251
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Smith LL, Ryde IT, Hartman JH, Romersi RF, Markovich Z, Meyer JN. Strengths and limitations of morphological and behavioral analyses in detecting dopaminergic deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:209-220. [PMID: 31323240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a better understanding of the role environmental toxicants may play in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, it has become increasingly important to optimize sensitive methods for quickly screening toxicants to determine their ability to disrupt neuronal function. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can help with this effort. This species has an integrated nervous system producing behavioral function, provides easy access for molecular studies, has a rapid lifespan, and is an inexpensive model. This study focuses on methods of measuring neurodegeneration involving the dopaminergic system and the identification of compounds with actions that disrupt dopamine function in the model organism C. elegans. Several dopamine-mediated locomotory behaviors, Area Exploration, Body Bends, and Reversals, as well as Swimming-Induced Paralysis and Learned 2-Nonanone Avoidance, were compared to determine the best behavioral method for screening purposes. These behavioral endpoints were also compared to morphological scoring of neurodegeneration in the dopamine neurons. We found that in adult worms, Area Exploration is more advantageous than the other behavioral methods for identifying DA-deficient locomotion and is comparable to neuromorphological scoring outputs. For larval stage worms, locomotion was an unreliable endpoint, and neuronal scoring appeared to be the best method. We compared the wild-type N2 strain to the commonly used dat-1p::GFP reporter strains BY200 and BZ555, and we further characterized the dopamine-deficient strains, cat-2 e1112 and cat-2 n4547. In contrast to published results, we found that the cat-2 strains slowed on food almost as much as N2s. Both showed decreased levels of cat-2 mRNA and DA content, rather than none, with cat-2 e1112 having the greatest reduction in DA content in comparison to N2. Finally, we compared and contrasted strengths, limitations, cost, and equipment needs for all primary methods for analysis of the dopamine system in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Ian T Ryde
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Riccardo F Romersi
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Zachary Markovich
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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252
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Kim M, Jeong J, Kim H, Choi J. High-throughput COPAS assay for screening of developmental and reproductive toxicity of nanoparticles using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1470-1479. [PMID: 31287177 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement and numerous applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in science and technology, their effects on animal health, environment and safety should be considered carefully. However, quick assessment of their effects on developmental and reproductive health and an understanding of how they cause such adverse toxic effects remain challenging, because of the fast-growing number of ENMs and the limitations of the different toxicity assays currently in use as well as lack of suitable animal model systems. In this study, we performed a high-throughput complex object parametric analyzer and sorter (COPAS) assay for assessing the developmental and reproductive toxicity of ENMs using Caenorhabditis elegans and provide descriptions of the data and their subsequent analysis. The results showed significant reproductive and developmental toxicity potential of different ENMs. We assessed the usefulness of this method in terms of error-free data, user-friendliness and results being consistent with those of visual, molecular and cellular studies. Moreover, the COPAS Biosort system could be used on a larger scale to screen thousands of chemicals, drugs, pharmaceuticals and ENMs. This study also indicates that the COPAS-based high-throughput screening system is highly reliable for the assessment of toxicity and health risks of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinA Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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253
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Panwar N, Soehartono AM, Chan KK, Zeng S, Xu G, Qu J, Coquet P, Yong KT, Chen X. Nanocarbons for Biology and Medicine: Sensing, Imaging, and Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9559-9656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Panwar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alana Mauluidy Soehartono
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kok Ken Chan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Philippe Coquet
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Institut d’Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR 8520—Université de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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254
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Pandey G, Marimuthu M, Kanagavalli P, Ravichandiran V, Balamurugan K, Veerapandian M. Chitosanylated MoO3–Ruthenium(II) Nanocomposite as Biocompatible Probe for Bioimaging and Herbaceutical Detection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3606-3617. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 054, India
| | - Mohana Marimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
| | | | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 054, India
| | - Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
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255
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Spanier B, Lang R, Weber D, Lechner A, Thoma T, Rothner M, Petzold K, Lang T, Beusch A, Bösl M, Schlagbauer V, Daniel H, Hofmann T. Bioavailability and Biological Effects of 2- O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-carboxyatractyligenin from Green Coffee in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4774-4781. [PMID: 30963762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted analysis of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora green coffees (total sample size n = 57) confirmed 2- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-carboxyatractyligenin (6) as the quantitatively dominating carboxyatractyligenin derivative. Its abundance in Arabicas (2425 ± 549 nmol/g, n = 48) exceeded that in Robustas (34 ± 12 nmol/g, n = 9) roughly by a factor of 70. Coffee processing involving heat (e.g., steam treatment and decaffeination) reduced concentrations of 6 and increased those of the decarboxylated derivative. The bioavailability of compound 6 in Caenorhabditis elegans was demonstrated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of extracts prepared from nematode cultures incubated in a liquid medium containing 6. A toxicity assay performed to assess the impact of 6 in vivo showed a 20-fold higher median lethal dose (LD50 = 11.7 ± 1.2 mM) concentration compared to that of the known phytotoxic adenine-nucleotide transporters inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (2, LD50 = 0.61 ± 0.05 mM), whereas 1 mM 6 and 0.1 mM 2 were sufficient to decrease the survival of wild type C. elegans, already 10-20-fold lower doses reduced reproduction. Because the insulin/insulin-like growth factors signaling cascade (IIS) is a key regulator of life span and stress resistance, the impact of compound 6 on the survival of long-living daf-2 C. elegans was tested. As the susceptibility of these nematodes to 6 was as high as that in wild type, an impact on central metabolic processes independent of IIS was suggested. Analysis of the in vivo adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of adult C. elegans revealed no changes after 1 and 24 h, but a 50% reduction after treatment with 1 mM 6 during the entire postembryonic development. These data speak for a developmental-stage-dependent modulation of the ATP pool by 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Spanier
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Roman Lang
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Anica Lechner
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Tizia Thoma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Marion Rothner
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Katrin Petzold
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Tatjana Lang
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Anja Beusch
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Markus Bösl
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Verena Schlagbauer
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Molecular Nutrition Unit , Technische Universität München , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
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256
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Queirós L, Pereira JL, Gonçalves FJ, Pacheco M, Aschner M, Pereira P. Caenorhabditis elegans as a tool for environmental risk assessment: emerging and promising applications for a "nobelized worm". Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:411-429. [PMID: 31268799 PMCID: PMC6823147 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1626801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has been an invaluable model organism in research fields such as developmental biology and neurobiology. Neurotoxicity is one of the subfields greatly profiting from the C. elegans model within biomedical context, while the corresponding potential of the organism applied to environmental studies is relevant but has been largely underexplored. Within the biomedical scope, the implication of metals and organic chemicals with pesticide activity (hereinafter designated as pesticides) in the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively investigated using this nematode as a primary model organism. Additionally, as a well-known experimental model bearing high sensitivity to different contaminants and representing important functional levels in soil and aquatic ecosystems, C. elegans has high potential to be extensively integrated within Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) routines. In spite of the recognition of some regulatory agencies, this actual step has yet to be made. The purpose of this review is to discuss the major advantages supporting the inclusion of C. elegans in lower tiers of ERA. Special emphasis was given to its sensitivity to metals and pesticides, which is similar to that of other model organisms commonly used in ERA (e.g. Daphnia magna and Eisenia sp.), and to the large array of endpoints that can be tested with the species, both concerning the aquatic and the soil compartments. The inclusion of C. elegans testing may hence represent a relevant advance in ERA, providing ecologically relevant insights toward improvement of the regulatory capacity for establishing appropriate environmental protection benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Queirós
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. L. Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F. J.M. Gonçalves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Pacheco
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - P. Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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257
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Wu T, Xu H, Liang X, Tang M. Caenorhabditis elegans as a complete model organism for biosafety assessments of nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:708-726. [PMID: 30677729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The number of biosafety evaluation studies of nanoparticles (NPs) using different biological models is increasing with the rapid development of nanotechnology. Thus far, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as a complete model organism, has become an important in vivo alternative assay system to assess the risk of NPs, especially at the environmental level. According to results of qualitative and quantitative analyses, it can be concluded that studies of nanoscientific research using C. elegans is persistently growing. However, the comprehensive conclusion and analysis of toxic effects of NPs in C. elegans are limited and chaotic. This review focused on the effects, especially sublethal ones, induced by NPs in C. elegans, including the development, intestinal function, immune response, neuronal function, and reproduction, as well as the underlying mechanisms of NPs causing these effects, including oxidative stress and alterations of several signaling pathways. Furthermore, we presented some factors that influence the toxic effects of NPs in C. elegans. The advantages and limitations of using nematodes in the nanotoxicology study were also discussed. Finally, we predicted that the application of C. elegans to assess long-term impacts of metal oxide NPs in the ecosystem would become a vital part of the nanoscientific research field, which provided an insight for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hongsheng Xu
- State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, NARI Group Corporation, Nanjing, 211000, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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258
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Zhang M, Yang X, Xu W, Cai X, Wang M, Xu Y, Yu P, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Chen J, Yang J, Zhu X. Evaluation of the effects of three sulfa sweeteners on the lifespan and intestinal fat deposition in C. elegans. Food Res Int 2019; 122:66-76. [PMID: 31229125 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High sugar content in beverage or food can affect the aging process, and thus natural/artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes. However, whether sweeteners have such adverse effects as sugar remains to be clarified. Therefore, in the current study, three sulfa sweeteners, namely, saccharin sodium salt hydrate (SAC2), sodium cyclamate (CYC3) and acesulfame potassium (AceK4) were evaluated for their effects on the lifespan, deposition of lipofuscin, exercise activity, food intake, and intestinal fat deposition (IFD5) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans6). It was shown that SAC at 0.3 and 10 mg/mL shortened the lifespan of C. elegans and impaired the exercise capacity, while at other concentrations no significant effects were observed. In contrast, CYC at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. On the other hand, AceK at 1 mg/mL increased the lifespan of C. elegans, and could decrease both lipofuscin deposition and IFD in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicated that although SAC, CYC, and AceK all belong to the sulfa sweeteners, each has distinct effects on different physiological activities associated with aging, at least in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mingxiang Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peilin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Xinqiang Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China.
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259
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Jeong J, Kim H, Choi J. In Silico Molecular Docking and In Vivo Validation with Caenorhabditis elegans to Discover Molecular Initiating Events in Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework: Case Study on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals with Estrogen and Androgen Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051209. [PMID: 30857347 PMCID: PMC6429066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular docking is used to analyze structural complexes of a target with its ligand for understanding the chemical and structural basis of target specificity. This method has the potential to be applied for discovering molecular initiating events (MIEs) in the Adverse Outcome Pathway framework. In this study, we aimed to develop in silico–in vivo combined approach as a tool for identifying potential MIEs. We used environmental chemicals from Tox21 database to identify potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) through molecular docking simulation, using estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR) and their homology models in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (NHR-14 and NHR-69, respectively). In vivo validation was conducted on the selected EDCs with C. elegans reproductive toxicity assay using wildtype N2, nhr-14, and nhr-69 loss-of-function mutant strains. The chemicals showed high binding affinity to tested receptors and showed the high in vivo reproductive toxicity, and this was further confirmed using the mutant strains. The present study demonstrates that the binding affinity from the molecular docking potentially correlates with in vivo toxicity. These results prove that our in silico–in vivo combined approach has the potential to be applied for identifying MIEs. This study also suggests the potential of C. elegans as useful in the in vivo model for validating the in silico approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea.
| | - Hunbeen Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea.
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea.
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260
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Shin N, Cuenca L, Karthikraj R, Kannan K, Colaiácovo MP. Assessing effects of germline exposure to environmental toxicants by high-throughput screening in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007975. [PMID: 30763314 PMCID: PMC6375566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals that are highly prevalent in our environment, such as phthalates and pesticides, have been linked to problems associated with reproductive health. However, rapid assessment of their impact on reproductive health and understanding how they cause such deleterious effects, remain challenging due to their fast-growing numbers and the limitations of various current toxicity assessment model systems. Here, we performed a high-throughput screen in C. elegans to identify chemicals inducing aneuploidy as a result of impaired germline function. We screened 46 chemicals that are widely present in our environment, but for which effects in the germline remain poorly understood. These included pesticides, phthalates, and chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and crude oil processing. Of the 46 chemicals tested, 41% exhibited levels of aneuploidy higher than those detected for bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor shown to affect meiosis, at concentrations correlating well with mammalian reproductive endpoints. We further examined three candidates eliciting aneuploidy: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a likely endocrine disruptor and frequently used plasticizer, and the pesticides 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) and permethrin. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in increased embryonic lethality, elevated DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation, activation of p53/CEP-1-dependent germ cell apoptosis, chromosomal abnormalities in oocytes at diakinesis, impaired chromosome segregation during early embryogenesis, and germline-specific alterations in gene expression. This study indicates that this high-throughput screening system is highly reliable for the identification of environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provides new insights into the impact of exposure to three widely used chemicals on meiosis and germline function. The ever-increasing number of new chemicals introduced into our environment poses a significant problem for risk assessment. In addition, assessing the direct impact of toxicants on human meiosis remains challenging. We successfully utilized a high-throughput platform in the nematode C. elegans, a genetically tractable model organism which shares a high degree of gene conservation with humans, to identify chemicals that affect the germline leading to aneuploidy. We assessed chemicals that are highly prevalent in the environment in worms carrying a fluorescent reporter construct allowing for the identification of X chromosome nondisjunction combined with a mutation increasing cuticle permeability for analysis of low doses of exposure. Follow up analysis of three chemicals: DBP, permethrin and TCMTB, further validated the use of this strategy. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in elevated levels of DNA double-strand breaks, activation of a DNA damage checkpoint, chromosome morphology defects in late meiotic prophase I as well as impaired early embryogenesis and germline-specific changes in gene expression. Our results support the use of this high-throughput screening system to identify environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provide new insights into the effects of exposure to DBP, permethrin, and TCMTB on meiosis and germline function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luciann Cuenca
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Monica P. Colaiácovo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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261
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Wang Z, Xu Z, Li X. Impacts of methamphetamine and ketamine on C.elegans's physiological functions at environmentally relevant concentrations and eco-risk assessment in surface waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:268-276. [PMID: 30312923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, C. elegans as a model organism was treated with methamphetamine (METH) and ketamine (KET) to assess its eco-toxicity at a range (0.05-250 μg L-1) that covers environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05-0.5 μg L-1). METH (≥0.05 μg L-1) and KET (≥0.5 μg L-1) significantly affected the feeding rate, locomotion, gustation and olfaction (P < 0.05), which may result in pronounced disturbance to aquatic ecology. Alterations in the contents of neurotransmitters (i.e., octopamine (OA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT)) correlated with the physiology change. The metabolic activities and the antioxidase activity (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) of METH and KET in C. elegans were different, which could partly explain the difference of the physiological changes induced by the two substances. Moreover, these two drugs could induce vulva deformity, and the 50% effect concentrations were 620.34 μg L-1 for METH and 54.39 μg L-1 for KET, respectively. The risk quotients (RQ) in two Chinese rivers, the Shenzhen and Liangshui River, were calculated to assess eco-risks of METH and KET. RQs of KET in the Shenzhen River were over 0.1 at the medium risk level, indicating that eco-risks of illicit drugs to aquatic organism cannot be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglu Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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262
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Ali MS, Metwally AA, Fahmy RH, Osman R. Nanodiamonds: Minuscule gems that ferry antineoplastic drugs to resistant tumors. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:165-176. [PMID: 30641180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable efforts are currently devoted to the area of nanodiamonds (NDs) research due to their superior properties viz: biocompatibility, minute size, inert core, and tunable surface chemistry. The use of NDs for the delivery of anticancer drugs has been at the forefront of NDs applications owing to their ability to increase chemosensitivity, sustain drug release, and minimize drug side effects. Accelerated steps towards the move of NDs from bench side to bedside have been recently witnessed. In this review, the effects of NDs production and purification techniques on NDs' final properties are discussed. Special concern is given to studies focusing on NDs use for anticancer drug delivery, stability enhancement and mediated targeted delivery. The aim of this review is to put the results of studies oriented towards NDs-mediated anticancer drug delivery side by side such that the reader can assess the potential use of NDs in clinics and follow up the upcoming results of clinical testing of NDs on animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Abdelkader A Metwally
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Rania H Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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263
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Borjihan Q, Yang J, Song Q, Gao L, Xu M, Gao T, Liu W, Li P, Li Q, Dong A. Povidone-iodine-functionalized fluorinated copolymers with dual-functional antibacterial and antifouling activities. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3334-3347. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Povidone-iodine-functionalized fluorinated polymer coatings with dual-functional antibacterial and antifouling activities should be very promising in practical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggele Borjihan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Song
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Lingling Gao
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| | - Miao Xu
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| | - Tianyi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Alideertu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- People's Republic of China
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264
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Lenz KA, Miller TR, Ma H. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins induce systemic toxicity effects in a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:60-69. [PMID: 30253257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a significant risk to environmental and human health due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites, cyanopeptides. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins are cyanopeptides increasingly detected in surface waters at concentrations exceeding regulatory toxicity levels for other cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Yet their toxicity to aquatic organisms are not well understood. Here we assessed the toxicological effects of three anabaenopeptins (AP-A, AP-B, and AP-F) and three cyanopeptolins (CYP-1007, CYP-1020, and CYP-1041) to a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Examined toxicity endpoints included reproduction, hatching time, growth rate, lifespan, and age-related vulval integrity. Microcystin RR (MC-RR) and microginin 690 were also included in the study for comparisons. At an identical mass concentration (10 μg/L, corresponding to a molar concentration ranging 0.01-0.014 μM depending on the specific peptide), anabaenopeptins (APs) showed the greatest toxicity among all cyanopeptides tested. APs decreased worm reproduction by 23%-34% and shortened worm lifespan by 5 days (a 30% reduction) compared to the controls. APs also induced a remarkable age-related vulval integrity defect (Avid phenotype) in the worm, where over 95% of exposed worms developed the phenotype, compared to a less than 15% in control worms. CYPs showed similar toxicity as MC-RR, and Microginin 690 was the least toxic. These findings suggest that APs and CYPs may pose significant health risks to aquatic organisms. More toxicological studies of these cyanopeptides using different species across different trophic levels are needed to gain a thorough understanding of their potential impact on ecological systems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade A Lenz
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
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265
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Stylianou M, Björnsdotter MK, Olsson PE, Ericson Jogsten I, Jass J. Distinct transcriptional response of Caenorhabditis elegans to different exposure routes of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:406-413. [PMID: 30388497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although people are exposed daily to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), the biological consequences are poorly explored. The health risks associated with PFAS exposure are currently based on chemical analysis with a weak correlation to potential harmful effects in man and animals. In this study, we show that perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), often the most enriched PFAS in the environment, can be transferred via bacteria to higher organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans nematodes were exposed to PFOS directly in buffer or by feeding on bacteria pretreated with PFOS, and this led to distinct gene expression profiles. Specifically, heavy metal and heat shock associated genes were significantly, although inversely, expressed following the different PFOS exposures. The innate immunity receptor for microbial pathogens, clec-60, was shown for the first time to be down-regulated by PFOS. This is in line with a previous study indicating that PFOS is associated with children's susceptibility to certain infectious diseases. Furthermore, bar-1, a gene associated with various cancers was highly up-regulated only when C. elegans were exposed to PFOS pretreated live bacteria. Furthermore, dead bacterial biomass had higher binding capacity for linear and isomeric PFOS than live bacteria, which correlated to the higher levels of PFOS detected in C. elegans when fed the treated E. coli, respectively. These results reveal new aspects concerning trophic chain transport of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Stylianou
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Maria K Björnsdotter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden.
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266
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Alfhili MA, Yoon DS, Faten TA, Francis JA, Cha DS, Zhang B, Pan X, Lee MH. Non-Ionic Surfactants Antagonize Toxicity of Potential Phenolic Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Including Triclosan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cells 2018; 41:1052-1060. [PMID: 30453732 PMCID: PMC6315314 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a phenolic antimicrobial chemical used in consumer products and medical devices. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal studies has linked TCS to numerous health problems, including allergic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disease. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we here show that short-term TCS treatment (LC50: ~0.2 mM) significantly induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, TCS-induced mortality was dramatically suppressed by co-treatment with non-ionic surfactants (NISs: e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, NP-40, and Triton X-100), but not with anionic surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate). To identify the range of compounds susceptible to NIS inhibition, other structurally related chemical compounds were also examined. Of the compounds tested, only the toxicity of phenolic compounds (bisphenol A and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was significantly abrogated by NISs. Mechanistic analyses using TCS revealed that NISs appear to interfere with TCS-mediated mortality by micellar solubilization. Once internalized, the TCS-micelle complex is inefficiently exported in worms lacking PMP-3 (encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter) transmembrane protein, resulting in overt toxicity. Since many EDCs and surfactants are extensively used in commercial products, findings from this study provide valuable insights to devise safer pharmaceutical and nutritional preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834,
USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong Suk Yoon
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834,
USA
| | - Taki A. Faten
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858,
USA
| | - Jocelyn A. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858,
USA
| | - Dong Seok Cha
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk 565-701,
Korea
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858,
USA
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858,
USA
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology Division), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834,
USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,
USA
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267
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Gong P, Donohue KB, Mayo AM, Wang Y, Hong H, Wilbanks MS, Barker ND, Guan X, Gust KA. Comparative toxicogenomics of three insensitive munitions constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole, nitroguanidine and nitrotriazolone in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:92. [PMID: 30547801 PMCID: PMC6293504 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecotoxicological studies on the insensitive munitions formulation IMX-101 and its components 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ) and nitrotriazolone (NTO) in various organisms showed that DNAN was the main contributor to the overall toxicity of IMX-101 and suggested that the three compounds acted independently. These results motivated this toxicogenomics study to discern toxicological mechanisms for these compounds at the molecular level. METHODS Here we used the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a well-characterized genomics model, as the test organism and a species-specific, transcriptome-wide 44 K-oligo probe microarray for gene expression analysis. In addition to the control treatment, C. elegans were exposed for 24 h to 6 concentrations of DNAN (1.95-62.5 ppm) or NQ (83-2667 ppm) or 5 concentrations of NTO (187-3000 ppm) with ten replicates per treatment. The nematodes were transferred to a clean environment after exposure. Reproduction endpoints (egg and larvae counts) were measured at three time points (i.e., 24-, 48- and 72-h). Gene expression profiling was performed immediately after 24-h exposure to each chemical at the lowest, medium and highest concentrations plus the control with four replicates per treatment. RESULTS Statistical analyses indicated that chemical treatment did not significantly affect nematode reproduction but did induce 2175, 378, and 118 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NQ-, DNAN-, and NTO-treated nematodes, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the three compounds shared both DEGs and DEG-mapped Reactome pathways. Gene set enrichment analysis further demonstrated that DNAN and NTO significantly altered 12 and 6 KEGG pathways, separately, with three pathways in common. NTO mainly affected carbohydrate, amino acid and xenobiotics metabolism while DNAN disrupted protein processing, ABC transporters and several signal transduction pathways. NQ-induced DEGs were mapped to a wide variety of metabolism, cell cycle, immune system and extracellular matrix organization pathways. CONCLUSION Despite the absence of significant effects on apical reproduction endpoints, DNAN, NTO and NQ caused significant alterations in gene expression and pathways at 1.95 ppm, 187 ppm and 83 ppm, respectively. This study provided supporting evidence that the three chemicals may exert independent toxicity by acting on distinct molecular targets and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Keri B Donohue
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Anne M Mayo
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Natalie D Barker
- Bennett Aerospace Inc., 1249 Kildaire Farm Road, Cary, NC, 27511, USA
| | - Xin Guan
- Bennett Aerospace Inc., 1249 Kildaire Farm Road, Cary, NC, 27511, USA
| | - Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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Kronberg MF, Clavijo A, Moya A, Rossen A, Calvo D, Pagano E, Munarriz E. Glyphosate-based herbicides modulate oxidative stress response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 214:1-8. [PMID: 30142450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based formulation is used as non-selective and post-emergent herbicides in urban and rural activities. In view of its recurring applications in agricultural producing countries, the increase of glyphosate concentration in the environment stresses the need to test the adverse effects on non-target organisms and assess the risk of its use. This paper analyzes the toxicological and oxidative stress and modulatory effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation (glyphosate F) on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We detected ROS production and enhancement of oxidative stress response in glyphosate F-treated nematodes. Particularly, we found an increased ctl-1 catalase gene expression of a catalase specific activity. In addition, we showed that glyphosate F treatment activated the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, a critical target of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, which modulates the transcription of a broad range of genes involved in stress resistance, reproductive development, dauer formation, and longevity. In summary, the exposure of glyphosate F induces an oxidative imbalance in C. elegans that leads to the DAF-16 activation and consequently to the expression of genes that boost the antioxidant defense system. In this regard, clt-1 gene and catalase activity proved to be excellent biomarkers to develop more sensitive protocols to assess the environmental risk of glyphosate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Kronberg
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Araceli Clavijo
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Moya
- Cátedra de Protección vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariana Rossen
- Laboratorio Experimental de Tecnologías Sustentables, Instituto Nacional del Agua, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Calvo
- Dirección de Servicios Hidrológicos, Instituto Nacional del Agua, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Pagano
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Munarriz
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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270
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Muthamil S, Balasubramaniam B, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Synergistic Effect of Quinic Acid Derived From Syzygium cumini and Undecanoic Acid Against Candida spp. Biofilm and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2835. [PMID: 30534118 PMCID: PMC6275436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, fungal infections have incredibly increased with Candida genus as the major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Most of the Candida species are proficient in biofilm formation on implanted medical devices as well as human tissues. Biofilm related Candida infections are very difficult to treat using common antifungal agents owing to their increased drug resistance. To address these issues, the present study investigated the antibiofilm and antivirulent properties of Syzygium cumini derived quinic acid in combination with known antifungal compound undecanoic acid. Initially, antibiofilm potential of S. cumini leaf extract was assessed and the active principles were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. Among the compounds identified, quinic acid was one of the major compounds. The interaction between quinic acid and undecanoic acid was found to be synergistic in the Fractional inhibitory concentration index (≤0.5). Results of in vitro assays and gene expression analysis suggested that the synergistic combinations of quinic acid and undecanoic acid significantly inhibited virulence traits of Candida spp. such as the biofilm formation, yeast-to-hyphal transition, extracellular polymeric substances production, filamentation, secreted hydrolases production and ergosterol biosynthesis. In addition, result of in vivo studies using Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated the non-toxic nature of QA-UDA combination and antivirulence effect against Candida spp. For the first time, synergistic antivirulence ability of quinic acid and undecanoic acid was explored against Candida spp. Thus, results obtained from the present study suggest that combination of phytochemicals might be used an alternate therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of biofilm associated Candida infection.
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271
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Hunt PR, Olejnik N, Bailey KD, Vaught CA, Sprando RL. C. elegans Development and Activity Test detects mammalian developmental neurotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:583-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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272
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Teirlinck E, Xiong R, Brans T, Forier K, Fraire J, Van Acker H, Matthijs N, De Rycke R, De Smedt SC, Coenye T, Braeckmans K. Laser-induced vapour nanobubbles improve drug diffusion and efficiency in bacterial biofilms. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4518. [PMID: 30375378 PMCID: PMC6207769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hindered penetration of antibiotics through biofilms is one of the reasons for the alarming increase in bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. Here, we investigate the potential of laser-induced vapour nanobubbles (VNBs) formed around plasmonic nanoparticles to locally disturb biofilm integrity and improve antibiotics diffusion. Our results show that biofilms of both Gram-negative (Burkholderia multivorans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria can be loaded with cationic 70-nm gold nanoparticles and that subsequent laser illumination results in VNB formation inside the biofilms. In all types of biofilms tested, VNB formation leads to substantial local biofilm disruption, increasing tobramycin efficacy up to 1-3 orders of magnitude depending on the organism and treatment conditions. Altogether, our results support the potential of laser-induced VNBs as a new approach to disrupt biofilms of a broad range of organisms, resulting in improved antibiotic diffusion and more effective biofilm eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Teirlinck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Forier
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Juan Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Heleen Van Acker
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Nele Matthijs
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, VIB BioImaging Core, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
- IEMN UMR 8520, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652, France.
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules UMR 8523, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655, France.
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273
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Hu CC, Wu GH, Lai SF, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Hwu Y, Wagner OI, Yen TJ. Toxic Effects of Size-tunable Gold Nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans Development and Gene Regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15245. [PMID: 30323250 PMCID: PMC6189128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilized size-tunable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to investigate the toxicogenomic responses of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrated that the nematode C. elegans can uptake Au NPs coated with or without 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), and Au NPs are detectable in worm intestines using X-ray microscopy and confocal optical microscopy. After Au NP exposure, C. elegans neurons grew shorter axons, which may have been related to the impeded worm locomotion behavior detected. Furthermore, we determined that MUA to Au ratios of 0.5, 1 and 3 reduced the worm population by more than 50% within 72 hours. In addition, these MUA to Au ratios reduced the worm body size, thrashing frequency (worm mobility) and brood size. MTT assays were employed to analyze the viability of cultured C. elegans primary neurons exposed to MUA-Au NPs. Increasing the MUA to Au ratios increasingly reduced neuronal survival. To understand how developmental changes (after MUA-Au NP treatment) are related to changes in gene expression, we employed DNA microarray assays and identified changes in gene expression (e.g., clec-174 (involved in cellular defense), cut-3 and fil-1 (both involved in body morphogenesis), dpy-14 (expressed in embryonic neurons), and mtl-1 (functions in metal detoxification and homeostasis)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chih Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Her Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Lai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Y Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Oliver I Wagner
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Jen Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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274
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The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of gold-complexed sulfonamides against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:440-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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275
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Peng Y, Tong ZH, Chong HJ, Shao XY. Toxic effects of prolonged exposure to [C 14mim]Br on Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:226-232. [PMID: 29879555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are gradually concerned due to their potential environmental and health risks. In this work, the chronic effects of imidazolium-based ILs, using [C14mim]Br as a representative, were evaluated using model animal Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results show that prolonged exposure (72 h) of ILs to the nematodes at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L induced adverse effects on the growth, locomotive behaviors and development. To explore the toxicity mechanism, lipofuscin content, ROS level and the expressions of five superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were determined after the prolonged exposure. The lipofuscin content, ROS level and expressions of SOD genes did not show significant changes except that the expression of sod-5 was reduced by 2.7-fold following the treatment of 10 mg/L of [C14mim]Br. These results suggest that oxidative stress may not be responsible for the adverse physiological effects induced by relatively low concentrations of imidazolium-based ILs. We further determined the gene expressions of phase I detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP), phase II detoxification enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP). The results demonstrate that CYP, UGT and PGP may be involved in the detoxification of ILs. Our findings will aid in understanding the mechanisms of both toxicity and detoxification of imidazolium-based ILs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Han-Juan Chong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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276
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Moyson S, Town RM, Joosen S, Husson SJ, Blust R. The interplay between chemical speciation and physiology determines the bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu(II) and Cd(II) toCaenorhabditis elegans. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:282-293. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Moyson
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Raewyn M. Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Steven Joosen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Steven J. Husson
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
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277
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Weinhouse C, Truong L, Meyer JN, Allard P. Caenorhabditis elegans as an emerging model system in environmental epigenetics. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:560-575. [PMID: 30091255 PMCID: PMC6113102 DOI: 10.1002/em.22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The roundworm Caenorhabitis elegans has been an established model organism for the study of genetics and developmental biology, including studies of transcriptional regulation, since the 1970s. This model organism has continued to be used as a classical model system as the field of transcriptional regulation has expanded to include scientific advances in epigenetics and chromatin biology. In the last several decades, C. elegans has emerged as a powerful model for environmental toxicology, particularly for the study of chemical genotoxicity. Here, we outline the utility and applicability of C. elegans as a powerful model organism for mechanistic studies of environmental influences on the epigenome. Our goal in this article is to inform the field of environmental epigenetics of the strengths and limitations of the well-established C. elegans model organism as an emerging model for medium-throughput, in vivo exploration of the role of exogenous chemical stimuli in transcriptional regulation, developmental epigenetic reprogramming, and epigenetic memory and inheritance. As the field of environmental epigenetics matures, and research begins to map mechanisms underlying observed associations, new toolkits and model systems, particularly manipulable, scalable in vivo systems that accurately model human transcriptional regulatory circuits, will provide an essential experimental bridge between in vitro biochemical experiments and mammalian model systems. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:560-575, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Weinhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Truong
- UCLA Human Genetics and Genomic Analysis Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Allard
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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278
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Rajasekharan SK, Raorane CJ, Lee J. LED based real-time survival bioassays for nematode research. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11531. [PMID: 30069029 PMCID: PMC6070477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode bioassays are extensively conducted worldwide, either for screening anthelmintic drugs or for assessing the toxicity of drug candidates. Recently, the US Environmental Protection Agency mandated the use of invertebrate models including nematodes especially Caenorhabditis elegans, for toxicity testing as an alternative to rodent models. The significance of nematode bioassays in the biological sciences is escalating, but no standardized protocol is available to assess nematode mortality in a liquid medium. Manual counting under white light is the only approach currently practiced, which exhibit large variabilities and false positive results. Here, we describe an innovative counting strategy that employs light-emitting diode (LED) technology. We found that the nematodes stopped moving under white light (360–760 nm) when administered with sub-lethal dosage (LC50) of a toxic drug, whereas they responded rapidly to blue (450–490 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (100–400 nm) LED lights. Furthermore, paralyzed nematodes responded in less than 5 seconds to a LED pulse. The response to the LED stimulus was distinctively noted in C. elegans dauers, which squirmed away from illuminated sites within seconds. LED produced an incoherent beam, and uniformly distributed light across the sampling area. In conclusion, this method is more accurate than the conventional counting techniques, and enables us to differentiate paralyzed and dead nematodes virtually in real-time. Furthermore, this technique would appear to be suitable for incorporating a motion-sensor based automated system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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279
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Keller J, Borzekowski A, Haase H, Menzel R, Rueß L, Koch M. Toxicity Assay for Citrinin, Zearalenone and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as Model Organism. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070284. [PMID: 29987228 PMCID: PMC6070962 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To keep pace with the rising number of detected mycotoxins, there is a growing need for fast and reliable toxicity tests to assess potential threats to food safety. Toxicity tests with the bacterial-feeding nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as the model organism are well established. In this study the C. elegans wildtype strain N2 (var. Bristol) was used to investigate the toxic effects of the food-relevant mycotoxins citrinin (CIT) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEA-14-S) and zearalenone (ZEA) on different life cycle parameters including reproduction, thermal and oxidative stress resistance and lifespan. The metabolization of the mycotoxins by the nematodes in vivo was investigated using HPLC-MS/MS. ZEA was metabolized in vivo to the reduced isomers α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-ZEL. ZEA-14-S was reduced to α-/β-ZEL-14-sulfate and CIT was metabolized to mono-hydroxylated CIT. All mycotoxins tested led to a significant decrease in the number of nematode offspring produced. ZEA and CIT displayed negative effects on stress tolerance levels and for CIT an additional shortening of the mean lifespan was observed. In the case of ZEA-14-S, however, the mean lifespan was prolonged. The presented study shows the applicability of C. elegans for toxicity testing of emerging food mycotoxins for the purpose of assigning potential health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Keller
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-Prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antje Borzekowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-Prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralph Menzel
- Institute of Biology, Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Liliane Rueß
- Institute of Biology, Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-Prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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280
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Karahan HE, Wiraja C, Xu C, Wei J, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu F, Chen Y. Graphene Materials in Antimicrobial Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701406. [PMID: 29504283 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene materials (GMs), such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), are rapidly emerging as a new class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. This report describes their state-of-the-art and potential future covering both fundamental aspects and biomedical applications. First, the current understanding of the antimicrobial mechanisms of GMs is illustrated, and the complex picture of underlying structure-property-activity relationships is sketched. Next, the different modes of utilization of antimicrobial GMs are explained, which include their use as colloidal dispersions, surface coatings, and photothermal/photodynamic therapy agents. Due to their practical relevance, the examples where GMs function as synergistic agents or release platforms for metal ions and/or antibiotic drugs are also discussed. Later, the applicability of GMs in the design of wound dressings, infection-protective coatings, and antibiotic-like formulations ("nanoantibiotics") is assessed. Notably, to support our assessments, the existing clinical applications of conventional carbon materials are also evaluated. Finally, the key hurdles of the field are highlighted, and several possible directions for future investigations are proposed. We hope that the roadmap provided here will encourage researchers to tackle remaining challenges toward clinical translation of promising research findings and help realize the potential of GMs in antimicrobial nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology Singapore 638075 Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- NTU‐Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology Singapore 638075 Singapore
| | - Yilei Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology 391 Binshui, Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology 391 Binshui, Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application Guangdong Institute of Microbiology 100 Central Xianlie Road Guangzhou 510070 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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281
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Kleiven M, Rossbach LM, Gallego-Urrea JA, Brede DA, Oughton DH, Coutris C. Characterizing the behavior, uptake, and toxicity of NM300K silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1799-1810. [PMID: 29603779 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we addressed the potential linkage among toxicity of NM300K Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), their particle size distribution, and the presence of dissolved Ag in the test media. Of the 3 endpoints assessed (growth, fertility, and reproduction), reproduction was the most sensitive, with the 50% effect concentration (EC50) ranging from 0.26 to 0.84 mg Ag L-1 and 0.08 to 0.11 mg Ag L-1 for NM300K and AgNO3 , respectively. Silver uptake by C. elegans was similar for both forms of Ag, whereas bioaccumulation was higher in AgNO3 exposure. The observed differences in toxicity between NM300K and AgNO3 did not correlate with bioaccumulated Ag, which suggests that toxicity is a function of the type of exposing agent (AgNPs vs AgNO3 ) and its mode of action. Before addition of the food source (Escherichia coli), size fractionation revealed that dissolved Ag comprised 13 to 90% and 4 to 8% of total Ag in the AgNO3 and NM300K treatments, respectively. No dissolved Ag was detectable in the actual test media due to immediate Ag adsorption to bacteria. The results of the present study indicate that information on behavior and characterization of exposure conditions is essential for nanotoxicity studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1799-1810. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merethe Kleiven
- Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisa M Rossbach
- Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Julian A Gallego-Urrea
- Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Dag A Brede
- Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Deborah H Oughton
- Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Claire Coutris
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien, Ås, Norway
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282
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Dong L, Jankele R, Cornaglia M, Lehnert T, Gönczy P, Gijs MAM. Integrated Microfluidic Device for Drug Studies of Early C. Elegans Embryogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700751. [PMID: 29876206 PMCID: PMC5980161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules inhibitors are powerful tools for studying multiple aspects of cell biology and stand at the forefront of drug discovery pipelines. However, in the early Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) embryo, which is a powerful model system for cell and developmental biology, the use of small molecule inhibitors has been limited by the impermeability of the embryonic eggshell, the low-throughput manual embryo isolation methods, and the lack of well-controlled drug delivery protocols. This work reports a fully integrated microfluidic approach for studies of C. elegans early embryogenesis, including the possibility of testing small molecule inhibitors with increased throughput and versatility. The setup enables robust on-chip extraction of embryos from gravid adult worms in a dedicated pillar array chamber by mechanical compression, followed by rapid fluidic transfer of embryos into an adjacent microtrap array. Parallel analysis of ≈100 embryos by high-resolution time-lapse imaging from the one-cell stage zygote until hatching can be performed with this device. The implementation of versatile microfluidic protocols, in particular time-controlled and reversible drug delivery to on-chip immobilized embryos, demonstrates the potential of the device for biochemical and pharmacological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Laboratory of MicrosystemsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Radek Jankele
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC)School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Matteo Cornaglia
- Laboratory of MicrosystemsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of MicrosystemsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC)School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of MicrosystemsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
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283
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C. elegans as a model in developmental neurotoxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:126-135. [PMID: 29550512 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to many advantages Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has become a preferred model of choice in many fields, including neurodevelopmental toxicity studies. This review discusses the benefits of using C. elegans as an alternative to mammalian systems and gives examples of the uses of the nematode in evaluating the effects of major known neurodevelopmental toxins, including manganese, mercury, lead, fluoride, arsenic and organophosphorus pesticides. Reviewed data indicates numerous similarities with mammals in response to these toxins. Thus, C. elegans studies have the potential to predict possible effects of developmental neurotoxicants in higher animals, and may be used to identify new molecular pathways behind neurodevelopmental disruptions, as well as new toxicants.
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284
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Counting Caenorhabditis elegans: Protocol Optimization and Applications for Population Growth and Toxicity Studies in Liquid Medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:904. [PMID: 29343752 PMCID: PMC5772475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used extensively in molecular, toxicological and genetics research. However, standardized methods for counting nematodes in liquid culture do not exist despite the wide use of nematodes and need for accurate measurements. Herein, we provide a simple and affordable counting protocol developed to maximize count accuracy and minimize variability in liquid nematode culture. Sources of variability in the counting process were identified and tested in 14 separate experiments. Three variables resulted in significant effects on nematode count: shaking of the culture, priming of pipette tips, and sampling location within a microcentrifuge tube. Between-operator variability did not have a statistically significant effect on counts, even among differently-skilled operators. The protocol was used to assess population growth rates of nematodes in two different but common liquid growth media: axenic modified Caenorhabditis elegans Habitation and Reproduction medium (mCeHR) and S-basal complete. In mCeHR, nematode populations doubled daily for 10 d. S-basal complete populations initially doubled every 12 h, but slowed within 7 d. We also detected a statistically significant difference between embryo-to-hatchling incubation period of 5 d in mCeHR compared to 4 d in S-basal complete. The developed counting method for Caenorhabditis elegans reduces variability and allows for rigorous and reliable experimentation.
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285
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Reipa V, Atha DH, Coskun SH, Sims CM, Nelson BC. Controlled potential electro-oxidation of genomic DNA. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190907. [PMID: 29324786 PMCID: PMC5764341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mammalian cells to oxidative stress can result in DNA damage that adversely affects many cell processes. Lack of dependable DNA damage reference materials and standardized measurement methods, despite many case-control studies hampers the wider recognition of the link between oxidatively degraded DNA and disease risk. We used bulk electrolysis in an electrochemical system and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis (GC/MS/MS) to control and measure, respectively, the effect of electrochemically produced reactive oxygen species on calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). DNA was electro-oxidized for 1 h at four fixed oxidizing potentials (E = 0.5 V, 1.0 V, 1.5 V and 2 V (vs Ag/AgCl)) using a high surface area boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode (WE) and the resulting DNA damage in the form of oxidatively-modified DNA lesions was measured using GC/MS/MS. We have shown that there are two distinct base lesion formation modes in the explored electrode potential range, corresponding to 0.5 V < E < 1.5 V and E > 1.5 V. Amounts of all four purine lesions were close to a negative control levels up to E = 1.5 V with evidence suggesting higher levels at the lowest potential of this range (E = 0.5 V). A rapid increase in all base lesion yields was measured when ct-DNA was exposed at E = 2 V, the potential at which hydroxyl radicals were efficiently produced by the BDD electrode. The present results demonstrate that controlled potential preparative electrooxidation of double-stranded DNA can be used to purposely increase the levels of oxidatively modified DNA lesions in discrete samples. It is envisioned that these DNA samples may potentially serve as analytical control or quality assurance reference materials for the determination of oxidatively induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytas Reipa
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Donald H. Atha
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanem H. Coskun
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sims
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bryant C. Nelson
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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286
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Vibert L, Daulny A, Jarriault S. Wound healing, cellular regeneration and plasticity: the elegans way. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 62:491-505. [PMID: 29938761 PMCID: PMC6161810 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.180123sj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration and wound healing are complex processes that allow organs and tissues to regain their integrity and functionality after injury. Wound healing, a key property of epithelia, involves tissue closure that in some cases leads to scar formation. Regeneration, a process rather limited in mammals, is the capacity to regrow (parts of) an organ or a tissue, after damage or amputation. What are the properties of organs and the features of tissue permitting functional regrowth and repair? What are the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes? These questions are crucial both in fundamental and applied contexts, with important medical implications. The mechanisms and cells underlying tissue repair have thus been the focus of intense investigation. The last decades have seen rapid progress in the domain and new models emerging. Here, we review the fundamental advances and the perspectives that the use of C. elegans as a model have brought to the mechanisms of wound healing and cellular plasticity, axon regeneration and transdifferentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vibert
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Daulny
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Jarriault
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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287
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Abstract
Developmental toxicology is a constantly evolving research field which needs to attend to a complex underlying regulatory network. Before entering the market new substances have to be tested for toxic effects on reproduction and development in order to ensure human health and environmental safety. Traditional in vivo mammalian models represent more adequately the intricacy of human development and provide an assessment of the interaction of chemicals on the reproductive system. However, in the last years, the main goal is to reduce the use of vertebrate animals, using those only as last resort. Consequently, the interest in the development and validation of a battery of alternative tests able to cover the various aspects of the reproductive cycle has increased. Reproductive toxicity is probably the most difficult endpoint to be replaced by alternative assays, since it should provide information on mechanisms interactions essential for female and male fertility, and also knowledge on the development of a new human being during its prenatal life. This complexity explains the slow progress in implementing alternatives for reproductive toxicity safety assessments. Alternative test methods may be based on in vitro systems and non-mammalian animal models. Many biological processes have been successfully implemented using in vitro models, opening the possibility to study the interference of teratogenic compounds using these models. Their validation and implementation have lagged behind, in part because of difficulties in establishing their predictability. Nevertheless, the advance toward the process of validation is crucial for a strategy aiming to replace and reduce the use of living animals. Based on the present state of the art, it is not probable that such testing strategies will completely replace the need to assess reproductive toxicity in vivo in the near future, but they contribute to reduce the animal testing and provide important information. In this chapter the approved guidelines for standard methods and alternative methods according to their regulatory and scientific status are enumerated and described.
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288
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Gowri M, Suganya K, Latha N, Murugan M, Ahmed M, Alarfaj AA, Rajan M. Metal oxide nanoparticle-functionalized sebacic acid-grafted PHEAM nanocarriers for enriched activity of metronidazole against food borne bacteria: in vitro and in vivo study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Food borne infection is a serious complication caused by Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), a dangerous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Gowri
- Department of Chemistry
- Kandaswami Kandar's College
- Namakkal District
- India
| | - Kannan Suganya
- Department of Microbial Technology
- School of Biological Sciences
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai
- India
| | - Nachimuthu Latha
- Department of Chemistry
- Kandaswami Kandar's College
- Namakkal District
- India
| | - Marudhamuthu Murugan
- Department of Microbial Technology
- School of Biological Sciences
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai
- India
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Zoology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai
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289
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Abstract
During pregnancy fetus can be exposed to a variety of chemicals which may induce abortion and malformations. Due to the amounts of new substances coming into the market every year, a high demand for a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective method to detect potential toxicity is necessary. Different species have been used as animal models for teratogen screening, most of them sharing similar development processes with humans. However, the application of embryology knowledge to teratology is hampered by the complexity of the reproduction processes.The present chapter outlines the essential development periods in different models, and highlights the similarities and differences between species, advantages and disadvantages of each group, and specific sensitivities for teratogenic tests. These models can be organized into the following categories: (1) invertebrate species such Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, which have become ideal for screening simple mechanisms in the early periods of reproductive cycle, allowing for rapid results and minor ethical concerns; (2) vertebrate nonmammalian species such Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio, important models to assess teratogenic potential in later development with fewer ethical requirements; and (3) the mammalian species Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Oryctolagus cuniculus, phylogenetically more close to humans, essential to assess complex specialized processes, that occur later in development.Rules for development toxicology tests require the use of mammalian species. However, ethical concerns and costs limit their use in large-scale screening. By contrast, invertebrate and vertebrate nonmammalian species are increasing as alternative animal models, as these organisms combine less ethical requirements, low costs and culture conditions compatible with large-scale screening. In contrast to the in vitro techniques, their main advantage is to allow for high-throughput screening in a whole-animal context, not dependent on the prior identification of a target. In this chapter, the biological development of the animals most used in teratogenic tests is adressed with the aims of maximizing human translation, reducing the number of animals used, and the time to market for new drugs.
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290
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Defraine V, Verstraete L, Van Bambeke F, Anantharajah A, Townsend EM, Ramage G, Corbau R, Marchand A, Chaltin P, Fauvart M, Michiels J. Antibacterial Activity of 1-[(2,4-Dichlorophenethyl)amino]-3-Phenoxypropan-2-ol against Antibiotic-Resistant Strains of Diverse Bacterial Pathogens, Biofilms and in Pre-clinical Infection Models. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2585. [PMID: 29312259 PMCID: PMC5744096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described the novel anti-persister compound 1-[(2,4-dichlorophenethyl)amino]-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol (SPI009), capable of directly killing persister cells of the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This compound also shows antibacterial effects against non-persister cells, suggesting that SPI009 could be used as an adjuvant for antibacterial combination therapy. Here, we demonstrate the broad-spectrum activity of SPI009, combined with different classes of antibiotics, against the clinically relevant ESKAPE pathogens Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium and Burkholderia cenocepacia and Escherichia coli. Importantly, SPI009 re-enabled killing of antibiotic-resistant strains and effectively lowered the required antibiotic concentrations. The clinical potential was further confirmed in biofilm models of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus where SPI009 exhibited effective biofilm inhibition and eradication. Caenorhabditis elegans infected with P. aeruginosa also showed a significant improvement in survival when SPI009 was added to conventional antibiotic treatment. Overall, we demonstrate that SPI009, initially discovered as an anti-persister molecule in P. aeruginosa, possesses broad-spectrum activity and is highly suitable for the development of antibacterial combination therapies in the fight against chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Defraine
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Verstraete
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahalieyah Anantharajah
- Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eleanor M. Townsend
- Oral Science Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, University of West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Science Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patrick Chaltin
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, Smart Electronics Unit, imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven, Belgium
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291
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Ma L, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Cheng B, Peng A, Huang K. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for target identification and drug screening against neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:169-180. [PMID: 29208474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been widely used as a model system because of its small size, transparent body, short generation time and lifespan (~3 days and 3 weeks, respectively), completely sequenced genome and tractability to genetic manipulation. Protein misfolding and aggregation are key pathological features in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Animal models, including C. elegans, have been extensively used to discover and validate new drugs against neurodegenerative diseases. The well-defined and genetically tractable nervous system of C. elegans offers an effective model to explore basic mechanistic pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent progress in high-throughput drug screening also provides a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes. Here, we summarize the latest progress of using C. elegans as a model system for target identification and drug screening in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yudan Zhao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Anlin Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Center for Biomedicine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China.
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292
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Sonane M, Moin N, Satish A. The role of antioxidants in attenuation of Caenorhabditis elegans lethality on exposure to TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:240-247. [PMID: 28854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the usage of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has raised global concerns due to their potential toxicity and environmental impacts. Nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO have been extensively used in various applications. Thus, there is a need for determining the toxic potentials of ENPs as well as, to develop the possible attenuation method for ENPs toxicity. Both in the in vitro and in vivo systems, exposure to the majority of ENPs have shown Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, which leads to oxidative stress mediated inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. Hence, with the rationale of determining easy and economical protection against ENPs exposure, the amelioration effect of the antioxidants (curcumin and vitamin-C) against the nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO induced ROS and lethality were investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. We not only employed pre-treatment and along with treatment approach, but also determined the effect of antioxidants at different time points of treatment. Our study revealed that both the antioxidants efficiently ameliorate nanoparticles induced ROS as well as lethality in worms. Further, the pretreatment approach was more effective than the along with treatment. Therefore, our study indicates the possibility of evading the nanotoxicity by incorporating curcumin and vitamin-C in everyday diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Sonane
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 227015, India
| | - Nida Moin
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 227015, India
| | - Aruna Satish
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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293
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Lee SY, Kang K. Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29053679 DOI: 10.3791/56437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lee
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology;
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294
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Sahu SC, Hayes AW. Toxicity of nanomaterials found in human environment. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317726352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) defines nanotechnology as “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.” Recent scientific reports available in the literature clearly demonstrate the potential benefits of nanotechnology in consumer and industrial products. More and more nanomaterials are expected to be used in consumer products. This is expected to lead to increased human exposure to nanomaterials in their daily lives. Therefore, the effect of nanomaterials present in human environment is an area of increasing scientific interest. The information presented in this review is obtained from the current literature. It indicates that nanomaterials found in human environment may have potential for toxicological effects. However, the current literature on toxicological effects of nanomaterials is diverse. The current data are presented from studies without harmonization. These studies have used different in vitro and in vivo test models, different sources of test nanomaterials, different methods for nanomaterial characterization, and different experimental conditions. Therefore, these data are hard to interpret. More research on nanomaterial characterization, biological interaction, toxicity, and health effects is needed. The test methods need to be validated. Positive and negative controls for nanotoxicity need to be identified. Toxicity data harmonization needs to be done. Therefore, general information is not currently available for risk evaluation of certain nanomaterials that might be present in consumer products or that may enter into the market in future. Standardized and validated methods are necessary for toxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Therefore, in the absence of standardized validated methods any specific regulatory testing requirements for nanomaterials are currently premature. We conclude that the benefits of nanomaterials found currently in human environment are many, but their overall adverse effects on human health are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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295
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Abstract
There has been a recent surge of interest in computer-aided rapid data acquisition to increase the potential throughput and reduce the labour costs of large scale Caenorhabditis elegans studies. We present Automated WormScan, a low-cost, high-throughput automated system using commercial photo scanners, which is extremely easy to implement and use, capable of scoring tens of thousands of organisms per hour with minimal operator input, and is scalable. The method does not rely on software training for image recognition, but uses the generation of difference images from sequential scans to identify moving objects. This approach results in robust identification of worms with little computational demand. We demonstrate the utility of the system by conducting toxicity, growth and fecundity assays, which demonstrate the consistency of our automated system, the quality of the data relative to manual scoring methods and congruity with previously published results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Puckering
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Jake Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sushruth Sathyamurthy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sinduja Sukumar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Ebert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
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296
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Johnson ME, Hanna SK, Montoro Bustos AR, Sims CM, Elliott LCC, Lingayat A, Johnston AC, Nikoobakht B, Elliott JT, Holbrook RD, Scott KCK, Murphy KE, Petersen EJ, Yu LL, Nelson BC. Separation, Sizing, and Quantitation of Engineered Nanoparticles in an Organism Model Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Image Analysis. ACS NANO 2017; 11:526-540. [PMID: 27983787 PMCID: PMC5459480 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For environmental studies assessing uptake of orally ingested engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), a key step in ensuring accurate quantification of ingested ENPs is efficient separation of the organism from ENPs that are either nonspecifically adsorbed to the organism and/or suspended in the dispersion following exposure. Here, we measure the uptake of 30 and 60 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, using a sucrose density gradient centrifugation protocol to remove noningested AuNPs. Both conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single particle (sp)ICP-MS are utilized to measure the total mass and size distribution, respectively, of ingested AuNPs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) imaging confirmed that traditional nematode washing procedures were ineffective at removing excess suspended and/or adsorbed AuNPs after exposure. Water rinsing procedures had AuNP removal efficiencies ranging from 57 to 97% and 22 to 83%, while the sucrose density gradient procedure had removal efficiencies of 100 and 93 to 98%, respectively, for the 30 and 60 nm AuNP exposure conditions. Quantification of total Au uptake was performed following acidic digestion of nonexposed and Au-exposed nematodes, whereas an alkaline digestion procedure was optimized for the liberation of ingested AuNPs for spICP-MS characterization. Size distributions and particle number concentrations were determined for AuNPs ingested by nematodes with corresponding confirmation of nematode uptake via high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution resin preparation and large-area SEM imaging. Methods for the separation and in vivo quantification of ENPs in multicellular organisms will facilitate robust studies of ENP uptake, biotransformation, and hazard assessment in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Johnson
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Shannon K Hanna
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Antonio R Montoro Bustos
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher M Sims
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lindsay C C Elliott
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Akshay Lingayat
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Adrian C Johnston
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Babak Nikoobakht
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - John T Elliott
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - R David Holbrook
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Keana C K Scott
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen E Murphy
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bryant C Nelson
- Chemical Science Division, ‡Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, and §Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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297
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Hunt PR. The C. elegans model in toxicity testing. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:50-59. [PMID: 27443595 PMCID: PMC5132335 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode that can be maintained at low cost and handled using standard in vitro techniques. Unlike toxicity testing using cell cultures, C. elegans toxicity assays provide data from a whole animal with intact and metabolically active digestive, reproductive, endocrine, sensory and neuromuscular systems. Toxicity ranking screens in C. elegans have repeatedly been shown to be as predictive of rat LD50 ranking as mouse LD50 ranking. Additionally, many instances of conservation of mode of toxic action have been noted between C. elegans and mammals. These consistent correlations make the case for inclusion of C. elegans assays in early safety testing and as one component in tiered or integrated toxicity testing strategies, but do not indicate that nematodes alone can replace data from mammals for hazard evaluation. As with cell cultures, good C. elegans culture practice (GCeCP) is essential for reliable results. This article reviews C. elegans use in various toxicity assays, the C. elegans model's strengths and limitations for use in predictive toxicology, and GCeCP. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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298
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Freires IA, Sardi JDCO, de Castro RD, Rosalen PL. Alternative Animal and Non-Animal Models for Drug Discovery and Development: Bonus or Burden? Pharm Res 2016; 34:681-686. [PMID: 27858217 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian models have served as a basis for R&D over the past decades. Nevertheless, these models are expensive, laborious, may yield results that cannot always be translated into the human in vivo situation and, more recently, have reverberated great social and ethical dilemmas. Hence, the prospect of changes in the global scientific scenario and the Three Rs principle (Reduction, Replacement and Refinement) have encouraged the development of alternative methods to the use of mammals. Despite the efforts, suitable alternative tests are not available in all areas of biomedical research, as regulatory acceptance requires time, prior validation and robust financial and scientific investment. In this perspective, we aim to shed light on the concepts, challenges and perspectives for implementation of innovative alternative animal and non-animal methods in scientific research. The applicability and meaningfulness of invertebrate animal models, in silico analysis and reverse pharmacology are discussed, among other aspects of relevance in today's scenario. Overall, the use of alternative models, including Artemia salina (brine shrimp), Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm), Danio rerio (zebra fish), Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Galleria mellonella (greater waxmoth) and in silico modelling, increased 909% from 1990 to 2015, as compared to 154% of conventional mammals in the same period. Thus, technological and scientific advancements in the fields of toxicology and drug development seem to have diminished the need for mammalian models. Today, however, mammals still remain critically indispensable to provide - in most cases -reliable data subsidizing and validating translation into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlan Almeida Freires
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave., 13414-018, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave., 13414-018, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave., 13414-018, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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