201
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Neyraud E, Morzel M. Biological films adhering to the oral soft tissues: Structure, composition, and potential impact on taste perception. J Texture Stud 2018; 50:19-26. [PMID: 30226267 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of free-flowing saliva in taste perception is increasingly recognized, but saliva is also present in the mouth as films intimately associated to soft or hard tissues. On mucosal surfaces, particularly on the tongue, the structure and composition of such films (including its microbial constitutive part) may play a particular role in the sense of taste due to their proximity with the taste anatomical structures. This review compiles the current knowledge on the structure of biological films adhering to oral mucosae and on their biochemical and microbiological composition, before presenting possible implications for taste perception. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The understanding of the role of oral biological films on taste perception may provide new avenues of research and development for the industry or academia interested broadly in chemosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Neyraud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Martine Morzel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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202
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Anderson AC, Rothballer M, Altenburger MJ, Woelber JP, Karygianni L, Lagkouvardos I, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. In-vivo shift of the microbiota in oral biofilm in response to frequent sucrose consumption. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14202. [PMID: 30242260 PMCID: PMC6155074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Caries is associated with shifts of microbiota in dental biofilms and primarily driven by frequent sucrose consumption. Data on environmentally induced in vivo microbiota shifts are scarce therefore we investigated the influence of frequent sucrose consumption on the oral biofilm. Splint systems containing enamel slabs were worn for 3 × 7 days with 7-day intervals to obtain oral biofilm samples. After a three-month dietary change of sucking 10 g of sucrose per day in addition to the regular diet, biofilm was obtained again at the end of the second phase. The microbiota was analysed using Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing (v1-v2 region). In addition, roughness of the enamel surface was measured with laser scanning microscopy. The sucrose phase resulted in significant differences in beta-diversity and significantly decreased species richness. It was marked by a significant increase in abundance of streptococci, specifically Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Streptococcus sanguinis. Enamel surface roughness began to increase, reflecting initial impairment of dental enamel surface. The results showed that frequent sucrose consumption provoked compositional changes in the microbiota, leading to an increase of non-mutans streptococci, hence supporting the extended ecological plaque hypothesis and emphasizing the synergy of multiple bacterial species in the development of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Carola Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs- University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Institute of Network Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Jörg Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs- University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs- University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Microbiome/NGS, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs- University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs- University, Freiburg, Germany
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203
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Rupf S, Laczny CC, Galata V, Backes C, Keller A, Umanskaya N, Erol A, Tierling S, Lo Porto C, Walter J, Kirsch J, Hannig M, Hannig C. Comparison of initial oral microbiomes of young adults with and without cavitated dentin caries lesions using an in situ biofilm model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14010. [PMID: 30228377 PMCID: PMC6143549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is caused by acids released from bacterial biofilms. However, the in vivo formation of initial biofilms in relation to caries remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to compare the oral microbiome during the initial phase of bacterial colonization for individuals with (CC) and without (NC) cavitated dentin caries lesions. Bovine enamel slabs on acrylic splints were worn by the volunteers (CC: 14, NC: 13) for in situ biofilm formation (2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 1 ml saliva as reference). Sequencing of the V1/V2 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was performed (MiSeq). The relative abundances of individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were compared between samples from the CC group and the NC group. Random forests models were furthermore trained to separate the groups. While the overall heterogeneity did not differ substantially between CC and NC individuals, several individual OTUs were found to have significantly different relative abundances. For the 8 h samples, most of the significant OTUs showed higher relative abundances in the CC group, while the majority of significant OTUs in the saliva samples were more abundant in the NC group. Furthermore, using OTU signatures enabled a separation between both groups, with area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of ~0.8. In summary, the results suggest that initial oral biofilms provide the potential to differentiate between CC and NC individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rupf
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Cedric C Laczny
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Valentina Galata
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Natalia Umanskaya
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arzu Erol
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Lo Porto
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jasmin Kirsch
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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204
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Sanz M, Beighton D, Curtis MA, Cury JA, Dige I, Dommisch H, Ellwood R, Giacaman RA, Herrera D, Herzberg MC, Könönen E, Marsh PD, Meyle J, Mira A, Molina A, Mombelli A, Quirynen M, Reynolds EC, Shapira L, Zaura E. Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Consensus report of group 1 of the Joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44 Suppl 18:S5-S11. [PMID: 28266109 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The scope of this working group was to review (1) ecological interactions at the dental biofilm in health and disease, (2) the role of microbial communities in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and caries, and (3) the innate host response in caries and periodontal diseases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A health-associated biofilm includes genera such as Neisseria, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella and Granulicatella. Microorganisms associated with both caries and periodontal diseases are metabolically highly specialized and organized as multispecies microbial biofilms. Progression of these diseases involves multiple microbial interactions driven by different stressors. In caries, the exposure of dental biofilms to dietary sugars and their fermentation to organic acids results in increasing proportions of acidogenic and aciduric species. In gingivitis, plaque accumulation at the gingival margin leads to inflammation and increasing proportions of proteolytic and often obligately anaerobic species. The natural mucosal barriers and saliva are the main innate defence mechanisms against soft tissue bacterial invasion. Similarly, enamel and dentin are important hard tissue barriers to the caries process. Given that the present state of knowledge suggests that the aetiologies of caries and periodontal diseases are mutually independent, the elements of innate immunity that appear to contribute to resistance to both are somewhat coincidental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiolgy and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Beighton
- King's College London School of Medical Education, London, UK
| | - Michael A Curtis
- Microbiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jaime A Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAM, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Irene Dige
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiolgy and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eija Könönen
- Periodontology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Philip D Marsh
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alex Mira
- Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Molina
- ETEP (Etiolgy and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lior Shapira
- Periodontology, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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205
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Marsh PD, Zaura E. Dental biofilm: ecological interactions in health and disease. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44 Suppl 18:S12-S22. [PMID: 28266111 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral microbiome is diverse and exists as multispecies microbial communities on oral surfaces in structurally and functionally organized biofilms. AIM To describe the network of microbial interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) occurring within these biofilms and assess their role in oral health and dental disease. METHODS PubMed database was searched for studies on microbial ecological interactions in dental biofilms. The search results did not lend themselves to systematic review and have been summarized in a narrative review instead. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-seven original research articles and 212 reviews were identified. The majority (86%) of research articles addressed bacterial-bacterial interactions, while inter-kingdom microbial interactions were the least studied. The interactions included physical and nutritional synergistic associations, antagonism, cell-to-cell communication and gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS Oral microbial communities display emergent properties that cannot be inferred from studies of single species. Individual organisms grow in environments they would not tolerate in pure culture. The networks of multiple synergistic and antagonistic interactions generate microbial inter-dependencies and give biofilms a resilience to minor environmental perturbations, and this contributes to oral health. If key environmental pressures exceed thresholds associated with health, then the competitiveness among oral microorganisms is altered and dysbiosis can occur, increasing the risk of dental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Marsh
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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206
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Xu H, Tian J, Hao W, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Shi W, Qin M, He X, Chen F. Oral Microbiome Shifts From Caries-Free to Caries-Affected Status in 3-Year-Old Chinese Children: A Longitudinal Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2009. [PMID: 30210479 PMCID: PMC6121080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent human infectious diseases, dental caries results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiota driven by multiple factors. However, most of caries studies were cross-sectional and mainly focused on the differences in the oral microbiota between caries-free (CF) and caries-affected (CA) populations, while little is known about the dynamic shift in microbial composition, and particularly the change in species association pattern during disease transition. Here, we reported a longitudinal study of a 12-month follow-up of a cohort of 3-year-old children. Oral examinations and supragingival plaque collections were carried out at the beginning and every subsequent 6 months, for a total of three time points. All the children were CF at enrollment. Children who developed caries at 6-month follow-up but had not received any dental treatment until the end of the study were incorporated into the CA group. Children who remained CF at the end of the study were incorporated into the CF group. Using Illumina Miseq Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we monitored the shift of supragingival microbiome during caries initiation and progression in children who developed caries over the 12-month study period. Intriguingly, principle coordinates analyses revealed two major shifting patterns in microbial structures during caries initiation and progression in CA group, but not in CF group. Dynamic co-occurring OTU network study showed that compared to CF group, there was significant increase in both number and intensity of correlations between microbial taxa, as well as the formation of tight clusters of specific bacteria in CA group. Furthermore, there were enhanced correlations, positive ones between CA-enriched taxa, and negative ones between CF-enriched and CA-enriched species within CA group. Our data suggested coordinated microbial interactions could be essential to caries pathogenesis. Most importantly, our study indicated that significant microbial shifts occur not only during caries development, but even in the sub-clinical state. Using supragingival microbiome profiles, we were able to construct a caries-onset prediction model with a prediction accuracy of 93.1%. Our study indicated that the microbial shifts prior to the onset of caries might potentially be used for the early diagnosis and prediction of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong He
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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207
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Electrochemical behavior of titanium exposed to a biofilm supplemented with different sucrose concentrations. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:290-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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208
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Longo PL, Dabdoub S, Kumar P, Artese HPC, Dib SA, Romito GA, Mayer MPA. Glycaemic status affects the subgingival microbiome of diabetic patients. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:932-940. [PMID: 29742293 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Periodontitis is correlated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but little is known about glycaemic status effect on subgingival microbiota associated with periodontitis. This study evaluated if periodontal microbiome of T2DM patients is affected by glycaemic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one T2DM non-smoking patients with chronic periodontitis and body mass index ≤40 kg/m2 were allocated into two groups according to systemic glycaemic status: inadequate (DMI- HbA1c ≥ 8%) and adequate (DMA- HbA1c <7.8%). Subgingival biofilm was collected from sites with moderate (PD = 4-6 mm) and severe disease (PD ≥ 7 mm) in two quadrants. The V5-V6 hypervariable region of the 16SrRNA was sequenced using the GS-FLX-454 Titanium platform. Sequences were compared with HOMD database using QIIME and PhyloToAST pipelines. Statistical comparisons were made using two-sample t-tests. RESULTS DMA microbiome presented higher diversity than DMI. Inadequate glycaemic control favoured fermenting species, especially those associated with propionate/succinate production, whereas those forming butyrate/pyruvate was decreased in DMI. Higher abundances of anginosus group and Streptococcus agalactiae in DMI may indicate that subgingival sites can be reservoir of potentially invasive pathogens. Altered subgingival microbiome in DMI may represent an additional challenge in the periodontal treatment of these patients and in the prevention of more invasive infections. CONCLUSION Glycaemic status in T2DM patients seems to modulate subgingival biofilm composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila L Longo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shareef Dabdoub
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hilana P C Artese
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Dib
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe A Romito
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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209
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Walther C, Meyer-Lueckel H, Conrads G, Esteves-Oliveira M, Henne K. Correlation between relative bacterial activity and lactate dehydrogenase gene expression of co-cultures in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1225-1235. [PMID: 29980934 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims at correlating the relative bacterial activity with the H+ concentration and the ldh expression of caries-associated bacteria in co-cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Well plates were prepared with BHI medium and cultures of Lactobacillus paracasei and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial growth at 37 °C was measured using a microplate-photometer before and after adding sucrose to the samples. Samples of co-cultures (n = 12) and single-species cultures (n = 3) were taken and pH was assessed. Real-time quantitative PCRs were applied targeting the 16S-gene, the 16S-rRNA, the ldh-gene, and the ldh-mRNA. RESULTS For L. paracasei with sucrose, an increase in relative bacterial activity (62.8% ± 23.5% [mean, SE]) was observed, while F. nucleatum showed a clear decrease in relative bacterial activity (- 35.0% ± 9.6%). Simultaneously, the H+ concentration increased (1.15E-05 mol*l-1 ± 4.61E-07 mol*l-1). Consequently, a significant positive correlation was found between L. paracasei's relative bacterial activity and H+ concentration (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.638; p = 0.002), while F. nucleatum exhibited a negative correlation (r = - 0.741; p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore L. paracasei with sucrose showed a moderate, but significant positive correlation between relative bacterial activity and ldh-expression (r = 0.307; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The relative bacterial activity after sucrose pulse showed a significant correlation not only to the acid production (H+ concentration) but also to ldh expression of L. paracasei. However, further research is required to confirm these findings in a mature biofilm in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcella Esteves-Oliveira
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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210
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK, Potempa J. Citrullination as a plausible link to periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1487742. [PMID: 29963294 PMCID: PMC6022223 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1487742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atherosclerosis (AS), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are examples of complex human diseases with chronic inflammatory components in their etiologies. The initial trigger of inflammation that progresses to these diseases remains unresolved. Porphyromonas gingivalis is unique in its ability to secrete the P. gingivalis-derived peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD) and consequently offers a plausible and exclusive link to these diseases through enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline. Citrullination is a post-translational enzymatic modification of arginine residues in proteins formed as part of normal physiological processes. However, PPAD has the potential to modify self (bacterial) and host proteins by deimination of arginine amino acid residues, preferentially at the C-terminus. Migration of P. gingivalis and/or its secreted PPAD into the bloodstream opens up the possibility that this enzyme will citrullinate proteins at disparate body sites. Citrullination is associated with the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases such as RA and AD, which have an elusive external perpetrator as they show epidemiological associations with periodontitis. Therefore, PPAD deserves some prominence as an external antigen, in at least, a subset of RA and AD cases, with as yet unidentified, immune/genetic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegeneration Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jan Potempa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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211
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Ahmad Akhoundi MS, Rokn A, Bagheri R, Momeni N, Hodjat M. Urokinase-plasminogen activator protects periodontal ligament fibroblast from oxidative induced-apoptosis and DNA damage. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:861-869. [PMID: 29920670 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease expressed at high basal level in normal gingival cervical fluid. Despite its known pathologic role in tissue proteolysis in periodontitis, little is known concerning uPA physiological function in oral tissue. Recent evidence in cancer cells has implicated the uPA system in DNA repair and anti-apoptotic pathways. This study is aimed to evaluate the protective function of urokinase against oxidative DNA damage in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblast, and to propose a new biological role for uPA in oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS PDL cells were isolated from human wisdom teeth obtained from healthy donors. An oxidative stress model was created in which PDL cells were incubated with 20, 30, 40 and 60 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide. Twenty-four hours before and after peroxide treatment, cells were treated with uPA and amiloride. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, apoptosis by DAPI-staining and annexin V/propidium iodide assay, and DNA breaks by alkaline comet assay. For estimating DNA damage level, γ-H2AX expression was studied using flow cytometry and immunostaining. RESULTS The incubation of the peroxide-treated cells with uPA significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis. A significant decrease in the number of γ-H2AX foci was seen at 30 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide in uPA-treated cells. uPA inhibition as a result of amiloride treatment, in turn, induced a reduction in cell viability. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the levels of DNA damage in uPA-treated groups as measured by the comet assay. CONCLUSION The present study brings support to the theory that uPA may have a protective role for periodontal tissue and could protect PDL fibroblasts from oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ahmad Akhoundi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Rokn
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Bagheri
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Momeni
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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212
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The Associations between Biochemical and Microbiological Variables and Taste Differ in Whole Saliva and in the Film Lining the Tongue. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2838052. [PMID: 30013981 PMCID: PMC6022264 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2838052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate whether the biological film lining the tongue may play a role in taste perception. For that purpose, the tongue film and saliva of 21 healthy subjects were characterized, focusing on microorganisms and their main metabolic substrates and products. In parallel, taste sensitivity was evaluated using a test recently developed by our group, and the links between biological and sensory data were explored by a correlative approach. Saliva and tongue film differed significantly in biochemical composition (proportions of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactic, butyric, and acetic acids) and in microbiological profiles: compared to saliva, tongue film was characterized by significantly lower proportions of Bacteroidetes (p<0.001) and its main genus Prevotella (p<0.01) and significantly higher proportions of Firmicutes (p<0.01), Actinobacteria (p<0.001), and the genus Streptococcus (p<0.05). Generic taste sensitivity was linked to biological variables in the two compartments, but variables that appeared influent in saliva (flow, organic acids, proportion of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) and in tongue film (sugars and proportions of Bacteroidetes) were not the same. This study points to two interesting areas in taste research: the oral microbiome and the specific characterization of the film lining the tongue.
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213
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Peters BA, McCullough ML, Purdue MP, Freedman ND, Um CY, Gapstur SM, Hayes RB, Ahn J. Association of Coffee and Tea Intake with the Oral Microbiome: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:814-821. [PMID: 29703763 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The oral microbiota play a central role in oral health, and possibly in carcinogenesis. Research suggests that coffee and tea consumption may have beneficial health effects. We examined the associations of these common beverages with the oral ecosystem in a large cross-sectional study.Methods: We assessed oral microbiota in mouthwash samples from 938 participants in two U.S. cohorts using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Coffee and tea intake were assessed from food frequency questionnaires. We examined associations of coffee and tea intake with overall oral microbiota diversity and composition using linear regression and permutational MANOVA, respectively, and with taxon abundance using negative binomial generalized linear models; all models adjusted for age, sex, cohort, body mass index, smoking, ethanol intake, and energy intake.Results: Higher tea intake was associated with greater oral microbiota richness (P = 0.05) and diversity (P = 0.006), and shifts in overall community composition (P = 0.002); coffee was not associated with these microbiome parameters. Tea intake was associated with altered abundance of several oral taxa; these included Fusobacteriales, Clostridiales, and Shuttleworthia satelles (higher with increasing tea) and Bifidobacteriaceae, Bergeyella, Lactobacillales, and Kingella oralis (lower with increasing tea). Higher coffee intake was only associated with greater abundance of Granulicatella and Synergistetes.Conclusions: In the largest study to date of tea and coffee consumption in relation to the oral microbiota, the microbiota of tea drinkers differed in several ways from nondrinkers.Impact: Tea-driven changes to the oral microbiome may contribute to previously observed associations between tea and oral and systemic diseases, including cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(7); 814-21. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandilyn A Peters
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Caroline Y Um
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York. .,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
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214
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Abstract
The three main oral diseases of humans, that is, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis, are associated with microbiome shifts initiated by changes in the oral environment and/or decreased effectiveness of mucosal immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss the role that microbial-based therapies may have in the control of these conditions. Most investigations on the use of microorganisms for management of oral disease have been conducted with probiotic strains with some positive but very discrete clinical outcomes. Other strategies such as whole oral microbiome transplantation or modification of community function by enrichment with health-promoting indigenous oral strains may offer more promise, but research in this field is still in its infancy. Any microbial-based therapeutics for oral conditions, however, are likely to be only one component within a holistic preventive strategy that should also aim at modification of the environmental influences responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of microbiome shifts associated with oral dysbiosis.
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215
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The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. Br Dent J 2018; 221:657-666. [PMID: 27857087 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For millions of years, our resident microbes have coevolved and coexisted with us in a mostly harmonious symbiotic relationship. We are not distinct entities from our microbiome, but together we form a 'superorganism' or holobiont, with the microbiome playing a significant role in our physiology and health. The mouth houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, harbouring over 700 species of bacteria that colonise the hard surfaces of teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. Through recent advances in technology, we have started to unravel the complexities of the oral microbiome and gained new insights into its role during both health and disease. Perturbations of the oral microbiome through modern-day lifestyles can have detrimental consequences for our general and oral health. In dysbiosis, the finely-tuned equilibrium of the oral ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting bacteria to manifest and cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. For practitioners and patients alike, promoting a balanced microbiome is therefore important to effectively maintain or restore oral health. This article aims to give an update on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease and to discuss implications for modern-day oral healthcare.
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216
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Martini D, Galli C, Guareschi C, Angelino D, Bedogni G, Biasini B, Zavaroni I, Pruneti C, Ventura M, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Dei Cas A, Bonadonna RC, Passeri G, Del Rio D. Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims on foods proposed under Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 in the area of oral health. NFS JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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217
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Marchesan JT, Morelli T, Moss K, Preisser JS, Zandona AF, Offenbacher S, Beck J. Interdental Cleaning Is Associated with Decreased Oral Disease Prevalence. J Dent Res 2018; 97:773-778. [PMID: 29481764 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between interdental cleaning behavior and the prevalence of caries and periodontal disease and numbers of missing teeth, with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011 to 2012 and 2013 to 2014). Analysis included the following parameters: interproximal clinical attachment level (iCAL) ≥3 mm, interproximal probing depth (iPD) ≥4 mm, number of coronal and interproximal caries, number of missing teeth, ≥1 surfaces with coronal caries, and periodontal profile classes (PPCs). Chi-square was used for bivariate associations. Associations of interdental cleaning with outcomes were assessed with multiple linear regression and generalized logit regression, adjusting for age, race, sex, diabetes, smoking, education, dental visits, and sugar consumption. Nonusers had a significantly higher percentage of sites with iCAL ≥3 mm and iPD ≥4 mm as compared with individuals who used interdental cleaning devices ( P < 0.0001). Individuals with a higher frequency of cleaning (4 to 7×/wk) had a significantly lower extent of sites with iCAL ≥3 mm as compared with lower-frequency cleaning (1 to 3×/wk; P ≤ 0.05). Interdental cleaning users showed lower numbers of coronal caries, interproximal coronal caries, and missing teeth as compared with nonusers ( P < 0.0001). Nonusers had 1.73-times (95% confidence interval, 1.53 to 1.94) higher odds for having ≥1 surfaces of coronal caries as compared with interdental cleaning users, regardless of the weekly frequency. Individuals were less likely to be in diseased PPCs if they were interdental cleaning users. Low-frequency cleaners (1 to 3×/wk) had significantly greater odds (1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.88) to have severe disease (PPC-G) versus health (PPC-A) than were high-frequency cleaners (4 to 7×/wk). Interdental cleaning users showed lower levels of periodontal disease and caries and lower numbers of missing teeth. Higher frequency of interdental cleaning was correlated with increased periodontal health. Individuals with severe periodontal disease could show additional oral health benefits by increasing cleaning frequency. The data support the use of interdental cleaning devices as an oral hygiene behavior for promoting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Marchesan
- 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T Morelli
- 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Moss
- 2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,3 Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J S Preisser
- 2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,4 Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A F Zandona
- 5 Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Offenbacher
- 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Beck
- 2 Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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218
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Souza BMD, Fernandes Neto C, Salomão PMA, Vasconcelos LRSMD, Andrade FBD, Magalhães AC. Analysis of the antimicrobial and anti-caries effects of TiF4 varnish under microcosm biofilm formed on enamel. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170304. [PMID: 29489933 PMCID: PMC5829548 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) is known for interacting with enamel reducing demineralization. However, no information is available about its potential antimicrobial effect. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-caries potential of TiF4 varnish compared to NaF varnish, chlorhexidine gel (positive control), placebo varnish and untreated (negative controls) using a dental microcosm biofilm model. MATERIAL AND METHODS A microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel previously treated with the varnishes, using inoculum from human saliva mixed with McBain saliva, under 0.2% sucrose exposure, for 14 days. All experiments were performed in biological triplicate (n=4/group in each experiment). Factors evaluated were: bacterial viability (% dead and live bacteria); CFU counting (log10 CFU/mL); and enamel demineralization (transverse microradiography - TMR). Data were analysed using ANOVA/Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's test (p<0.05). RESULTS Only chlorhexidine significantly increased the number of dead bacteria (68.8±13.1% dead bacteria) compared to untreated control (48.9±16.1% dead bacteria). No treatment reduced the CFU counting (total microorganism and total streptococci) compared to the negative controls. Only TiF4 was able to reduce enamel demineralization (ΔZ 1110.7±803.2 vol% μm) compared to both negative controls (untreated: ΔZ 4455.3±1176.4 vol% μm). CONCLUSIONS TiF4 varnish has no relevant antimicrobial effect. Nevertheless, TiF4 varnish was effective in reducing enamel demineralization under this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martines de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Constantino Fernandes Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Priscila Maria Aranda Salomão
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
- Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
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219
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Cha JD, Jung EK, Choi SM, Lee KY, Kang SW. Antimicrobial activity of the chloroform fraction of Drynaria fortunei against oral pathogens. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:31-38. [PMID: 28367899 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Drynaria fortunei (D. fortunei), widely used in traditional Korean medicine, is reportedly effective in treating inflammation, hyperlipidemia, bone fractures, oxidative damage, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and gynecological diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the chloroform fraction of D. fortunei (DFCF) and assess the synergistic effects of DFCF with antibiotics against bacterial pathogens. This was carried out by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and performing checkerboard dilution test and time-kill assays. The MICs/MBCs for DFCF, ampicillin, and gentamicin against all oral strains were >39-2,500/5,000 μg/mL, 0.25-64/0.25-64 µg/mL, and 0.5-256/1-512 µg/mL, respectively. DFCF exhibited the highest activity against the periodontic pathogens Prevotella intermedia and Porphylomonas gingivalis. DFCF in combination with ampicillin showed a strong synergistic effect against oral bacteria (fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ≤0.5), whereas on combining with gentamicin, it reduced the on half-eighth times than used alone (FICI ≤ 0.5). DFCF combined with ampicillin or gentamicin killed 100% of most tested bacteria within 3-4 h. The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and synergistic activity of DFCF and antibiotics against oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Dan Cha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University
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220
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Solinski AE, Ochoa C, Lee YE, Paniak T, Kozlowski MC, Wuest WM. Honokiol-Inspired Analogs as Inhibitors of Oral Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:118-122. [PMID: 29236466 PMCID: PMC5869685 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a complex ecological niche where both commensal and pathogenic bacteria coexist. Previous reports have cited that the plant isolate honokiol is a potent inhibitor of S. mutans biofilms. Herein we report a cross-coupling method that provides access to a concise library of honokiol-inspired analogs. Through this work we determined that the inhibitory activity of honokiol is highly dependent on the growth conditions. Further, we identify a series of analogs that display significant potency against oral bacteria leading to the discovery of a potent antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Solinski
- Department of Chemistry, 1515 Dickey Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas Paniak
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, 1515 Dickey Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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221
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric F. Kong
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandra M. Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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222
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Damé-Teixeira N, Parolo CCF, Maltz M, Rup AG, Devine DA, Do T. Gene expression of bacterial collagenolytic proteases in root caries. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1424475. [PMID: 34394852 PMCID: PMC5774410 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1424475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is unknown whether bacteria play a role in the collagen matrix degradation that occurs during caries progression. Our aim was to characterize the expression level of genes involved in bacterial collagenolytic proteases in root biofilms with and without caries. Method: we collected samples from active cavitated root caries lesions (RC, n = 30) and from sound root surfaces (SRS, n = 10). Total microbial RNA was isolated and cDNA sequenced on the Illumina Hi-Seq2500. Reads were mapped to 162 oral bacterial reference genomes. Genes encoding putative bacterial collagenolytic proteases were identified. Normalization and differential expression analysis was performed on all metatranscriptomes (FDR<10-3). Result: Genes encoding collagenases were identified in 113 bacterial species the majority were peptidase U32. In RC, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula expressed the most collagenases. Organisms that overexpressed collagenolytic protease genes in RC (Log2FoldChange>8) but none in SRS were Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus [HMPREF0721_RS02020; HMPREF0721_RS04640], Scardovia inopinata [SCIP_RS02440] and Olsenella uli DSM7084 [OLSU_RS02990]. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the U32 proteases may be related to carious dentine. The contribution of a small number of species to dentine degradation should be further investigated. These proteases may have potential in future biotechnological and medical applications, serving as targets for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Dentistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Maltz
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ariel Goulart Rup
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Deirdre Ann Devine
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thuy Do
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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223
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We wished to overview recent data on a subset of epigenetic changes elicited by intracellular bacteria in human cells. Reprogramming the gene expression pattern of various host cells may facilitate bacterial growth, survival, and spread. RECENT FINDINGS DNA-(cytosine C5)-methyltransferases of Mycoplasma hyorhinis targeting cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis methyltransferase targeting non-CpG sites methylated the host cell DNA and altered the pattern of gene expression. Gene silencing by CpG methylation and histone deacetylation, mediated by cellular enzymes, also occurred in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis elicited cell type-specific epigenetic changes: it caused increased DNA methylation in macrophages, but induced demethylation, deposition of euchromatic histone marks and activation of immune-related genes in dendritic cells. A secreted transposase of Acinetobacter baumannii silenced a cellular gene, whereas Mycobacterium leprae altered the epigenotype, phenotype, and fate of infected Schwann cells. The 'keystone pathogen' oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis induced local DNA methylation and increased the level of histone acetylation in host cells. These epigenetic changes at the biofilm-gingiva interface may contribute to the development of periodontitis. SUMMARY Epigenetic regulators produced by intracellular bacteria alter the epigenotype and gene expression pattern of host cells and play an important role in pathogenesis.
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224
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Plummer PJ, Krull A. Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 33:165-181. [PMID: 28579041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is a polybacterial disease process of dairy and beef cattle. Lesions are most commonly identified on the plantar aspect of the interdigital cleft of the hind limbs. Treponema spp are routinely present in large numbers of active lesions. Lesions are painful to the touch and can result in clinical lameness. The infectious nature generally results in endemic infection of cattle herds and management requires a comprehensive and integrated multipronged approach. This article provides current perspectives regarding management and treatment of digital dermatitis on dairy and beef cattle operations and provides a review for clinicians dealing with a clinical outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Plummer
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA USA.
| | - Adam Krull
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA USA
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225
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Giacaman RA. Sugars and beyond. The role of sugars and the other nutrients and their potential impact on caries. Oral Dis 2017; 24:1185-1197. [PMID: 28898520 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The traditional concept of caries as a multifactorial transmittable and infectious disease has been challenged. Novel conceptual ideas have come to add to the complexity of this highly prevalent disease worldwide. Current etiological understanding of the disease has emphasized the pivotal role of sugars in caries. In fact, current definition points toward an ecological disease caused by the commensal microbiota that under ecological imbalances, mainly due to high and or frequent sugars consumption, creates a state of dysbiosis in the dental biofilm. This modern conceptual idea, however, tends to underrate a key issue. As humans are omnivore and consume a mix diet composed by a multitude of substances, the role of the diet in caries must not be restricted only to the presence of fermentable sugars. This review explores the contribution of other food components, ubiquitous to the diet, mostly as potentially protective factors. Anticaries nutrients might determine an environmental change, affecting the ecology of the oral microbiome and partially mitigating the effect of sugars. Understanding the function of the food usually consumed by the people will contribute new knowledge on the mechanisms associated with the onset of caries, on new caries risk variables and on potential novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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226
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Mahasneh SA, Mahasneh AM. Probiotics: A Promising Role in Dental Health. Dent J (Basel) 2017; 5:E26. [PMID: 29563432 PMCID: PMC5806962 DOI: 10.3390/dj5040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have a role in maintaining oral health through interaction with oral microbiome, thus contributing to healthy microbial equilibrium. The nature and composition of any individual microbiome impacts the general health, being a major contributor to oral health. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of available antimicrobials have restricted their use in an array of prophylactic options. Indeed, some new strategies to prevent oral diseases are based on manipulating oral microbiota, which is provided by probiotics. Currently, no sufficient substantial evidence exists to support the use of probiotics to prevent, treat or manage oral cavity diseases. At present, probiotic use did not cause adverse effects or increased risks of caries or periodontal diseases. This implicates no strong evidence against treatment using probiotics. In this review, we try to explore the use of probiotics in prevention, treatment and management of some oral cavity diseases and the possibilities of developing designer probiotics for the next generation of oral and throat complimentary healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari A Mahasneh
- School of Dental Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Adel M Mahasneh
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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227
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Guerrero-Preston R, White JR, Godoy-Vitorino F, Rodríguez-Hilario A, Navarro K, González H, Michailidi C, Jedlicka A, Canapp S, Bondy J, Dziedzic A, Mora-Lagos B, Rivera-Alvarez G, Ili-Gangas C, Brebi-Mieville P, Westra W, Koch W, Kang H, Marchionni L, Kim Y, Sidransky D. High-resolution microbiome profiling uncovers Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus gasseri/johnsonii, and Lactobacillus vaginalis associated to oral and oropharyngeal cancer in saliva from HPV positive and HPV negative patients treated with surgery and chemo-radiation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110931-110948. [PMID: 29340028 PMCID: PMC5762296 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiome studies show altered microbiota in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), both in terms of taxonomic composition and metabolic capacity. These studies utilized a traditional bioinformatics methodology, which allows for accurate taxonomic assignment down to the genus level, but cannot accurately resolve species level membership. We applied Resphera Insight, a high-resolution methodology for 16S rRNA taxonomic assignment that is able to provide species-level context in its assignments of 16S rRNA next generation sequencing (NGS) data. Resphera Insight applied to saliva samples from HNSCC patients and healthy controls led to the discovery that a subset of HNSCC saliva samples is significantly enriched with commensal species from the vaginal flora, including Lactobacillus gasseri/johnsonii (710x higher in saliva) and Lactobacillus vaginalis (52x higher in saliva). These species were not observed in normal saliva from Johns Hopkins patients, nor in 16S rRNA NGS saliva samples from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Interestingly, both species were only observed in saliva from Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) positive and HPV negative oropharyngeal cancer patients. We confirmed the representation of both species in HMP data obtained from mid-vagina (n=128) and vaginal introitus (n=121) samples. Resphera Insight also led to the discovery that Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral cavity flora commensal bacterium linked to colon cancer, is enriched (600x higher) in saliva from a subset of HNSCC patients with advanced tumors stages. Together, these high-resolution analyses on 583 samples suggest a possible role for bacterial species in the therapeutic outcome of HPV positive and HPV negative HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - James Robert White
- Department of Computational Biology Resphera Biosciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Lab, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Arnold Rodríguez-Hilario
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Lab, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kelvin Navarro
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Lab, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Herminio González
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Lab, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Christina Michailidi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sierra Canapp
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Bondy
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Mora-Lagos
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gustavo Rivera-Alvarez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Ili-Gangas
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Priscilla Brebi-Mieville
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - William Westra
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyunseok Kang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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228
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Seerangaiyan K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Harmsen HJM, Rossen JWA, Winkel EG. The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra-oral halitosis. J Breath Res 2017; 11:036010. [PMID: 28875948 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa7c24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intra-oral halitosis (IOH) is an unpleasant odor emanating from the oral cavity. It is thought that the microbiota of the dorsal tongue coating plays a crucial role in this condition. The aim of the study was to investigate the composition of the tongue microbiome in subjects with and without IOH. A total of 26 subjects, 16 IOH patients and 10 healthy subjects were recruited based on their organoleptic score and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) measurements. The composition of the tongue microbiome was studied using the 16s amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 hyper variable region with an Illumina MiSeq. The sequenced data were analyzed using QIIME, and the sequences obtained were distributed across 7 phyla, 27 genera and 825 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). At a higher taxon level, TM7 was associated with IOH patients whereas Gemellaceae was significantly abundant in the healthy subjects. At OTU level, we found several significant OTUs that differentiated the IOH patients from the controls. These included Aggregatibacter (OTU id 4335776), Aggregatibacter segnis (A. segnis), Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Clostridiales, Dialister, Leptotrichia, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, Prevotella, Selenomonas, SR1, Tannerella, TM7-3 and Treponema in the IOH group. In the control group, Aggregatibacter (OTU id 4363066), Haemophilus, Haemophilus parainfluenza (H. parainfluenza), Moryella, Oribacterium, Prevotella, several Streptococcus, Rothia dentocariosa (R. dentocariosa) and OTU from Gemellaceae were significantly abundant. Based on our observation, it was concluded that the bacterial qualitative composition of the IOH and the control group was almost the same, except for the few above-mentioned bacterial species and genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Seerangaiyan
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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229
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Maske TT, van de Sande FH, Arthur RA, Huysmans MCDNJM, Cenci MS. In vitro biofilm models to study dental caries: a systematic review. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:661-675. [PMID: 28792234 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1354248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and discuss key methodological aspects of in vitro biofilm models for caries-related research and to verify the reproducibility and dose-response of models considering the response to anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Inclusion criteria were divided into Part I (PI): an in vitro biofilm model that produces a cariogenic biofilm and/or caries-like lesions and allows pH fluctuations; and Part II (PII): models showing an effect of anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Within PI, 72.9% consisted of dynamic biofilm models, while 27.1% consisted of batch models. Within PII, 75.5% corresponded to dynamic models, whereas 24.5% corresponded to batch models. Respectively, 20.4 and 14.3% of the studies reported dose-response validations and reproducibility, and 32.7% were classified as having a high risk of bias. Several in vitro biofilm models are available for caries-related research; however, most models lack validation by dose-response and reproducibility experiments for each proposed protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Maske
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
- b Department of Dentistry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - F H van de Sande
- c School of Dentistry , IMED Faculdade Meridional , Passo Fundo-RS , Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- d Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre-RS , Brazil
| | - M C D N J M Huysmans
- b Department of Dentistry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - M S Cenci
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
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230
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A cytometric approach to follow variation and dynamics of the salivary microbiota. Methods 2017; 134-135:67-79. [PMID: 28842259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial flow cytometry is an established fast and economic technique for complex ecosystem studies and enables visualization of rapidly changing community structures by measuring characteristics of single microbial cells. Cytometric evaluation routines are available such as flowCyBar which are useful for automatic data processing. Here, a cytometric workflow was established which allows to routinely analyze salivary microbiomes on the example of ten oral healthy subjects. First, saliva was collected within a 3-month period, cytometrically analyzed and the evolution of the microbiomes followed as well as the calculation of their intra- and inter-subject similarity. Second, the respective microbiomes were stressed by exposition to high sugar or acid concentrations and immediate changes were recorded. Third, bactericide solutions were tested on their impact on the microbiomes. In all three set ups huge intra-individual variations in cytometric community structures were found to be largely absent, even under stress, while inter-individual diversity was obvious. The bacterial cell counts of saliva samples were found to vary between 3.0×107 and 6.2×108 cells per sample and subject in undisturbed environments. The application of the two bactericides did not cause noteworthy diversity changes but the loss in cell numbers by about 50% was high after treatment. Illumina® sequencing of whole microbiomes or sorted sub-microbiomes revealed typical phyla such as Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. This approach is useful for fast monitoring of individual salivary microbiomes and automatic calculation of intra- and inter-individual dynamic changes and variability and opens insight into ecological principles leading to their sustainment in their individual environment.
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231
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Noronha VT, Paula AJ, Durán G, Galembeck A, Cogo-Müller K, Franz-Montan M, Durán N. Silver nanoparticles in dentistry. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1110-1126. [PMID: 28779891 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial properties, which provide an extensive applicability in dentistry. Because of this increasing interest in AgNPs, the objective of this paper was to review their use in nanocomposites; implant coatings; pre-formulation with antimicrobial activity against cariogenic pathogens, periodontal biofilm, fungal pathogens and endodontic bacteria; and other applications such as treatment of oral cancer and local anesthesia. Recent achievements in the study of the mechanism of action and the most important toxicological aspects are also presented. METHODS Systematic searches were carried out in Web of Science (ISI), Google, PubMed, SciFinder and EspaceNet databases with the keywords "silver nano* or AgNP*" and "dentist* or dental* or odontol*". RESULTS A total of 155 peer-reviewed articles were reviewed. Most of them were published in the period of 2012-2017, demonstrating that this topic currently represents an important trend in dentistry research. In vitro studies reveal the excellent antimicrobial activity of AgNPs when associated with dental materials such as nanocomposites, acrylic resins, resin co-monomers, adhesives, intracanal medication, and implant coatings. Moreover, AgNPs were demonstrated to be interesting tools in the treatment of oral cancers due to their antitumor properties. SIGNIFICANCE The literature indicates that AgNPs are a promising system with important features such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, and a potential carrier in sustained drug delivery. However, there are some aspects of the mechanisms of action of AgNPs, and some important toxicological aspects arising from the use of this system that must be completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T Noronha
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amauri J Paula
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Durán
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), Campus MCTI Nordeste, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Durán
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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232
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Microbiomes of Site-Specific Dental Plaques from Children with Different Caries Status. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00106-17. [PMID: 28507066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00106-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota associated with the initiation and progression of dental caries has yet to be fully characterized. The Human Oral Microbe Identification Using Next-Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS) approach was used to analyze the microbiomes of site-specific supragingival dental plaques from children with different caries status. Fifty-five children (2 to 7 years of age) were assessed at baseline and at 12 months and grouped as caries free (CF), caries active with enamel lesions (CAE), and caries active with dentin carious lesions (CA). Plaque samples from caries-free tooth surfaces (PF) and from enamel carious lesions (PE) and dentin carious lesions (PD) were collected. 16S community profiles were obtained by HOMINGS, and 408 bacterial species and 84 genus probes were assigned. Plaque bacterial communities showed temporal stability, as there was no significant difference in beta diversity values between the baseline and 12-month samples. Irrespective of collection time points, the microbiomes of healthy tooth surfaces differed substantially from those found during caries activity. All pairwise comparisons of beta diversity values between groups were significantly different (P < 0.05), except for comparisons between the CA-PF, CAE-PE, and CA-PE groups. Streptococcus genus probe 4 and Neisseria genus probe 2 were the most frequently detected taxa across the plaque groups, followed by Streptococcus sanguinis, which was highly abundant in CF-PF. Well-known acidogenic/aciduric species such as Streptococcus mutans, Scardovia wiggsiae, Parascardovia denticolens, and Lactobacillus salivarius were found almost exclusively in CA-PD. The microbiomes of supragingival dental plaque differ substantially among tooth surfaces and children of different caries activities. In support of the ecological nature of caries etiology, a steady transition in community species composition was observed with disease progression.
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233
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Biofilm extracellular polysaccharides degradation during starvation and enamel demineralization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181168. [PMID: 28715508 PMCID: PMC5513492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate if extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are used by Streptococcus mutans (Sm) biofilm during night starvation, contributing to enamel demineralization increasing occurred during daily sugar exposure. Sm biofilms were formed during 5 days on bovine enamel slabs of known surface hardness (SH). The biofilms were exposed to sucrose 10% or glucose + fructose 10.5% (carbohydrates that differ on EPS formation), 8x/day but were maintained in starvation during the night. Biofilm samples were harvested during two moments, on the end of the 4th day and in the morning of the 5th day, conditions of sugar abundance and starvation, respectively. The slabs were also collected to evaluate the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL). The biofilms were analyzed for EPS soluble and insoluble and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), viable bacteria (CFU), biofilm architecture and biomass. pH, calcium and acid concentration were determined in the culture medium. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Student's t-test. The effect of the factor carbohydrate treatment for polysaccharide analysis was significant (p < 0.05) but not the harvest moment (p > 0.05). Larger amounts of soluble and insoluble EPS and IPS were formed in the sucrose group when compared to glucose + fructose group (p < 0.05), but they were not metabolized during starvation time (S-EPS, p = 0.93; I-EPS, p = 0.11; and IPS = 0.96). Greater enamel %SHL was also found for the sucrose group (p < 0.05) but the demineralization did not increase during starvation (p = 0.09). In conclusion, the findings suggest that EPS metabolization by S. mutans during night starvation do not contribute to increase enamel demineralization occurred during the daily abundance of sugar.
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234
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Li B, Zhou X, Zhou X, Wu P, Li M, Feng M, Peng X, Ren B, Cheng L. Effects of different substrates/growth media on microbial community of saliva-derived biofilm. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3906679. [PMID: 28854684 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd, 200120 Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Mingye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
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235
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Ployon S, Morzel M, Canon F. The role of saliva in aroma release and perception. Food Chem 2017; 226:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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236
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Anti-Caries Effects of Dental Adhesives Containing Quaternary Ammonium Methacrylates with Different Chain Lengths. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10060643. [PMID: 28773004 PMCID: PMC5554024 DOI: 10.3390/ma10060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of dental adhesives containing quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) with different alkyl chain lengths (CL) on ecological caries prevention in vitro. Five QAMs were synthesized with a CL = 3, 6, 9, 12, and 16 and incorporated into adhesives. Micro-tensile bond strength and surface charge density were used to measure the physical properties of the adhesives. The proportion change in three-species biofilms consisting of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii was tested using the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lactic acid assay, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, exopolysaccharide staining, live/dead staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transverse microradiography (TMR) were performed to study the anti-biofilm and anti-demineralization effects of the dental adhesives. The results showed that incorporating QAMs with different alkyl chain lengths into the adhesives had no obvious effect on the dentin bond strength. The adhesives containing QAMs with a longer alkyl chain developed healthier biofilms. The surface charge density, anti-biofilm, and anti-demineralization effects of the adhesives increased with a CL of the QAMs from 3 to 12, but decreased slightly with a CL from 12 to 16. In conclusion, adhesives containing QAMs with a tailored chain length are promising for preventing secondary caries in an “ecological way”.
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237
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Bacterial protease uses distinct thermodynamic signatures for substrate recognition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2848. [PMID: 28588213 PMCID: PMC5460201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis are important bacteria related to periodontitis, the most common chronic inflammatory disease in humans worldwide. Its comorbidity with systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, oral cancers and cardiovascular diseases, continues to generate considerable interest. Surprisingly, these two microorganisms do not ferment carbohydrates; rather they use proteinaceous substrates as carbon and energy sources. However, the underlying biochemical mechanisms of their energy metabolism remain unknown. Here, we show that dipeptidyl peptidase 11 (DPP11), a central metabolic enzyme in these bacteria, undergoes a conformational change upon peptide binding to distinguish substrates from end products. It binds substrates through an entropy-driven process and end products in an enthalpy-driven fashion. We show that increase in protein conformational entropy is the main-driving force for substrate binding via the unfolding of specific regions of the enzyme (“entropy reservoirs”). The relationship between our structural and thermodynamics data yields a distinct model for protein-protein interactions where protein conformational entropy modulates the binding free-energy. Further, our findings provide a framework for the structure-based design of specific DPP11 inhibitors.
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238
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Seminario-Amez M, López-López J, Estrugo-Devesa A, Ayuso-Montero R, Jané-Salas E. Probiotics and oral health: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e282-e288. [PMID: 28390121 PMCID: PMC5432076 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics are microorganisms, mainly bacteria, which benefit the host’s health. Many studies support the role of probiotics as a contributor to gastrointestinal health, and nowadays many authors are trying to prove its influence in oral health maintenance. Objectives To review the published literature with the purpose of knowing the importance of using probiotics as a preventive and therapeutic method for oral infectious diseases management. Material and Methods An electronic search in PubMed database with the keywords “oral health AND probiotics AND dentistry” was conducted. The inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that assess the action of any probiotic strain in the treatment and / or prevention of an infectious oral disease, RCTs that assess the action of any probiotic strain on counting colony forming units (CFU) of oral pathogens, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The Jadad scale was used to assess the high quality of RCTs. Results Fifteen articles were considered for this review. Of which, 12 were RCTs of good / high quality (Jadad scale), two meta-analysis and one systematic review. Conclusions The literature reviewed suggests probiotics usage could be beneficial for the maintenance of oral health, due to its ability to decrease the colony forming units (CFU) counts of the oral pathogens. However, randomized clinical trials with long-term follow-up periods are needed to confirm their efficacy in reducing the prevalence/incidence of oral infectious diseases. Furthermore, the recognition of specific strains with probiotic activity for each infectious oral disease is required, in order to determine exact dose, treatment time and ideal vehicles. Key words:Probiotics, periodontal diseases, dental caries, oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seminario-Amez
- Department of Odontostomatology - School of Dentistry, Pabellón de Gobierno - Bellvitge University Campus, C/Feixa LLarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,
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Nascimento MM, Zaura E, Mira A, Takahashi N, Ten Cate JM. Second Era of OMICS in Caries Research: Moving Past the Phase of Disillusionment. J Dent Res 2017; 96:733-740. [PMID: 28384412 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517701902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches using OMICS techniques enable a collective assessment of multiple related biological units, including genes, gene expression, proteins, and metabolites. In the past decade, next-generation sequencing ( NGS) technologies were improved by longer sequence reads and the development of genome databases and user-friendly pipelines for data analysis, all accessible at lower cost. This has generated an outburst of high-throughput data. The application of OMICS has provided more depth to existing hypotheses as well as new insights in the etiology of dental caries. For example, the determination of complete bacterial microbiomes of oral samples rather than selected species, together with oral metatranscriptome and metabolome analyses, supports the viewpoint of dysbiosis of the supragingival biofilms. In addition, metabolome studies have been instrumental in disclosing the contributions of major pathways for central carbon and amino acid metabolisms to biofilm pH homeostasis. New, often noncultured, oral streptococci have been identified, and their phenotypic characterization has revealed candidates for probiotic therapy. Although findings from OMICS research have been greatly informative, problems related to study design, data quality, integration, and reproducibility still need to be addressed. Also, the emergence and continuous updates of these computationally demanding technologies require expertise in advanced bioinformatics for reliable interpretation of data. Despite the obstacles cited above, OMICS research is expected to encourage the discovery of novel caries biomarkers and the development of next-generation diagnostics and therapies for caries control. These observations apply equally to the study of other oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Nascimento
- 1 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E Zaura
- 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Mira
- 3 Department of Health & Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Takahashi
- 4 Department of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - J M Ten Cate
- 5 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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240
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Koch CD, Gladwin MT, Freeman BA, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Morris A. Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:48-67. [PMID: 27989792 PMCID: PMC5401802 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the bioactivation and signaling actions of inorganic, dietary nitrate and nitrite now suggest a critical role for the microbiome in the development of cardiac and pulmonary vascular diseases. Once thought to be the inert, end-products of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) heme-oxidation, nitrate and nitrite are now considered major sources of exogenous NO that exhibit enhanced vasoactive signaling activity under conditions of hypoxia and stress. The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depend on the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite by a unique set of bacterial nitrate reductase enzymes possessed by specific bacterial populations in the mammalian mouth and gut. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH), obesity, hypertension and CVD are linked to defects in NO signaling, suggesting a role for commensal oral bacteria to shape the development of PH through the formation of nitrite, NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. Oral supplementation with inorganic nitrate or nitrate-containing foods exert pleiotropic, beneficial vascular effects in the setting of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and in pre-clinical models of PH, while traditional high-nitrate dietary patterns are associated with beneficial outcomes in hypertension, obesity and CVD. These observations highlight the potential of the microbiome in the development of novel nitrate- and nitrite-based therapeutics for PH, CVD and their risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Koch
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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241
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Schueller K, Riva A, Pfeiffer S, Berry D, Somoza V. Members of the Oral Microbiota Are Associated with IL-8 Release by Gingival Epithelial Cells in Healthy Individuals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:416. [PMID: 28360899 PMCID: PMC5350107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggers for the onset of oral diseases are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the oral bacterial community in healthy humans and its association with nutrition, oral hygiene habits, and the release of the inflammatory marker IL-8 from gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with and without stimulation by bacterial endotoxins to identify possible indicator operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with inflammatory marker status. GECs from 21 healthy participants (13 females, 8 males) were incubated with or without addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and the oral microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing. The basal IL-8 release after 6 h was between 9.9 and 98.2 pg/ml, and bacterial communities were characteristic for healthy oral microbiota. The composition of the oral microbiota was associated with basal IL-8 levels, the intake of meat, tea, white wine, sweets and the use of chewing gum, as well as flossing habits, allergies, gender and body mass index. Additionally, eight OTUs were associated with high basal levels of IL-8 and GEC response to LPS, with high basal levels of IL-8, and 1 with low basal levels of IL8. The identification of indicator bacteria in healthy subjects with high levels of IL-8 release is of importance as they may be promising early warning indicators for the possible onset of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schueller
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Research Network "Chemistry Meets Microbiology", University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy; Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Pfeiffer
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Research Network "Chemistry Meets Microbiology", University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Research Network "Chemistry Meets Microbiology", University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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242
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Park JY, Chung H, Choi Y, Park JH. Phenotype and Tissue Residency of Lymphocytes in the Murine Oral Mucosa. Front Immunol 2017; 8:250. [PMID: 28337201 PMCID: PMC5340784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a critical barrier tissue that harbors a series of distinct immune cell subsets. Immune surveillance in the oral mucosa is important for both local and systemic immunity because the oral cavity is a heavily utilized route of pathogen entry and also serves as site of pathogen propagation. Nonetheless, composition and phenotype of the lymphocyte pool in the oral mucosa have remained poorly characterized. Utilizing a newly established protocol for mucosal immune cell isolation, here, we report that the oral mucosa features a unique cellular composition of immune cells, which differed not only from secondary lymphoid organs but also from mucosal tissues in the gut and lung. We observed profound accumulation of CD11b+Ly6Clo monocytes in the oral mucosa that were maintained independently of T- and B-lymphocytes. Unlike the gut mucosa, the oral mucosa neither contained CD8αα T cells nor was it enriched for CD103+CD69+ tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells. In fact, a major fraction of T cells circulated and trafficked through the mucosa as revealed by treatment with the S1P1 receptor antagonist, FTY720, a potent inhibitor of lymphocyte migration. Collectively, these results provide a comprehensive picture of immune cells in the oral mucosa as an active site of lymphocyte recruitment and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
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243
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Mira A, Simon-Soro A, Curtis MA. Role of microbial communities in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and caries. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44 Suppl 18:S23-S38. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - M. A. Curtis
- Institute of Dentistry; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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244
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Le Bars P, Matamoros S, Montassier E, Le Vacon F, Potel G, Soueidan A, Jordana F, de La Cochetière MF. The oral cavity microbiota: between health, oral disease, and cancers of the aerodigestive tract. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:475-492. [PMID: 28257583 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that the human microbiome plays a critical role in the chronic pathologies of obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. More recently, the interaction between cancer and the microbiome has been highlighted. Most studies have focused on the gut microbiota because it represents the most extensive bacterial community, and the body of evidence correlating it with gut syndromes is increasing. However, in the strict sense, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract begins in the oral cavity, and special attention should be paid to the specific flora of this cavity. This study reviewed the current knowledge about the various microbial ecosystems of the upper part of the GI tract and discussed their potential link to carcinogenesis. The overall composition of the microbial communities, as well as the presence or absence of "key species", in relation to carcinogenesis is addressed. Alterations in the oral microbiota can potentially be used to predict the risk of cancer. Molecular advances and the further monitoring of the microbiota will increase our understanding of the role of the microbiota in carcinogenesis and open new perspectives for future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Bars
- a UFR d'odontologie, UIC Odontologie, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, B.P. 84215, 44042 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sébastien Matamoros
- b Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1, place de l'Université, 1348 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Montassier
- c EA 3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de médecine, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, rue G. Veil, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Le Vacon
- d Biofortis Innovation Services - Mérieux NutriSciences, 3, route de la Chatterie, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Gilles Potel
- c EA 3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de médecine, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, rue G. Veil, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Assem Soueidan
- a UFR d'odontologie, UIC Odontologie, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, B.P. 84215, 44042 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Fabienne Jordana
- a UFR d'odontologie, UIC Odontologie, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, place Alexis Ricordeau, B.P. 84215, 44042 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Marie-France de La Cochetière
- c EA 3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Faculté de médecine, CHU hôtel-Dieu, Université de Nantes, 1, rue G. Veil, 44000 Nantes, France
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245
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Washio J, Ogawa T, Suzuki K, Tsukiboshi Y, Watanabe M, Takahashi N. Amino acid composition and amino acid-metabolic network in supragingival plaque. Biomed Res 2017; 37:251-7. [PMID: 27545001 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dental plaque metabolizes both carbohydrates and amino acids. The former can be degraded to acids mainly, while the latter can be degraded to various metabolites, including ammonia, acids and amines, and associated with acid-neutralization, oral malodor and tissue inflammation. However, amino acid metabolism in dental plaque is still unclear. This study aimed to elucidate what kinds of amino acids are available as metabolic substrates and how the amino acids are metabolized in supragingival plaque, by a metabolome analysis. Amino acids and the related metabolites in supragingival plaque were extracted and quantified comprehensively by CE-TOFMS. Plaque samples were also incubated with amino acids, and the amounts of ammonia and amino acid-related metabolites were measured. The concentration of glutamate was the highest in supragingival plaque, while the ammonia-production was the highest from glutamine. The obtained metabolome profile revealed that amino acids are degraded through various metabolic pathways, including deamination, decarboxylation and transamination and that these metabolic systems may link each other, as well as with carbohydrate metabolic pathways in dental plaque ecosystem. Moreover, glutamine and glutamate might be the main source of ammonia production, as well as arginine, and contribute to pH-homeostasis and counteraction to acid-induced demineralization in supragingival plaque.
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246
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Szafrański SP, Winkel A, Stiesch M. The use of bacteriophages to biocontrol oral biofilms. J Biotechnol 2017; 250:29-44. [PMID: 28108235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections induced by oral biofilms include caries, as well as periodontal, and peri-implant disease, and may influence quality of life, systemic health, and expenditure. As bacterial biofilms are highly resistant and resilient to conventional antibacterial therapy, it has been difficult to combat these infections. An innovative alternative to the biocontrol of oral biofilms could be to use bacteriophages or phages, the viruses of bacteria, which are specific, non-toxic, self-proliferating, and can penetrate into biofilms. Phages for Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. have been isolated and characterised. Recombinant phage enzymes (lysins) have been shown to lyse A. naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. However, only a tiny fraction of available phages and their lysins have been explored so far. The unique properties of phages and their lysins make them promising but challenging antimicrobials. The genetics and biology of phages have to be further explored in order to determine the most effective way of applying them. Studying the effect of phages and lysins on multispecies biofilms should pave the way for microbiota engineering and microbiota-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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247
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On the ecosystemic network of saliva in healthy young adults. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1218-1231. [PMID: 28072421 PMCID: PMC5475835 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A dysbiotic state is believed to be a key factor in the onset of oral disease. Although oral diseases have been studied for decades, our understanding of oral health, the boundaries of a healthy oral ecosystem and ecological shift toward dysbiosis is still limited. Here, we present the ecobiological heterogeneity of the salivary ecosystem and relations between the salivary microbiome, salivary metabolome and host-related biochemical salivary parameters in 268 healthy adults after overnight fasting. Gender-specific differences in the microbiome and metabolome were observed and were associated with salivary pH and dietary protein intake. Our analysis grouped the individuals into five microbiome and four metabolome-based clusters that significantly related to biochemical parameters of saliva. Low salivary pH and high lysozyme activity were associated with high proportions of streptococcal phylotypes and increased membrane-lipid degradation products. Samples with high salivary pH displayed increased chitinase activity, higher abundance of Veillonella and Prevotella species and higher levels of amino acid fermentation products, suggesting proteolytic adaptation. An over-specialization toward either a proteolytic or a saccharolytic ecotype may indicate a shift toward a dysbiotic state. Their prognostic value and the degree to which these ecotypes are related to increased disease risk remains to be determined.
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248
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Al Khodor S, Reichert B, Shatat IF. The Microbiome and Blood Pressure: Can Microbes Regulate Our Blood Pressure? Front Pediatr 2017; 5:138. [PMID: 28674682 PMCID: PMC5474689 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfaces of the human body are heavily populated by a highly diverse microbial ecosystem termed the microbiota. The largest and richest among these highly heterogeneous populations of microbes is the gut microbiota. The collection of microbes and their genes, called the microbiome, has been studied intensely through the past few years using novel metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics approaches. This has enhanced our understanding of how the microbiome affects our metabolic, immunologic, neurologic, and endocrine homeostasis. Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide; it contributes to stroke, heart disease, kidney failure, premature death, and disability. Recently, studies in humans and animals have shown that alterations in microbiota and its metabolites are associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review, we compile the recent findings and hypotheses describing the interplay between the microbiome and blood pressure, and we highlight some prospects by which utilization of microbiome-related techniques may be incorporated to better understand the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhaila Al Khodor
- Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, SIDRA Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bernd Reichert
- Division of Neonatology, SIDRA Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ibrahim F Shatat
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, SIDRA Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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249
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Velsko IM, Overmyer KA, Speller C, Klaus L, Collins MJ, Loe L, Frantz LAF, Sankaranarayanan K, Lewis CM, Martinez JBR, Chaves E, Coon JJ, Larson G, Warinner C. The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples. Metabolomics 2017; 13:134. [PMID: 29046620 PMCID: PMC5626792 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental calculus is a mineralized microbial dental plaque biofilm that forms throughout life by precipitation of salivary calcium salts. Successive cycles of dental plaque growth and calcification make it an unusually well-preserved, long-term record of host-microbial interaction in the archaeological record. Recent studies have confirmed the survival of authentic ancient DNA and proteins within historic and prehistoric dental calculus, making it a promising substrate for investigating oral microbiome evolution via direct measurement and comparison of modern and ancient specimens. OBJECTIVE We present the first comprehensive characterization of the human dental calculus metabolome using a multi-platform approach. METHODS Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) quantified 285 metabolites in modern and historic (200 years old) dental calculus, including metabolites of drug and dietary origin. A subset of historic samples was additionally analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and UPLC-MS/MS for further characterization of metabolites and lipids. Metabolite profiles of modern and historic calculus were compared to identify patterns of persistence and loss. RESULTS Dipeptides, free amino acids, free nucleotides, and carbohydrates substantially decrease in abundance and ubiquity in archaeological samples, with some exceptions. Lipids generally persist, and saturated and mono-unsaturated medium and long chain fatty acids appear to be well-preserved, while metabolic derivatives related to oxidation and chemical degradation are found at higher levels in archaeological dental calculus than fresh samples. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that certain metabolite classes have higher potential for recovery over long time scales and may serve as appropriate targets for oral microbiome evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Velsko
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | | | - Camilla Speller
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Lauren Klaus
- Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK USA
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
- Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Loe
- Heritage Burial Services, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent A. F. Frantz
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS UK
| | | | - Cecil M. Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | | | - Eros Chaves
- Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK USA
- Present Address: Pinellas Dental Specialties, Largo, FL 33776 USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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250
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Donovan TE, Marzola R, Murphy KR, Cagna DR, Eichmiller F, McKee JR, Metz JE, Albouy JP. Annual review of selected scientific literature: Report of the committee on scientific investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 116:663-740. [PMID: 28236412 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM It is clear the contemporary dentist is confronted with a blizzard of information regarding materials and techniques from journal articles, advertisements, newsletters, the internet, and continuing education events. While some of that information is sound and helpful, much of it is misleading at best. PURPOSE This review identifies and discusses the most important scientific findings regarding outcomes of dental treatment to assist the practitioner in making evidence-based choices. This review was conducted to assist the busy dentist in keeping abreast of the latest scientific information regarding the clinical practice of dentistry. MATERIAL AND METHODS Each of the authors, who are considered experts in their disciplines, was asked to peruse the scientific literature published in 2015 in their discipline and review the articles for important information that may have an impact on treatment decisions. Comments on experimental methodology, statistical evaluation, and overall validity of the conclusions are included in many of the reviews. RESULTS The reviews are not meant to stand alone but are intended to inform the interested reader about what has been discovered in the past year. The readers are then invited to go to the source if they wish more detail. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the scientific literature published in 2015 is divided into 7 sections, dental materials, periodontics, prosthodontics, occlusion and temporomandibular disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, cariology, and implant dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Donovan
- Professor, Biomaterials, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, N.C.
| | | | | | - David R Cagna
- Professor, Advanced Prosthodontics University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tenn
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