301
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Gala D, Mohak S, Fábián Z. Extracellular Vehicles of Oxygen-Depleted Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Route to Off-Shelf Cellular Therapeutics? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092199. [PMID: 34571848 PMCID: PMC8465344 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy is a promising tool of human medicine to successfully treat complex and challenging pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases or chronic inflammatory conditions. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are in the limelight of these efforts, initially, trying to exploit their natural properties by direct transplantation. Extensive research on the therapeutic use of BMSCs shed light on a number of key aspects of BMSC physiology including the importance of oxygen in the control of BMSC phenotype. These efforts also led to a growing number of evidence indicating that the beneficial therapeutic effects of BMSCs can be mediated by BMSC-secreted agents. Further investigations revealed that BMSC-excreted extracellular vesicles could mediate the potentially therapeutic effects of BMSCs. Here, we review our current understanding of the relationship between low oxygen conditions and the effects of BMSC-secreted extracellular vesicles focusing on the possible medical relevance of this interplay.
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302
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Hovhannisyan L, Czechowska E, Gutowska-Owsiak D. The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702381. [PMID: 34489951 PMCID: PMC8417238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and especially exosomes, have been shown to mediate information exchange between distant cells; this process directly affects the biological characteristics and functionality of the recipient cell. As such, EVs significantly contribute to the shaping of immune responses in both physiology and disease states. While vesicles secreted by immune cells are often implicated in the allergic process, growing evidence indicates that EVs from non-immune cells, produced in the stroma or epithelia of the organs directly affected by inflammation may also play a significant role. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of allergy to which those EVs contribute, with a particular focus on small EVs (sEVs). Finally, we also give a clinical perspective regarding the utilization of the EV-mediated communication route for the benefit of allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Hovhannisyan
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Czechowska
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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303
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Oh S, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Kidney Injury and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8913. [PMID: 34445618 PMCID: PMC8396174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI)--the sudden loss of kidney function due to tissue damage and subsequent progression to chronic kidney disease--has high morbidity and mortality rates and is a serious worldwide clinical problem. Current AKI diagnosis, which relies on measuring serum creatinine levels and urine output, cannot sensitively and promptly report on the state of damage. To address the shortcomings of these traditional diagnosis tools, several molecular biomarkers have been developed to facilitate the identification and ensuing monitoring of AKI. Nanosized membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids have emerged as excellent sources for discovering such biomarkers. Besides this diagnostic purpose, EVs are also being extensively exploited to deliver therapeutic macromolecules to damaged kidney cells to ameliorate AKI. Consequently, many successful AKI biomarker findings and therapeutic applications based on EVs have been made. Here, we review our understanding of how EVs can help with the early identification and accurate monitoring of AKI and be used therapeutically. We will further discuss where current EV-based AKI diagnosis and therapeutic applications fall short and where future innovations could lead us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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304
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Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Wound Healing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080811. [PMID: 34451909 PMCID: PMC8400229 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, millions of individuals suffer from a non-healing wound, abnormal scarring, or injuries accompanied by an infection. For these cases, scientists are searching for new therapeutic interventions, from which one of the most promising is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Naturally, EV-based signaling takes part in all four wound healing phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Such an extensive involvement of EVs suggests exploiting their action to modulate the impaired healing phase. Furthermore, next to their natural wound healing capacity, EVs can be engineered for better defined pharmaceutical purposes, such as carrying specific cargo or targeting specific destinations by labelling them with certain surface proteins. This review aims to promote scientific awareness in basic and translational research of EVs by summarizing the current knowledge about their natural role in each stage of skin repair and the most recent findings in application areas, such as wound healing, skin regeneration, and treatment of dermal diseases, including the stem cell-derived, plant-derived, and engineered EVs.
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305
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Bonner SE, Willms E. Intercellular communication through extracellular vesicles in cancer and evolutionary biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 165:80-87. [PMID: 34391800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane enclosed vesicles that are released by cells. While initially thought to be cellular detritus or particles involved in eliminating waste from cells, EVs have been recognised as important mediators of intercellular communication by transferring their bioactive cargoes. Notably, over the last two decades, a substantial research effort has been undertaken to understand the role of EVs in cancer. It is now understood that tumour derived EVs can transfer their contents to influence metastatic behaviour, as well as establish favourable microenvironments and pre-metastatic niches that support cancer development and progression. EV-mediated intercellular communication in cancer will be of importance to understanding the emerging paradigm which views cancer as the establishment of a new species within the host organism. Here, we provide a concise overview of EVs and the current understanding of their role and application in cancer. In addition, we explore the potential wider role of EVs in the transfer of inherited characteristics and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Bonner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard Willms
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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306
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Evaluation of Colon-Specific Plasma Nanovesicles as New Markers of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153905. [PMID: 34359806 PMCID: PMC8345452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Developing new and efficient approaches for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important issue. Circulating extracellular nanovesicles (ENVs) present a promising class of cancer markers. Cells of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas retain the molecular characteristics of colon epithelial cells, and the ENVs secreted by these cells may have colon-specific surface markers. We hypothesize that an increase in the number of ENVs carrying colon-specific markers could serve as a diagnostic criterion for colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Potential colon-specific markers were selected based on tissue-specific expression profile and cell surface membrane localization data. Plasma was collected from CRC patients (n = 48) and healthy donors (n = 50). The total population of ENVs was isolated with a two-phase polymer system. ENVs derived from colon epithelium cells were isolated using immune-beads with antibodies to colon-specific markers prior to labelling with antibodies against exosomal tetraspanins (CD63 and CD9) and quantification by flow cytometry. RESULTS The number of ENVs positive for single colon cancer markers was found to be significantly higher in the plasma of CRC patients compared with healthy donors. The efficacy of detection depends on the method of ENV labelling. The diagnostic efficacy was estimated by ROC analysis (the AUC varied between 0.71 and 0.79). The multiplexed isolation of colon-derived ENVs using immune-beads decorated with antibodies against five markers allowed for a further increase in the diagnostic potency of the method (AUC = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS ENVs derived from colon epithelium may serve as markers of differentiated CRC (adenocarcinomas). The composition of ligands used for capturing colon-derived ENVs and their method of labelling are critical for the efficacy of this proposed diagnostic approach.
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307
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Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang W, Yu L, Wang Y, Deng Z, Liu M, Mo S, Wang R, Zhao J, Liu S, Hao Y, Wang X, Ji T, Zhang L, Wang C. Trends in the biological functions and medical applications of extracellular vesicles and analogues. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2114-2135. [PMID: 34522580 PMCID: PMC8424226 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in many life processes such as in the intermolecular transfer of substances and genetic information exchanges. Investigating the origins and working mechanisms of natural EVs may provide an understanding of life activities, especially regarding the occurrence and development of diseases. Additionally, due to their vesicular structure, EVs (in small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) could act as efficient drug-delivery carriers. Herein, we describe the sources and biological functions of various EVs, summarize the roles of EVs in disease diagnosis and treatment, and review the application of EVs as drug-delivery carriers. We also assess the challenges and perspectives of EVs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lanlan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shanshan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Civil Aviation School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Yun Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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308
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Upadhya D, Shetty AK. Promise of extracellular vesicles for diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106499. [PMID: 31636006 PMCID: PMC7165061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells play vital roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, EVs released from stem cells have therapeutic properties. This review confers the potential of brain-derived EVs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the serum as sources of epilepsy-related biomarkers, and the promise of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs for easing status epilepticus (SE)-induced adverse changes in the brain. Extracellular vesicles shed from neurons and glia in the brain can also be found in the circulating blood as EVs cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Evaluation of neuron and/or glia-derived EVs in the blood of patients who have epilepsy could help in identifying specific biomarkers for distinct types of epilepsies. Such a liquid biopsy approach is also amenable for repeated analysis in clinical trials for comprehending treatment efficacy, disease progression, and mechanisms of therapeutic interventions. Extracellular vesicle biomarker studies in animal prototypes of epilepsy, in addition, could help in identifying specific micro ribonucleic acid (miRNAs) contributing to epileptogenesis, seizures, or cognitive dysfunction in different types of epilepsy. Furthermore, intranasal (IN) administration of MSC-derived EVs after SE has shown efficacy for restraining SE-induced neuroinflammation, aberrant neurogenesis, and cognitive dysfunction in an animal prototype. Clinical translation of EV therapy as an adjunct to antiepileptic drugs appears attractive to counteract the progression of SE-induced epileptogenic changes, as the risk for thrombosis or tumor is minimal with nanosized EVs. Also, EVs can be engineered to deliver specific miRNAs, proteins, or antiepileptic drugs to the brain since they incorporate into neurons and glia throughout the brain after IN administration. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
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309
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Oyama S, Yamamoto T, Yamayoshi A. Recent Advances in the Delivery Carriers and Chemical Conjugation Strategies for Nucleic Acid Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3881. [PMID: 34359781 PMCID: PMC8345803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of new anticancer medicines, novel modalities are being explored for cancer treatment. For many years, conventional modalities, such as small chemical drugs and antibody drugs, have worked by "inhibiting the function" of target proteins. In recent years, however, nucleic acid drugs, such as ASOs and siRNAs, have attracted attention as a new modality for cancer treatment because nucleic acid drugs can directly promote the "loss of function" of target genes. Recently, nucleic acid drugs for use in cancer therapy have been extensively developed and some of them have currently been under investigation in clinical trials. To develop novel nucleic acid drugs for cancer treatment, it is imperative that cancer researchers, including ourselves, cover and understand those latest findings. In this review, we introduce and provide an overview of various DDSs and ligand modification technologies that are being employed to improve the success and development of nucleic acid drugs, then we also discuss the future of nucleic acid drug developments for cancer therapy. It is our belief this review will increase the awareness of nucleic acid drugs worldwide and build momentum for the future development of new cancer-targeted versions of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Oyama
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Asako Yamayoshi
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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310
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Heydari R, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Shekari F, Meyfour A. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Biomarking the Gastrointestinal Diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:939-962. [PMID: 34308738 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1954909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-cell communication and regulation of various cellular functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions through transferring their cargo to recipient cells. Molecular constituents of EVs are a fingerprinting profile of secreting cells which can be used as promising prognostic, diagnostic, and drug-response biomarkers in clinical settings. AREAS COVERED The present study provides a brief introduction about the biology of EVs and reviews methodologies used for EV isolation and characterization as well as high-throughput strategies to analyze EV contents. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance and unique role of EVs in the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, especially GI cancers, and then discusses their potential use, particularly those isolated from body fluids, in diagnosis and prognosis of GI diseases. EXPERT OPINION In-depth analysis of EV content can lead to the identification of new potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of GI diseases. The use of a more targeted approach by establishing more reproducible and standardized methods to decrease variations and obtain desired EV population as well as revisiting large pools of identified biomarkers and their evaluation in larger patient cohorts can result in the introduction of more reliable biomarkers in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Heydari
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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311
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Bahram Sangani N, Gomes AR, Curfs LMG, Reutelingsperger CP. The role of Extracellular Vesicles during CNS development. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102124. [PMID: 34314775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With a diverse set of neuronal and glial cell populations, Central Nervous System (CNS) has one of the most complex structures in the body. Intercellular communication is therefore highly important to coordinate cell-to-cell interactions. Besides electrical and chemical messengers, CNS cells also benefit from another communication route, what is known as extracellular vesicles, to harmonize their interactions. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and their subtype exosomes are membranous particles secreted by cells and contain information packaged in the form of biomolecules such as small fragments of DNA, lipids, miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. They are able to efficiently drive changes upon their arrival to recipient cells. EVs actively participate in all stages of CNS development by stimulating neural cell proliferation, differentiation, synaptic formation, and mediating reciprocal interactions between neurons and oligodendrocyte for myelination process. The aim of the present review is to enlighten the presence and contribution of EVs at each CNS developmental milestone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Bahram Sangani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; GKC-Rett Expertise Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Leopold M G Curfs
- GKC-Rett Expertise Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris P Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; GKC-Rett Expertise Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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312
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Liu Q, Li S, Dupuy A, le Mai H, Sailliet N, Logé C, Robert JMH, Brouard S. Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157763. [PMID: 34360530 PMCID: PMC8346134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cells that contain a variety of biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They have been recognized as important mediators for long-distance cell-to-cell communication and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Exosomes have unique advantages, positioning them as highly effective drug delivery tools and providing a distinct means of delivering various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, as a new clinical diagnostic biomarker, exosomes play an important role in many aspects of human health and disease, including endocrinology, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the development of exosome-based drug delivery tools and the validation of novel biomarkers, and illustrate the role of exosomes as therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Q.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Q.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Amandine Dupuy
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.D.); (H.l.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Hoa le Mai
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.D.); (H.l.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicolas Sailliet
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.D.); (H.l.M.); (N.S.)
- Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, 22, Cibles et Médicaments du Cancer et de l’Immunité IICiMed-AE1155, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Université de Nantes, Boulevard Bénoni-Goullin, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Cédric Logé
- Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, 22, Cibles et Médicaments du Cancer et de l’Immunité IICiMed-AE1155, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Université de Nantes, Boulevard Bénoni-Goullin, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - J.-Michel H. Robert
- Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, 22, Cibles et Médicaments du Cancer et de l’Immunité IICiMed-AE1155, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Université de Nantes, Boulevard Bénoni-Goullin, F-44000 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (J.-M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.D.); (H.l.M.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.-M.H.R.); (S.B.)
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313
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Ninomiya M, Inoue J, Krueger EW, Chen J, Cao H, Masamune A, McNiven MA. The Exosome-Associated Tetraspanin CD63 Contributes to the Efficient Assembly and Infectivity of the Hepatitis B Virus. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1238-1251. [PMID: 34278172 PMCID: PMC8279471 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the hepatocellular trafficking pathways that are used by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) during viral infection and shedding are poorly defined. It is known that the HBV uses late endosomal and multivesicular body (MVB) compartments for assembly and release. The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) generated within MVBs have also been implicated in the late synthesis stages of a variety of pathogenic viruses. We recently observed that the HBV within infected hepatocytes appears to associate with the tetraspanin protein CD63, known to be a prominent and essential component of ILVs. Immunofluorescence microscopy of HBV-expressing cells showed that CD63 colocalized with HBV proteins (large hepatitis B surface antigens [LHBs] and hepatitis B core) and labeled an exceptionally large number of secreted extracellular vesicles of uniform size. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of CD63 induced a substantial accumulation of intracellular LHBs protein but did not alter the levels of either intracellular or extracellular HBV DNA, nor pregenomic RNA. Consistent with these findings, we found that markedly less LHBs protein was associated with the released HBV particles from CD63 siRNA-treated cells. Importantly, the HBV viral particles that were shed from CD63-depleted cells were substantially less infective than those collected from control cells with normal CD63 levels. Conclusion: These findings implicate the tetraspanin protein CD63 as a marker and an important component in the formation and release of infectious HBV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ninomiya
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive DiseasesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA.,Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Eugene W Krueger
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive DiseasesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive DiseasesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Hong Cao
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive DiseasesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive DiseasesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
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314
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York SB, Sun L, Cone AS, Duke LC, Cheerathodi MR, Meckes DG. Zika Virus Hijacks Extracellular Vesicle Tetraspanin Pathways for Cell-to-Cell Transmission. mSphere 2021; 6:e0019221. [PMID: 34190582 PMCID: PMC8265634 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00192-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells which carry signaling factors, proteins, and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of EVs in the progression of neurological conditions and both the spread and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. It has recently been demonstrated that EVs from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals and cells contained replicative-competent viral RNA that was capable of infecting hepatocytes. Being a member of the same viral family, it is likely the Zika virus also hijacks EV pathways to package viral components and secrete vesicles that are infectious and potentially less immunogenic. As EVs have been shown to cross blood-brain and placental barriers, it is possible that Zika virus could usurp normal EV biology to gain access to the brain or developing fetus. Here, we demonstrate that Zika virus-infected cells secrete distinct EV subpopulations with specific viral protein profiles and infectious genomes. Zika virus infection resulted in the enhanced production of EVs with various sizes and densities compared to those released from noninfected cells. We also show that the EV-enriched tetraspanin CD63 regulates the release of EVs and Zika viral genomes and capsids following infection. Overall, these findings provide evidence for an alternative means of Zika virus transmission and demonstrate the role of EV biogenesis and trafficking proteins in the modulation of Zika virus infection and virion morphogenesis. IMPORTANCE Zika virus is a reemerging infectious disease that spread rapidly across the Caribbean and South America. Infection of pregnant women during the first trimester has been linked to microcephaly, a neurological condition where babies are born with smaller heads due to abnormal brain development. Babies born with microcephaly can develop convulsions and suffer disabilities as they age. Despite the significance of Zika virus, little is known about how the virus infects the fetus or causes disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells that are present in all biological fluids. EVs carry signaling factors, proteins, and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. EVs have been shown to be a means by which some viruses can alter cellular environments and cross previously unpassable cellular barriers. Thus, gaining a greater understanding of how Zika virus affects EV cargo may aid in the development of better diagnostics, targeted therapeutics, and/or prophylactic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. York
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Allaura S. Cone
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Leanne C. Duke
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mujeeb R. Cheerathodi
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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315
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Zhu D, Fang H, Kusuma GD, Schwab R, Barabadi M, Chan ST, McDonald H, Leong CM, Wallace EM, Greening DW, Lim R. Impact of chemically defined culture media formulations on extracellular vesicle production by amniotic epithelial cells. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000080. [PMID: 34081834 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) make them promising cell-free alternative to regenerative medicine. However, clinical translation of this technology relies on the ability to manufacture EVs in a scalable, reproducible, and cGMP-compliant manner. To generate EVs in sufficient quantity, a critical step is the selection and development of culture media, where differences in formulation may influence the EV manufacturing process. In this study, we used human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) as a model system to explore the effect of different formulations of chemically defined, commercially sourced media on EV production. Here, we determined that cell viability and proliferation rate are not reliable quality indicators for EV manufacturing. The levels of tetraspanins and epitope makers of EVs were significantly impacted by culture media formulations. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling revealed proteome composition of hAEC-EVs and the influence of media formulations on composition of EV proteome. This study has revealed critical aspects including cell viability and proliferation rate, EV yield, and tetraspanins, surface epitopes and proteome composition of EVs influenced by media formulations, and further insight into standardised EV production culture media that should be considered in clinical-grade scalable EV manufacture for generation of therapeutic EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gina D Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renate Schwab
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehri Barabadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siow Teng Chan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Mee Leong
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Australia Pty Ltd, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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316
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Grieco GE, Fignani D, Formichi C, Nigi L, Licata G, Maccora C, Brusco N, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682948. [PMID: 34177928 PMCID: PMC8219977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Fignani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Formichi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Maccora
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
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317
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Zhang B, Tian X, Hao J, Xu G, Zhang W. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Regeneration. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720908500. [PMID: 32207341 PMCID: PMC7444208 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720908500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have attracted
increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Previously, the
differentiation ability of MSCs was believed to be primarily responsible for
tissue repair. Recent studies have shown that paracrine mechanisms play an
important role in this process. MSCs can secrete soluble molecules and
extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate paracrine communication. EVs contain
large amounts of proteins and nucleic acids, such as mRNAs and microRNAs
(miRNAs), and can transfer the cargo between cells. The cargoes are similar to
those in MSCs and are not susceptible to degradation due to the protection of
the EV bimolecular membrane structure. MSC-EVs can mimic the biological
characteristics of MSCs, such as differentiation, maturation, and self-renewal.
Due to their broad biological functions and their ability to transfer molecules
between cells, EVs have been intensively studied by an increasing number of
researchers with a focus on therapeutic applications, especially those of EVs
secreted by MSCs. In this review, we discuss MSC-derived EVs and their
therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, Chin.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Jun Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, Chin
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Diseases, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, Chin
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318
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Di Santo R, Romanò S, Mazzini A, Jovanović S, Nocca G, Campi G, Papi M, De Spirito M, Di Giacinto F, Ciasca G. Recent Advances in the Label-Free Characterization of Exosomes for Cancer Liquid Biopsy: From Scattering and Spectroscopy to Nanoindentation and Nanodevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1476. [PMID: 34199576 PMCID: PMC8230295 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cell types. They are abundant in bio-fluids and harbor specific molecular constituents from their parental cells. Due to these characteristics, EXOs have a great potential in cancer diagnostics for liquid biopsy and personalized medicine. Despite this unique potential, EXOs are not yet widely applied in clinical settings, with two main factors hindering their translational process in diagnostics. Firstly, conventional extraction methods are time-consuming, require large sample volumes and expensive equipment, and often do not provide high-purity samples. Secondly, characterization methods have some limitations, because they are often qualitative, need extensive labeling or complex sampling procedures that can induce artifacts. In this context, novel label-free approaches are rapidly emerging, and are holding potential to revolutionize EXO diagnostics. These methods include the use of nanodevices for EXO purification, and vibrational spectroscopies, scattering, and nanoindentation for characterization. In this progress report, we summarize recent key advances in label-free techniques for EXO purification and characterization. We point out that these methods contribute to reducing costs and processing times, provide complementary information compared to the conventional characterization techniques, and enhance flexibility, thus favoring the discovery of novel and unexplored EXO-based biomarkers. In this process, the impact of nanotechnology is systematically highlighted, showing how the effectiveness of these techniques can be enhanced using nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, which enable the exploitation of advanced physical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Santo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Campi
- Rome International Centre Materials Science Superstripes RICMASS, via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria Km 29. 300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00016 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
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319
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Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
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320
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Exploring interactions between extracellular vesicles and cells for innovative drug delivery system design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:252-278. [PMID: 33798644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron cell-secreted structures containing proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. EVs can functionally transfer these cargoes from one cell to another to modulate physiological and pathological processes. Due to their presumed biocompatibility and capacity to circumvent canonical delivery barriers encountered by synthetic drug delivery systems, EVs have attracted considerable interest as drug delivery vehicles. However, it is unclear which mechanisms and molecules orchestrate EV-mediated cargo delivery to recipient cells. Here, we review how EV properties have been exploited to improve the efficacy of small molecule drugs. Furthermore, we explore which EV surface molecules could be directly or indirectly involved in EV-mediated cargo transfer to recipient cells and discuss the cellular reporter systems with which such transfer can be studied. Finally, we elaborate on currently identified cellular processes involved in EV cargo delivery. Through these topics, we provide insights in critical effectors in the EV-cell interface which may be exploited in nature-inspired drug delivery strategies.
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321
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Cardoso RMS, Rodrigues SC, Gomes CF, Duarte FV, Romao M, Leal EC, Freire PC, Neves R, Simões‐Correia J. Development of an optimized and scalable method for isolation of umbilical cord blood-derived small extracellular vesicles for future clinical use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:910-921. [PMID: 33577723 PMCID: PMC8133342 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a promising therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. These particles were shown to accelerate wound healing, through delivery of regenerative mediators, such as microRNAs. Herein we describe an optimized and upscalable process for the isolation of EV smaller than 200 nm (sEV), secreted by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MNC) under ischemic conditions and propose quality control thresholds for the isolated vesicles, based on the thorough characterization of their protein, lipid and RNA content. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (UF/SEC) optimized methodology proved superior to traditional ultracentrifugation (UC), regarding production time, standardization, scalability, and vesicle yield. Using UF/SEC, we were able to recover approximately 400 times more sEV per mL of media than with UC, and upscaling this process further increases EV yield by about 3-fold. UF/SEC-isolated sEV display many of the sEV/exosomes classical markers and are enriched in molecules with anti-inflammatory and regenerative capacity, such as hemopexin and miR-150. Accordingly, treatment with sEV promotes angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, in vitro. In vivo, UCB-MNC-sEV significantly accelerate skin regeneration in a mouse model of delayed wound healing. The proposed isolation protocol constitutes a significant improvement compared to UC, the gold-standard in the field. Isolated sEV maintain their regenerative properties, whereas downstream contaminants are minimized. The use of UF/SEC allows for the standardization and upscalability required for mass production of sEV to be used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia C. Rodrigues
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB)Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra.CoimbraPortugal
| | | | | | - Maryse Romao
- Institut CurieParis Sciences Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144ParisFrance
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Core Facility PICT‐IBiSAInstitut CurieParisFrance
| | - Ermelindo C. Leal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- 3Is—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | - Ricardo Neves
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- 3Is—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Joana Simões‐Correia
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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322
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Chivero ET, Dagur RS, Peeples ES, Sil S, Liao K, Ma R, Chen L, Gurumurthy CB, Buch S, Hu G. Biogenesis, physiological functions and potential applications of extracellular vesicles in substance use disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4849-4865. [PMID: 33821293 PMCID: PMC10563196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a growing health problem that affects several millions of people worldwide, resulting in negative socioeconomic impacts and increased health care costs. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in SUD pathogenesis. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-encapsulated particles that are released into the extracellular space by most types of cells. EVs are important players in mediating cell-to-cell communication through transfer of cargo such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The EV cargo can alter the status of recipient cells, thereby contributing to both physiological and pathological processes; some of these play critical roles in SUD. Although the functions of EVs under several pathological conditions have been extensively reviewed, EV functions and potential applications in SUD remain less studied. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of EVs in SUD, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, nicotine and opiate abuse. The review will focus on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs as well as the potential use of EVs as biomarkers of SUD or therapeutic targets in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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323
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Qasim M, Khan K, Kim JH. Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3357-3383. [PMID: 34040369 PMCID: PMC8140893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Khan
- Science and Technology KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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324
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Beatriz M, Vilaça R, Lopes C. Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635104. [PMID: 34055771 PMCID: PMC8155522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; however, recent findings point toward a function as natural carriers of a wide variety of genetic material and proteins. Indeed, exosomes are vesicle mediators of intercellular communication and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The role of exosomes in health and age-associated diseases is far from being understood, but recent evidence implicates exosomes as causative players in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Cells from the central nervous system (CNS) use exosomes as a strategy not only to eliminate membranes, toxic proteins, and RNA species but also to mediate short and long cell-to-cell communication as carriers of important messengers and signals. The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Protein aggregates can be removed and delivered to degradation by the endo-lysosomal pathway or can be incorporated in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that are further released to the extracellular space as exosomes. Because exosome transport damaged cellular material, this eventually contributes to the spread of pathological misfolded proteins within the brain, thus promoting the neurodegeneration process. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in CNS homeostasis, their possible contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of exosome cargo as biomarkers of disease, and the potential benefits of plasma circulating CNS-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Beatriz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Vilaça
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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325
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Jia X, Yin Y, Chen Y, Mao L. The Role of Viral Proteins in the Regulation of Exosomes Biogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671625. [PMID: 34055668 PMCID: PMC8155792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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326
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González MF, Díaz P, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Herrera D, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles from Helicobacter pylori-Infected Cells in Gastric Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094823. [PMID: 34062919 PMCID: PMC8124820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles important in intercellular communication that play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions, spreading pathogen-derived as well as host-derived molecules during infection. Pathogens can induce changes in the composition of EVs derived from the infected cells and use them to manipulate their microenvironment and, for instance, modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses, both in a stimulatory or suppressive manner. Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered the main risk factor for developing this disease, which is characterized by a strong inflammatory component. EVs released by host cells infected with H. pylori contribute significantly to inflammation, and in doing so promote the development of disease. Additionally, H. pylori liberates vesicles, called outer membrane vesicles (H. pylori-OMVs), which contribute to atrophia and cell transformation in the gastric epithelium. In this review, the participation of both EVs from cells infected with H. pylori and H. pylori-OMVs associated with the development of gastric cancer will be discussed. By deciphering which functions of these external vesicles during H. pylori infection benefit the host or the pathogen, novel treatment strategies may become available to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda González
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Paula Díaz
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniela Herrera
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago 7680201, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29786832
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327
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González‐Cubero E, González‐Fernández ML, Gutiérrez‐Velasco L, Navarro‐Ramírez E, Villar‐Suárez V. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Anat 2021; 238:1203-1217. [PMID: 33372709 PMCID: PMC8053584 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the subject of intense research as they are a potential therapeutic tool for several clinical applications. The new MSCs action models are focused on the use of MSC-derived secretome which contains several growth factors, cytokines, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. Exosomes have recently emerged as a component with great potential involved as mediators in cellular communication. The isolation and identification of exosomes has made it possible for them to be used in cell-free therapies. The purposes of this study are: (i) to detect exosomes released into adipose-derived MSC conditioned cell culture medium, (ii) to identify exosome morphology, and (iii) to carry out a complete characterization of said exosomes. Moreover, it is aimed at determining which method for exosome isolation would be best to use. Precipitation has been identified as a highly useful method of exosome isolation since it provides higher efficiency and purity values than other methods. A broad characterization of the exosomes present in the MSC-conditioned medium was also carried out. This work fills a gap in the existing literature on bioactive molecules which have attracted a great deal of interest due to their potential use in cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa González‐Cubero
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of León‐Universidad de LeónLeónEspaña
| | | | - Laura Gutiérrez‐Velasco
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of León‐Universidad de LeónLeónEspaña
| | - Eliezer Navarro‐Ramírez
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of León‐Universidad de LeónLeónEspaña
| | - Vega Villar‐Suárez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED)University of León‐Universidad de LeónLeónEspaña
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328
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Suárez H, Andreu Z, Mazzeo C, Toribio V, Pérez‐Rivera AE, López‐Martín S, García‐Silva S, Hurtado B, Morato E, Peláez L, Arribas EA, Tolentino‐Cortez T, Barreda‐Gómez G, Marina AI, Peinado H, Yáñez‐Mó M. CD9 inhibition reveals a functional connection of extracellular vesicle secretion with mitophagy in melanoma cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12082. [PMID: 34012515 PMCID: PMC8114031 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are often used as Extracellular Vesicle (EV) detection markers because of their abundance on these secreted vesicles. However, data on their function on EV biogenesis are controversial and compensatory mechanisms often occur upon gene deletion. To overcome this handicap, we have compared the effects of tetraspanin CD9 gene deletion with those elicited by cytopermeable peptides with blocking properties against tetraspanin CD9. Both CD9 peptide or gene deletion reduced the number of early endosomes. CD9 peptide induced an increase in lysosome numbers, while CD9 deletion augmented the number of MVB and EV secretion, probably because of compensatory CD63 expression upregulation. In vivo, CD9 peptide delayed primary tumour cell growth and reduced metastasis size. These effects on cell proliferation were shown to be concomitant with an impairment in mitochondrial quality control. CD9 KO cells were able to compensate the mitochondrial malfunction by increasing total mitochondrial mass reducing mitophagy. Our data thus provide the first evidence for a functional connection of tetraspanin CD9 with mitophagy in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Suárez
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Zoraida Andreu
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Carla Mazzeo
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Víctor Toribio
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | | | - Soraya López‐Martín
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | | | - Begoña Hurtado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Héctor Peinado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - María Yáñez‐Mó
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
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329
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Qiu Y, Li P, Zhang Z, Wu M. Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664904. [PMID: 33987099 PMCID: PMC8111219 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuping Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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330
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication via delivery of functional biomolecules between host and recipient cells. EVs can be categorised based on their mode of biogenesis and secretion and include apoptotic bodies, ectosomes or shedding microvesicles and exosomes among others. EVs have gained immense interest in recent years owing to their implications in pathophysiological conditions. Indeed, EVs have been proven useful in clinical applications as potential drug delivery vehicles and as source of diagnostic biomarkers. Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the clinical benefits, the processes involved in the biogenesis of EVs are poorly understood. Hence, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular machineries that ultimately govern the biogenesis and secretion of EVs. This chapter discusses the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of various subtypes of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ishara Atukorala
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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331
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Gruenberg J. Life in the lumen: The multivesicular endosome. Traffic 2021; 21:76-93. [PMID: 31854087 PMCID: PMC7004041 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The late endosomes/endo‐lysosomes of vertebrates contain an atypical phospholipid, lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) (also termed bis[monoacylglycero]phosphate [BMP]), which is not detected elsewhere in the cell. LBPA is abundant in the membrane system present in the lumen of this compartment, including intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). In this review, the current knowledge on LBPA and LBPA‐containing membranes will be summarized, and their role in the control of endosomal cholesterol will be outlined. Some speculations will also be made on how this system may be overwhelmed in the cholesterol storage disorder Niemann‐Pick C. Then, the roles of intralumenal membranes in endo‐lysosomal dynamics and functions will be discussed in broader terms. Likewise, the mechanisms that drive the biogenesis of intralumenal membranes, including ESCRTs, will also be discussed, as well as their diverse composition and fate, including degradation in lysosomes and secretion as exosomes. This review will also discuss how intralumenal membranes are hijacked by pathogenic agents during intoxication and infection, and what is the biochemical composition and function of the intra‐endosomal lumenal milieu. Finally, this review will allude to the size limitations imposed on intralumenal vesicle functions and speculate on the possible role of LBPA as calcium chelator in the acidic calcium stores of endo‐lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gruenberg
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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332
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Gurung S, Perocheau D, Touramanidou L, Baruteau J. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:47. [PMID: 33892745 PMCID: PMC8063428 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 241.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exosomes in clinical settings is progressively becoming a reality, as clinical trials testing exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are generating remarkable interest from the scientific community and investors. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles in health and disease by transferring cellular cargoes such as functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is therefore essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products. Here we summarise the most up-to-date knowkedge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, transport and uptake to their intracellular signalling. We delineate the major pathways and molecular players that influence each step of exosome physiology, highlighting the routes of interest, which will be of benefit to exosome manipulation and engineering. We highlight the main controversies in the field of exosome research: their adequate definition, characterisation and biogenesis at plasma membrane. We also delineate the most common identified pitfalls affecting exosome research and development. Unravelling exosome physiology is key to their ultimate progression towards clinical applications. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Gurung
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dany Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loukia Touramanidou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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333
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Aydin Y, Koksal AR, Reddy V, Lin D, Osman H, Heidari Z, Rhadhi SM, Wimley WC, Parsi MA, Dash S. Extracellular Vesicle Release Promotes Viral Replication during Persistent HCV Infection. Cells 2021; 10:984. [PMID: 33922397 PMCID: PMC8146326 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection promotes autophagic degradation of viral replicative intermediates for sustaining replication and spread. The excessive activation of autophagy can induce cell death and terminate infection without proper regulation. A prior publication from this laboratory showed that an adaptive cellular response to HCV microbial stress inhibits autophagy through beclin 1 degradation. The mechanisms of how secretory and degradative autophagy are regulated during persistent HCV infection is unknown. This study was performed to understand the mechanisms of viral persistence in the absence of degradative autophagy, which is essential for virus survival. Using HCV infection of a CD63-green fluorescence protein (CD63-GFP), labeled stable transfected Huh-7.5 cell, we found that autophagy induction at the early stage of HCV infection increased the degradation of CD63-GFP that favored virus replication. However, the late-stage of persistent HCV infection showed impaired autophagic degradation, leading to the accumulation of CD63-GFP. We found that impaired autophagic degradation promoted the release of extracellular vesicles and exosomes. The impact of blocking the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on virus survival was investigated in persistently infected cells and sub-genomic replicon cells. Our study illustrates that blocking EV and exosome release severely suppresses virus replication without effecting host cell viability. Furthermore, we found that blocking EV release triggers interferon lambda 1 secretion. These findings suggest that the release of EVs is an innate immune escape mechanism that promotes persistent HCV infection. We propose that inhibition of extracellular vesicle release can be explored as a potential antiviral strategy for the treatment of HCV and other emerging RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Venu Reddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Hanadi Osman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sadeq Mutlab Rhadhi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Mansour A Parsi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.A.); (V.R.); (D.L.); (H.O.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (M.A.P.)
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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334
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Gioseffi A, Edelmann MJ, Kima PE. Intravacuolar Pathogens Hijack Host Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis to Secrete Virulence Factors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662944. [PMID: 33959131 PMCID: PMC8093443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their contributions to cell-to-cell communication and disease processes. EVs are composed of a complex profile of bioactive molecules, which include lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. Although the biogenesis of EVs released by cells under various normal and abnormal conditions has been well-studied, there is incomplete knowledge about how infection influences EV biogenesis. EVs from infected cells contain specific molecules of both host and pathogen origin that may contribute to pathogenesis and the elicitation of the host immune response. Intracellular pathogens exhibit diverse lifestyles that undoubtedly dictate the mechanisms by which their molecules enter the cell’s exosome biogenesis schemes. We will discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms used during infection to traffic molecules from their vacuolar niche to host EVs by selected intravacuolar pathogens. We initially review general exosome biogenesis schemes and then discuss what is known about EV biogenesis in Mycobacterium, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania infections, which are pathogens that reside within membrane delimited compartments in phagocytes at some time in their life cycle within mammalian hosts. The review includes discussion of the need for further studies into the biogenesis of EVs to better understand the contributions of these vesicles to host-pathogen interactions, and to uncover potential therapeutic targets to control these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gioseffi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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335
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Shpigelman J, Lao FS, Yao S, Li C, Saito T, Sato-Kaneko F, Nolan JP, Shukla NM, Pu M, Messer K, Cottam HB, Carson DA, Corr M, Hayashi T. Generation and Application of a Reporter Cell Line for the Quantitative Screen of Extracellular Vesicle Release. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668609. [PMID: 33935791 PMCID: PMC8085554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are identified as mediators of intercellular communication and cellular regulation. In the immune system, EVs play a role in antigen presentation as a part of cellular communication. To enable drug discovery and characterization of compounds that affect EV biogenesis, function, and release in immune cells, we developed and characterized a reporter cell line that allows the quantitation of EVs shed into culture media in phenotypic high-throughput screen (HTS) format. Tetraspanins CD63 and CD9 were previously reported to be enriched in EVs; hence, a construct with dual reporters consisting of CD63-Turbo-luciferase (Tluc) and CD9-Emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) was engineered. This construct was transduced into the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1. Cells expressing the highest EmGFP were sorted by flow cytometry as single cell, and clonal pools were expanded under antibiotic selection pressure. After four passages, the green fluorescence dimmed, and EV biogenesis was then tracked by luciferase activity in culture supernatants. The Tluc activities of EVs shed from CD63Tluc-CD9EmGFP reporter cells in the culture supernatant positively correlated with the concentrations of released EVs measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis. To examine the potential for use in HTS, we first miniaturized the assay into a robotic 384-well plate format. A 2210 commercial compound library (Maybridge) was then screened twice on separate days, for the induction of extracellular luciferase activity. The screening data showed high reproducibility on days 1 and 2 (78.6%), a wide signal window, and an excellent Z′ factor (average of 2-day screen, 0.54). One hundred eighty-seven compounds showed a response ratio that was 3SD above the negative controls in both day 1 and 2 screens and were considered as hit candidates (approximately 10%). Twenty-two out of 40 re-tested compounds were validated. These results indicate that the performance of CD63Tluc-CD9EmGFP reporter cells is reliable, reproducible, robust, and feasible for HTS of compounds that regulate EV release by the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Messer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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336
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Cheerathodi M, Nkosi D, Cone AS, York SB, Meckes DG. Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Modulates the CD63 Interactome. Viruses 2021; 13:675. [PMID: 33920772 PMCID: PMC8071190 DOI: 10.3390/v13040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD63 is a cluster of cell surface proteins with four transmembrane domains; it is associated with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains and typically localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes. CD63 plays an important role in the cellular trafficking of different proteins, EV cargo sorting, and vesicle formation. We have previously shown that CD63 is important in LMP1 trafficking to EVs, and this also affects LMP1-mediated intracellular signaling including MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and mTOR activation. Using the BioID method combined with mass spectrometry, we sought to define the broad CD63 interactome and how LMP1 modulates this network of interacting proteins. We identified a total of 1600 total proteins as a network of proximal interacting proteins to CD63. Biological process enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement in signal transduction, cell communication, protein metabolism, and transportation. The CD63-only interactome was enriched in Rab GTPases, SNARE proteins, and sorting nexins, while adding LMP1 into the interactome increased the presence of signaling and ribosomal proteins. Our results showed that LMP1 alters the CD63 interactome, shifting the network of protein enrichment from protein localization and vesicle-mediated transportation to metabolic processes and translation. We also show that LMP1 interacts with mTOR, Nedd4 L, and PP2A, indicating the formation of a multiprotein complex with CD63, thereby potentially regulating LMP1-dependent mTOR signaling. Collectively, the comprehensive analysis of CD63 proximal interacting proteins provides insights into the network of partners required for endocytic trafficking and extracellular vesicle cargo sorting, formation, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.C.); (D.N.); (A.S.C.); (S.B.Y.)
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337
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Qi X, Chen S, He H, Wen W, Wang H. The role and potential application of extracellular vesicles in liver cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1281-1294. [PMID: 33847910 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide and mainly includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived nanometer-sized vesicles that can be released by different cell types under normal and pathological conditions and thus play important roles in the transmission of biological information between cells. Increasing evidence suggests that liver cancer cell-derived EVs may help establish a favorable microenvironment to support the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarized the role of EVs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during the development and progression of liver cancer. As messenger carriers, EVs are loaded by various biomolecules, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites, making them potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer. We also highlighted the progress of EVs as antigen carriers and EV-based therapeutics in preclinical studies of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Qi
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huisi He
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wen Wen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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338
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Identification of critical amino acid residues in the regulatory N-terminal domain of PMEL. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7730. [PMID: 33833328 PMCID: PMC8032716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pigment cell-specific protein PMEL forms a functional amyloid matrix in melanosomes onto which the pigment melanin is deposited. The amyloid core consists of a short proteolytic fragment, which we have termed the core-amyloid fragment (CAF) and perhaps additional parts of the protein, such as the PKD domain. A highly O-glycosylated repeat (RPT) domain also derived from PMEL proteolysis associates with the amyloid and is necessary to establish the sheet-like morphology of the assemblies. Excluded from the aggregate is the regulatory N-terminus, which nevertheless must be linked in cis to the CAF in order to drive amyloid formation. The domain is then likely cleaved away immediately before, during, or immediately after the incorporation of a new CAF subunit into the nascent amyloid. We had previously identified a 21 amino acid long region, which mediates the regulatory activity of the N-terminus towards the CAF. However, many mutations in the respective segment caused misfolding and/or blocked PMEL export from the endoplasmic reticulum, leaving their phenotype hard to interpret. Here, we employ a saturating mutagenesis approach targeting the motif at single amino acid resolution. Our results confirm the critical nature of the PMEL N-terminal region and identify several residues essential for PMEL amyloidogenesis.
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339
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Sahoo S, Adamiak M, Mathiyalagan P, Kenneweg F, Kafert-Kasting S, Thum T. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Translation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Roadmap to the Clinic. Circulation 2021; 143:1426-1449. [PMID: 33819075 PMCID: PMC8021236 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.049254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that are actively secreted. The potential of exosomes as effective communicators of biological signaling in myocardial function has previously been investigated, and a recent explosion in exosome research not only underscores their significance in cardiac physiology and pathology, but also draws attention to methodological limitations of studying these extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss recent advances and challenges in exosome research with an emphasis on scientific innovations in isolation, identification, and characterization methodologies, and we provide a comprehensive summary of web-based resources available in the field. Importantly, we focus on the biology and function of exosomes, highlighting their fundamental role in cardiovascular pathophysiology to further support potential applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (S.S., M.A., P.M.)
| | - Marta Adamiak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (S.S., M.A., P.M.)
| | - Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (S.S., M.A., P.M.)
| | - Franziska Kenneweg
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) (F.K., S.K-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Sabine Kafert-Kasting
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) (F.K., S.K-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany (S.K-K., T.T.)
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) (F.K., S.K-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
- REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany (S.K-K., T.T.)
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340
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Sung BH, Parent CA, Weaver AM. Extracellular vesicles: Critical players during cell migration. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1861-1874. [PMID: 33811804 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, contributing to embryogenesis, wound healing, immune response, and other critical processes. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including immune deficiency disorders and cancer metastasis. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to play important roles in cell migration. Here, we review recent studies describing the functions of EVs in multiple aspects of cell motility, including directional sensing, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and leader-follower behavior. We also discuss the role of EVs in migration during development and disease and the utility of imaging tools for studying the role of EVs in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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341
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Luo Y, Gao D, Wang P, Lou C, Li T, Niu W, Gao Y. Optimized culture methods for isolating small extracellular vesicles derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12065. [PMID: 33868601 PMCID: PMC8035677 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles that are derived from stem cells play an important role in the treatment of disease. To obtain high-quality small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), we optimized the culture conditions of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), the supernatant collection time, and sEVs extraction methods. Firstly, hiPSCs were cultured in extracellular vesicles-production medium (EVs-PM) containing different concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 2%, 5%, and 20%) of extracellular vesicle-depleted knockout serum replacement (ED-KSR), and the culture supernatants were collected continuously for 5 days. Then, the sEVs were isolated, followed by an evaluation of their characteristics. The survival rates of the hiPSCs lines that were cultured in EVs-PM containing 0.5% to 20% ED-KSR were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The survival rates of the hiPSCs in 0.5% ED-KSR after the culture supernatants were continuously collected for day 1, day 3, and day 5 were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After 5 days of continuous collection of the supernatant, the hiPSCs expressed some pluripotent markers, while SSEA4 and TRA-1-60 expression changed gradually. The sEVs that were extracted by the two methods were all 50-200 nm, double-layered and oval or round cellular vesicles and expressed the marker proteins CD63, TSG101, and HSP70. The characteristics of sEVs extracted on day 1, day 3, and day 5 were almost identical on morphology, size and the relative quantity of annexin V-positive subpopulations. The PKH67 staining showed that the sEVs could be endocytosed by HepG2 cells and aggregated in the cytoplasm. The proliferation experiments showed that the sEVs can promote cell proliferation. In Conclusion, the 0.5% ED-KSR is the optimal concentration, and that the hiPSCs culture supernatant can be continuously collected for 5 days while maintaining high cell viability and some pluripotent characteristics. Both of the methods extraction can be used to obtain biologically active sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial CellTianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseNankai University Affiliated Third Center HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Dunqin Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Third Center Clinical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial CellTianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseNankai University Affiliated Third Center HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Cheng Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryNankai University Affiliated Third Center HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Tong Li
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial CellNankai University Affiliated Third Center HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Wenhui Niu
- Tianjin Medical University Third Center Clinical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial CellTianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseNankai University Affiliated Third Center HospitalTianjinChina
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342
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Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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343
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Ma CIJ, Burgess J, Brill JA. Maturing secretory granules: Where secretory and endocytic pathways converge. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100807. [PMID: 33866198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory granules (SGs) are specialized organelles responsible for the storage and regulated release of various biologically active molecules from the endocrine and exocrine systems. Thus, proper SG biogenesis is critical to normal animal physiology. Biogenesis of SGs starts at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where immature SGs (iSGs) bud off and undergo maturation before fusing with the plasma membrane (PM). How iSGs mature is unclear, but emerging studies have suggested an important role for the endocytic pathway. The requirement for endocytic machinery in SG maturation blurs the line between SGs and another class of secretory organelles called lysosome-related organelles (LROs). Therefore, it is important to re-evaluate the differences and similarities between SGs and LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I Jonathan Ma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jason Burgess
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4396, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4396, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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344
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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040289. [PMID: 33805145 PMCID: PMC8064082 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.
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345
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Yan H, Li Y, Cheng S, Zeng Y. Advances in Analytical Technologies for Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4739-4774. [PMID: 33635060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shibo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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346
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Giannandrea D, Citro V, Lesma E, Bignotto M, Platonova N, Chiaramonte R. Restoring Tissue Homeostasis at Metastatic Sites: A Focus on Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644109. [PMID: 33869035 PMCID: PMC8044846 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common site of cancer metastasis and the spread of cancer cells to the bone is associated with poor prognosis, pain, increased risk of fractures, and hypercalcemia. The bone marrow microenvironment is an attractive place for tumor dissemination, due to the dynamic network of non-malignant cells. In particular, the alteration of the bone homeostasis favors the tumor homing and the consequent osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reported to be involved in the metastatic process, promoting tumor invasion, escape from immune surveillance, extravasation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metastasis, but the role of EVs in bone metastases is still unclear. Current results suggest the ability of tumor derived EVs in promoting bone localization and metastasis formation, altering the physiological balance between bone destruction and new bone depositions. Moreover, EVs from the bone marrow niche may support the onset of tumor metastasis. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of EVs in the pathological alterations of homeostasis that occur during bone metastasis to show novel potential EV-based therapeutic options to inhibit metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Citro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Bignotto
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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347
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Gao Y, Qin Y, Wan C, Sun Y, Meng J, Huang J, Hu Y, Jin H, Yang K. Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638357. [PMID: 33791224 PMCID: PMC8005721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their biogenesis and cargoes. Numerous studies have shown that EVs regulate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer growth and metastasis remain to be fully elucidated. As endogenous products, small extracellular vesicles are an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents. However, several aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers or anticancer agents. In this review, we summarize the utility of cancer-related small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancers and predict treatment outcomes. We also review findings from preclinical and clinical studies of small extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapies and summarize interventional clinical trials registered in the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Finally, we discuss the main challenges limiting the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles and recommend possible approaches to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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348
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Song H, Liu B, Dong B, Xu J, Zhou H, Na S, Liu Y, Pan Y, Chen F, Li L, Wang J. Exosome-Based Delivery of Natural Products in Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650426. [PMID: 33738290 PMCID: PMC7960777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly growing research evidence has begun to shed light on the potential application of exosome, which modulates intercellular communications. As donor cell released vesicles, exosomes could play roles as a regulator of cellular behaviors in up-taken cells, as well as a delivery carrier of drugs for targeted cells. Natural product is an invaluable drug resources and it is used widely as therapeutic agents in cancers. This review summarizes the most recent advances in exosomes as natural product delivery carriers in cancer therapy from the following aspects: composition of exosomes, biogenesis of exosomes, and its functions in cancers. The main focus is the advantages and applications of exosomes for drug delivery in cancer therapy. This review also summarizes the isolation and application of exosomes as delivery carriers of natural products in cancer therapy. The recent progress and challenges of using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for five representative anti-cancer natural products including paclitaxel, curcumin, doxorubicin, celastrol, and β-Elemene. Based on the discussion on the current knowledge about exosomes as delivery vehicles for drugs and natural compounds to the targeted site, this review delineates the landscape of the recent research, challenges, trends and prospects in exosomes as delivery vehicles for drugs and natural compounds for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Neurology Department, The Hefei First People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has once again shrouded people in the enormous threat of RNA virus. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), eukaryotic cells-derived small bi-layer vesicles mainly consisting of exosomes and microvesicles, share many properties with RNA viruses including structure, size, generation, and uptake. Emerging evidence has implicated the involvement of EVs in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases induced by RNA viruses. EVs can transfer viral receptors (e.g., ACE2 and CD9) to recipient cells to facilitate viral infection, directly transport infectious viral particles to adjacent cells for virus spreading, and mask viruses with a host structure to escape immune surveillance. Here, we examine the current status of EVs to summarize their roles in mediating RNA virus infection, together with a comprehensive discussion of the underlying mechanisms.
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350
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Diaz-Garrido N, Cordero C, Olivo-Martinez Y, Badia J, Baldomà L. Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042213. [PMID: 33672304 PMCID: PMC7927122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells is crucial to preserve body homeostasis and health. Tightly controlled intercellular dialog is particularly relevant in the gut, where cells of the intestinal mucosa are constantly exposed to millions of microbes that have great impact on intestinal homeostasis by controlling barrier and immune functions. Recent knowledge involves extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of such communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. This finding provides the basis for investigating potential clinical applications of EVs as therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review current knowledge on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs in general terms. We then focus the attention to EVs released by cells of the intestinal mucosa and their impact on intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. We specifically highlight their role on epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing of epithelial cells, immunity, and microbiota shaping. Microbiota-derived EVs are not reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Diaz-Garrido
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cordero
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yenifer Olivo-Martinez
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-403-44-96
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