducks at day 17, 21, 27 of the embryo and postnatal at 6-month-old. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics were used to determine the abundances and characteristics of transcripts. A total of 632,172,628 (average 52,681,052) and 637,213,938 (average 53,101,162) reads were obtained from the sequencing data of breast and leg muscles, respectively. Over 71.63% and 77.36% of the reads could be mapped to the Anas platyrhynchos genome. In the skeletal muscle of Hanzhong duck, intron variant (INTRON), synonymous variant (SYNONYMOUS_CODING), and prime 3' UTR variant (UTR_3_PRIME) were the main single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) annotation information, and "INTRON", "UTR_3_PRIME", and downstream-gene variant (DOWNSTREAM) were the main insertion-deletion (InDel) annotation information. The predicted number of alternative splicing (AS) in all samples were mainly alternative 5' first exon (transcription start site)-the first exon splicing (TSS) and alternative 3' last exon (transcription terminal site)-the last exon splicing (TTS). Besides, there were 292 to 2801 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in breast muscle and 304 to 1950 annotated DEGs in leg muscle from different databases. It is worth noting that 75 DEGs in breast muscle and 49 DEGs in leg muscle were co-expressed at all developmental points of comparison, respectively. The RNA-Seq data were confirmed to be reliable by qPCR. The identified DEGs, such as CREBL2, RHEB, GDF6, SHISA2, MYLK2, ACTN3, RYR3, and STMN1, were specially highlighted, indicating their strong associations with muscle development in the Hanzhong Ma duck. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that regulation of actin cytoskeleton, oxidative phosphorylation, and focal adhesion were involved in the development of skeletal muscle. The findings from this study can contribute to future investigations of the growth and development mechanism in duck skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Z.H.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (H.Z.)
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165
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Rodríguez-Pérez F, Manford AG, Pogson A, Ingersoll AJ, Martínez-González B, Rape M. Ubiquitin-dependent remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton drives cell fusion. Dev Cell 2021; 56:588-601.e9. [PMID: 33609460 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a frequent and essential event during development, and its dysregulation causes diseases ranging from infertility to muscle weakness. Fusing cells need to repeatedly remodel their plasma membrane through orchestrated formation and disassembly of actin filaments, but how the dynamic reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton is controlled is still poorly understood. Here, we identified a ubiquitin-dependent toggle switch that establishes reversible actin bundling during mammalian cell fusion. We found that EPS8-IRSp53 complexes stabilize cortical actin bundles at sites of cell contact to promote close membrane alignment. EPS8 monoubiquitylation by CUL3KCTD10 displaces EPS8-IRSp53 from membranes and counteracts actin bundling, a dual activity that restricts actin bundling to allow paired cells to progress with fusion. We conclude that cytoskeletal rearrangements during development are precisely controlled by ubiquitylation, raising the possibility of modulating the efficiency of cell-cell fusion for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodríguez-Pérez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew G Manford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angela Pogson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew J Ingersoll
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Martínez-González
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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166
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Schlesinger D, Elsässer SJ. Revisiting sORFs: overcoming challenges to identify and characterize functional microproteins. FEBS J 2021; 289:53-74. [PMID: 33595896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short ORFs (sORFs), that is, occurrences of a start and stop codon within 100 codons or less, can be found in organisms of all domains of life, outnumbering annotated protein-coding ORFs by orders of magnitude. Even though functional proteins smaller than 100 amino acids are known, the coding potential of sORFs has often been overlooked, as it is not trivial to predict and test for functionality within the large number of sORFs. Recent advances in ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry approaches, together with refined bioinformatic predictions, have enabled a huge leap forward in this field and identified thousands of likely coding sORFs. A relatively low number of small proteins or microproteins produced from these sORFs have been characterized so far on the molecular, structural, and/or mechanistic level. These however display versatile and, in some cases, essential cellular functions, allowing for the exciting possibility that many more, previously unknown small proteins might be encoded in the genome, waiting to be discovered. This review will give an overview of the steadily growing microprotein field, focusing on eukaryotic small proteins. We will discuss emerging themes in the molecular action of microproteins, as well as advances and challenges in microprotein identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Schlesinger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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167
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Nasir MA, Nawaz S, Huang J. A Mini-review of Computational Approaches to Predict Functions and Findings of Novel Micro Peptides. Curr Bioinform 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615999200811130522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
:
New techniques in bioinformatics and the study of the transcriptome at a wide-scale
have uncovered the fact that a large part of the genome is being translated than recently perceived
thoughts and research, bringing about the creation of a various quantity of RNA with proteincoding
and noncoding potential. A lot of RNA particles have been considered as noncoding due to
many reasons, according to developing proofs. Like many sORFs that encode many functional
micro peptides have neglected due to their tiny sizes.
:
Advanced studies reveal many major biological functions of these sORFs and their encoded micro
peptides in a different and wide range of species. All the achievement in the identification of these
sORFs and micro peptides is due to the progressive bioinformatics and high-throughput
sequencing methods. This field has pulled in more consideration due to the detection of a large
number of more sORFs and micro peptides. Nowadays, COVID-19 grabs all the attention of
science as it is a sudden outbreak. sORFs of COVID-19 should be revealed for new ways to
understand this virus. This review discusses ongoing progress in the systems for the identification
and distinguishing proof of sORFs and micro peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Nasir
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Samia Nawaz
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China
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168
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Girardi F, Taleb A, Ebrahimi M, Datye A, Gamage DG, Peccate C, Giordani L, Millay DP, Gilbert PM, Cadot B, Le Grand F. TGFβ signaling curbs cell fusion and muscle regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:750. [PMID: 33531466 PMCID: PMC7854756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle cell fusion is a multistep process involving cell migration, adhesion, membrane remodeling and actin-nucleation pathways to generate multinucleated myotubes. However, molecular brakes restraining cell-cell fusion events have remained elusive. Here we show that transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway is active in adult muscle cells throughout fusion. We find TGFβ signaling reduces cell fusion, regardless of the cells' ability to move and establish cell-cell contacts. In contrast, inhibition of TGFβ signaling enhances cell fusion and promotes branching between myotubes in mouse and human. Exogenous addition of TGFβ protein in vivo during muscle regeneration results in a loss of muscle function while inhibition of TGFβR2 induces the formation of giant myofibers. Transcriptome analyses and functional assays reveal that TGFβ controls the expression of actin-related genes to reduce cell spreading. TGFβ signaling is therefore requisite to limit mammalian myoblast fusion, determining myonuclei numbers and myofiber size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girardi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Anissa Taleb
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Asiman Datye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Cécile Peccate
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Giordani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S3E1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G5, Canada
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Le Grand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013, Paris, France.
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, 69008, Lyon, France.
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169
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Golani G, Leikina E, Melikov K, Whitlock JM, Gamage DG, Luoma-Overstreet G, Millay DP, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV. Myomerger promotes fusion pore by elastic coupling between proximal membrane leaflets and hemifusion diaphragm. Nat Commun 2021; 12:495. [PMID: 33479215 PMCID: PMC7820291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myomerger is a muscle-specific membrane protein involved in formation of multinucleated muscle cells by mediating the transition from the early hemifusion stage to complete fusion. Here, we considered the physical mechanism of the Myomerger action based on the hypothesis that Myomerger shifts the spontaneous curvature of the outer membrane leaflets to more positive values. We predicted, theoretically, that Myomerger generates the outer leaflet elastic stresses, which propagate into the hemifusion diaphragm and accelerate the fusion pore formation. We showed that Myomerger ectodomain indeed generates positive spontaneous curvature of lipid monolayers. We substantiated the mechanism by experiments on myoblast fusion and influenza hemagglutinin-mediated cell fusion. In both processes, the effects of Myomerger ectodomain were strikingly similar to those of lysophosphatidylcholine known to generate a positive spontaneous curvature of lipid monolayers. The control of post-hemifusion stages by shifting the spontaneous curvature of proximal membrane monolayers may be utilized in diverse fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonen Golani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jarred M Whitlock
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gracia Luoma-Overstreet
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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170
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Yang Y, Margam NN. Structural Insights into Membrane Fusion Mediated by Convergent Small Fusogens. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010160. [PMID: 33467484 PMCID: PMC7830690 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From lifeless viral particles to complex multicellular organisms, membrane fusion is inarguably the important fundamental biological phenomena. Sitting at the heart of membrane fusion are protein mediators known as fusogens. Despite the extensive functional and structural characterization of these proteins in recent years, scientists are still grappling with the fundamental mechanisms underlying membrane fusion. From an evolutionary perspective, fusogens follow divergent evolutionary principles in that they are functionally independent and do not share any sequence identity; however, they possess structural similarity, raising the possibility that membrane fusion is mediated by essential motifs ubiquitous to all. In this review, we particularly emphasize structural characteristics of small-molecular-weight fusogens in the hope of uncovering the most fundamental aspects mediating membrane–membrane interactions. By identifying and elucidating fusion-dependent functional domains, this review paves the way for future research exploring novel fusogens in health and disease.
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171
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An Upstream Open Reading Frame in Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Encodes a Circuit Breaker of Lactate Metabolism. Cell Metab 2021; 33:128-144.e9. [PMID: 33406399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic role of micropeptides generated from untranslated regions remains unclear. Here we describe MP31, a micropeptide encoded by the upstream open reading frame (uORF) of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) acting as a "circuit breaker" that limits lactate-pyruvate conversion in mitochondria by competing with mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase (mLDH) for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Knocking out the MP31 homolog in mice enhanced global lactate metabolism, manifesting as accelerated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and increased lactate consumption and production. Conditional knockout (cKO) of MP31 homolog in mouse astrocytes initiated gliomagenesis and shortened the overall survival of the animals, establishing a tumor-suppressing role for MP31. Recombinant MP31 administered intraperitoneally penetrated the blood-brain barrier and inhibited mice GBM xenografts without neurological toxicity, suggesting the clinical implication and application of this micropeptide. Our findings reveal a novel mode of MP31-orchestrated lactate metabolism reprogramming in glioblastoma.
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172
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Li H, Zhao L, Lau YS, Zhang C, Han R. Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies LGALS2 as an oxidative stress-responsive gene with an inhibitory function on colon tumor growth. Oncogene 2021; 40:177-188. [PMID: 33110234 PMCID: PMC7790754 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and the third most common cancer in men and women. Around 20% colon cancer cases are closely linked with colitis. Both environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute to colon inflammation and tumor development. However, the genetic factors regulating colitis and colon tumorigenesis remain elusive. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) is vitally involved in tissue inflammation and tumorigenesis, here we employed a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screening approach to systemically identify the genetic factors involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. Next generation sequencing (NGS) showed that over 600 gRNAs including the ones targeting LGALS2 were highly enriched in cells survived after sublethal H2O2 challenge. LGALS2 encodes the glycan-binding protein Galectin 2 (Gal2), which is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and downregulated in human colon tumors. To examine the role of Gal2 in colitis, we employed the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis model in mice with (WT) or without Lgals2 (Gal2-KO) and showed that Gal2 deficiency ameliorated DSS-induced colitis. We further demonstrated that Gal2-KO mice developed significantly larger tumors than WT mice using Azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colorectal cancer model. We found that STAT3 phosphorylation was significantly increased in Gal2-deficient tumors as compared to those in WT mice. Gal2 overexpression decreased the proliferation of human colon tumor epithelial cells and blunted H2O2-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that Gal2 plays a suppressive role in colon tumor growth and highlights the therapeutic potential of Gal2 in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yeh Siang Lau
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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173
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Azar C, Valentine MC, Trausch‐Azar J, Rois L, Mahjoub M, Nelson DM, Schwartz AL. RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are upregulated during syncytia development in murine C2C12 myoblasts and human BeWo trophoblasts. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14671. [PMID: 33403800 PMCID: PMC7786548 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of villous cytotrophoblasts into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is critical for the essential functions of the mammalian placenta. Using RNA-Seq gene expression, quantitative protein expression, and siRNA knockdown we identified genes and their cognate proteins which are similarly upregulated in two cellular models of mammalian syncytia development (human BeWo cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast and murine C2C12 myoblast to myotube). These include DYSF, PDE4DIP, SPIRE2, NDRG1, PLEC, GPR146, HSPB8, DHCR7, and HDAC5. These findings provide avenues for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying mammalian placental syncytiotrophoblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Mark C. Valentine
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Julie Trausch‐Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Lisa Rois
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Moe Mahjoub
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - D. Michael Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Alan L. Schwartz
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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174
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Osana S, Kitajima Y, Suzuki N, Nunomiya A, Takada H, Kubota T, Murayama K, Nagatomi R. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is required for C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5293-5305. [PMID: 33378552 PMCID: PMC8049066 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a major protein degradation pathway in the cell. Proteasomes produce several peptides that are rapidly degraded to free amino acids by intracellular aminopeptidases. Our previous studies reported that proteolysis via proteasomes and aminopeptidases is required for myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the role of intracellular aminopeptidases in myoblast proliferation and differentiation had not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) on C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by knocking down PSA. Aminopeptidase enzymatic activity was reduced in PSA-knockdown myoblasts. Knockdown of PSA induced impaired cell cycle progression in C2C12 myoblasts and accumulation of cells at the G2/M phase. Additionally, after the induction of myogenic differentiation in PSA-knockdown myoblasts, multinucleated circular-shaped myotubes with impaired cell polarity were frequently identified. Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) knockdown in myoblasts resulted in a loss of cell polarity and the formation of multinucleated circular-shaped myotubes, which were similar to PSA-knockdown myoblasts. These data suggest that PSA is required for the proliferation of myoblasts in the growth phase and for the determination of cell polarity and elongation of myotubes in the differentiation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Osana
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Division of Developmental Regulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aki Nunomiya
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hiroaki Takada
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kubota
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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175
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Karstensen KT, Schein A, Petri A, Bøgsted M, Dybkær K, Uchida S, Kauppinen S. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Noncoding RNA 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 33379241 PMCID: PMC7838888 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. Although significant progress has been made in recent years to treat DLBCL patients, 30%-40% of the patients eventually relapse or are refractory to first line treatment, calling for better therapeutic strategies for DLBCL. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a highly diverse group of non-protein coding transcripts with intriguing molecular functions in human disease, including cancer. Here, we review the current understanding of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and progression of DLBCL to provide an overview of the field. As the current knowledge of lncRNAs in DLBCL is still in its infancy, we provide molecular signatures of lncRNAs in DLBCL cell lines to assist further lncRNA research in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Thystrup Karstensen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleks Schein
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Petri
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
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176
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Cramer AAW, Prasad V, Eftestøl E, Song T, Hansson KA, Dugdale HF, Sadayappan S, Ochala J, Gundersen K, Millay DP. Nuclear numbers in syncytial muscle fibers promote size but limit the development of larger myonuclear domains. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6287. [PMID: 33293533 PMCID: PMC7722938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells exhibit remarkable diversity in cell size, but the factors that regulate establishment and maintenance of these sizes remain poorly understood. This is especially true for skeletal muscle, comprised of syncytial myofibers that each accrue hundreds of nuclei during development. Here, we directly explore the assumed causal relationship between multinucleation and establishment of normal size through titration of myonuclear numbers during mouse neonatal development. Three independent mouse models, where myonuclear numbers were reduced by 75, 55, or 25%, led to the discovery that myonuclei possess a reserve capacity to support larger functional cytoplasmic volumes in developing myofibers. Surprisingly, the results revealed an inverse relationship between nuclei numbers and reserve capacity. We propose that as myonuclear numbers increase, the range of transcriptional return on a per nuclear basis in myofibers diminishes, which accounts for both the absolute reliance developing myofibers have on nuclear accrual to establish size, and the limits of adaptability in adult skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A W Cramer
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Einar Eftestøl
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Taejeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenth-Arne Hansson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannah F Dugdale
- Center of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Julien Ochala
- Center of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Center for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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177
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Zhang H, Wen J, Bigot A, Chen J, Shang R, Mouly V, Bi P. Human myotube formation is determined by MyoD-Myomixer/Myomaker axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc4062. [PMID: 33355126 PMCID: PMC11206528 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is essential for formations of myofibers, the basic cellular and functional units of skeletal muscles. Recent genetic studies in mice identified two long-sought membrane proteins, Myomaker and Myomixer, which cooperatively drive myoblast fusion. It is unknown whether and how human muscles, with myofibers of tremendously larger size, use this mechanism to achieve multinucleations. Here, we report an interesting fusion model of human myoblasts where Myomaker is sufficient to induce low-grade fusion, while Myomixer boosts its efficiency to generate giant myotubes. By CRISPR mutagenesis and biochemical assays, we identified MyoD as the key molecular switch of fusion that is required and sufficient to initiate Myomixer and Myomaker expression. Mechanistically, we defined the E-box motifs on promoters of Myomixer and Myomaker by which MyoD induces their expression for multinucleations of human muscle cells. Together, our study uncovered the key molecular apparatus and the transcriptional control mechanism underlying human myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Junfei Wen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anne Bigot
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute AIM, Paris, France
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Renjie Shang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute AIM, Paris, France
| | - Pengpeng Bi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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178
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Guerra-Almeida D, Nunes-da-Fonseca R. Small Open Reading Frames: How Important Are They for Molecular Evolution? Front Genet 2020; 11:574737. [PMID: 33193682 PMCID: PMC7606980 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.574737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guerra-Almeida
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes-da-Fonseca
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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179
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Lafranchi L, Schlesinger D, Kimler KJ, Elsässer SJ. Universal Single-Residue Terminal Labels for Fluorescent Live Cell Imaging of Microproteins. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20080-20087. [PMID: 33175524 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent tags for visualization of proteins in living cells add six to several hundred amino acids to the protein of interest. While suitable for most proteins, common tags easily match and exceed the size of microproteins of 60 amino acids or less. The added molecular weight and structure of such fluorescent tag may thus significantly affect in vivo biophysical and biochemical properties of microproteins. Here, we develop single-residue terminal labeling (STELLA) tags that introduce a single noncanonical amino acid either at the N- or C-terminus of a protein or microprotein of interest for subsequent specific fluorescent labeling. Efficient terminal noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis is achieved using a precursor tag that is tracelessly cleaved. Subsequent selective bioorthogonal reaction with a cell-permeable organic dye enables live cell imaging of microproteins with minimal perturbation of their native sequence. The use of terminal residues for labeling provides a universally applicable and easily scalable strategy, which avoids alteration of the core sequence of the microprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lafranchi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Dörte Schlesinger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Kyle J Kimler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
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180
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The Small Toxic Salmonella Protein TimP Targets the Cytoplasmic Membrane and Is Repressed by the Small RNA TimR. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01659-20. [PMID: 33172998 PMCID: PMC7667032 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01659-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled the revelation of a vast number of genomes from organisms spanning all domains of life. To reduce complexity when new genome sequences are annotated, open reading frames (ORFs) shorter than 50 codons in length are generally omitted. However, it has recently become evident that this procedure sorts away ORFs encoding small proteins of high biological significance. For instance, tailored small protein identification approaches have shown that bacteria encode numerous small proteins with important physiological functions. As the number of predicted small ORFs increase, it becomes important to characterize the corresponding proteins. In this study, we discovered a conserved but previously overlooked small enterobacterial protein. We show that this protein, which we dubbed TimP, is a potent toxin that inhibits bacterial growth by targeting the cell membrane. Toxicity is relieved by a small regulatory RNA, which binds the toxin mRNA to inhibit toxin synthesis. Small proteins are gaining increased attention due to their important functions in major biological processes throughout the domains of life. However, their small size and low sequence conservation make them difficult to identify. It is therefore not surprising that enterobacterial ryfA has escaped identification as a small protein coding gene for nearly 2 decades. Since its identification in 2001, ryfA has been thought to encode a noncoding RNA and has been implicated in biofilm formation in Escherichia coli and pathogenesis in Shigella dysenteriae. Although a recent ribosome profiling study suggested ryfA to be translated, the corresponding protein product was not detected. In this study, we provide evidence that ryfA encodes a small toxic inner membrane protein, TimP, overexpression of which causes cytoplasmic membrane leakage. TimP carries an N-terminal signal sequence, indicating that its membrane localization is Sec-dependent. Expression of TimP is repressed by the small RNA (sRNA) TimR, which base pairs with the timP mRNA to inhibit its translation. In contrast to overexpression, endogenous expression of TimP upon timR deletion permits cell growth, possibly indicating a toxicity-independent function in the bacterial membrane.
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181
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Chen Y, Ho L, Tergaonkar V. sORF-Encoded MicroPeptides: New players in inflammation, metabolism, and precision medicine. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:263-270. [PMID: 33157158 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant technological advances have enabled the discovery and identification of a new class of molecules, micropeptides or small ORF encoded peptides (SEPs) within non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). As ncRNAs are well known to be transcriptionally silent, the discovery of SEPs implies that many ncRNAs are misannotated or play both coding and non-coding functions. SEPs have reportedly diverse regulatory roles in embryogenesis, myogenesis, inflammation, diseases, and cancer. SEPs appearing in different subcellular compartments show distinct functions. In this review, we summarized the functions of SEPs that have been characterized thus far. As SEPs are amenable to therapeutic development as biologics, understanding their underlying functions will provide novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory or metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Lena Ho
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Cardiovascular Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate School, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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182
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Tomida T, Adachi-Akahane S. [Roles of p38 MAPK signaling in the skeletal muscle formation, regeneration, and pathology]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:241-247. [PMID: 32612037 DOI: 10.1254/fpj20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and frailty in aging, or cancer cachexia shows an abnormal decrease in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear, and the promising drug seeds have not been discovered. The formation of skeletal muscle occurs not only during embryonic development but also in adulthood, and the muscle can be regenerated even if it is damaged by exercise overload or physical injury. Although p38MAPK is ubiquitous among tissues and transmits signal of inflammation and environmental stress into the nucleus, it has been revealed that this kinase is deeply involved in maintaining skeletal muscle homeostasis. Knowledge of p38MAPK accumulated so far suggests that it not only functions as an on-off switch for gene expression, but also it balances cell proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells to properly respond to muscle damage and repair muscle according to its surrounding environmental cues. In addition, its role in cell fusion to induce myotube formation has been recently revealed. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that in aging and chronic inflammation, excessive enhancement of the p38MAPK activity may disrupt skeletal muscle homeostasis and lead to muscle pathology. Interestingly, animal models have shown that pharmacological manipulation of p38MAPK activity can re-activate aged muscle satellite cells, suggesting the possibility of plastically manipulating skeletal muscle aging. Furthermore, it has become possible to track the dynamics of intracellular signaling of skeletal muscle cells or muscle progenitor cells in time and space by using advanced imaging techniques. In this review, we focus on the functional roles and regulatory mechanism of p38MAPK in skeletal muscle and its relation to the pathology in the context of dysregulation of skeletal muscle formation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tomida
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
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183
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Fleming JW, Capel AJ, Rimington RP, Wheeler P, Leonard AN, Bishop NC, Davies OG, Lewis MP. Bioengineered human skeletal muscle capable of functional regeneration. BMC Biol 2020; 18:145. [PMID: 33081771 PMCID: PMC7576716 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle (SkM) regenerates following injury, replacing damaged tissue with high fidelity. However, in serious injuries, non-regenerative defects leave patients with loss of function, increased re-injury risk and often chronic pain. Progress in treating these non-regenerative defects has been slow, with advances only occurring where a comprehensive understanding of regeneration has been gained. Tissue engineering has allowed the development of bioengineered models of SkM which regenerate following injury to support research in regenerative physiology. To date, however, no studies have utilised human myogenic precursor cells (hMPCs) to closely mimic functional human regenerative physiology. RESULTS Here we address some of the difficulties associated with cell number and hMPC mitogenicity using magnetic association cell sorting (MACS), for the marker CD56, and media supplementation with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and B-27 supplement. Cell sorting allowed extended expansion of myogenic cells and supplementation was shown to improve myogenesis within engineered tissues and force generation at maturity. In addition, these engineered human SkM regenerated following barium chloride (BaCl2) injury. Following injury, reductions in function (87.5%) and myotube number (33.3%) were observed, followed by a proliferative phase with increased MyoD+ cells and a subsequent recovery of function and myotube number. An expansion of the Pax7+ cell population was observed across recovery suggesting an ability to generate Pax7+ cells within the tissue, similar to the self-renewal of satellite cells seen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This work outlines an engineered human SkM capable of functional regeneration following injury, built upon an open source system adding to the pre-clinical testing toolbox to improve the understanding of basic regenerative physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fleming
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A J Capel
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - R P Rimington
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - P Wheeler
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A N Leonard
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - N C Bishop
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - O G Davies
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - M P Lewis
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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184
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Hu Z, Cao J, Liu G, Zhang H, Liu X. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Skeletal Muscle from Black Muscovy Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-seq. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101228. [PMID: 33092100 PMCID: PMC7590229 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the production for duck meat is second only to that of chicken, and the demand for duck meat is also increasing. However, there is still unclear on the internal mechanism of regulating skeletal muscle growth and development in duck. This study aimed to identity candidate genes related to growth of duck skeletal muscle and explore the potential regulatory mechanism. RNA-seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome of skeletal muscles in black Muscovy ducks at different developmental stages (day 17, 21, 27, 31, and 34 of embryos and postnatal 6-month-olds). The SNPs and InDels of black Muscovy ducks at different growth stages were mainly in “INTRON”, “SYNONYMOUS_CODING”, “UTR_3_PRIME”, and “DOWNSTREAM”. The average number of AS in each sample was 37,267, mainly concentrated in TSS and TTS. Besides, a total of 19 to 5377 DEGs were detected in each pairwise comparison. Functional analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the processes of cell growth, muscle development, and cellular activities (junction, migration, assembly, differentiation, and proliferation). Many of DEGs were well known to be related to growth of skeletal muscle in black Muscovy duck, such as MyoG, FBXO1, MEF2A, and FoxN2. KEGG pathway analysis identified that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to the focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Some DEGs assigned to these pathways were potential candidate genes inducing the difference in muscle growth among the developmental stages, such as FAF1, RGS8, GRB10, SMYD3, and TNNI2. Our study identified several genes and pathways that may participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in black Muscovy duck. These results should serve as an important resource revealing the molecular basis of muscle growth and development in duck.
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185
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Wang L, Xu Z, Ling D, Li J, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of dietary factors in skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:764-782. [PMID: 33021403 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in motor function, respiration, and whole-body energy homeostasis. How to regulate the development and function of skeletal muscle has become a hot research topic for improving lifestyle and extending life span. Numerous transcription factors and nutritional factors have been clarified are closely associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. In this article, the roles of different dietary factors including green tea, quercetin, curcumin (CUR), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and resveratrol (RES) in regulating skeletal muscle development, muscle mass, muscle function, and muscle recovery have been summarized and discussed. We also reviewed the potential regulatory molecular mechanism of these factors. Based on the current findings, dietary factors may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to treat skeletal muscle dysfunction as well as its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Ling
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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186
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Blanc RS, Kallenbach JG, Bachman JF, Mitchell A, Paris ND, Chakkalakal JV. Inhibition of inflammatory CCR2 signaling promotes aged muscle regeneration and strength recovery after injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4167. [PMID: 32820177 PMCID: PMC7441393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration depends on a robust albeit transient inflammatory response. Persistent inflammation is a feature of age-related regenerative deficits, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we find inflammatory-related CC-chemokine-receptor 2 (Ccr2) expression in non-hematopoietic myogenic progenitors (MPs) during regeneration. After injury, the expression of Ccr2 in MPs corresponds to the levels of its ligands, the chemokines Ccl2, 7, and 8. We find stimulation of Ccr2-activity inhibits MP fusion and contribution to myofibers. This occurs in association with increases in MAPKp38δ/γ signaling, MyoD phosphorylation, and repression of the terminal myogenic commitment factor Myogenin. High levels of Ccr2-chemokines are a feature of regenerating aged muscle. Correspondingly, deletion of Ccr2 in MPs is necessary for proper fusion into regenerating aged muscle. Finally, opportune Ccr2 inhibition after injury enhances aged regeneration and functional recovery. These results demonstrate that inflammatory-induced activation of Ccr2 signaling in myogenic cells contributes to aged muscle regenerative decline. Chronic inflammation is a feature of age-related regenerative decline in skeletal muscles, but how it directly affects resident muscle stem cell fate and function is unclear. Here, the authors show that Ccr2 signaling in muscle stem cell derived progenitors represses terminal myogenic differentiation, and that targeting Ccr2 on aged myogenic progenitors rejuvenates aged skeletal muscle healing and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo S Blanc
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, and The Rochester Aging Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacob G Kallenbach
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John F Bachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology of Disease Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicole D Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, and The Rochester Aging Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joe V Chakkalakal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Wilmot Cancer Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, and The Rochester Aging Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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187
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Zhu KC, Liu BS, Guo HY, Zhang N, Guo L, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Functional analysis of two MyoDs revealed their role in the activation of myomixer expression in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) (Hottuyn, 1782). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1081-1090. [PMID: 31756488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast determination protein (MyoD), a muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in regulating skeletal muscle growth and development. However, the regulation mechanism of MyoD has not been determined in marine fishes. In the present study, we isolated the MyoD1 (AlMyoD1) and MyoD2 (AlMyoD2) genomic sequences and analyzed the expression patterns in different tissues of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of AlMyoD1 and AlMyoD2 encoded 297 and 271 amino acids possessing three common characteristic domains, respectively, containing a myogenic basic domain, a bHLH domain, and a ser-rich region (helix III). Phylogenetic and genome structure analyses exhibited classic phylogeny and highly conserved exon/intron architecture. Furthermore, the AlMyoD1 and AlMyoD2 transcription levels were higher in white muscle than in the other tissues. In order to further study AlMyoD function in muscle, promoter sequence analysis found that several E-box binding sites were present. Additionally, binding sites of Almyomixer involved in mammal myoblast fusion, which expression was also the highest in white muscle, were found in the promoter of AlMyoD. Pomoter activity assays further confirmed that both AlMyoD1 and AlMyoD2 can dramatically activate Almyomixer expression, and the AlMyoD1 M2 and AlMyoD2 M5 E-box binding sites were functionally important for Almyomixer transcription based on mutation analysis and electrophoretic mobile shift assays (EMSA). In summary, two MyoDs play a core role in Almyomixer regulation and may promote myofibre formation during muscle development and growth by regulating Almyomixer expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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188
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Bektik E, Cowan DB, Wang DZ. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Atrial Fibrillation: Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as a Model System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155424. [PMID: 32751460 PMCID: PMC7432754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of sustained arrhythmia in humans often characterized by devastating alterations to the cardiac conduction system as well as the structure of the atria. AF can lead to decreased cardiac function, heart failure, and other complications. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, including AF; however, a large group of lncRNAs is not conserved between mouse and human. Furthermore, AF has complex networks showing variations in mechanisms in different species, making it challenging to utilize conventional animal models to investigate the functional roles and potential therapeutic benefits of lncRNAs for AF. Fortunately, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) offer a reliable platform to study lncRNA functions in AF because of certain electrophysiological and molecular similarities with native human CMs. In this review, we first summarize the broad aspects of lncRNAs in various heart disease settings, then focus on their potential roles in AF development and pathophysiology. We also discuss current uses of PSCs in AF research and describe how these studies could be developed into novel therapeutics for AF and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bektik
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Correspondence:
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189
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Choi SW, Kim HW, Nam JW. The small peptide world in long noncoding RNAs. Brief Bioinform 2020; 20:1853-1864. [PMID: 30010717 PMCID: PMC6917221 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) without coding potential. Over the past decade, tens of thousands of novel lncRNAs have been annotated in animal and plant genomes because of advanced high-throughput RNA sequencing technologies and with the aid of coding transcript classifiers. Further, a considerable number of reports have revealed the existence of stable, functional small peptides (also known as micropeptides), translated from lncRNAs. In this review, we discuss the methods of lncRNA classification, the investigations regarding their coding potential and the functional significance of the peptides they encode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Won Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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190
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Al Tanoury Z, Rao J, Tassy O, Gobert B, Gapon S, Garnier JM, Wagner E, Hick A, Hall A, Gussoni E, Pourquié O. Differentiation of the human PAX7-positive myogenic precursors/satellite cell lineage in vitro. Development 2020; 147:dev187344. [PMID: 32541004 PMCID: PMC7328153 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SC) are muscle stem cells that can regenerate adult muscles upon injury. Most SC originate from PAX7+ myogenic precursors set aside during development. Although myogenesis has been studied in mouse and chicken embryos, little is known about human muscle development. Here, we report the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reporter lines in which fluorescent proteins have been introduced into the PAX7 and MYOG loci. We use single cell RNA sequencing to analyze the developmental trajectory of the iPSC-derived PAX7+ myogenic precursors. We show that the PAX7+ cells generated in culture can produce myofibers and self-renew in vitro and in vivo Together, we demonstrate that cells exhibiting characteristics of human fetal satellite cells can be produced in vitro from iPSC, opening interesting avenues for muscular dystrophy cell therapy. This work provides significant insights into the development of the human myogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jyoti Rao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Tassy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Bénédicte Gobert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Anagenesis Biotechnologies, Parc d'innovation - BioParc 3, 850 Boulevard Sébastien Brandt, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Svetlana Gapon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Garnier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Erica Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aurore Hick
- Anagenesis Biotechnologies, Parc d'innovation - BioParc 3, 850 Boulevard Sébastien Brandt, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Arielle Hall
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS, Boston, MA 15021, USA
| | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS, Boston, MA 15021, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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191
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Khilji S, Hamed M, Chen J, Li Q. Dissecting myogenin-mediated retinoid X receptor signaling in myogenic differentiation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:315. [PMID: 32555436 PMCID: PMC7303199 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underpinning myoblast differentiation is a critical step in developing the best strategy to promote muscle regeneration in patients suffering from muscle-related diseases. We have previously established that a rexinoid x receptor (RXR)-selective agonist, bexarotene, enhances the differentiation and fusion of myoblasts through a direct regulation of MyoD expression, coupled with an augmentation of myogenin protein. Here, we found that RXR signaling associates with the distribution of myogenin at poised enhancers and a distinct E-box motif. We also found an association of myogenin with rexinoid-responsive gene expression and identified an epigenetic signature related to histone acetyltransferase p300. Moreover, RXR signaling augments residue-specific histone acetylation at enhancers co-occupied by p300 and myogenin. Thus, genomic distribution of transcriptional regulators is an important designate for identifying novel targets as well as developing therapeutics that modulate epigenetic landscape in a selective manner to promote muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Khilji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jihong Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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192
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Hromowyk KJ, Talbot JC, Martin BL, Janssen PML, Amacher SL. Cell fusion is differentially regulated in zebrafish post-embryonic slow and fast muscle. Dev Biol 2020; 462:85-100. [PMID: 32165147 PMCID: PMC7225055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fusion occurs during development, growth, and regeneration. To investigate how muscle fusion compares among different muscle cell types and developmental stages, we studied muscle cell fusion over time in wild-type, myomaker (mymk), and jam2a mutant zebrafish. Using live imaging, we show that embryonic myoblast elongation and fusion correlate tightly with slow muscle cell migration. In wild-type embryos, only fast muscle fibers are multinucleate, consistent with previous work showing that the cell fusion regulator gene mymk is specifically expressed throughout the embryonic fast muscle domain. However, by 3 weeks post-fertilization, slow muscle fibers also become multinucleate. At this late-larval stage, mymk is not expressed in muscle fibers, but is expressed in small cells near muscle fibers. Although previous work showed that both mymk and jam2a are required for embryonic fast muscle cell fusion, we observe that muscle force and function is almost normal in mymk and jam2a mutant embryos, despite the lack of fast muscle multinucleation. We show that genetic requirements change post-embryonically, with jam2a becoming much less important by late-larval stages and mymk now required for muscle fusion and growth in both fast and slow muscle cell types. Correspondingly, adult mymk mutants perform poorly in sprint and endurance tests compared to wild-type and jam2a mutants. We show that adult mymk mutant muscle contains small mononucleate myofibers with average myonuclear domain size equivalent to that in wild type adults. The mymk mutant fibers have decreased Laminin expression and increased numbers of Pax7-positive cells, suggesting that impaired fiber growth and active regeneration contribute to the muscle phenotype. Our findings identify several aspects of muscle fusion that change with time in slow and fast fibers as zebrafish develop beyond embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Brit L Martin
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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193
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Fukada SI, Akimoto T, Sotiropoulos A. Role of damage and management in muscle hypertrophy: Different behaviors of muscle stem cells in regeneration and hypertrophy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118742. [PMID: 32417255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with two unique abilities; one is its excellent regenerative ability, due to the activity of skeletal muscle-resident stem cells named muscle satellite cells (MuSCs); and the other is the adaptation of myofiber size in response to external stimulation, intrinsic factors, or physical activity, which is known as plasticity. Low physical activity and some disease conditions lead to the reduction of myofiber size, called atrophy, whereas hypertrophy refers to the increase in myofiber size induced by high physical activity or anabolic hormones/drugs. MuSCs are essential for generating new myofibers during regeneration and the increase in new myonuclei during hypertrophy; however, there has been little investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying MuSC activation, proliferation, and differentiation during hypertrophy compared to those of regeneration. One reason is that 'degenerative damage' to myofibers during muscle injury or upon hypertrophy (especially overloaded muscle) is believed to trigger similar activation/proliferation of MuSCs. However, evidence suggests that degenerative damage of myofibers is not necessary for MuSC activation/proliferation during hypertrophy. When considering MuSC-based therapy for atrophy, including sarcopenia, it will be indispensable to elucidate MuSC behaviors in muscles that exhibit non-degenerative damage, because degenerated myofibers are not present in the atrophied muscles. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the relationship between MuSCs and hypertrophy, and discuss what remains to be discovered to inform the development and application of relevant treatments for muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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194
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The micropeptide LEMP plays an evolutionarily conserved role in myogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32393776 PMCID: PMC7214441 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, micropeptides have been increasingly identified as important regulators in various biological processes. However, whether micropeptides are functionally conserved remains largely unknown. Here, we uncovered a micropeptide with evolutionarily conserved roles in myogenesis. RNA-seq data analysis of proliferating mouse satellite cells (SCs) and differentiated myotubes identified a previously annotated lncRNA, MyolncR4 (1500011K16RIK), which is upregulated during muscle differentiation. Significantly, MyolncR4 is highly conserved across vertebrate species. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that MyolncR4 encodes a 56-aa micropeptide, which was named as LEMP (lncRNA encoded micropeptide). LEMP promotes muscle formation and regeneration in mouse. In zebrafish, MyolncR4 is enriched in developing somites and elimination of LEMP results in impaired muscle development, which could be efficiently rescued by expression of the mouse LEMP. Interestingly, LEMP is localized at both the plasma membrane and mitochondria, and associated with multiple mitochondrial proteins, suggestive of its involvement in mitochondrial functions. Together, our work uncovers a micropeptide that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in skeletal muscle differentiation, pinpointing the functional importance of this growing family of small peptides.
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195
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Petrany MJ, Song T, Sadayappan S, Millay DP. Myocyte-derived Myomaker expression is required for regenerative fusion but exacerbates membrane instability in dystrophic myofibers. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136095. [PMID: 32310830 PMCID: PMC7253022 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle progenitor cell fusion is required for the formation and regeneration of multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers. Chronic muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by ongoing fusion of satellite cell (SC) progeny, but the effects of fusion on disease and the mechanisms by which fusion is accomplished in this setting are not fully understood. Using the mdx mouse model of DMD, we deleted the fusogenic protein Myomaker in SCs or myofibers. Following deletion in SCs, mice displayed a complete lack of myocyte fusion, resulting in severe muscle loss, enhanced fibrosis, and significant functional decline. Reduction of Myomaker in mature myofibers in mdx mice, however, led to minimal alterations in fusion dynamics. Unexpectedly, myofiber-specific deletion of Myomaker resulted in improvement of disease phenotype, with enhanced function and decreased muscle damage. Our data indicate that Myomaker has divergent effects on dystrophic disease severity depending upon its compartment of expression. These findings show that myocyte fusion is absolutely required for effective regeneration in DMD, but persistent Myomaker expression in myofibers due to ongoing fusion may have unintended deleterious consequences for muscle integrity. Thus, sustained activation of a component of the myogenic program in dystrophic myofibers exacerbates disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Taejeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, and
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, and
| | - Douglas P. Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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196
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Zhang Y, Le T, Grabau R, Mohseni Z, Kim H, Natale DR, Feng L, Pan H, Yang H. TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase mediates trophoblast fusion and placental development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba0310. [PMID: 32494719 PMCID: PMC7202889 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion or syncytialization is fundamental to the reproduction, development, and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In addition to various cell type-specific fusogenic proteins, cell surface externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), a universal eat-me signal in apoptotic cells, has been observed in different cell fusion events. Nevertheless, the molecular underpinnings of PS externalization and cellular mechanisms of PS-facilitated cell-cell fusion are unclear. Here, we report that TMEM16F, a Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase (CaPLSase), plays an essential role in placental trophoblast fusion by translocating PS to cell surface independent of apoptosis. The placentas from the TMEM16F knockout mice exhibit deficiency in trophoblast syncytialization and placental development, which lead to perinatal lethality. We thus identified a new biological function of TMEM16F CaPLSase in trophoblast fusion and placental development. Our findings provide insight into understanding cell-cell fusion mechanism of other cell types and on mitigating pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Trieu Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Grabau
- The USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zahra Mohseni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hoejeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David R. Natale
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Pan
- The USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Huanghe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Corresponding author.
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197
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Lian YL, Chen KW, Chou YT, Ke TL, Chen BC, Lin YC, Chen L. PIP3 depletion rescues myoblast fusion defects in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240325. [PMID: 32220979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is required for myotube formation during myogenesis, and defects in myoblast differentiation and fusion have been implicated in a number of diseases, including human rhabdomyosarcoma. Although transcriptional regulation of the myogenic program has been studied extensively, the mechanisms controlling myoblast fusion remain largely unknown. This study identified and characterized the dynamics of a distinct class of blebs, termed bubbling blebs, which are smaller than those that participate in migration. The formation of these bubbling blebs occurred during differentiation and decreased alongside a decline in phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) at the plasma membrane before myoblast fusion. In a human rhabdomyosarcoma-derived (RD) cell line that exhibits strong blebbing dynamics and myoblast fusion defects, PIP3 was constitutively abundant on the membrane during myogenesis. Targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) to the plasma membrane reduced PIP3 levels, inhibited bubbling blebs and rescued myoblast fusion defects in RD cells. These findings highlight the differential distribution and crucial role of PIP3 during myoblast fusion and reveal a novel mechanism underlying myogenesis defects in human rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Lian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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198
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Merino-Valverde I, Greco E, Abad M. The microproteome of cancer: From invisibility to relevance. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:111997. [PMID: 32302626 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have revealed that many genomic regions previously annotated as non-protein coding actually contain small open reading frames, smaller that 300 bp, that are transcribed and translated into evolutionary conserved microproteins. To date, only a small subset of them have been functionally characterized, but they play key functions in fundamental processes such as DNA repair, RNA processing and metabolism regulation. This emergent field seems to hide a new category of molecular regulators with clinical potential. In this review, we focus on its relevance for cancer. Following Hanahan and Weinberg's classification of the hallmarks of cancer, we provide an overview of those microproteins known to be implicated in cancer or those that, based on their function, are likely to play a role in cancer. The resulting picture is that while we are at the very early times of this field, it holds the promise to provide crucial information to understand cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Greco
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - María Abad
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, 08035, Spain.
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199
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Yeh CF, Chang YCE, Lu CY, Hsuan CF, Chang WT, Yang KC. Expedition to the missing link: Long noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:48. [PMID: 32241300 PMCID: PMC7114803 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advances in deep sequencing-based transcriptome profiling technology, it is now known that human genome is transcribed more pervasively than previously thought. Up to 90% of the human DNA is transcribed, and a large proportion of the human genome is transcribed as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a heterogenous group of non-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs are functional and contribute to the complex regulatory networks involved in cardiovascular development and diseases. In this article, we will review recent evidence on the roles of lncRNAs in the biological processes of cardiovascular development and disorders. The potential applications of lncRNAs as biomarkers and targets for therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Fan Yeh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Eugene Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lu
- Graduate Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Hsuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, I-Shou University School of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tien Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, Taiwan.
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200
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Chen B, You W, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in muscle development and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1551-1569. [PMID: 31642939 PMCID: PMC11105057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays essential roles in motor function, energy, and glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle formation occurs through a process called myogenesis, in which a crucial step is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The myoblast/myocyte fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific way that is essential for muscle development and post-natal muscle regeneration. Many molecules and proteins have been found and demonstrated to have the capacity to regulate the fusion of myoblast/myocytes. Interestingly, two newly discovered muscle-specific membrane proteins, Myomaker and Myomixer (also called Myomerger and Minion), have been identified as fusogenic regulators in vertebrates. Both Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion have the capacity to directly control the myogenic fusion process. Here, we review and discuss the latest studies related to these two proteins, including the discovery, structure, expression pattern, functions, and regulation of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion. We also emphasize and discuss the interaction between Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion, as well as their cooperative regulatory roles in cell-cell fusion. Moreover, we highlight the areas for exploration of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in future studies and consider their potential application to control cell fusion for cell-therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bide Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.
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