151
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Yang F, Wei J, Shen M, Ding Y, Lu Y, Ishaq HM, Li D, Yan D, Wang Q, Zhang R. Integrated Analyses of the Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, and Serum Metabolome Phenotype in Rats with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0083421. [PMID: 34190609 PMCID: PMC8388829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00834-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of alcohol dependence is not completely understood. Increasing evidence reveals that gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with certain psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism, through the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of alcohol abuse on the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and serum metabolic profile and to determine whether alcohol-induced alterations in gut microbiota are correlated with gut permeability and serum metabolic phenotype changes. 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and nontarget metabolomics techniques were applied in an alcohol-dependent rat model in the present study. The results showed that alcohol intake altered the composition and structure of the colonic microbiota, especially the relative abundances of commensal microbes in the families Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae, which were significantly decreased. Alcohol-dependent rats developed gut leakiness and a serum metabolic phenotype disorder. The valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis pathways and arginine and proline metabolism pathways were obviously influenced by alcohol intake. Moreover, alcohol consumption disturbed the brain's neurotransmitter homeostasis. Regression analysis showed that alcohol-induced colonic microbiota dysbiosis was strongly associated with increased intestinal permeability and serum metabolic phenotype and neurotransmitter disorders. These results revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis and serum metabolite alteration might be a cofactor for developing of alcohol dependence. IMPORTANCE Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with certain psychiatric disorders through the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. Here, we revealed that alcohol consumption induced colonic microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and altered the serum metabolic phenotype in rats, and there was a strong correlation between gut microbiota dysbiosis and serum metabolite disorders. Thus, gut microbiota dysbiosis and serum metabolite alteration may be a cofactor for development of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jidong Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengke Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yating Ding
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yufan Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Duan Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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152
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Forouzan S, McGrew K, Kosten TA. Drugs and bugs: Negative affect, psychostimulant use and withdrawal, and the microbiome. Am J Addict 2021; 30:525-538. [PMID: 34414622 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A growing body of literature demonstrates that the human microbiota plays a crucial role in health and disease states, as well as in the body's response to stress. In addition, the microbiome plays a role in psychological well-being and regulating negative affect. Regulation of negative affect is a factor in psychostimulant abuse disorders. We propose a risk chain in which stress leads to negative affect that places an individual at risk to develop or relapse to psychostimulant abuse disorder. Stress, negative affect, and psychostimulant use all alter the gut microbiome. METHODS This review brings together the literature on affective disorders, stress, and psychostimulant abuse disorders to assess possible modulatory actions of the gut-brain axis to regulate these conditions. RESULTS Studies reviewed across the various disciplines suggest that the dysbiosis resulting from drug use, drug withdrawal, or stress may cause an individual to be more susceptible to addiction and relapse. Probiotics and prebiotics reduce stress and negative affect. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Treatment during the withdrawal phase of psychostimulant abuse disorder, when the microbiome is altered, may ameliorate the symptoms of stress and negative affect leading to a reduced risk of relapse to psychostimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Forouzan
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keely McGrew
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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153
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Monnig MA, Lamb PS, Parra JM, Cioe PA, Martone CM, Monti PM, Szabo G. Immune Response to an Acute Moderate Dose of Alcohol in Healthy Young Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:616-623. [PMID: 32776108 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research on alcohol and the immune system has tended to focus on binge doses or chronic heavy drinking. The aim of this single-session preliminary study was to characterize immune response to moderate alcohol (0.60 g alcohol per kilogram body weight) in healthy, nonchronic drinkers. The sample (N = 11) averaged 26.6 years of age and was balanced in gender. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 hours postconsumption. Markers of microbial translocation [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and innate immune response [LPS-binding protein (LBP), soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), and selected cytokines] were measured using immunoassays. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on subjective alcohol response and craving. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes in biomarkers and self-report measures. Breath alcohol concentration peaked at 0.069 ± 0.008% 1 hour postconsumption. LPS showed a significant linear decrease. LBP and sCD14 showed significant, nonlinear (U-shaped) trajectories wherein levels decreased at 1 hour then rebounded by 3 hours. Of nine cytokines tested, only MCP-1 and IL-8 were detectable in ≥50% of samples. IL-8 did not change significantly. MCP-1 showed a significant linear decrease and also accounted for significant variance in alcohol craving, with higher levels associated with stronger craving. Results offer novel evidence on acute immune response to moderate alcohol. Changes in LBP and sCD14, relative to LPS, may reflect their role in LPS clearance. Results also support further investigation into the role of MCP-1 in alcohol craving. Limitations include small sample size and lack of a placebo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Philip S Lamb
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jose M Parra
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Christina M Martone
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Peter M Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Beth Israel Lahey Health, Dept of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ST-214B, 330 Brookline Ave, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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154
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The Prophylactic Effects of Glutamine on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Rats with Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082788. [PMID: 34444950 PMCID: PMC8398394 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the prophylactic effects of glutamine on muscle protein synthesis and degradation in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. For the first 2 weeks, Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed a control (n = 16) or glutamine-containing diet (n = 24). For the following 6 weeks, rats fed the control diet were further divided into two groups (n = 8 per group) according to whether their diet contained no ethanol (CC) or did contain ethanol (CE). Rats fed the glutamine-containing diet were also further divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), including a GG group (glutamine-containing diet without ethanol), GE group (control diet with ethanol), and GEG group (glutamine-containing diet with ethanol). After 6 weeks, results showed that hepatic fatty change, inflammation, altered liver function, and hyperammonemia had occurred in the CE group, but these were attenuated in the GE and GEG groups. Elevated intestinal permeability and a higher plasma endotoxin level were observed in the CE group, but both were lower in the GE and GEG groups. The level of a protein synthesis marker (p70S6K) was reduced in the CE group but was higher in both the GE and GEG groups. In conclusion, glutamine supplementation might elevate muscle protein synthesis by improving intestinal health and ameliorating liver damage in rats with chronic ethanol intake.
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155
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Abstract
The incidence of alcoholic hepatitis is increasing while the mortality rate remains high. The single current available therapy for severe alcoholic hepatitis is administration of corticosteroids for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, which has demonstrated limited benefits, providing a short-term mortality benefit with a marginal response rate. There is a need for developing safe and effective therapies. This article reviews novel therapies targeting various mechanisms in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis, such as the gut-liver axis, inflammatory cascade, oxidative stress, and hepatic regeneration. Current ongoing clinical trials for alcoholic hepatitis also are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ai Thanda Han
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, H-526, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, H-536, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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156
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Abstract
Malnutrition is common in alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH); almost all patients with severe AH have some component of malnutrition. The classic phenotype of malnutrition in AH is sarcopenia, but this has become more difficult to discern clinically as patients have become more obese. Patients with AH are often drinking 10 to 15 standard drinks per day. This substantial alcohol consumption becomes a major source of calories, but these are considered "empty" calories that contain little nutritional value. Malnutrition is associated with liver complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy, and worse liver outcomes. Nutrition support can improve nutrition status and reduce complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;,UofL Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;,Robely Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40207
| | - Cristian D. Rios
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Sally Condon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Luis S. Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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157
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Ge QC, Dietrich CF, Bhutani MS, Zhang BZ, Zhang Y, Wang YD, Zhang JJ, Wu YF, Sun SY, Guo JT. Comprehensive review of diagnostic modalities for early chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4342-4357. [PMID: 34366608 PMCID: PMC8316907 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive condition caused by several factors and characterised by pancreatic fibrosis and dysfunction. However, CP is difficult to diagnose at an early stage. Various advanced methods including endoscopic ultrasound based elastography and confocal laser endomicroscopy have been used to diagnose early CP, although no unified diagnostic standards have been established. In the past, the diagnosis was mainly based on imaging, and no comprehensive evaluations were performed. This review describes and compares the advantages and limitations of the traditional and latest diagnostic modalities and suggests guidelines for the standardisation of the methods used to diagnose early CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chao Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Christoph F Dietrich
- Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Salem und Permanence, Bern CH-3000, Switzerland
| | - Manoop S Bhutani
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Bao-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Dan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu-Fan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jin-Tao Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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158
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Calleja-Conde J, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Durán-González P, Morales-García JÁ, Segovia-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Giné E, López-Moreno JA. The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147485. [PMID: 34299105 PMCID: PMC8303153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the largest organ with immune function in our body, responsible for regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier. A diverse, complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, called microbiota, which exert a significant impact on the host during homeostasis and disease, supports this role. In fact, intestinal bacteria maintain immune and metabolic homeostasis, protecting our organism against pathogens. The development of numerous inflammatory disorders and infections has been linked to altered gut bacterial composition or dysbiosis. Multiple factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota. For instance, diet is considered as one of the many drivers in shaping the gut microbiota across the lifetime. By contrast, alcohol is one of the many factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the gut, leading to a disruption of the intestinal barrier integrity that increases the permeability of the mucosa, with the final result of a disrupted mucosal immunity. This damage to the permeability of the intestinal membrane allows bacteria and their components to enter the blood tissue, reaching other organs such as the liver or the brain. Although chronic heavy drinking has harmful effects on the immune system cells at the systemic level, this review focuses on the effect produced on gut, brain and liver, because of their significance in the link between alcohol consumption, gut microbiota and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Calleja-Conde
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Universidad Nebrija, Campus Madrid-Princesa, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kora-Mareen Bühler
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
| | - Pedro Durán-González
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
| | - Jose Ángel Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM) “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Segovia-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Elena Giné
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jose Antonio López-Moreno
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.-C.); (V.E.-A.); (K.-M.B.); (P.D.-G.); (L.S.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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159
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Luthra-Guptasarma M, Guptasarma P. Does chronic inflammation cause acute inflammation to spiral into hyper-inflammation in a manner modulated by diet and the gut microbiome, in severe Covid-19? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000211. [PMID: 34213801 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We propose that hyper-inflammation (HYPi) is a ''runaway'' consequence of acute inflammation (ACUi) that arises more easily (and also abates less easily) in those who host a pre-existing chronic inflammation (CHRi), because (i) most factors involved in generating an ACUi to limit viral proliferation are already present when there is an underlying CHRi, and also because (ii) anti-inflammatory (AI) mechanisms for the abatement of ACUi (following containment of viral proliferation) are suppressed and desensitized where there is an underlying CHRi, with this causing the ACUi to spiral into a HYPi. Stress, pollution, diet, and gut microbiomes (alterable in weeks through dietary changes) have an intimate and bidirectional cause-effect relationship with CHRi. We propose that avoidance of CHRi-promoting foods and adoption of CHRi-suppressing foods could reduce susceptibility to HYPi, in Covid-19 and in other viral diseases, such as influenza, which are characterized by episodic and unpredictable HYPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Purnananda Guptasarma
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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160
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Wrzosek L, Ciocan D, Hugot C, Spatz M, Dupeux M, Houron C, Lievin-Le Moal V, Puchois V, Ferrere G, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Durand S, Kroemer G, Voican CS, Emond P, Straube M, Sokol H, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Microbiota tryptophan metabolism induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and improves alcohol-induced liver injury. Gut 2021; 70:1299-1308. [PMID: 33004548 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic alcohol consumption is an important cause of liver-related deaths. Specific intestinal microbiota profiles are associated with susceptibility or resistance to alcoholic liver disease in both mice and humans. We aimed to identify the mechanisms by which targeting intestinal microbiota can improve alcohol-induced liver lesions. DESIGN We used human associated mice, a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease transplanted with the intestinal microbiota of alcoholic patients and used the prebiotic, pectin, to modulate the intestinal microbiota. Based on metabolomic analyses, we focused on microbiota tryptophan metabolites, which are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Involvement of the AhR pathway was assessed using both a pharmacological approach and AhR-deficient mice. RESULTS Pectin treatment modified the microbiome and metabolome in human microbiota-associated alcohol-fed mice, leading to a specific faecal signature. High production of bacterial tryptophan metabolites was associated with an improvement of liver injury. The AhR agonist Ficz (6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole) reduced liver lesions, similarly to prebiotic treatment. Conversely, inactivation of the ahr gene in alcohol-fed AhR knock-out mice abrogated the beneficial effects of the prebiotic. Importantly, patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis have low levels of bacterial tryptophan derivatives that are AhR agonists. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of alcoholic liver disease by targeting the intestinal microbiota involves the AhR pathway, which should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wrzosek
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Madeleine Spatz
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Margot Dupeux
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Camille Houron
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Virginie Puchois
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation thérapeutique, Paris-Saclay University, Chatenay-Malabry, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sylvere Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Île-de-France, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Île-de-France, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cosmin Sebastian Voican
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, University of Tours, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France.,Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHRU Tours, Tours, Centre, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne University, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne University, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Gastroenterology department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France .,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
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161
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Yang C, Fu X, Hao W, Xiang X, Liu T, Yang B, Zhang X. Gut dysbiosis associated with the rats' responses in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12975. [PMID: 33094505 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent stimulant and notoriously addictive. Individuals respond to MA effects differently and thus have a varying susceptible risk of developing MA use disorder. Cumulative evidence has indicated that gut dysbiosis contributes to behavioral response to drug effects. However, the role of gut microbiota in the susceptible risk of developing MA use disorder has remained elusive. Using an MA-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rat model, we administrated the same dose of MA to rats, which then showed distinct preferences in drug-related place, indicating their different responses to MA. From all of the MA-exposed rats, the eight with the highest CPP scores were labeled as group high CPP (H-CPP), and the eight with the lowest were labeled as group low CPP (L-CPP). By 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing, we found that the gut microbiota compositions differed between H-CPP and L-CPP. Specifically, Akkermansia was significantly higher in H-CPP and positively correlated with the CPP scores. Notably, H-CPP and L-CPP differed in the gut microbiota composition prior to the CPP training; Ruminococcus was the dominant phylotype in H-CPP at baseline. More importantly, rats pretreated by antibiotics showed a significantly stronger MA-induced CPP than did the controls. Our study demonstrates that the gut dysbiosis was associated with the MA-induced CPP, indicating that the gut microbiota might be important modulators for MA-induced behavior and vulnerability to MA use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiaoya Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
| | - Bao‐Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya) Changsha China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health Changsha China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University Changsha China
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162
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Yan X, Ren X, Liu X, Wang Y, Ma J, Song R, Wang X, Dong Y, Fan Q, Wei J, Yu A, She G. Dietary Ursolic Acid Prevents Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury via Gut-Liver Axis Homeostasis Modulation: The Key Role of Microbiome Manipulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7074-7083. [PMID: 34152776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a natural triterpenoid widely distributed within fruits and edible plants, has been proven to relieve alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the mechanisms involved largely remain unclear. This study investigated whether the beneficial effects of UA on ALD could be related to gut-liver axis (GLA) modulation. Special attention was paid to the contribution of gut microbiome manipulation. UA ameliorated intestinal oxidative stress and barrier dysfunction induced by alcohol. As a consequence of gut leakiness amelioration, the related endotoxemia-mediated liver toll-like receptor 4 pathway induction and the subsequent reactive oxygen species overproduction were reverted. UA also counteracted alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis. A fecal microbiota transplantation study indicated that liver injury as well as ileum oxidative stress and gut barrier dysfunction of recipient mice were partly ameliorated as a result of microbiome remodeling. These results suggest that dietary UA alleviates ALD through GLA homeostasis modulation. Gut microbiome manipulation contributes to the hepatoprotective activity and GLA modulating effect of UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamu Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
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163
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Nishimura N, Kaji K, Kitagawa K, Sawada Y, Furukawa M, Ozutsumi T, Fujinaga Y, Tsuji Y, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Fukui H, Yoshiji H. Intestinal Permeability Is a Mechanical Rheostat in the Pathogenesis of Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6921. [PMID: 34203178 PMCID: PMC8267717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that an alteration in the gut microbiota and their products, particularly endotoxins derived from Gram-negative bacteria, may play a major role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Gut dysbiosis caused by a high-fat diet and alcohol consumption induces increased intestinal permeability, which means higher translocation of bacteria and their products and components, including endotoxins, the so-called "leaky gut". Clinical studies have found that plasma endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic liver disease. A decrease in commensal nonpathogenic bacteria including Ruminococaceae and Lactobacillus and an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae are observed in cirrhotic patients. The decreased diversity of the gut microbiota in cirrhotic patients before liver transplantation is also related to a higher incidence of post-transplant infections and cognitive impairment. The exposure to endotoxins activates macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to a greater production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, which play key roles in the progression of liver diseases. TLR4 is a major receptor activated by the binding of endotoxins in macrophages, and its downstream signal induces proinflammatory cytokines. The expression of TLR4 is also observed in nonimmune cells in the liver, such as hepatic stellate cells, which play a crucial role in the progression of liver fibrosis that develops into hepatocarcinogenesis, suggesting the importance of the interaction between endotoxemia and TLR4 signaling as a target for preventing liver disease progression. In this review, we summarize the findings for the role of gut-derived endotoxemia underlying the progression of liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (K.K.); (K.K.); (Y.S.); (M.F.); (T.O.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (H.K.); (K.M.); (T.N.); (T.A.); (H.F.); (H.Y.)
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164
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Li B, Mao Q, Zhou D, Luo M, Gan R, Li H, Huang S, Saimaiti A, Shang A, Li H. Effects of Tea against Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Chronic Alcohol-Exposed Mice. Foods 2021; 10:1232. [PMID: 34071491 PMCID: PMC8228948 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). Tea is a popular beverage worldwide and exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as hepatoprotective effects. However, the potential role of gut microbiota regulated by tea in the prevention and management of AFLD remains unclear. Here, the protective effects of oolong tea, black tea, and dark tea on AFLD and its regulation of gut microbiota in chronic alcohol-exposed mice were explored and investigated. The results revealed that tea supplementation significantly prevented liver steatosis, decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulated gut microbiota in chronic alcohol-exposed mice, especially oolong tea and dark tea. However, black tea showed less effectiveness against liver injury caused by alcohol. Moreover, the diversity, structure and composition of chronic alcohol-disrupted gut microbiota were restored by the supplementation of oolong tea and dark tea based on the analysis of gut microbiota. Furthermore, the relationship between liver injury biochemical indicators and gut microbiota indicated that some specific bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Parabacteroides were closely associated with AFLD. In addition, the phytochemical components in tea extracts were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, which could contribute to preventive effects on AFLD. In summary, oolong tea and dark tea could prevent chronic alcohol exposure-induced AFLD by modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Qianqian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Min Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Renyou Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Siyu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Adila Saimaiti
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Huabin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (B.L.); (Q.M.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
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165
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D'Souza SM, Houston K, Keenan L, Yoo BS, Parekh PJ, Johnson DA. Role of microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of esophageal mucosal disease: A paradigm shift from acid to bacteria? World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2054-2072. [PMID: 34025064 PMCID: PMC8117736 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and initial speciation (e.g., relative abundance) of the commensal microbiome have revolutionized the way we think about the "human" body in health and disease. The interactions between the gut bacteria and the immune system of the host play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, including those impacting the esophagus. Although relatively stable, there are a number of factors that may disrupt the delicate balance between the luminal esophageal microbiome (EM) and the host. These changes are thought to be a product of age, diet, antibiotic and other medication use, oral hygiene, smoking, and/or expression of antibiotic products (bacteriocins) by other flora. These effects may lead to persistent dysbiosis which in turn increases the risk of local inflammation, systemic inflammation, and ultimately disease progression. Research has suggested that the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related esophagitis includes a cytokine-mediated inflammatory component and is, therefore, not merely the result of esophageal mucosal exposure to corrosives (i.e., acid). Emerging evidence also suggests that the EM plays a major role in the pathogenesis of disease by inciting an immunogenic response which ultimately propagates the inflammatory cascade. Here, we discuss the potential role for manipulating the EM as a therapeutic option for treating the root cause of various esophageal disease rather than just providing symptomatic relief (i.e., acid suppression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M D'Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - Kevin Houston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - Lauren Keenan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - Byung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - Parth J Parekh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - David A Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
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166
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Moreno-Gonzalez M, Beraza N. The Role of the Microbiome in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2330. [PMID: 34066064 PMCID: PMC8150469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy occuring in the context of chronic liver disease and is one of the main causes of cancer-derived death worldwide. The lack of effective treatments, together with the poor prognosis, underlines the urge to develop novel and multidisciplinary therapeutics. An increasing body of evidence shows that HCC associates with changes in intestinal microbiota abundance and composition as well as with impaired barrier function, leading to the release of bacteria and their metabolites to the liver. These factors trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses contributing to liver cirrhosis and constituting an ideal environment for the progression of HCC. Interestingly, the use of bacteriotherapy in human and preclinical studies of chronic liver disease and HCC has been shown to successfully modify the microbiota composition, reducing overall inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we explore the existing knowledge on the characterisation of the intestinal microbial composition in humans and experimental murine chronic liver disease and HCC, as well as the use of antibiotics and bacteriotherapy as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Moreno-Gonzalez
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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167
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He L, Vatsalya V, Ma X, Zhang J, Yin X, Kim S, Feng W, McClain CJ, Zhang X. Metabolic Profiling of Bile Acids in the Urine of Patients with Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:798-811. [PMID: 34027270 PMCID: PMC8122376 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play important functions in the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). In the current study, urine BA concentrations in 38 patients with well-described alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) as characterized by Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), 8 patients with alcohol-use disorder (AUD), and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-three BAs were identified, and 22 BAs had significant changes in their abundance levels in patients with AH. The potential associations of clinical data were compared to candidate BAs in this pilot proof-of-concept study. MELD score showed positive correlations with several conjugated BAs and negative correlations with certain unconjugated BAs; taurine-conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and MELD score showed the highest association. Cholic acid, CDCA, and apocholic acid had nonsignificant abundance changes in patients with nonsevere ALD compared to HCs but were significantly increased in those with severe AH. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the differences in these three compounds were sufficiently large to distinguish severe AH from nonsevere ALD. Notably, the abundance levels of primary BAs were significantly increased while most of the secondary BAs were markedly decreased in AH compared to AUD. Most importantly, the amount of total BAs and the ratio of primary to secondary BAs increased while the ratio of unconjugated to conjugated BAs decreased as disease severity increased. Conclusion: Abundance changes of specific BAs are closely correlated with the severity of AH in this pilot study. Urine BAs (individually or as a group) could be potential noninvasive laboratory biomarkers for detecting early stage ALD and may have prognostic value in AH morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing He
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology ProgramUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical MetabolomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical CenterLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Xipeng Ma
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology ProgramUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical MetabolomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Jiayang Zhang
- School of DentistryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical MetabolomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Seongho Kim
- Department of OncologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology ProgramUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology ProgramUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical CenterLouisvilleKYUSA.,Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology ProgramUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical MetabolomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
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168
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Tavakoly R, Hadi A, Rafie N, Talaei B, Marx W, Arab A. Effect of Probiotic Consumption on Immune Response in Athletes: A Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:769-781. [PMID: 33930934 DOI: 10.1055/a-1463-3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The possible effect of probiotic interventions on immunological markers in athletes is inconclusive. Therefore, to synthesize and quantitatively analyze the existing evidence on this topic, systematic literature searches of online databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Sciences was carried out up to February 2021 to find all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the immunological effects of probiotics in athletes. In the random-effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) explained the net effect. The authors assessed the likelihood of publication bias via Egger's and Begg's statistics. A total of 13 RCTs (836 participants) were retrieved. Probiotic consumption reduced lymphocyte T cytotoxic count significantly (WMD=-0.08 cells×109/L; 95% CI: -0.15 to -0.01; p=0.022) with evidence of moderate heterogeneity (I 2=59.1%, p=0.044) and monocyte count when intervention duration was ≤ 4 weeks (WMD=-0.08 cells×109/L; 95% CI: -0.16 to -0.001; I 2=0.0%). Furthermore, leukocyte count was significantly elevated (WMD=0.48 cells×109/L; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.93; I 2=0.0%) when multi-strain probiotics were used. Probiotic supplements may improve immunological markers, including lymphocyte T cytotoxic, monocyte, and leukocyte in athletes. Further randomized controlled trials using diverse strains of probiotics and consistent outcome measures are necessary to allow for evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Tavakoly
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (the Islamic Republic of).,Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Amir Hadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Nahid Rafie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Behrouz Talaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (the Islamic Republic of).,Department of Nutrition, school of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Arman Arab
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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169
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Yi Z, Liu X, Liang L, Wang G, Xiong Z, Zhang H, Song X, Ai L, Xia Y. Antrodin A from Antrodia camphorata modulates the gut microbiome and liver metabolome in mice exposed to acute alcohol intake. Food Funct 2021; 12:2925-2937. [PMID: 33720247 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03345f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Antrodin A (AdA) from Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) mycelium on alcohol-induced gut microbiota and liver metabolomic disorders. In acute alcoholic liver injury mice, AdA ameliorated alcoholic exposure-induced hepatic lipid deposition (TC and TG), oxidative stress (MDA), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IFN-γ), and liver damage via modulating microbiome and metabolomic responses. AdA restored the composition of intestinal flora with an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Dubosiella and a decrease in Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001. Besides, AdA favorably regulated alcohol-induced metabolic disorders, including glutathione metabolism (S-(2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione and glutathione oxidized), ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (l-ascorbic acid), and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism (taurine). In conclusion, AdA in A. camphorata is a beneficial active ingredient to treat the microbiomic and metabolic disturbance induced by alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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170
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Angoa-Pérez M, Kuhn DM. Evidence for Modulation of Substance Use Disorders by the Gut Microbiome: Hidden in Plain Sight. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:571-596. [PMID: 33597276 PMCID: PMC7896134 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a serious threat to the public well-being, yet gut microbiome involvement in drug abuse has received very little attention. Studies of the mechanisms underlying SUDs have naturally focused on CNS reward circuits. However, a significant body of research has accumulated over the past decade that has unwittingly provided strong support for gut microbiome participation in drug reward. β-Lactam antibiotics have been employed to increase glutamate transporter expression to reverse relapse-induced release of glutamate. Sodium butyrate has been used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor to prevent drug-induced epigenetic alterations. High-fat diets have been used to alter drug reward because of the extensive overlap of the circuitry mediating them. This review article casts these approaches in a different light and makes a compelling case for gut microbiome modulation of SUDs. Few factors alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiome more than antibiotics and a high-fat diet, and butyrate is an endogenous product of bacterial fermentation. Drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants also modify the gut microbiome. Therefore, their effects must be viewed on a complex background of cotreatment-induced dysbiosis. Consideration of the gut microbiome in SUDs should have the beneficial effects of expanding the understanding of SUDs and aiding in the design of new therapies based on opposing the effects of abused drugs on the host's commensal bacterial community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proposed mechanisms underlying substance use disorders fail to acknowledge the impact of drugs of abuse on the gut microbiome. β-Lactam antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and high-fat diets are used to modify drug seeking and reward, overlooking the notable capacity of these treatments to alter the gut microbiome. This review aims to stimulate research on substance abuse-gut microbiome interactions by illustrating how drugs of abuse share with antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and fat-laden diets the ability to modify the host microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald M Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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171
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A biological framework for emotional dysregulation in alcohol misuse: from gut to brain. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1098-1118. [PMID: 33288871 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with impairments in social and emotional cognition that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of addiction. Repeated alcohol intoxications trigger inflammatory processes and sensitise the immune system. In addition, emerging data point to perturbations in the gut microbiome as a key regulator of the inflammatory cascade in AUD. Inflammation and social cognition are potent modulators of one another. At the same time, accumulating evidence implicates the gut microbiome in shaping emotional and social cognition, suggesting the possibility of a common underlying loop of crucial importance for addiction. Here we propose an integrative microbiome neuro-immuno-affective framework of how emotional dysregulation and alcohol-related microbiome dysbiosis could accelerate the cycle of addiction. We outline the overlapping effects of chronic alcohol use, inflammation and microbiome alterations on the fronto-limbic circuitry as a convergence hub for emotional dysregulation. We discuss the interdependent relationship of social cognition, immunity and the microbiome in relation to alcohol misuse- from binge drinking to addiction. In addition, we emphasise adolescence as a sensitive period for the confluence of alcohol harmful effects and emotional dysregulation in the developing gut-brain axis.
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Relationship between Nutrient Intake and Human Gut Microbiota in Monozygotic Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030275. [PMID: 33809761 PMCID: PMC8002349 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The gut microbiota is associated with human health and dietary nutrition. Various studies have been reported in this regard, but it is difficult to clearly analyze human gut microbiota as individual differences are significant. The causes of these individual differences in intestinal microflora are genetic and/or environmental. In this study, we focused on differences between identical twins in Japan to clarify the effects of nutrients consumed on the entire gut microbiome, while excluding genetic differences. Materials and Methods: We selected healthy Japanese monozygotic twins for the study and confirmed their zygosity by matching 15 short tandem repeat loci. Their fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses to identify and compare the fluctuations in intestinal bacteria. Results: We identified 12 genera sensitive to environmental factors, and found that Lactobacillus was relatively unaffected by environmental factors. Moreover, we identified protein, fat, and some nutrient intake that can affect 12 genera, which have been identified to be more sensitive to environmental factors. Among the 12 genera, Bacteroides had a positive correlation with retinol equivalent intake (rs = 0.38), Lachnospira had a significantly negative correlation with protein, sodium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intake (rs = −0.38, −0.41, −0.39, −0.63, −0.42, −0.49, respectively), Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group had a positive correlation with fat intake (rs = 0.39), and Lachnospiraceae UCG-008 group had a negative correlation with the saturated fatty acid intake (rs = −0.45). Conclusions: Our study is the first to focus on the relationship between human gut microbiota and nutrient intake using samples from Japanese twins to exclude the effects of genetic factors. These findings will broaden our understanding of the more intuitive relationship between nutrient intake and the gut microbiota and can be a useful basis for finding useful biomarkers that contribute to human health.
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Salavrakos M, Leclercq S, De Timary P, Dom G. Microbiome and substances of abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110113. [PMID: 32971216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing amount of evidence showing a reciprocal relation between the gut microbiota and the brain. Substance use disorders (SUD), which are a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, have an influence on the gut microbiota and on the gut-brain axis. The communication between the microbiota and the brain exists through different pathways: (1) the immune response elicited by bacterial products, coupled with alterations of the intestinal barrier allowing these products to enter the bloodstream, (2) the direct and indirect effects of bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or tryptophan on the brain, (3) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whose peripheral afferents can be influenced by the microbiota, and can in turn activate microglia. Among substances of abuse, alcohol has been the subject of the greatest number of studies in this field. In some but not all patients suffering from alcohol-use-disorder (AUD), alcohol alters the composition of the gut microbiota and the permeability of the intestinal barrier, directly and through dysbiosis. It has also been well demonstrated that alcohol induces a peripheral inflammation; it is still unclear whether it induces a central inflammation, as there are contradictory results in human studies. In animal studies, it has been shown that neuroinflammation increases during alcohol withdrawal. Literature on opioids and stimulants is less numerous. Chronic morphine intake induces dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability and a probable neuroinflammation, which could explain symptoms such as tolerance, hyperalgesia and deficit in reward behavior. Cocaine induces a dysbiosis and conversely the microbiome can modulate the behavioral response to stimulant drugs. Tobacco cessation is associated with an increase in microbiota diversity. Taken together, the findings of our narrative literature review suggest a bidirectional influence in the pathogenesis of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salavrakos
- Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Belgium
| | - S Leclercq
- Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Belgium
| | - P De Timary
- Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Belgium
| | - G Dom
- Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Belgium.
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Rao W, Lin Z, Liu S, Zhang Z, Xie Q, Chen H, Lin X, Chen Y, Yang H, Yu K, Hu Z. Association between alcohol consumption and oesophageal microbiota in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:73. [PMID: 33673801 PMCID: PMC7936487 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiota has been reported to play a role in cancer patients. Nevertheless, little is known about the association between alcohol consumption and resultant changes in the diversity and composition of oesophageal microbiota in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS We performed a hospital-based retrospective study of 120 patients with pathologically diagnosed primary ESCC. The relevant information for all study participants were collected through a detailed questionnaire. The differences in adjacent tissues between non-drinkers and drinkers were explored using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Raw sequencing data were imported into QIIME 2 to analyse the diversity and abundance of microbiota. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and unconditional logistic regression were performed to determine the bacterial taxa that were associated with drinking. RESULTS The Shannon diversity index and Bray-Curtis distance of oesophageal microbiota were significantly different among drinkers(P < 0.05). The alcohol-related bacteria were primarily from the orders Clostridiales, Gemellales and Pasteurellales, family Clostridiaceae, Lanchnospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, Alcaligenaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Gemellaceae; genus Clostridium, Helicobacter, Catonella, Bacteroides, Bacillus, Moraxella, and Bulleidia; and species B. moorei and longum (genus Bifidobacterium). In addition, the diversity and abundance of these microbiota were observed to be affected by the age, residential districts of the patients, and sampling seasons. Moreover, the higher the frequency and years of alcohol consumption, the lower was the relative abundance of genus Catonella that was observed. CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption is associated with alterations in both the diversity and composition the of the oesophageal microbiota in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qianwen Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anxi County Hospital, Quanzhou, 352400, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Statistics Office, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Yuanmei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliation to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Huimin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Kaili Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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175
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Translational Approaches with Antioxidant Phytochemicals against Alcohol-Mediated Oxidative Stress, Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030384. [PMID: 33806556 PMCID: PMC8000766 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data demonstrate the important roles of altered gut microbiomes (dysbiosis) in many disease states in the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Gut dysbiosis with decreased ratios of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes and other changes are reported to be caused by many disease states and various environmental factors, such as ethanol (e.g., alcohol drinking), Western-style high-fat diets, high fructose, etc. It is also caused by genetic factors, including genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in different individuals. Gut dysbiosis, impaired intestinal barrier function, and elevated serum endotoxin levels can be observed in human patients and/or experimental rodent models exposed to these factors or with certain disease states. However, gut dysbiosis and leaky gut can be normalized through lifestyle alterations such as increased consumption of healthy diets with various fruits and vegetables containing many different kinds of antioxidant phytochemicals. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of gut dysbiosis, leaky gut, endotoxemia, and fatty liver disease with a specific focus on the alcohol-associated pathways. We also mention translational approaches by discussing the benefits of many antioxidant phytochemicals and/or their metabolites against alcohol-mediated oxidative stress, gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and fatty liver disease.
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176
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Xia T, Zhang B, Li S, Fang B, Duan W, Zhang J, Song J, Wang M. Vinegar extract ameliorates alcohol-induced liver damage associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:2898-2909. [PMID: 32242560 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vinegar extract is rich in phenolic compounds, which can prevent free radical-induced diseases. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of vinegar extract on gut microbiota in alcohol-treated mice and their correlation with alcohol-induced liver damage. These results showed that vinegar extract regulated the gut microbiota composition and improved intestinal homeostasis through increasing the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, Reg3b, and Reg3g in alcohol-treated mice. In addition, vinegar extract inhibited the alcohol-induced production of ROS and inflammatory factors. Moreover, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus showed a significant positive correlation with Reg3b, Reg3g, ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 and a negative correlation with hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress parameters. However, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Butyricimonas, Parabacteroides, and Bilophila exhibited the opposite effect. These findings suggest that vinegar extract modulates gut microbiota and improves intestinal homeostasis, and can be used as a novel gut microbiota manipulator against alcohol-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
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177
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Wang Y, Xie T, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zou Z, Bai J. Impacts of Maternal Diet and Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy on Maternal and Infant Gut Microbiota. Biomolecules 2021; 11:369. [PMID: 33804345 PMCID: PMC8001387 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Maternal diet and alcohol consumption can influence both maternal and infant's gut microbiota. These relationships are still not examined in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of alcohol consumption and maternal diet during pregnancy on maternal and infant's gut microbiota. (2) Methods: Twenty-nine mother-child dyads were enrolled in central China. Fecal samples of mothers during late pregnancy and of newborns within 48 h were collected. The V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA sequences were analyzed. A self-administrated questionnaire about simple diet frequency in the past week was completed by mothers before childbirth. The demographic information was finished by mothers at 24 h after childbirth. (3) Results: Among these 29 mothers, 10 mothers reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The PCoA (β-diversity) showed significant difference in maternal gut microbiota between the alcohol consumption group vs. the non-alcohol consumption group (abund-Jaccard, r = 0.2, p = 0.006). The same phenomenon was observed in newborns (unweighted-UniFrac full tree, r = 0.174, p = 0.031). Maternal alcohol consumption frequency showed positive associations with maternal Phascolarctobacterium (p = 0.032) and Blautia (p = 0.019); maternal Faecalibacterium (p = 0.013) was negatively correlated with frequency of alcohol consumption. As for newborns, a positive relationship showed between Megamonas (p = 0.035) and newborns with maternal alcohol consumption. The diet was not associated with both maternal and infant's gut microbiota. (4) Conclusions: Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy influenced the gut microbiota on both mothers and the newborns. Future research is needed to explore these relationships in a lager birth cohort. Understanding the long-term effect of alcohol consumption on maternal and newborns' gut microbiota is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Tianqu Xie
- Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; (T.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yinyin Wu
- Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; (T.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; (T.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhijie Zou
- Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; (T.X.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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Huang W, Kong D. The intestinal microbiota as a therapeutic target in the treatment of NAFLD and ALD. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ohira H, Tsuruya A, Oikawa D, Nakagawa W, Mamoto R, Hattori M, Waki T, Takahashi S, Fujioka Y, Nakayama T. Alteration of oxidative-stress and related marker levels in mouse colonic tissues and fecal microbiota structures with chronic ethanol administration: Implications for the pathogenesis of ethanol-related colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246580. [PMID: 33577585 PMCID: PMC7880462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, and ethanol-induced reactive oxygen species have been suggested to play important roles in the pathogenesis of ethanol-related colorectal cancer (ER-CRC). In this study, the effects of 10-week chronic administration of ethanol on the colonic levels of oxidative stress and advance glycation end product (AGE) levels, as well as fecal microbiota structures, were examined in a mouse model. Chronic oral administration of ethanol in mice (1.0 mL of 1.5% or 5.0% ethanol (v/v) per day per mouse, up to 10 weeks) resulted in the elevation of colonic levels of oxidative stress markers (such as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 4-hydroxynonenal) compared to control mice, and this was consistently accompanied by elevated levels of inflammation-associated cytokines and immune cells (Th17 and macrophages) and a decreased level of regulatory T (Treg) cells to produce colonic lesions. It also resulted in an alteration of mouse fecal microbiota structures, reminiscent of the alterations observed in human inflammatory bowel disease, and this appeared to be consistent with the proposed sustained generation of oxidative stress in the colonic environment during chronic ethanol consumption. Moreover, the first experimental evidence that chronic ethanol administration results in elevated levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGE) in the colonic tissues in mice is also shown, implying enhanced RAGE-mediated signaling with chronic ethanol administration. The RAGE-mediated signaling pathway has thus far been implicated as a link between the accumulation of AGEs and the development of many types of chronic colitis and cancers. Thus, enhancement of this pathway likely exacerbates the ethanol-induced inflammatory states of colonic tissues and might at least partly contribute to the pathogenesis of ER-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohira
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuki Tsuruya
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daiki Oikawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wao Nakagawa
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rie Mamoto
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Cunningham M, Azcarate-Peril MA, Barnard A, Benoit V, Grimaldi R, Guyonnet D, Holscher HD, Hunter K, Manurung S, Obis D, Petrova MI, Steinert RE, Swanson KS, van Sinderen D, Vulevic J, Gibson GR. Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:667-685. [PMID: 33551269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently under study have the potential to change scientific understanding as well as nutritional and healthcare applications of these interventions. The expansion of related fields of microbiome-targeted interventions, and an evolving landscape for implementation across regulatory, policy, prescriber, and consumer spheres, portends an era of significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, and anticipated trends in probiotic and prebiotic science, and create a vision for broad areas of developing influence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Cunningham
- Department of Science and Innovation, Metagenics, PO Box 675, Virginia BC, QLD, 4014, Australia.
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- UNC Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Valerie Benoit
- Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Denis Guyonnet
- Diana Nova, Symrise Nutrition, Clichy-la-Garenne, France
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kirsty Hunter
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Sarmauli Manurung
- Emerging Sciences Research, Reckitt Benckiser, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Obis
- Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | - Robert E Steinert
- R&D Human Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Microbiology BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jelena Vulevic
- veMico Ltd, Reading, UK; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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181
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Effect of Lactobacillus casei on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic liver injury. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1227-1236. [PMID: 33514869 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus casei on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic liver injury. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 158 recruited alcoholic liver injury patients were randomized to three treatments for 60 days: low-dose group (LP, n = 58, 100 ml of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS)), high-dose group (HP, n = 54, 200 ml of LcS), and positive control group (PC, n = 46, 100 ml of special drinks without active Lactobacillus casei). Another group of 20 healthy people was served as normal control group (NC). RESULTS The serum levels of TG and LDLC in the HP group were significantly decreased by 26.56% and 23.83%, respectively than those in the PC group (P < 0.05). After supplementation of Lactobacillus casei, there was a significant increase in the amount of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium when compared with the PC group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of Lactobacillus casei can improve lipid metabolism and regulate intestinal flora disorders in patients with alcoholic liver injury.
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Støy S, Laursen TL, Eriksen LL, Grønbæk H, Vilstrup H, Sandahl TD. No Effect in Alcoholic Hepatitis of Gut-Selective, Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics on Bacterial Translocation or Hepatic and Systemic Inflammation. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00306. [PMID: 33566559 PMCID: PMC7846454 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In alcoholic hepatitis (AH), translocation of gut bacteria may drive hepatic macrophage activation and systemic inflammation. We investigated the effect of oral non-absorbable, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment on bacterial translocation and liver and systemic inflammation in AH. METHODS We consecutively recruited 31 patients with AH. Fourteen were given vancomycin 500 mg, gentamycin 40 mg, and meropenem 500 mg once daily for 7 days. Seventeen patients were a reference group receiving standard-of-care. Circulating markers of bacterial translocation and inflammation were measured at baseline, by day 7 and 90. Gut bacteriome profiling was performed before the intervention and at day 7. RESULTS At study entry, blood lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was multifold higher than normal, remained unchanged at day 7, but decreased at day 90 (P < 0.001) with no difference between the study groups. The macrophage activation markers sCD163 and sCD206 showed the same pattern (P < 0.001, day 90), still without group differences. The systemic inflammation markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 showed similar dynamics without group differences. There was no difference in 90-day mortality (total of 6 deaths) between the groups. The remnant gut bacteriome was markedly diversified by the intervention with growth of bacterial species rare for human flora. DISCUSSION In patients with AH, gut-targeted antibiotic treatment does not change markers of bacterial translocation and liver and systemic inflammation. This suggests that bacterial translocation is less important once the inflammatory process is established or that bacteriome reduction is less important than composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Støy
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tea Lund Laursen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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183
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Losso JN. Food Processing, Dysbiosis, Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases, and Antiangiogenic Functional Foods or Beverages. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:235-258. [PMID: 33467906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062520-090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Foods and beverages provide nutrients and alter the gut microbiota, resulting in eubiosis or dysbiosis. Chronic consumption of a diet that is high in saturated or trans fats, meat proteins, reducing sugars, and salt and low in fiber induces dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, loss of redox homeostasis, mast cells, hypoxia, angiogenesis, the kynurenine pathway, transglutaminase 2, and/or the Janus kinase pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal malignancy. This review discusses the effects of oxidative, carbonyl, or glycative stress-inducing dietary ingredients or food processing-derived compounds on gut microbiota and gastrointestinal epithelial and mast cells as well as on the development of associated angiogenic diseases, including key signaling pathways. The preventive or therapeutic potential and the biochemical pathways of antiangiogenic or proangiogenic foods or beverages are also described. The outcomes of the interactions between disease pathways and components of food are critical for the design of foods and beverages for healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA;
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184
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Yue R, Wei X, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Zhong W. Essential Role of IFN-γ in Regulating Gut Antimicrobial Peptides and Microbiota to Protect Against Alcohol-Induced Bacterial Translocation and Hepatic Inflammation in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 11:629141. [PMID: 33536944 PMCID: PMC7848155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.629141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which alcohol provokes bacterial translocation in the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain incompletely defined. Our previous study demonstrates that impaired gut epithelial antimicrobial defense is critically involved in the pathogenesis of ALD. The study was set to determine the mechanisms of how alcohol inhibits the antimicrobial ability of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and to explore possible solutions to this issue. C57BL/6J mice were fed either alcohol or isocaloric dextrin liquid diet for 8 weeks, and intestinal IFN-γ-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling was analyzed. We found that chronic alcohol exposure led to a significant reduction in intestinal IFN-γ levels compared to a control; the protein levels of phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) and p-STAT3 were both declined by alcohol. We then tested the effects of IFN-γ-STAT signaling on regulating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), gut microbiota, and disease progression of ALD in a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding, time-course acute IFN-γ treatment, and in vivo and in vitro IEC-specific STAT1 or STAT3 knockout mouse models, respectively. Administration of IFN-γ activated intestinal STAT1 and STAT3, upregulated the expression of Reg3 and α-defensins, orchestrated gut microbiota, and reversed alcohol-induced intestinal ZO-1 disruption and systemic endotoxin elevation as well as hepatic inflammation. Meanwhile, acute IFN-γ treatment time-dependently induced AMP expression and α-defensin activation. We then dissected the roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in this progress. Lack of IEC-specific STAT3 inhibited IFN-γ-induced expression of Reg3 and α-defensins and hindered activation of α-defensins via inactivating matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7), whereas lack of IEC-specific STAT1 impaired IFN-γ-stimulated expression of α-defensins and the IEC marker, sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3. Lastly, we found that interleukin (IL)-18, a known IFN-γ inducer, was also reduced by alcohol in mice. IL-18 treatment to alcohol-fed mice normalized gut IFN-γ levels and ameliorated organ damages in both the intestine and liver. Taken together, the study reveals that IFN-γ is critically involved in the regulation of AMPs through regulation of STAT1 and STAT3; impaired IFN-γ-STAT signaling provides an explanation for alcohol-induced gut antimicrobial dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis. Therefore, IFN-γ remains a promising host defense-enhancing cytokine with unexplored clinical potential in ALD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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185
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García-Cabrerizo R, Carbia C, O Riordan KJ, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis as a regulator of reward processes. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1495-1524. [PMID: 33368280 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our gut harbours trillions of microorganisms essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and host physiology in health and disease. In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in understanding the bidirectional pathway of communication between our microbiota and the central nervous system. With regard to reward processes there is accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies that this axis may be a key factor in gating reward valence. Focusing on the mesocorticolimbic pathway, we will discuss how the intestinal microbiota is involved in regulating brain reward functions, both in natural (i.e. eating, social or sexual behaviours) and non-natural reinforcers (drug addiction behaviours including those relevant to alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids and cannabinoids). We will integrate preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the microbiota-gut-brain axis could be implicated in the development of disorders associated with alterations in the reward system and how it may be targeted as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15065.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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186
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Hsieh PS, Chen CW, Kuo YW, Ho HH. Lactobacillus spp. reduces ethanol-induced liver oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:188. [PMID: 33488797 PMCID: PMC7812587 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis if not treated promptly. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are the main factors that cause steatohepatitis and liver injury; however, probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract have been revealed to regulate immune responses and reduce oxidative stress, suggesting that functional probiotics could help to prevent ASH and liver injury. Despite numerous reports on the interactions between ASH and probiotics, the mechanisms underlying probiotic-mediated liver protection remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to screen probiotics with high antioxidant capacity and investigate the ability of different probiotic combinations to reduce alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in a mouse model. It was identified that Lactobacillus plantarum (TSP05), Lactobacillus fermentum (TSF331) and Lactobacillus reuteri (TSR332) neutralized free radicals and displayed high antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition, these three functional probiotic strains protected mice from alcohol-induced liver injury in vivo. Mice treated with the probiotics demonstrated significantly lower alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and triglyceride levels, which were associated with the downregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, probiotic treatment upregulated glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity, which are bioindicators of oxidative stress in the liver. Collectively, the present results indicated that Lactobacillus strains TSP05, TSF331 and TSR332 reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, thus preventing ASH development and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 74442, Taiwan, R.O.C
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187
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Jiang L, Stärkel P, Fan JG, Fouts DE, Bacher P, Schnabl B. The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1-11. [PMID: 33151407 PMCID: PMC7819863 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as "mycobiome" or "fungome") are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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188
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Rodriguez EA, Yamamoto BK. Toxic Effects of Methamphetamine on Perivascular Health: Co-morbid Effects of Stress and Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:2092-2107. [PMID: 34344290 PMCID: PMC9185763 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse presents a global problem and commonly occurs with stress and/or alcohol use disorders. Regardless, the biological causes and consequences of these comorbidities are unclear. Whereas the mechanisms of Meth, stress, and alcohol abuse have been examined individually and well-characterized, these processes overlap significantly and can impact the neural and peripheral consequences of Meth. This review focuses on the deleterious cardio- and cerebrovascular effects of Meth, stress, alcohol abuse, and their comorbid effects on the brain and periphery. Points of emphasis are on the composition of the blood-brain barrier and their effects on the heart and vasculature. The autonomic nervous system, inflammation, and oxidative stress are specifically highlighted as common mediators of the toxic consequences to vascular and perivascular health. A significant portion of the Meth abusing population also presents with stress and alcohol use disorders, prompting a need to understand the mechanisms underlying their comorbidities. Little is known about their possible convergent effects. Therefore, the purpose of this critical review is to identify shared mechanisms of Meth, chronic stress, and alcohol abuse that contributes to the dysfunction of vascular health and underscores the need for studies that directly address their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryan K. Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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189
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Hartmann P, Schnabl B. New Developments in Microbiome in Alcohol-Associated and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:87-102. [PMID: 33957682 PMCID: PMC8163568 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the development and progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Here we describe associated changes in the intestinal microbiota, and we detail randomized clinical trials in ALD and NAFLD which evaluate treatments modulating the intestinal microbiome including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. Finally, we discuss precision medicine approaches targeting the intestinal microbiome to ameliorate ALD and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.,Corresponding Author: Bernd Schnabl, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, Phone: +1 858-822-5311, Fax: +1 858-822-5370,
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190
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Caslin B, Mohler K, Thiagarajan S, Melamed E. Alcohol as friend or foe in autoimmune diseases: a role for gut microbiome? Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1916278. [PMID: 34224314 PMCID: PMC8259720 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1916278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is well known for promoting systemic inflammation and aggravating multiple chronic health conditions. Thus, alcohol may also be expected to serve as a risk factor in autoimmune diseases. However, emerging data from human and animal studies suggest that alcohol may in fact be protective in autoimmune diseases. These studies point toward alcohol's complex dose-dependent relationship in autoimmune diseases as well as potential modulation by duration and type of alcohol consumption, cultural background and sex. In this review, we will explore alcohol's pro- and anti-inflammatory properties in human and animal autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune diabetes, thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. We will also discuss potential mechanisms of alcohol's anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Caslin
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Kailey Mohler
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Shreya Thiagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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191
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Forouzan S, Hoffman KL, Kosten TA. Methamphetamine exposure and its cessation alter gut microbiota and induce depressive-like behavioral effects on rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:281-292. [PMID: 33097978 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine is a highly abused psychostimulant drug and its use remains a major public health concern worldwide with limited effective treatment options. Accumulative evidence reveals the influence of gut microbiota on the brain, behavior, and health as a part of the gut-brain axis but its involvement in modulating this substance use disorder remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether methamphetamine exposure and cessation or withdrawal alter the intestinal gut microbiota as well as characterize cessation-induced behavioral changes. METHODS Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered methamphetamine (2 mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle (n = 8 per group) twice per day for 14 consecutive days. On various days before, during, and after administration, fecal samples were collected and tests of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were conducted. RESULTS Methamphetamine administration and cessation did not alter the relative abundance of bacteria but significantly changed the composition of gut bacteria through 16S rRNA sequencing. These changes were normalized after 7 days of methamphetamine cessation. Moreover, acute methamphetamine cessation induced depressive-like behavior, with an increase in immobility in the forced swim test but did not alter anxiety-like behaviors in tests of open field test or elevated plus maze. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide direct evidence that methamphetamine and its cessation cause gut dysbiosis and that the latter associates with depressive-like behavior in rodents. Our observation will contribute to a better understanding of the function of gut microbiota in the process of substance use disorders and guide the choice of target therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Forouzan
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Health and Biomedical Sciences Building 1, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-6022, USA
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Molecular VIrology and Microbiology Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Health and Biomedical Sciences Building 1, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-6022, USA.
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192
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Bruellman R, Llorente C. A Perspective Of Intestinal Immune-Microbiome Interactions In Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:307-327. [PMID: 33390852 PMCID: PMC7757023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the intricacies of the gut microbiome and how it interacts with the host immune system has opened up pathways in the search for the treatment of disease conditions. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Research has shed light on the breakdown of the protective gut barriers, translocation of gut microbes to the liver and inflammatory immune response to microbes all contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease. This knowledge has opened up avenues for alternative therapies to alleviate alcohol-associated liver disease based on the interaction of the commensal gut microbiome as a key player in the regulation of the immune response. This review describes the relevance of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and specialized and non-specialized intestinal cells in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. It also reflects how these components are altered during alcohol-associated liver disease and discusses new approaches for potential future therapies in alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bruellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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193
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Vetreno RP, Massey V, Crews FT. Long-lasting microbial dysbiosis and altered enteric neurotransmitters in adult rats following adolescent binge ethanol exposure. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12869. [PMID: 31880056 PMCID: PMC7319904 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alcoholism and ethanol exposure of adult mice cause acute microbial dysbiosis. Adolescent binge drinking is common, but the effect of adolescent ethanol exposure on the adult microbiome and enteric neurotransmitters has not been studied. In the current study, male Wistar rats received adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) treatment, and fecal samples were collected on postnatal day (P)54 and P95 for bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Cecal tissue was collected on P95 for analysis of innate immune and neurotransmitter marker expression. At the genus level, AIE treatment altered the relative abundance of several microbes, including decreased relative abundance of Dehalobacterium and CF231 (a member of the Paraprevotellaceae family) that persisted into adulthood. Across aging, the relative abundance of several microbes was altered in both control- and AIE-treated rats. At P95, AIE exposure was associated with increased cecal serotonin levels and reduced choline acetyltransferase gene expression. Taxonomic shifts at P54 and at P95 suggest that AIE causes both immediate and lasting microbial dysbiosis. The lasting microbial dysbiosis was accompanied by alterations of enteric neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hi, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Veronica Massey
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hi, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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194
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Choi TY, Choi YP, Koo JW. Mental Disorders Linked to Crosstalk between The Gut Microbiome and The Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:403-416. [PMID: 33139585 PMCID: PMC7788310 DOI: 10.5607/en20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Often called the second brain, the gut communicates extensively with the brain and vice versa. The conversation between these two organs affects a variety of physiological mechanisms that are associated with our mental health. Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome builds a unique ecosystem inside the gastrointestinal tract to maintain the homeostasis and that compositional changes in the gut microbiome are highly correlated with several mental disorders. There are ongoing efforts to treat or prevent mental disorders by regulating the gut microbiome using probiotics. These attempts are based on the seminal findings that probiotics can control the gut microbiome and affect mental conditions. However, some issues have yet to be conclusively addressed, especially the causality between the gut microbiome and mental disorders. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects mental health and diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential use of probiotics as therapeutic agents for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Choi
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Young Pyo Choi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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195
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LeBrun ES, Nighot M, Dharmaprakash V, Kumar A, Lo CC, Chain PSG, Ma TY. The Gut Microbiome and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Ethanol Consumption Drives Consistent and Reproducible Alteration in Gut Microbiota in Mice. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 33374112 PMCID: PMC7823357 DOI: 10.3390/life11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic health effects, both positive and negative, have been well studied in association with the consumption of alcohol in humans as well as several other mammals including mice. Many studies have also associated these same health effects and phenotypes to specific members of gut microbiome communities. Here we utilized a chronic plus binge ethanol feed model (Gao-binge model) to explore microbiome community changes across three independent experiments performed in mice. We found significant and reproducible differences in microbiome community assemblies between ethanol-treated mice and control mice on the same diet absent of ethanol. We also identified significant differences in gut microbiota occurring temporally with ethanol treatment. Peak shift in communities was observed 4 days after the start of daily alcohol consumption. We quantitatively identified many of the bacterial genera indicative of these ethanol-induced shifts including 20 significant genera when comparing ethanol treatments with controls and 14 significant genera based on temporal investigation. Including overlap of treatment with temporal shifts, we identified 25 specific genera of interest in ethanol treatment microbiome shifts. Shifts coincide with observed presentation of fatty deposits in the liver tissue, i.e., Alcoholic Liver Disease-associated phenotype. The evidence presented herein, derived from three independent experiments, points to the existence of a common, reproducible, and characterizable "mouse ethanol gut microbiome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick S. LeBrun
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.S.L.); (A.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Meghali Nighot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Viszwapriya Dharmaprakash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Anand Kumar
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.S.L.); (A.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Chien-Chi Lo
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.S.L.); (A.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.S.L.); (A.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Thomas Y. Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.N.); (V.D.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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196
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Chen YL, Shirakawa H, Lu NS, Peng HC, Xiao Q, Yang SC. Impacts of fish oil on the gut microbiota of rats with alcoholic liver damage. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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197
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Jiang L, Chu H, Gao B, Lang S, Wang Y, Duan Y, Schnabl B. Transcriptomic Profiling Identifies Novel Hepatic and Intestinal Genes Following Chronic Plus Binge Ethanol Feeding in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:3592-3604. [PMID: 32671585 PMCID: PMC7669632 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease accounts for half of cirrhosis-related deaths worldwide. The spectrum of disease varies from simple steatosis to fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the disease on a molecular level helps us to develop therapeutic targets. AIM We performed transcriptomic analysis in liver and ileum from chronic plus binge ethanol-fed mice, and we assessed the role of selected differentially expressed genes and their association with serum bile acids and gut microbiota. METHODS Wild-type mice were subjected to a chronic Lieber-DeCarli diet model for 8 weeks followed by one binge of ethanol. RNA-seq analysis was performed on liver and ileum samples. Associations between selected differentially regulated genes and serum bile acid profile or fecal bacterial profiling (16S rDNA sequencing) were investigated. RESULTS We provide a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to identify differentially expressed genes, KEGG pathways, and gene ontology functions in liver and ileum from chronic plus binge ethanol-fed mice. In liver, we identified solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1a1 (Slco1a1; encoding for organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1A1), as the most down-regulated mRNA, and it is negatively correlated with serum cholic acid level. Prokineticin 2 (Prok2) mRNA, a cytokine-like molecule associated with gastrointestinal tract inflammation, was significantly down-regulated in ethanol-fed mice. Prok2 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with abundance of Allobaculum (genus), Coprococcus (genus), Lachnospiraceae (family), Lactococcus (genus), and Cobriobacteriaceae (family), while it positively correlated with Bacteroides (genus). CONCLUSIONS RNA-seq analysis revealed unique transcriptomic signatures in the liver and intestine following chronic plus binge ethanol feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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198
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Rich S, Klann E, Bryant V, Richards V, Wijayabahu A, Bryant K, Mai V, Cook R. A review of potential microbiome-gut-brain axis mediated neurocognitive conditions in persons living with HIV. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 9:100168. [PMID: 34589903 PMCID: PMC8474230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome-gut-brain axis, or the various interactions between the gut microbiome and the brain, has been of recent interest in the context of precision medicine research for a variety of disease states. Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) experience higher degrees of neurocognitive decline than the general population, correlating with a disruption of the normal gut microbiome composition (i.e. dysbiosis). While the nature of this correlation remains to be determined, there is the potential that the microbiome-gut-brain axis contributes to the progression of this disease. Previous research has established that the pathology associated with HIV induces alterations in the composition of gut microbiome, including a shift from Bacteroides to Prevotella dominance, and compromises gut barrier integrity, which may promote microbial translocation and consequent systemic inflammation and exacerbation of neuroinflammation. Further, though the use of antiretroviral therapy has been found to partially counteract HIV-related dysbiosis, it may also induce its own dysbiosis patterns, presenting a unique challenge for this research. More recent research has suggested the gut microbiome as a target for therapeutic interventions to improve symptoms associated with a variety of disease states, including HIV. Early findings are promising and warrant further research regarding the gut microbiome as a potential modifiable factor to improve health outcomes for PLWH. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning the neuropathogenesis of HIV in the brain, role of the gut microbiome in neuroinflammation, and the relationship between HIV-status and the gut microbiome, followed by a conclusion that synthesizes this information within the context of the microbiome-gut-brain axis among PLWH. This review will also highlight the limitations of existing studies and propose future directions of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan Rich
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily Klann
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vaughn Bryant
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronica Richards
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Akemi Wijayabahu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kendall Bryant
- Alcohol and HIV/AIDS Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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199
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Microbiota reprogramming for treatment of alcohol-related liver disease. Transl Res 2020; 226:26-38. [PMID: 32687975 PMCID: PMC7572584 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade knowledge has expanded regarding the importance of the gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and overall health. During this same time, we have also gained appreciation for the role of the gut-liver axis in the development of liver diseases. Alcohol overconsumption is one of the leading causes of liver failure globally. However, not all people with alcohol use disorder progress to advanced stages of liver disease. With advances in technology to investigate the gut microbiome and metabolome, we are now beginning to delineate alcohol's effects on the gut microbiome in relation to liver disease. This review presents our current understanding on the role of the gut microbiota during alcohol exposure, and various therapeutic attempts that have been made to reprogram the gut microbiota with the goal of alleviating alcoholic-related liver disease.
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200
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Kuprys PV, Cannon AR, Shieh J, Iftekhar N, Park SK, Eberhardt JM, Ding X, Choudhry MA. Alcohol decreases intestinal ratio of Lactobacillus to Enterobacteriaceae and induces hepatic immune tolerance in a murine model of DSS-colitis. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-16. [PMID: 33180663 PMCID: PMC7671045 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1838236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol can potentiate disease in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be established. In this study, we assessed whether the potentiated disease could be related to Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus, as changes in their relative abundance can impact intestinal health. We also assessed whether the intestinal barrier is compromised after alcohol and DSS as it may increase bacterial translocation and liver inflammation. Mice were administered DSS followed by binge ethanol or water vehicle, generating four experimental groups: (Control+Vehicle, Control+Ethanol, DSS+Vehicle, DSS+Ethanol). DNA was isolated from colon and cecal contents followed by qPCR for levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus. Colon and liver sections were taken for histology. Intestinal epithelial cells were isolated from the colon for RNA expression. DSS+Ethanol cecal contents exhibited a 1 log increase in Enterobacteriaceae (p < .05), a 0.5 log decrease in Lactobacillus, and a 1.5 log decrease (p < .05) in the Lactobacillus:Enterobacteriaceae ratio compared to DSS+Vehicle, with similar trends in colon contents. These changes correlated with shorter colons and more weight loss. Irrespective of ethanol administration, DSS compromised the mucosal barrier integrity, however only DSS+Ethanol exhibited significant increases in circulating endotoxin. Furthermore, the livers of DSS+Ethanol mice had significantly increased levels of triglycerides, mononuclear cells, yet exhibited significantly depressed expression of liver inflammatory pathways, suggestive of tolerance induction, compared to mice receiving DSS+Vehicle. Our results suggest that ethanol after DSS colitis increases the intestinal burden of Enterobacteriaceae which may contribute to intestinal and liver damage, and the induction of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius V. Kuprys
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Abigail R. Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Shieh
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Noama Iftekhar
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sun K. Park
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Joshua M. Eberhardt
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
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