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Dendritic cells transfected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) total RNA induce specific immune responses against HCC in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:753-60. [PMID: 24338510 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is an effective method for preventing metastasis and recurrence of carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with a high rate of recurrence, and has not successfully been introduced to immunotherapy. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood of HCC patients and stimulated to transform into dendritic cells (DCs). These DCs were then transfected with RNA extracted from HepG-2 hepatoma cells to induce expression of specific antigens. RESULTS The transfected DCs stimulated T lymphocytes to produce cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which specifically attacked HepG-2 cells. Injection of T lymphocytes from HCC patients and transfected DCs into severe combined immunodeficiency mice limited the growth of HepG-2 tumors. CONCLUSION A specific immune response against hepatoma can be generated in vivo by administering DCs transfected with RNA from a specific tumor. This method may have therapeutic application in humans to reduce recurrence of HCC.
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152
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Castelli C, Tazzari M, Negri T, Vergani B, Rivoltini L, Stacchiotti S, Pilotti S. Structured myeloid cells and anti-angiogenic therapy in alveolar soft part sarcoma. J Transl Med 2013; 11:237. [PMID: 24074204 PMCID: PMC3856484 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma and the clinical management of patients with unresectable, metastatic disease is still challenging. ASPS expresses an array of potentially therapeutically targetable, angiogenesis-related molecules and, importantly, it has a distinctive angiogenic phenotype marked by a peculiar tumor-associated vasculature. Several studies, conducted in transgenic mouse models and in a large variety of human tumors of different histotype, clearly proved the substantial contribution of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, such as myeloid derived suppressor cells, monocytes and macrophages, in the formation and maintenance of abnormal blood vessels in tumors. By immunohistochemistry we thus explored the presence and the distribution of cells expressing myeloid markers in the inflammatory infiltrate of surgical treated metastatic ASPS. Indeed, we found that myeloid cells expressing CD14 and CD163 markers constitute the prominent cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of ASPS. These macrophage-like cells form a network surrounding the endothelial cells, or, interspersed in the tumor nest, they keep deep contact with tumor cells. In this commentary, we discussed our findings in relation to the recently published paper by Kummar and colleagues reporting the clinical and molecular results of a phase II clinical trial in patients with unresectable, metastatic ASPS treated with the anti-angiogenic drug cediranib, targeting the VEGFR-1,-2,-3 tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G, Venezian 1, Milan 20133, Italy.
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153
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Kalinski P, Muthuswamy R, Urban J. Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and combination immunotherapies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:285-95. [PMID: 23496668 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized immunostimulatory cells involved in the induction and regulation of immune responses. The feasibility of large-scale ex vivo generation of DCs from patients' monocytes allows for therapeutic application of ex vivo-cultured DCs to bypass the dysfunction of endogenous DCs, restore immune surveillance, induce cancer regression or stabilization or delay or prevent its recurrence. While the most common paradigm of the therapeutic application of DCs reflects their use as cancer 'vaccines', additional and potentially more effective possibilities include the use of patients' autologous DCs as parts of more comprehensive therapies involving in vivo or ex vivo induction of tumor-reactive T cells and the measures to counteract systemic and local immunosuppression in tumor-bearing hosts. Ex vivo-cultured DCs can be instructed to acquire distinct functions relevant for the induction of effective cancer immunity (DC polarization), such as the induction of different effector functions or different homing properties of tumor-specific T cells (delivery of 'signal 3' and 'signal 4'). These considerations highlight the importance of the application of optimized conditions for the ex vivo culture of DCs and the potential combination of DC therapies with additional immune interventions to facilitate the entry of DC-induced T cells to tumor tissues and their local antitumor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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154
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Sakakura K, Chikamatsu K. Immune suppression and evasion in patients with head and neck cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3402/acmo.v1i0.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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155
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Remark R, Alifano M, Cremer I, Lupo A, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Riquet M, Crozet L, Ouakrim H, Goc J, Cazes A, Fléjou JF, Gibault L, Verkarre V, Régnard JF, Pagès ON, Oudard S, Mlecnik B, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH, Damotte D. Characteristics and clinical impacts of the immune environments in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma lung metastases: influence of tumor origin. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4079-91. [PMID: 23785047 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE If immune cells are involved in tumor surveillance and have a prognostic impact in most primary tumors, little is known about their significance in metastases. Because patients' survival is heterogeneous, even at metastatic stages, we hypothesized that immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases. We therefore characterized the tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastases, and compared it to primary tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n = 192) and qPCR (n = 32) the immune environments of colorectal carcinoma and RCC lung metastases. RESULTS Metastases from colorectal carcinoma and RCC have different immune infiltrates. Higher densities of DC-LAMP(+) mature dendritic cells (P < 0.0001) and lower densities of NKp46(+) NK cells (P < 0.0001) were observed in colorectal carcinoma as compared to RCC metastases, whereas densities of T cells were similar. High densities of CD8(+) and DC-LAMP(+) cells correlated with longer overall survival (OS) in colorectal carcinoma (P = 0.008) and shorter OS in RCC (P < 0.0001). High NK-cell densities were associated with improved survival in RCC (P = 0.002) but not in colorectal carcinoma. Densities of immune cells correlated significantly from primary to relapsing metastases for the same patient. A TH1 orientation was found in colorectal carcinoma metastases, whereas a heterogeneous immune gene expression was found in RCC metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a major prognostic value of the immune pattern (CD8(+)/DC-LAMP(+) cell densities) in colorectal carcinoma and RCC, reproducible from primary to metastatic tumors, although with opposite clinical impacts, and highlight the role of the tumor cell in shaping its immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Remark
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, France
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156
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Kandalaft LE, Chiang CL, Tanyi J, Motz G, Balint K, Mick R, Coukos G. A Phase I vaccine trial using dendritic cells pulsed with autologous oxidized lysate for recurrent ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2013; 11:149. [PMID: 23777306 PMCID: PMC3693890 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer, like most solid tumors, is in dire need of effective therapies. The significance of this trial lies in its promise to spearhead the development of combination immunotherapy and to introduce novel approaches to therapeutic immunomodulation, which could enable otherwise ineffective vaccines to achieve clinical efficacy. RATIONALE Tumor-infiltrating T cells have been associated with improved outcome in ovarian cancer, suggesting that activation of antitumor immunity will improve survival. However, molecularly defined vaccines have been generally disappointing. Cancer vaccines elicit a modest frequency of low-to-moderate avidity tumor-specific T-cells, but powerful tumor barriers dampen the engraftment, expansion and function of these effector T-cells in the tumor, thus preventing them from reaching their full therapeutic potential. Our work has identified two important barriers in the tumor microenvironment: the blood-tumor barrier, which prevents homing of effector T cells, and T regulatory cells, which inactivate effector T cells. We hypothesize that cancer vaccine therapy will benefit from combinations that attenuate these two barrier mechanisms. DESIGN We propose a three-cohort sequential study to investigate a combinatorial approach of a new dendritic cell (DC) vaccine pulsed with autologous whole tumor oxidized lysate, in combination with antiangiogenesis therapy (bevacizumab) and metronomic cyclophosphamide, which impacts Treg cells. INNOVATION This study uses a novel autologous tumor vaccine developed with 4-day DCs pulsed with oxidized lysate to elicit antitumor response. Furthermore, the combination of bevacizumab with a whole tumor antigen vaccine has not been tested in the clinic. Finally the combination of bevacizumab and metronomic cyclophosphamide in immunotherapy is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Kandalaft
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Chiang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janos Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Greg Motz
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Klara Balint
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Khademi B, Soleimanpour M, Ghaderi A, Mohammadianpanah M. Prognostic and predictive value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 18:187-96. [PMID: 23456015 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-013-0402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHOD Preoperative and 6-month postoperative serum VEGF levels were measured using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique in 55 consecutive patients with HNSCC and two control groups. The first control group included normal, healthy, age- and sex-matched individuals (n = 20), while the second control group included the patients who had history of HNSCC and were free of disease for at least 5 years (n = 25). RESULTS The mean baseline serum VEGF concentrations of the 55 patients with HNSCC and the first and the second control groups were 437.86, 42.56, and 48.03 pg/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). After a median follow-up of 75 months, 15 patients of the study group developed recurrent disease and 40 patients remained free of disease. The mean preoperative and 6-month postoperative serum VEGF levels for the 40 patients who did not have recurrent disease were respectively 327.69 and 153.50 pg/ml compared to 731.72 and 692.96 pg/ml for the 15 patients with recurrent disease (P < 0.001). High (≥540 pg/ml) serum VEGF level was associated with poor overall survival (P < 0.001). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed node stage (P < 0.001) and preoperative serum VEGF level (P = 0.020) as significant, independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION Preoperative or postoperative elevated serum levels of VEGF are highly predictive for disease recurrence and are associated with poor disease-free and overall survival of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Khademi
- Department of Otolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Khalili Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71936-13511, Iran
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159
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Tsai HL, Yang IP, Lin CH, Chai CY, Huang YH, Chen CF, Hou MF, Kuo CH, Juo SH, Wang JY. Predictive value of vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in early relapse of colorectal cancer patients after curative resection. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:415-424. [PMID: 22961433 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the predominant angiogenic factor. Recently, there was a consistent trend of poorer survival rates in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients of earlier relapse. The purpose of this study was to investigate novel predictors of early relapse in stage I-III CRC and further to determine their correlation with disease outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological features and VEGF expression by immunohistochemical staining in 100 stage I-III CRC patients undergoing curative resection to identify predictors of postoperative early relapse. RESULTS Among 100 patients, 40 patients were classified into early relapse group, and 60 patients were categorized into non-early relapse group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vascular invasion (P = 0.048), perineural invasion (P = 0.042), VEGF overexpression (P = 0.023), and high postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels (P = 0.004) were independent predictors of early relapse. Additionally, we found that with more predictors such as the combined incidence of vascular invasion, perineural invasion, VEGF overexpression, and postoperative CEA levels are involved, the incidence of early postoperative relapse increases. Moreover, VEGF overexpression predicted not only early postoperative relapse but also disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that VEGF overexpression is an important predictor of early postoperative relapse in patients with stage I-III CRC and may help identify patients who would benefit from intensive follow-up and therapeutic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Lin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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160
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Raber P, Ochoa AC, Rodríguez PC. Metabolism of L-arginine by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: mechanisms of T cell suppression and therapeutic perspectives. Immunol Invest 2013; 41:614-34. [PMID: 23017138 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.680634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer have an impaired T cell response that can decrease the potential therapeutic benefit of cancer vaccines and other forms of immunotherapy. The establishment of a chronic inflammatory environment in patients with cancer plays a critical role in the induction of T cell dysfunction. The accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor bearing hosts is a hallmark of malignancy-associated inflammation and a major mediator of the induction of T cell suppression in cancer. Recent findings in tumor bearing mice and cancer patients indicate that the increased metabolism of L-Arginine (L-Arg) by MDSC producing Arginase I inhibits T cell lymphocyte responses. Here, we discuss some of the most recent concepts of how MDSC expressing Arginase I may regulate T cell function in cancer and suggest possible therapeutic interventions to overcome this inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Raber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, NewOrleans, Louisiana, USA.
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161
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Liu C, Peng W, Xu C, Lou Y, Zhang M, Wargo JA, Chen JQ, Li HS, Watowich SS, Yang Y, Tompers Frederick D, Cooper ZA, Mbofung RM, Whittington M, Flaherty KT, Woodman SE, Davies MA, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Hwu P. BRAF inhibition increases tumor infiltration by T cells and enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive immunotherapy in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2013. [PMID: 23204132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1626.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of melanoma patients with selective BRAF inhibitors results in objective clinical responses in the majority of patients with BRAF-mutant tumors. However, resistance to these inhibitors develops within a few months. In this study, we test the hypothesis that BRAF inhibition in combination with adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) will be more effective at inducing long-term clinical regressions of BRAF-mutant tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAF-mutated human melanoma tumor cell lines transduced to express gp100 and H-2D(b) to allow recognition by gp100-specific pmel-1 T cells were used as xenograft models to assess melanocyte differentiation antigen-independent enhancement of immune responses by BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Luciferase-expressing pmel-1 T cells were generated to monitor T-cell migration in vivo. The expression of VEGF was determined by ELISA, protein array, and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, VEGF expression after BRAF inhibition was tested in a set of patient samples. RESULTS We found that administration of PLX4720 significantly increased tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo and enhanced the antitumor activity of ACT. This increased T-cell infiltration was primarily mediated by the ability of PLX4720 to inhibit melanoma tumor cell production of VEGF by reducing the binding of c-myc to the VEGF promoter. Furthermore, analysis of human melanoma patient tumor biopsies before and during BRAF inhibitor treatment showed downregulation of VEGF consistent with the preclinical murine model. CONCLUSION These findings provide a strong rationale to evaluate the potential clinical application of combining BRAF inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Liu
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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162
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Sevko A, Umansky V. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells interact with tumors in terms of myelopoiesis, tumorigenesis and immunosuppression: thick as thieves. J Cancer 2012; 4:3-11. [PMID: 23386900 PMCID: PMC3564242 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is often associated with chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, which is mediated by numerous cytokines, chemokines and growth factors produced by cancer and stroma cells. All these mediators support tumor development and immunosuppression in autocrine and/or paracrine ways. Neutralization of chronic inflammatory conditions can lead to the restoration of anti-tumor immune responses. Among stroma cells infiltrating tumors, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent one of the most important players mediating immunosuppression. These cells may not only inhibit an anti-tumor immunity but also directly stimulate tumorigenesis as well as tumor growth and expansion. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of generation, migration to the tumor site and activation of MDSC is necessary for the development of new strategies of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sevko
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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163
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Liu C, Peng W, Xu C, Lou Y, Zhang M, Wargo JA, Chen JQ, Li HS, Watowich SS, Yang Y, Tompers Frederick D, Cooper ZA, Mbofung RM, Whittington M, Flaherty KT, Woodman SE, Davies MA, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Hwu P. BRAF inhibition increases tumor infiltration by T cells and enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive immunotherapy in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of melanoma patients with selective BRAF inhibitors results in objective clinical responses in the majority of patients with BRAF-mutant tumors. However, resistance to these inhibitors develops within a few months. In this study, we test the hypothesis that BRAF inhibition in combination with adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) will be more effective at inducing long-term clinical regressions of BRAF-mutant tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAF-mutated human melanoma tumor cell lines transduced to express gp100 and H-2D(b) to allow recognition by gp100-specific pmel-1 T cells were used as xenograft models to assess melanocyte differentiation antigen-independent enhancement of immune responses by BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Luciferase-expressing pmel-1 T cells were generated to monitor T-cell migration in vivo. The expression of VEGF was determined by ELISA, protein array, and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, VEGF expression after BRAF inhibition was tested in a set of patient samples. RESULTS We found that administration of PLX4720 significantly increased tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo and enhanced the antitumor activity of ACT. This increased T-cell infiltration was primarily mediated by the ability of PLX4720 to inhibit melanoma tumor cell production of VEGF by reducing the binding of c-myc to the VEGF promoter. Furthermore, analysis of human melanoma patient tumor biopsies before and during BRAF inhibitor treatment showed downregulation of VEGF consistent with the preclinical murine model. CONCLUSION These findings provide a strong rationale to evaluate the potential clinical application of combining BRAF inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Liu
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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164
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Suzuki H, Onishi H, Morisaki T, Tanaka M, Katano M. Intratumoral FOXP3+VEGFR2+ regulatory T cells are predictive markers for recurrence and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23202541 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that CD8(+)T/FOXP3(+) cell ratio but not FOXP3(+) cell number alone is an independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. In the present study, we evaluated whether the number of intratumoral FOXP3(+)VEGFR2(+) (itFOXP3(+)VEGFR2(+)) T cells alone could be a predictive factor for survival prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Distribution of regulatory T cells (Tregs) at tumor sites derived from 88 patients with primary colorectal cancer was fluorescence-immunohistochemically examined. Relatively low number of itFOXP3(+)VEGFR2(+) cells significantly correlated with better [corrected] disease-free survival (DS) and overall survival (OS); multivariate analysis indicated that number of itFOXP3(+)VEGFR2(+) cells is an independent predictive and prognostic factor of DS and OS while neither intratumoral FOXP3(+) cell number nor intratumoral FOXP3(+)VEGFR2(-) cell number alone showed significant correlation with DS or OS. These results suggest that FOXP3(+)VEGFR2(+) may be a better predictive Treg marker than FOXP3(+) alone for recurrence and survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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165
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Dilek N, Vuillefroy de Silly R, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: mechanisms of action and recent advances in their role in transplant tolerance. Front Immunol 2012; 3:208. [PMID: 22822406 PMCID: PMC3398399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature hematopoietic precursors known to suppress immune responses in infection, chronic inflammation, cancer, and autoimmunity. In this paper, we review recent findings detailing their mode of action and discuss recent reports that suggest that MDSC are also expanded during transplantation and that modulation of MDSC can participate in preventing graft rejection as well as graft-versus-host disease.
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166
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Wang Q, Li SH, Wang H, Xiao Y, Sahin O, Brady SW, Li P, Ge H, Jaffee EM, Muller WJ, Hortobagyi GN, Yu D. Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T-cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4417-28. [PMID: 22773664 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1339-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is an iconic rationally designed targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers. However, the low response rate and development of resistance call for novel approaches for the treatment of patients. Here, we report that concurrent targeting of tumor cells and activation of T cells in the tumor microenvironment results in a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth and overcomes resistance in two distinct PTEN loss-mediated trastuzumab-resistant mammary tumor mouse models. In vivo combination treatment with HER2/Neu antibody and Akt inhibitor triciribine effectively inhibited tumor growth in both models via inhibiting PI3K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling accompanied by increased T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. We showed that both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells were essential to the optimal antitumor effect of this combination treatment in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Importantly, the antitumor activities of HER2/Neu antibody and triciribine combination treatment were further improved when coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 was blocked to enhance the T-cell response. Our data indicate that multitargeted combinatorial therapies targeting tumor cells and concomitantly enhancing T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment could cooperate to exert maximal therapeutic activity, suggesting a promising clinical strategy for treating trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers and other advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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167
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Chan SF, Wang HT, Huang KW, Torng PL, Lee HI, Hwang LH. Anti-angiogenic therapy renders large tumors vulnerable to immunotherapy via reducing immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:23-30. [PMID: 22266191 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that a 4-in-1 gene therapy strategy that contains two anti-angiogenic genes [endostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor] and two cytokine genes [granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 12] has a considerable antitumor effect on large tumors in a woodchuck hepatoma model. The current study further investigates the underlying mechanisms for the antitumor effect observed by using small rodent models. We found that immunotherapy alone increased immunosuppressive cells in large tumors over time, whereas the anti-angiogenic therapy contained in the 4-in-1 strategy alleviated immunosuppression and made tumors vulnerable to immunotherapy, thus resulting in a synergistic antitumor effect.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Endostatins/biosynthesis
- Endostatins/genetics
- Endostatins/immunology
- Eye Proteins/biosynthesis
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Nerve Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/immunology
- Serpins/biosynthesis
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suit-Fong Chan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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168
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Wang HT, Lee HI, Guo JH, Chen SH, Liao ZK, Huang KW, Torng PL, Hwang LH. Calreticulin promotes tumor lymphocyte infiltration and enhances the antitumor effects of immunotherapy by up-regulating the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:2892-2902. [PMID: 21805477 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-induced angiogenesis has been shown to suppress immune responses. One mechanism is to suppress leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by down-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and E-selectin on the tumor endothelium, which enables tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Calreticulin (CRT), a chaperone protein mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum, has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity and inhibit tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to inhibiting angiogenesis, CRT also enhances the expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on tumor endothelial cells. This expression results in enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and increased lymphocyte infiltration into tumors. Therefore, combining intramuscular CRT gene transfer with intratumoral cytokine gene therapies significantly improves the antitumor effects of immunotherapy by markedly increasing the levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This combined treatment increased the levels of infiltrating lymphocytes to those achieved using four times the cytokine dosage. The combined therapy also resulted in lower levels of immunosuppressive molecules and higher levels of activated T-cells in the tumor microenvironment than immunotherapy alone. In conclusion, this study describes a new antitumor mechanism of CRT that involves the up-regulation of tumor endothelial adhesion molecules and the enhanced infiltration of tumor-specific lymphocytes. Thus, CRT treatment can make tumor cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy and improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tien Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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169
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Angiogenesis and immunity: a bidirectional link potentially relevant for the monitoring of antiangiogenic therapy and the development of novel therapeutic combination with immunotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:83-95. [PMID: 21249423 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system regulates angiogenesis in cancer with both pro- and antiangiogenic activities. The induction of angiogenesis is mediated by tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) which produce proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial growth factors (VEGF, bFGF…), and protease (MMP9) implicated in neoangiogenesis. Some cytokines (IL-6, IL-17…) activated Stat3 which also led to the production of VEGF and bFGF. In contrast, other cytokines (IFN, IL-12, IL-21, and IL-27) display an antiangiogenic activity. Recently, it has been shown that some antiangiogenic molecules alleviates immunosuppression associated with cancer by decreasing immunosuppressive cells (MDSC, regulatory T cells), immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ), and inhibitory molecules on T cells (PD-1). Some of these broad effects may result from the ability of some antiangiogenic molecules, especially cytokines to inhibit the Stat3 transcription factor. The association often observed between angiogenesis and immunosuppression may be related to hypoxia which induces both neoangiogenesis via activation of HIF-1 and VEGF and favors the intratumor recruitment and differentiation of regulatory T cells and MDSC. Preliminary studies suggest that modulation of immune markers (intratumoral MDSC and IL-8, peripheral regulatory T cells…) may predict clinical response to antiangiogenic therapy. In preclinical models, a synergy has been observed between antiangiogenic molecules and immunotherapy which may be explained by an improvement of immune status in tumor-bearing mice after antiangiogenic therapy. In preclinical models, antiangiogenic molecules promoted intratumor trafficking of effector cells, enhance endogenous anti-tumor response, and synergyzed with immunotherapy protocols to cure established murine tumors. All these results warrant the development of clinical trials combining antiangiogenic drugs and immunotherapy.
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170
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171
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Gupta R, Babb JS, Singh B, Chiriboga L, Liebes L, Adams S, Demaria S. The numbers of FoxP3+ lymphocytes in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients correlate with primary tumor size but not nodal status. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:419-25. [PMID: 21649468 PMCID: PMC3883568 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.585193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells, lymphocytes marked by expression of the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein P3 (FoxP3), inhibit the activation of tumor-specific T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical analyses of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) from 104 breast cancer patients showed a significant association (p = .0028, Pearson correlation) between the number of FoxP3+ cells and the size of primary breast invasive ductal carcinoma. In contrast, there was no correlation between the number of FoxP3+ cells and the presence of SLN metastases, or other clinicopathological parameters. These results suggest the presence of an immune suppressive environment in SLNs of larger tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raavi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James S. Babb
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonard Liebes
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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172
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Kandalaft LE, Motz GT, Busch J, Coukos G. Angiogenesis and the tumor vasculature as antitumor immune modulators: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 344:129-48. [PMID: 20680802 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have yielded promising results in recent years, but new approaches must be utilized if more patients are to experience the benefits of these therapies. Angiogenesis and the tumor endothelium confer unique immune privilege to a growing tumor, with significant effects on diverse immunological processes such as hematopoietic cell maturation, antigen presentation, effector T cell differentiation, cytokine production, adhesion, and T cell homing and extravasation. Here, we review the role of angiogenesis and the tumor endothelium on regulation of the antitumor immune response. We place particular emphasis on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the suppression of numerous immunological processes that control tumor progression. Further, we describe the unique crosstalk between the VEGF and endothelin systems, and how their interactions may shape the antitumor immune response. These insights establish new targets for combinatorial approaches to modify existing cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Kandalaft
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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173
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Mroz P, Hamblin MR. The immunosuppressive side of PDT. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:751-8. [PMID: 21437314 PMCID: PMC3441049 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising novel therapeutic procedure for the management of a variety of solid tumors and many non-malignant diseases. PDT has been described as having a significant effect on the immune system, which may be either immunostimulatory or, in some circumstances, immunosuppressive. The immunosuppressive effects of PDT have nearly all been concerned with the suppression of the contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice. Here, we review the immunosuppressive aspects of PDT treatment and discuss some additional mechanisms that may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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174
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Sun LX, Lin ZB, Duan XS, Lu J, Ge ZH, Li XJ, Li M, Xing EH, Jia J, Lan TF, Li WD. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides antagonize the suppression on lymphocytes induced by culture supernatants of B16F10 melanoma cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:725-35. [PMID: 21492175 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Tumour cells produce factors such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the function of immune cells or induce apoptosis of immune cells. One of the most important goals of tumour immunotherapy is to antagonize this suppression on immune cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) may have this potential. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of Gl-PS on the suppression induced by B16F10 melanoma cell culture supernatant (B16F10-CS) on lymphocytes.
Methods
Gl-PS was used on lymphocytes incubated with B16F10-CS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. The MTT assay was used to determine the proliferation of lymphocytes. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay were used to determine perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes.
Key findings
There were elevated levels of IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. The lymphocyte proliferation, and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, were suppressed by B16F10-CS. This suppression was fully or partially antagonized by Gl-PS.
Conclusions
B16F10-CS suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. This suppression may be associated with elevated levels of immunosuppressive IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. Gl-PS had antagonistic effects on the immunosuppression induced by B16F10-CS, suggesting the potential for Gl-PS in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Suo Duan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ge
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - En-Hong Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tian-Fei Lan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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175
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Pate M, Damarla V, Chi DS, Negi S, Krishnaswamy G. Endothelial cell biology: role in the inflammatory response. Adv Clin Chem 2011. [PMID: 21275341 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(10)52004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human endothelial cells are multifunctional cells that line blood vessels and are capable of secreting a variety of biologically active mediators. They normally maintain vascular hemostasis and prevent thrombotic complications. When affected by infection, stress, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or high homocysteine levels, endothelial cells undergo changes resulting in "dysfunction," characterized typically by decreased endothelial expression of nitric oxide, enhanced expression of cell adhesion molecules, and associated increased binding of circulating leukocytes to these cells. There is accompanying cytokine and chemokine elaboration, resulting in cellular recruitment and the orchestration of an acute inflammatory response that can culminate in chronic inflammation if reparative mechanisms are not operative. This review will address the basic biology of endothelial cells; the expression and regulation of endothelial-derived cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors; the transcriptional regulation of these genes in endothelial cells; and the role played by these fascinating cells in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Pate
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine and James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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176
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Lymphocyte subpopulation and dendritic cell phenotyping during antineoplastic therapy in human solid tumors. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:199-210. [PMID: 21161672 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer show variable levels of immunosuppression at the time of the presentation, and cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is the primary contributor to the clinical immunodeficiency often observed during the course of the disease. In both hematological and solid tumors, this phenomenon is primarily related to the T-cell depletion associated with inhibition of dendritic cell ability to induce both primary and secondary T- and B-cell responses. Complete restoration of immunocompetence following antineoplastic therapy implicates the progressive recovery of various cell subpopulations, and it is a complex process that also depends on the type, the dose, the scheduling, and the associations of the employed drugs. In the era of target therapies, several antiangiogenic drugs are increasingly used in combination with standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Their clinical efficacy has been recently related not only to the specific antiangiogenic properties but also to an indirect hypothetical effect on the host immune system. In the present work, we have reviewed the most recent information regarding (1) the capacity of standard antineoplastic therapy to induce and maintain an immunodeficiency in patients with solid tumors and (2) the influence of the antiangiogenic treatment in association with standard chemotherapy on lymphocyte and dendritic cell subsets and the possible resulting additional antitumor mechanism.
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177
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Anesti AM, Simpson GR, Price T, Pandha HS, Coffin RS. Expression of RNA interference triggers from an oncolytic herpes simplex virus results in specific silencing in tumour cells in vitro and tumours in vivo. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:486. [PMID: 20836854 PMCID: PMC2944180 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to tumours remains a major obstacle for the development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics. Following the promising pre-clinical and clinical results with the oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) OncoVEXGM-CSF, we aimed to express RNAi triggers from oncolytic HSV, which although has the potential to improve treatment by silencing tumour-related genes, was not considered possible due to the highly oncolytic properties of HSV. Methods To evaluate RNAi-mediated silencing from an oncolytic HSV backbone, we developed novel replicating HSV vectors expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) or artificial microRNA (miRNA) against the reporter genes green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and β-galactosidase (lacZ). These vectors were tested in non-tumour cell lines in vitro and tumour cells that are moderately susceptible to HSV infection both in vitro and in mice xenografts in vivo. Silencing was assessed at the protein level by fluorescent microscopy, x-gal staining, enzyme activity assay, and western blotting. Results Our results demonstrate that it is possible to express shRNA and artificial miRNA from an oncolytic HSV backbone, which had not been previously investigated. Furthermore, oncolytic HSV-mediated delivery of RNAi triggers resulted in effective and specific silencing of targeted genes in tumour cells in vitro and tumours in vivo, with the viruses expressing artificial miRNA being comprehensibly more effective. Conclusions This preliminary data provide the first demonstration of oncolytic HSV-mediated expression of shRNA or artificial miRNA and silencing of targeted genes in tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. The vectors developed in this study are being adapted to silence tumour-related genes in an ongoing study that aims to improve the effectiveness of oncolytic HSV treatment in tumours that are moderately susceptible to HSV infection and thus, potentially improve response rates seen in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Anesti
- Oncology Group, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, GU2 5XH, UK
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178
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Huang KW, Wu HL, Lin HL, Liang PC, Chen PJ, Chen SH, Lee HI, Su PY, Wu WH, Lee PH, Hwang LH, Chen DS. Combining antiangiogenic therapy with immunotherapy exerts better therapeutical effects on large tumors in a woodchuck hepatoma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14769-14774. [PMID: 20679198 PMCID: PMC2930482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009534107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine and antiangiogenic gene therapies have proved effective in implanted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models in which small tumor burdens were established in small rodents. These models, however, may not reflect human HCCs, which are frequently detected at a stage when tumors are large and multifocal. In addition, HCC in patients is often associated with viral hepatitis. To investigate the effectiveness of a mixture type of gene therapy strategy on large tumor burdens, we used the woodchuck model in which woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced HCCs are large and multifocal, simulating the conditions in humans. Adenoviruses encoding antiangiogenic factors (pigment epithelium-derived factor and endostatin) or cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-12) were delivered via the hepatic artery separately or in combination into woodchuck livers bearing HCCs. Our results showed that the mixture type of strategy, which contained two cytokines and two antiangiogenic factors, had better antitumor effects on large tumors as compared with monotherapy either with antiangiogenic or cytokine genes. The immunotherapy recruited significant levels of CD3(+) T cells that infiltrated the tumors, whereas the antiangiogenesis-based therapy significantly reduced tumor vasculature. The mixture type of gene therapy achieved both effects. In addition, it induced high levels of natural killer cells and apoptotic cells and reduced the levels of immunosuppressive effectors in the tumor regions. Hence, antiangiogenic therapy may provide the advantage of reducing immune tolerance in large tumors, making them more vulnerable to the immune reactions. Our study implies that in the future, the combination therapy may prove effective for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wen Huang
- Hepatitis Research Center
- Department of Surgery, and
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and
| | - Hui-Lin Wu
- Hepatitis Research Center
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and
| | | | - Po-Chin Liang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; and
| | - Shih-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; and
| | - Hsin-I Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Hepatitis Research Center
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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179
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Tumor microenvironment modifications induced by soluble VEGF receptor expression in a rat liver metastasis model. Cancer Lett 2010; 298:264-72. [PMID: 20702033 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potent pro-angiogenic growth factor which is also known to alter tumor microenvironment by inhibiting dendritic cell differentiation and promoting accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In the present study, we analyzed the modifications induced by intratumoral expression of sFLT-1, a soluble VEGF receptor, in a rat metastatic colon carcinoma model. We generated colon cancer cell lines stably expressing sFLT-1 or a mock construct. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured with conditioned medium from sFLT-1-expressing tumor cells exhibit a significantly decreased survival, demonstrating the functionality of the secreted sFLT-1. Invivo, sFLT-1 expression induced a 30% decrease in microvessel density in 15-day old experimental liver metastasis from colon carcinoma. Tumor growth was inhibited by 63% and 52% in left and right liver lobes respectively within 25days. In these tumors, sFLT-1 expression was associated with a decreased myeloid cell infiltration and a modification in the expression of several cytokines/chemokines. Altogether, these results suggest that VEGF trapping by sFLT-1 intratumoral expression results in reduced vascularization, tumor growth inhibition and modification of immune tumor microenvironment.
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180
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Samaranayake H, Määttä AM, Pikkarainen J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Future prospects and challenges of antiangiogenic cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:381-96. [PMID: 20163246 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1971 Judah Folkman proposed the concept of antiangiogenesis as a therapeutic target for cancer. More than 30 years later, concept became reality with the approval of the antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab as a first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. Monoclonal antibodies and small molecular drugs are the most widely applied methods for inhibition of angiogenesis. The efficacy of these antiangiogenic modalities has been proven, in both preclinical and clinical settings. Although angiogenesis plays a major role in wound healing, hypoxia, and in the female reproductive cycle, inhibition of angiogenesis seems to be a relatively safe therapeutic option against cancers, and has therefore become a logical arena for a wide range of experimentation. The twentieth century has shown the boom of gene therapy and thus it has been applied also in the antiangiogenic setting. This review summarizes methods to induce antiangiogenic responses with gene therapy and discusses the obstacles and future prospects of antiangiogenic cancer gene therapy.
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181
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Shrimali RK, Yu Z, Theoret MR, Chinnasamy D, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA. Antiangiogenic agents can increase lymphocyte infiltration into tumor and enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6171-80. [PMID: 20631075 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapies can mediate objective cancer regression in animal models and in up to 70% of patients with metastatic melanoma; however, it remains unclear whether the tumor vasculature impedes the egress of tumor-specific T cells, thus hindering this immunotherapy. Disruption of the proangiogenic interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptor (VEGFR-2) has been reported to "normalize" tumor vasculature, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by increasing their delivery to the tumor intersitium. We thus sought to determine whether disrupting VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling could enhance the effectiveness of ACT in a murine cancer model. The administration of an antibody against mouse VEGF synergized with ACT to enhance inhibition of established, vascularized, B16 melanoma (P = 0.009) and improve survival (P = 0.003). Additive effects of an antibody against VEGFR-2 in conjunction with ACT were seen in this model (P = 0.013). Anti-VEGF, but not anti-VEGFR-2, antibody significantly increased infiltration of transferred cells into the tumor. Thus, normalization of tumor vasculature through disruption of the VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis can increase extravasation of adoptively transferred T cells into the tumor and improve ACT-based immunotherapy. These studies provide a rationale for the exploration of combining antiangiogenic agents with ACT for the treatment of patients with cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Bevacizumab
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/immunology
- Whole-Body Irradiation
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Shrimali
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1201, USA
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182
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Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ. AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5649-69. [PMID: 20610625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis resistant to therapy is the major cause of death from cancer. Despite almost 200 years of study, the process of tumor metastasis remains controversial. Stephen Paget initially identified the role of host-tumor interactions on the basis of a review of autopsy records. His "seed and soil" hypothesis was substantiated a century later with experimental studies, and numerous reports have confirmed these seminal observations. An improved understanding of the metastatic process and the attributes of the cells selected by this process is critical for the treatment of patients with systemic disease. In many patients, metastasis has occurred by the time of diagnosis, so metastasis prevention may not be relevant. Treating systemic disease and identifying patients with early disease should be our goal. Revitalized research in the past three decades has focused on new discoveries in the biology of metastasis. Even though our understanding of molecular events that regulate metastasis has improved, the contributions and timing of molecular lesion(s) involved in metastasis pathogenesis remain unclear. Review of the history of pioneering observations and discussion of current controversies should increase understanding of the complex and multifactorial interactions between the host and selected tumor cells that contribute to fatal metastasis and should lead to the design of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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183
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Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ. AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 2010. [PMID: 20610625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1040.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis resistant to therapy is the major cause of death from cancer. Despite almost 200 years of study, the process of tumor metastasis remains controversial. Stephen Paget initially identified the role of host-tumor interactions on the basis of a review of autopsy records. His "seed and soil" hypothesis was substantiated a century later with experimental studies, and numerous reports have confirmed these seminal observations. An improved understanding of the metastatic process and the attributes of the cells selected by this process is critical for the treatment of patients with systemic disease. In many patients, metastasis has occurred by the time of diagnosis, so metastasis prevention may not be relevant. Treating systemic disease and identifying patients with early disease should be our goal. Revitalized research in the past three decades has focused on new discoveries in the biology of metastasis. Even though our understanding of molecular events that regulate metastasis has improved, the contributions and timing of molecular lesion(s) involved in metastasis pathogenesis remain unclear. Review of the history of pioneering observations and discussion of current controversies should increase understanding of the complex and multifactorial interactions between the host and selected tumor cells that contribute to fatal metastasis and should lead to the design of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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184
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Targeting inhibitory pathways in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:385-90. [PMID: 20466529 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of adaptive transfer of in vitro expanded antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells isolated from patients' tumors has demonstrated that effector cells of the adaptive immune system can effectively eliminate even large tumor masses. Nevertheless, cancer vaccines that aim to expand such CD8(+) T cells in situ have had remarkably little success in spite of numerous attempts. Recent advances in basic immunology have revealed layers of complexity controlling activation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses that are tightly controlled by immunoinhibitory pathways to avoid horror autotoxicus. During tumor progression the activities of negative pathways increase and together with cancer immune evasion tactics presumably prevent induction of an efficacious immune response by cancer vaccines that solely provide more antigen to an already suppressed system. Cancer vaccines may thus need to readjust the imbalance of the cancer patients' immune system by inhibiting immunoinhibitors; such regimens have shown preclinical efficacy and are now entering clinical trials hopefully ending the Kafkaesque futility of cancer vaccines.
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185
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Tumour escape mechanisms and their therapeutic implications in combination tumour therapy. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:553-63. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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186
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Brayer J, Cheng F, Wang H, Horna P, Vicente-Suarez I, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Sotomayor EM. Enhanced CD8 T cell cross-presentation by macrophages with targeted disruption of STAT3. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:126-30. [PMID: 20346983 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T cell tolerance, once thought to be largely a result of clonal deletion, is now appreciated to be much more complex, additionally involving multiple permutations of partial loss of effector function in residual clonal populations. This is especially important in the context of tumor immunity, in which persistent tolerized cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL), if reactivated, could potentially mount a protective response. Previously we have shown that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a targeted disruption of STAT3 break tolerance in CD4 T cells. Here we evaluate the STAT3-defective APC in terms of its ability to induce a productive CTL response. Our data demonstrate that macrophages derived from conditional STAT3 knockout mice are superior to wild-type macrophages in terms of their ability to prime cognate CTL responses, and to cross-present tumor-derived antigen to CTLs in vitro. CTLs cultured with STAT3-deficient APCs demonstrated a stronger proliferative response and produced increased amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, all of which have been shown to be diminished in tumor-tolerized CD8 T cells. Targeting STAT3 signaling represents therefore an enticing strategy to augment CTL responses in the tumor-bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brayer
- Department of Immunology and Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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187
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Yang W, Zhang Y, Yu J, Li S. The low expression of CD80 correlated with the vascular endothelial growth factor in esophageal cancer tissue. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36:501-6. [PMID: 20181455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To analyze the mRNA and protein expression of CD80 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in esophageal cancer (EC) tissue, investigate the causes of esophageal cancer cell escape from immune surveillance. METHODS We detected the CD80 and VEGF mRNA with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), CD80 protein with flow cytometry, VEGF protein with immunohistochemistry in the cancer tissues in 118 EC patients, and the normal esophageal tissue as controls. RESULTS The expression of CD80 mRNA and protein in cancer tissues were lower than that in the controls (p<0.01, respectively), The CD80 protein expression in poor differentiation was lower than that in the well and moderate (P<0.01), in the patients with lymph node metastasis lower than that with no metastasis (P=0.01), in stage IIIA patients lower than that in stages I and II patients (P=0.04); the VEGF mRNA and protein expression were just right opposite. The mean survival time in the CD80 positive group was significantly longer than that in the negative (p=0.041); while in VEGF positive group was lower than that in the negative (p=0.046). The CD80 expression of mRNA and protein were correlated negatively with VEGF in the cancer tissues (r=-0.82, -0.87, respectively). CONCLUSION It is suggested that CD80 was impaired in the EC tissues and correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis, which indicated the dysfunction of immune system and enhancing the progression of EC. The low expression of CD80 correlated with the overexpression of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China.
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188
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Sfar S, Saad H, Mosbah F, Chouchane L. Synergistic effect and VEGF/HSP70-hom haplotype analysis: relationship to prostate cancer risk and clinical outcome. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:377-82. [PMID: 20096741 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disorder resulting from the combined effects of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Our previous single-locus analysis showed that VEGF and HSP70-hom polymorphisms were significantly associated with PCa susceptibility and prognosis. Both genes encoding these proteins were located on chromosome 6p21, and combining the neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into haplotypes may increase the association with the disease. Three tagging polymorphisms, the HSP70-hom 2437 T/C, the VEGF-1154 G/A, and the VEGF-634 G/C SNPs were genotyped in 101 cases and 80 controls. For the combined analysis of VEGF and HSP70-hom, we found a positive gradient in the odds ratios (ORs) related to the number of high-risk genotypes with a 3.53-fold increase of prostate carcinoma risk (OR = 3.53; p = 0.015). Furthermore, the TAG and CAG haplotypes at positions HSP70-hom, VEGF -1154 and VEGF -634 exhibited a two-fold (OR = 0.46; p = 0.014) and a seven-fold (OR = 0.14; p = 0.00005) reduction in PCa risk, respectively. Regarding PCa prognosis, the TAG haplotype had a negative association with the aggressive phenotype as defined by the histopathological grade (OR = 0.28; p = 0.006). Our findings confirm the role of at-risk haplotype across the HSP70-hom/VEGF gene cluster in determining susceptibility to PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sfar
- Department of Molecular Immuno-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
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189
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Maintenance immunotherapy in recurrent ovarian cancer: Long term follow-up of a phase II study. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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190
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Abstract
The abnormal decrease or the lack of oxygen supply to cells and tissues is called hypoxia. This condition is commonly seen in various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, also in solid cancers. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that hypoxic cancers are extremely aggressive, resistant to standard therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), and thus very difficult to eradicate. Hypoxia affects both the tumor and the immune cells via various pathways. This review summarizes the most common effects of hypoxia on immune cells that play a key role in the anti-tumor response, the limitation of current therapies, and the potential solutions that were developed for hypoxic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Yotnda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 77030, Houston, TX, USA.
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191
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Kalinski P, Wieckowski E, Muthuswamy R, de Jong E. Generation of stable Th1/CTL-, Th2-, and Th17-inducing human dendritic cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 595:117-33. [PMID: 19941108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-421-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent inducers and regulators of immune responses, responsible for communication within immune system. The ability of DC to act both as the inducers of immune responses and as regulatory/suppressive cells led to the interest in their immunotherapeutic use in different disease types, ranging from cancer to autoimmunity, and as a tool to prevent the rejection of transplanted tissues and organs. Over the last years, several groups including ours have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining monocyte-derived DC with different functions, by modulating the conditions and the duration of DC maturation. The current chapter provides a detailed protocol of generating type-1-, type-2-, and type-17-polarized DC for testing the cytokine-producing abilities of these cells and their effectiveness in inducing Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses of CD4(+) T cells and CTL responses of naïve and memory CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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192
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Cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7965. [PMID: 19956757 PMCID: PMC2775953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local inflammation associated with solid tumors commonly results from factors released by tumor cells and the tumor stroma, and promotes tumor progression. Cancer associated fibroblasts comprise a majority of the cells found in tumor stroma and are appealing targets for cancer therapy. Here, our aim was to determine the efficacy of targeting cancer associated fibroblasts for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate that cancer associated fibroblasts are key modulators of immune polarization in the tumor microenvironment of a 4T1 murine model of metastatic breast cancer. Elimination of cancer associated fibroblasts in vivo by a DNA vaccine targeted to fibroblast activation protein results in a shift of the immune microenvironment from a Th2 to Th1 polarization. This shift is characterized by increased protein expression of IL-2 and IL-7, suppressed recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells, T regulatory cells, and decreased tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Additionally, the vaccine improved anti-metastatic effects of doxorubicin chemotherapy and enhanced suppression of IL-6 and IL-4 protein expression while increasing recruitment of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells. Treatment with the combination therapy also reduced tumor-associated Vegf, Pdgfc, and GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis through their role as key modulators of immune polarization in the tumor microenvironment and are valid targets for therapy of metastatic breast cancer.
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193
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Suzuki H, Onishi H, Wada J, Yamasaki A, Tanaka H, Nakano K, Morisaki T, Katano M. VEGFR2 is selectively expressed by FOXP3high CD4+ Treg. Eur J Immunol 2009; 40:197-203. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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194
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Battaglia A, Buzzonetti A, Baranello C, Ferrandina G, Martinelli E, Fanfani F, Scambia G, Fattorossi A. Metastatic tumour cells favour the generation of a tolerogenic milieu in tumour draining lymph node in patients with early cervical cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1363-73. [PMID: 19172271 PMCID: PMC11030623 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the immune system state in metastatic tumour draining lymph nodes (mTDLN) and metastasis free TDLN (mfTDLN) in 53 early stage cervical cancer patients to assess whether the presence of metastatic tumour cells worsen the balance between an efficacious anti-tumour and a tolerogenic microenvironment. METHODS The immune system state was measured by immunophenotypic and functional assessment of suppressor and effector immune cell subsets. RESULTS Compared to mfTDLN, mTDLN were significantly enriched in CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), which, in addition, exhibited an activated phenotype (HLA-DR(+) and CD69(+)). Treg in mTDLN were also significantly enriched in neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) expressing cells, a subset particularly potent in dampening T cell responses. mTDLN tended to be enriched in a population of CD8(+)Foxp3(+)T cells (operationally defined as CD8(+)Treg) that showed a suppressor potency similar to Treg under the same experimental conditions. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and myeloid DC (mDC) generally show distinct roles in inducing T cell tolerance and activation, respectively. In line with the excess of suppressor T cells, the ratio pDC to mDC was significantly increased in mTDLN. Immunohistochemical testing showed that metastatic tumour cells produced the vascular endothelial growth factor, a natural ligand for Nrp1 expressed on the cell surface of Nrp1(+)Treg and pDC, and therefore a potential mediator by which tumour cells foster immune privilege in mTDLN. Consistent with the overall tolerogenic profile, mTDLN showed a significant Tc2 polarisation and tended to contain lower numbers of CD45RA(+)CD27(-) effector memory CD8(+)T cells. CONCLUSIONS The increased recruitment of suppressor type cells concomitant with the scarcity of cytotoxic type cells suggests that in mTDLN the presence of tumour cells could tip the balance against anti-tumour immune response facilitating the survival of metastatic tumour cells and possibly contributing to systemic tolerance.
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195
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Abstract
GVAX cancer immunotherapies are composed of whole tumor cells genetically modified to secrete the immune stimulatory cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and then irradiated to prevent further cell division. Both autologous (patient specific) and allogeneic (non-patient specific) GVAX platforms have been evaluated either as single agents or in combination with other immunomodulatory strategies. Many early-phase clinical trials have now been completed. Results have consistently demonstrated a favorable safety profile manifested primarily by injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms. Consistent evidence of immune activation and clinical activity, including radiologic tumor regressions, has been seen across multiple cancer indications in both early- and late-stage disease. Phase 3 trials evaluating an allogeneic GVAX immunotherapy product in prostate cancer are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Hege
- Cell Genesys, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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196
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Werther K, Sørensen S, Christensen IJ, Nielsen HJ. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor six months after primary surgery as a prognostic marker in patients with colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2009; 42:837-45. [PMID: 14968945 DOI: 10.1080/02841860310003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High preoperative circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is predictive of poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, postoperative circulating VEGF has not yet been evaluated as a prognostic marker in CRC patients. In 318 consecutive patients who had undergone curative resection of primary CRC, the prognostic value of VEGF concentrations in plasma and serum obtained 6 months postoperatively was analysed and the results compared with the prognostic value of postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations in matched serum samples. In univariate analyses, high serum and plasma VEGF ( > 533 pg/ml and > 112 pg/ml, respectively) had no significant (p = 0.17 and p = 0.13, respectively) impact on overall survival. On the contrary, high serum CEA ( > 5 ng/ ml) was significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated to a poor prognosis. Finally, in multivariate analyses, the combination of high serum CEA and high serum VEGF was significantly (hazard ratio 3.0, p = 0.02) associated with poor survival compared to high serum CEA and low serum VEGF. It is concluded that 6 months postoperatively serum CEA is a better prognostic marker than corresponding serum and plasma VEGF. However, high serum VEGF within high serum CEA was an even better predictor of overall survival than high serum CEA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Werther
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology 435, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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197
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Ye F, Chen HZ, Xie X, Ye DF, Lu WG. Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Effectively Inhibit Differentiation and Maturation of Dendritic Cells Derived from Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Cancer Invest 2009; 23:379-85. [PMID: 16193636 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-67128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Loco-regional dissemination of ovarian carcinoma is associated with immunosuppression of the peritoneal cavity. One marked characteristic of the peritoneal immunity in this disease is the defective function of dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, the affect of ovarian carcinoma cells on DCs derived from hematopoetic progenitor cells was observed. The study demonstrated that the expansion, phenotype, and function of DCs generated from CD34+ precursors were significantly altered by the supernatant secreted by ovarian carcinoma cells, and this effect could be partly explained by tumoral overproduction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The results indicated that a role of ovarian carcinoma cells in the differentiation and function of DCs could be associated with the immunosuppression and development of ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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198
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Pham W, Kobukai S, Hotta C, Gore JC. Dendritic cells: therapy and imaging. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:539-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590902867739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Saho Kobukai
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
- *These individuals contributed equally to this work
| | - Chie Hotta
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 780, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *These individuals contributed equally to this work
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, AA. 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
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199
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Bluth MJ, Zaba LC, Moussai D, Suárez-Fariñas M, Kaporis H, Fan L, Pierson KC, White TR, Pitts-Kiefer A, Fuentes-Duculan J, Guttman-Yassky E, Krueger JG, Lowes MA, Carucci JA. Myeloid dendritic cells from human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are poor stimulators of T-cell proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2451-62. [PMID: 19387481 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine the phenotype and function of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) from human cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), we studied their surface marker expression and allo-stimulatory potential ex vivo. There were abundant CD11c(+) myeloid DCs, as well as TNF and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing DCs, in and around SCC tumor nests. Although myeloid DCs from SCC, adjacent non-tumor-bearing skin, and normal skin, were phenotypically similar by flow cytometry, and there was a pronounced genomic signature of mature DCs in SCC, they showed different T-cell stimulatory potential in an allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. Myeloid DCs from SCC were less potent stimulators of allogeneic T-cell proliferation than DCs from non-tumor-bearing skin. Culture with a DC-maturing cytokine cocktail (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and PGE(2)) enhanced stimulatory potential in DCs from non-tumor-bearing skin, whereas SCC-associated DCs remained poor stimulators of T-cell proliferation. The microenvironment associated with SCC showed expression of TGF-beta, IL-10, and VEGF-A, factors capable of suppressing the DC function. These findings indicate that CD11c(+)/HLA-DR(hi) DCs from SCC are mature, but are not potent stimulators of T-cell proliferation compared with phenotypically similar DCs isolated from non-tumor-bearing skin. Identification of mechanisms responsible for suppression of tumor-associated DCs may provide insight into the evasion of immunosurveillance by SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bluth
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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200
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Rodríguez PC, Ochoa AC, Rodríguez PC. Arginine regulation by myeloid derived suppressor cells and tolerance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:180-91. [PMID: 18364002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer have an impaired T-cell response that can decrease the potential therapeutic benefit of cancer vaccines and other forms of immunotherapy. L-arginine (L-Arg) is a conditionally essential amino acid that is fundamental for the function of T lymphocytes. Recent findings in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients indicate that increased metabolism of L-Arg by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) producing arginase I inhibits T-lymphocyte responses. Here we discuss some of the most recent concepts how MDSC expressing arginase I may regulate T-cell function in cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases and suggest possible therapeutic interventions to overcome this inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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