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Kamiński P, Lorek M, Baszyński J, Tadrowski T, Gorzelańczyk EJ, Feit J, Tkaczenko H, Owoc J, Woźniak A, Kurhaluk N. Role of antioxidants in the neurobiology of drug addiction: An update. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116604. [PMID: 38692055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Relationships between protective enzymatic and non-enzymatic pro-antioxidant mechanisms and addictive substances use disorders (SUDs) are analyzed here, based on the results of previous research, as well as on the basis of our current own studies. This review introduces new aspects of comparative analysis of associations of pro-antixidant and neurobiological effects in patients taking psychoactive substances and complements very limited knowledge about relationships with SUDs from different regions, mainly Europe. In view of the few studies on relations between antioxidants and neurobiological processes acting in patients taking psychoactive substances, this review is important from the point of view of showing the state of knowledge, directions of diagnosis and treatment, and further research needed explanation. We found significant correlations between chemical elements, pro-antioxidative mechanisms, and lipoperoxidation in the development of disorders associated with use of addictive substances, therefore elements that show most relations (Pr, Na, Mn, Y, Sc, La, Cr, Al, Ca, Sb, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Ni) may be significant factors shaping SUDs. The action of pro-antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation depends on the pro-antioxidative activity of ions. We explain the strongest correlations between Mg and Sb, and lipoperoxidation in addicts, which proves their stimulating effect on lipoperoxidation and on the induction of oxidative stress. We discussed which mechanisms and neurobiological processes change susceptibility to SUDs. The innovation of this review is to show that addicted people have lower activity of dismutases and peroxidases than healthy ones, which indicates disorders of antioxidant system and depletion of enzymes after long-term tolerance of stressors. We explain higher level of catalases, reductases, ceruloplasmin, bilirubin, retinol, α-tocopherol and uric acid of addicts. In view of poorly understood factors affecting addiction, analysis of interactions allows for more effective understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms leading to formation of addiction and development the initiation of directed, more effective treatment (pharmacological, hormonal) and may be helpful in the diagnosis of psychoactive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamiński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Division of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, Bydgoszcz PL 85-094, Poland; University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, Zielona Góra PL 65-516, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lorek
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Division of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, Bydgoszcz PL 85-094, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Baszyński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Division of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, Bydgoszcz PL 85-094, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Tadrowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, Bydgoszcz PL 85-094, Poland
| | - Edward Jacek Gorzelańczyk
- Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Institute of Philosophy, M.K. Ogińskiego St. 16, Bydgoszcz PL 85-092, Poland; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Uniwersyt Poznański St, 4, Poznań PL 61-614, Poland; Primate Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Provincial Hospital in Sieradz, Psychiatric Centre in Warta, Sieradzka St. 3, Warta PL 98-290, Poland; Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Computer Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellońska St. 15, Bydgoszcz PL 85-067, Poland
| | - Julia Feit
- Pallmed sp. z o.o., W. Roentgen St. 3, Bydgoszcz PL 85-796, Poland
| | - Halina Tkaczenko
- Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Institute of Biology, Arciszewski St. 22 B, Słupsk PL 76-200, Poland
| | - Jakub Owoc
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation named after prof. dr hab. Eleonora Reicher, MD, Spartańska St. 1, Warszawa PL 02-637, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Nicholaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, M. Karłowicz St. 24, Bydgoszcz PL 85-092, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Institute of Biology, Arciszewski St. 22 B, Słupsk PL 76-200, Poland
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Merzah M, Natae S, Sándor J, Fiatal S. Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of the Mesocorticolimbic System Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38254998 PMCID: PMC10815084 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic (MCL) system is crucial in developing risky health behaviors which lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although there is some knowledge of the MCL system genes linked to CVDs and T2D, a comprehensive list is lacking, underscoring the significance of this review. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched intensively for articles related to the MCL system, single nucleotide variants (SNVs, formerly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs), CVDs, T2D, and associated risk factors. Included studies had to involve a genotype with at least one MCL system gene (with an identified SNV) for all participants and the analysis of its link to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Q-Genie tool. The VEP and DAVID tools were used to annotate and interpret genetic variants and identify enriched pathways and gene ontology terms associated with the gene list. The review identified 77 articles that met the inclusion criteria. These articles provided information on 174 SNVs related to the MCL system that were linked to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The COMT gene was found to be significantly related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and drug abuse, with rs4680 being the most commonly reported variant. This systematic review found a strong association between the MCL system and the risk of developing CVDs and T2D, suggesting that identifying genetic variations related to this system could help with disease prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Merzah
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Shewaye Natae
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
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Angelopoulou E, Bougea A, Papageorgiou SG, Villa C. Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: A Lesson from Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061099. [PMID: 35741861 PMCID: PMC9222985 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PDP) represents a common and debilitating condition that complicates Parkinson's disease (PD), mainly in the later stages. The spectrum of psychotic symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from minor phenomena of mild illusions, passage hallucinations and sense of presence to severe psychosis consisting of visual hallucinations (and rarely, auditory and tactile or gustatory) and paranoid delusions. PDP is associated with increased caregiver stress, poorer quality of life for patients and carers, reduced survival and risk of institutionalization with a significant burden on the healthcare system. Although several risk factors for PDP development have been identified, such as aging, sleep disturbances, long history of PD, cognitive impairment, depression and visual disorders, the pathophysiology of psychosis in PD is complex and still insufficiently clarified. Additionally, several drugs used to treat PD can aggravate or even precipitate PDP. Herein, we reviewed and critically analyzed recent studies exploring the genetic architecture of psychosis in PD in order to further understand the pathophysiology of PDP, the risk factors as well as the most suitable therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (A.B.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-8138
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A Study of the MTHFR Gene Prevalence in a Rural Tennessee Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Center Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063255. [PMID: 35328943 PMCID: PMC8948968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) has been linked to dopamine and the neurological reward centers. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme involved in the production of many neurotransmitters such as dopamine. As such, MTHFR variants that lead to decreased production of neurotransmitters may play a role in OUD. However, lacunae exist for characterizing the prevalence of the MTHFR mutations in an OUD population. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of the MTHFR gene mutations in a rural Tennessean population with OUD. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort of individuals with OUD that evaluated the prevalence of MTHFR variants. Patients were categorized as normal, homozygous C677T, heterozygous C677T, homozygous A1298C, or heterozygous A1298C. The primary outcome was a qualitative comparison of the prevalence of each of the MTHFR variants in our cohort to the publicly reported MTHR polymorphism prevalence. Secondary outcomes include race and ethnicity differences as well as stimulant use differences for each of the variants. Results: A total of 232 patients undergoing care for opioid use disorder were included in the study. Of those included, 30 patients had a normal MTHFR allele and 202 had a variant MTHFR allele. Overall, the prevalence of any MTHFR variant was 87.1% (95% CI 82.6–91.4%). When comparing those with a normal MTHFR allele to those with any MTHFR variant, there was no difference in age, sex, race and ethnicity, or stimulant use. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of MTHFR variants in patients with opioid use disorders is high.
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Chidambaran V, Pilipenko V, Jegga AG, Geisler K, Martin LJ. Systems Biology Guided Gene Enrichment Approaches Improve Prediction of Chronic Post-surgical Pain After Spine Fusion. Front Genet 2021; 12:594250. [PMID: 33868360 PMCID: PMC8044807 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.594250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Incorporation of genetic factors in psychosocial/perioperative models for predicting chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is key for personalization of analgesia. However, single variant associations with CPSP have small effect sizes, making polygenic risk assessment important. Unfortunately, pediatric CPSP studies are not sufficiently powered for unbiased genome wide association (GWAS). We previously leveraged systems biology to identify candidate genes associated with CPSP. The goal of this study was to use systems biology prioritized gene enrichment to generate polygenic risk scores (PRS) for improved prediction of CPSP in a prospectively enrolled clinical cohort. Methods In a prospectively recruited cohort of 171 adolescents (14.5 ± 1.8 years, 75.4% female) undergoing spine fusion, we collected data about anesthesia/surgical factors, childhood anxiety sensitivity (CASI), acute pain/opioid use, pain outcomes 6-12 months post-surgery and blood (for DNA extraction/genotyping). We previously prioritized candidate genes using computational approaches based on similarity for functional annotations with a literature-derived "training set." In this study, we tested ranked deciles of 1336 prioritized genes for increased representation of variants associated with CPSP, compared to 10,000 randomly selected control sets. Penalized regression (LASSO) was used to select final variants from enriched variant sets for calculation of PRS. PRS incorporated regression models were compared with previously published non-genetic models for predictive accuracy. Results Incidence of CPSP in the prospective cohort was 40.4%. 33,104 case and 252,590 control variants were included for association analyses. The smallest gene set enriched for CPSP had 80/1010 variants associated with CPSP (p < 0.05), significantly higher than in 10,000 randomly selected control sets (p = 0.0004). LASSO selected 20 variants for calculating weighted PRS. Model adjusted for covariates including PRS had AUROC of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-0.99) for CPSP prediction, compared to 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59-0.82) for non-genetic model (p < 0.001). Odds ratios and positive regression coefficients for the final model were internally validated using bootstrapping: PRS [OR 1.98 (95% CI: 1.21-3.22); β 0.68 (95% CI: 0.19-0.74)] and CASI [OR 1.33 (95% CI: 1.03-1.72); β 0.29 (0.03-0.38)]. Discussion Systems biology guided PRS improved predictive accuracy of CPSP risk in a pediatric cohort. They have potential to serve as biomarkers to guide risk stratification and tailored prevention. Findings highlight systems biology approaches for deriving PRS for phenotypes in cohorts less amenable to large scale GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kristie Geisler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Jung Y, Montel RA, Shen PH, Mash DC, Goldman D. Assessment of the Association of D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Reported Allele Frequencies With Alcohol Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1914940. [PMID: 31702801 PMCID: PMC6902783 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The association between the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1A locus (rs1800497) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is enduring but the subject of long-standing controversy; meta-analysis of studies across 3 decades shows an association between rs1800497 and AUD, but genome-wide analyses have detected no role for rs1800497 in any phenotype. No evidence has emerged that rs1800497, which is located in ANKK1, perturbs the expression or function of DRD2. OBJECTIVE To resolve contradictions in previous studies by identifying hidden confounders and assaying for functional effects of rs1800497 and other loci in the DRD2 region. DATA SOURCES PubMed (882 studies), Embase (1056 studies), and Web of Science (501 studies) databases were searched through August 2018. Three clinical populations-Finnish, Native American, and African American participants-were genotyped for 208 to 277 informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the DRD2 region to test the associations of SNPs in this region with AUD. STUDY SELECTION Eligible studies had diagnosis of AUD made by accepted criteria, reliable genotyping methods, sufficient genotype data to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs, and availability of control allele frequencies or genotype frequencies. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS After meta-analysis of 62 studies, metaregression was performed to detect between-study heterogeneity and to explore the effects of moderators, including deviations of cases and controls from allele frequencies in large population databases (ExAC and 1000 Genomes). Linkage to AUD and the effect on gene expression of rs1800497 were evaluated in the context of other SNPs in the DRD2 region. Data analysis was performed from August 2018 to March 2019. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The effects of rs1800497 and other SNPs in the DRD2 region on gene expression were measured in human postmortem brain samples via differential allelic expression and evaluated in other tissues via publicly available expression quantitative locus data. RESULTS A total of 62 studies of DRD2 and AUD with 16 294 participants were meta-analyzed. The rs1800497 SNP was associated with AUD (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.31; P < .001). However, the association was attributable to spuriously low allele frequencies in controls in positive studies, which also accounted for some between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 43%; 95% CI, 23%-58%; Q61 = 107.20). Differential allelic expression of human postmortem brain and analysis of expression quantitative loci in public data revealed that a cis-acting locus or loci perturb the DRD2 transcript level; however, rs1800497 does not and is not in strong disequilibrium with such a locus. Across the DRD2 region, other SNPs are more strongly associated with AUD than rs1800497, although no DRD2 SNP was significantly associated in these 3 clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this meta-analysis, the significant association of DRD2 with AUD was reassessed. The DRD2 association was attributable to anomalously low control allele frequencies, not function, in positive studies. For genetic studies, statistical replication is not verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonwoo Jung
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rachel A. Montel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Deborah C. Mash
- Department of Neurology and Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Tsou CC, Chou HW, Ho PS, Kuo SC, Chen CY, Huang CC, Liang CS, Lu RB, Huang SY. DRD2 and ANKK1 genes associate with late-onset heroin dependence in men. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:605-615. [PMID: 28854834 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1372630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Dopamine plays an important role in reward system of heroin dependence (HD), and dopaminergic D2 receptor (DRD2) gene is a candidate for the aetiology of HD. Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene is proximal to DRD2 and may influence its expression. We explored whether DRD2 and ANKK1 associate with occurrence of HD, and whether the genetic variants influence personality traits in male patients with HD.Methods:DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms were analysed in 950 unrelated Han Chinese male participants (601 HD patients and 349 healthy controls). All participants were screened using the same assessment tools and all patients met the diagnostic criteria of HD. Personality traits were assessed in 274 patients and 142 controls using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire.Results: According to the allele, genotype and haplotype frequency analysis, we observed an association between HD and several DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms (rs1800497, rs1800498, rs1079597 and rs4648319); this was most notable in the late-onset HD subgroup. However, these DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms did not associate with specific personality traits in HD patients and controls.Conclusions:DRD2/ANKK1 may play an important role in occurrence of late-onset HD, but does not mediate the relationship between personality traits and HD in Han Chinese male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chih Tsou
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Wei Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Hsinchu Armed Force Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Shen Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shin-Chang Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chang-Chih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Psychiatry, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Xiao Y, Liu D, Liu K, Wu C, Zhang H, Niu Y, Jiang X. Association of DRD2, 5-HTTLPR, and 5-HTTVNTR Gene Polymorphisms With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Tibetan Adolescents: A Case-Control Study. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:286-295. [PMID: 30983408 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419838325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earthquake exposure is a source of stress, yet only a minority of survivors experience clinically meaningful disturbance in psychological function. Genetic epidemiological research has found that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with genetic factors. Further research to reveal which genetic loci relate to the development of PTSD is warranted. METHOD We investigated the relationships between PTSD and the dopamine D2 receptor ( DRD2) gene Taq I polymorphism and the serotonin transporter gene ( SCL6A4) polymorphisms 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and 5-HTTVNTR in 565 adolescent earthquake survivors. PTSD-positive adolescents were identified using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version and the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4. Genotypes were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The Pearson χ2 test was used to investigate the differences in genotype and allele frequencies between case and control groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible influencing factors for PTSD. RESULTS The DRD2 Taq I and 5-HTTVNTR polymorphisms had statistically significant effects on PTSD, while 5-HTTLPR did not. Specifically, the DRD2 Taq I A1 allele was highly positively correlated with PTSD, whereas the 10 allele of 5-HTTVNTR was negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the DRD2 Taq I and 5-HTTVNTR genotypes moderate sensitivity to stress and the expression of emotional disturbance involving PTSD symptoms. These findings have important implications for PTSD etiology as well as for both primary prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xiao
- 1 West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Donglin Liu
- 2 Department of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kun Liu
- 1 West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- 1 West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huaguo Zhang
- 1 West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Niu
- 3 Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaolian Jiang
- 1 West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Jabeen S, Pinsonneault JK, Sadee W, Lee SH, Zafar MM, Raja MS, Raja GK. Significant association of DRD2 enhancer variant rs12364283 with heroin addiction in a Pakistani population. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:367-372. [PMID: 31025317 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor encoded by DRD2 has been implicated in multiple psychiatric disorders, mediated at least in part by two intronic variants affecting mRNA splicing, rs1076560 and rs2283265, and a less frequent enhancer variant, rs12364283, which increases DRD2 mRNA expression. This study tests whether these functionally validated variants confer susceptibility toward heroin addiction in a Pakistani population. A total of 540 heroin addicts and 467 healthy controls were genotyped, basic allele and genotype tests were performed. Neither rs1076560 nor rs2283265 significantly associated with heroin addiction. The enhancer rs12364283 occurs more frequently in heroin-dependent cases than controls (MAF 13% vs. 7%, respectively), revealing significant association with heroin addiction (p = 3.0E-06, OR 2.1). This study identifies rs12364283 of DRD2 as a potential risk factor for heroin addiction in the Pakistani study population. This enhancer variant had been shown to increase DRD2 mRNA expression, a possible factor in increased vulnerability to heroin addiction. Further studies are needed to validate this association of rs12364283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Jabeen
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Julia K Pinsonneault
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sung-Ha Lee
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Muhammad Mobeen Zafar
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqlain Raja
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Kaukab Raja
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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10
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Macare C, Ducci F, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Kaakinen M, Kalsi G, Charoen P, Casoni F, Peters J, Bromberg U, Hill M, Buxton J, Blakemore A, Veijola J, Büchel C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Desrivières S, Munafò M, Järvelin MR, Schumann G. A neurobiological pathway to smoking in adolescence: TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and reward response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1103-1114. [PMID: 30104163 PMCID: PMC6525784 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster has been implicated in adult smoking. Here, we investigated the contribution of individual genes in the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 cluster in smoking and their association with smoking-associated reward processing in adolescence. A meta-analysis of TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and self-reported smoking behaviours was performed in four European adolescent cohorts (N = 14,084). The minor G-allele of rs2236709, mapping TTC12, was associated with self-reported smoking (p = 5.0 × 10-4) and higher plasma cotinine levels (p = 7.0 × 10-5). This risk allele was linked to an increased ventral-striatal blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during reward anticipation (n = 1,263) and with higher DRD2 gene expression in the striatum (p = 0.013), but not with TTC12 or ANKK gene expression. These data suggest a role for the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster in adolescent smoking behaviours, provide evidence for the involvement of DRD2 in the early stages of addiction and support the notion that genetically-driven inter-individual differences in dopaminergic transmission mediate reward sensitivity and risk to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gursharan Kalsi
- Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy׳s and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy׳s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pimphen Charoen
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College, London, UK
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jan Peters
- Intelligent Autonomous Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Hill
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Buxton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Alexandra Blakemore
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University, Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIGITEO labs, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Zhang J, Yan P, Li Y, Cai X, Yang Z, Miao X, Chen B, Li S, Dang W, Jia W, Zhu Y. A 35.8 kilobases haplotype spanning ANKK1 and DRD2 is associated with heroin dependence in Han Chinese males. Brain Res 2018; 1688:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Blum K, Modestino EJ, Gondre-Lewis M, Chapman EJ, Neary J, Siwicki D, Baron D, Hauser M, Smith DE, Roy AK, Thanos PK, Steinberg B, McLaughlin T, Fried L, Barh D, Dunston GA, Badgaiyan RD. The Benefits of Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS ™) Testing in Substance Use Disorder (SUD). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENOMICS AND DATA MINING 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30198022 DOI: 10.29014/ijgd-115.000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Following 25 years of extensive research by many scientists worldwide, a panel of ten reward gene risk variants, called the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS), has been developed. In unpublished work, when GARS was compared to the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), which has been used in many clinical settings, GARS significantly predicted the severity of both alcohol and drug dependency. In support of early testing for addiction and other RDS subtypes, parents caught up in the current demographic of 127 people, both young and old, dying daily from opiate/opioid overdose, need help. In the past, families would have never guessed that their loved ones would die or could be in real danger due to opiate addiction. Author, Bill Moyers, in Parade Magazine, reported that as he traveled around the United States, he found many children with ADHD and other spectrum disorders like Autism, and noted that many of these children had related conditions like substance abuse. He called for better ways to identify these children and treat them with approaches other than addictive pharmaceuticals. To our knowledge, GARS is the only panel of genes with established polymorphisms reflecting the Brain Reward Cascade (BRC), which has been correlated with the ASI-MV alcohol and drug risk severity score. While other studies are required to confirm and extend the GARS test to include other genes and polymorphisms that associate with an hypodopaminergic trait, these results provide clinicians with a non-invasive genetic test. Genomic testing, such as GARS, can improve clinical interactions and decision-making. Knowledge of precise polymorphic associations can help in the attenuation of guilt and denial, corroboration of family gene-o-grams; assistance in risk-severity-based decisions about appropriate therapies, including pain medications and risk for addiction; choice of the appropriate level of care placement (i.e., inpatient, outpatient, intensive outpatient, residential); determination of the length of stay in treatment; determination of genetic severity-based relapse and recovery liability and vulnerability; determination of pharmacogenetic medical monitoring for better clinical outcomes (e.g., the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene reduces the binding to opioid delta receptors in the brain, thus, reducing Naltrexone's clinical effectiveness); and supporting medical necessity for insurance scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA.,Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, LLC, Austin, TX, USA.,Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA.,Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH (IE), USA.,Division of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health, LLC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.,Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, India.,NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marjorie Gondre-Lewis
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.,Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edwin J Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David Siwicki
- Division of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health, LLC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Hauser
- Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - David E Smith
- David E. Smith Associates, San Francisco, CA, & Institute of Health & Aging University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lyle Fried
- Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Georgia A Dunston
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA.,Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, LLC, Austin, TX, USA.,Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA.,Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH (IE), USA.,Division of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health, LLC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.,Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, India.,Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA.,NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.,Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,David E. Smith Associates, San Francisco, CA, & Institute of Health & Aging University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Addiction Recovery Resources, Inc. New Orleans, LA, USA.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Center for Psychiatric Medicine Lawrence, MA, USA
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14
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Kalsi G, Euesden J, Coleman JRI, Ducci F, Aliev F, Newhouse SJ, Liu X, Ma X, Wang Y, Collier DA, Asherson P, Li T, Breen G. Genome-Wide Association of Heroin Dependence in Han Chinese. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167388. [PMID: 27936112 PMCID: PMC5147879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a costly and recurring healthcare problem, necessitating a need to understand risk factors and mechanisms of addiction, and to identify new biomarkers. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for heroin addiction have been limited; moreover they have been restricted to examining samples of European and African-American origin due to difficulty of recruiting samples from other populations. This is the first study to test a Han Chinese population; we performed a GWAS on a homogeneous sample of 370 Han Chinese subjects diagnosed with heroin dependence using the DSM-IV criteria and 134 ethnically matched controls. Analysis using the diagnostic criteria of heroin dependence yielded suggestive evidence for association between variants in the genes CCDC42 (coiled coil domain 42; p = 2.8x10-7) and BRSK2 (BR serine/threonine 2; p = 4.110−6). In addition, we found evidence for risk variants within the ARHGEF10 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10) gene on chromosome 8 and variants in a region on chromosome 20q13, which is gene-poor but has a concentration of mRNAs and predicted miRNAs. Gene-based association analysis identified genome-wide significant association between variants in CCDC42 and heroin addiction. Additionally, when we investigated shared risk variants between heroin addiction and risk of other addiction-related and psychiatric phenotypes using polygenic risk scores, we found a suggestive relationship with variants predicting tobacco addiction, and a significant relationship with variants predicting schizophrenia. Our genome wide association study of heroin dependence provides data in a novel sample, with functionally plausible results and evidence of genetic data of value to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Kalsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Euesden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Actuarial Sciences and Risk Management, Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Stephen J. Newhouse
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiehe Liu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - David A. Collier
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Lilly UK, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gerome Breen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hill SY, Jones BL, Steinhauer SR, Zezza N, Stiffler S. Longitudinal predictors of cannabis use and dependence in offspring from families at ultra high risk for alcohol dependence and in control families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:383-95. [PMID: 26756393 PMCID: PMC5444658 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is common among adolescents. Identification of the factors associated with continued heavy use into young adulthood and development of cannabis abuse and dependence is of considerable importance. The role of familial risk for addiction and an associated endophenotype, P300 amplitude, has not previously been related to cannabis use and dependence. A prospective longitudinal study spanning childhood and young adulthood provided the opportunity for exploring these factors, along with genetic variation, in the cannabis use behaviors of 338 young adult offspring from high and low familial risk for alcohol dependence families (ages 19-30). P300 data were collected multiple times in childhood. The association between young adult patterns of cannabis use or cannabis abuse/dependence was tested with genetic variation in the cannabinoid gene, CNR1, the ANKK1-DRD2 gene, and childhood developmental trajectories of P300. Young adult patterns of cannabis use was characterized by three patterns: (i) no use throughout; (ii) declining use from adolescence through young adulthood; and (iii) frequent use throughout. Following the low P300 trajectory in childhood predicted cannabis abuse and dependence by young adulthood. A four SNP ANKK1-DRD2 haplotype (G-G-G-C) was found to be significantly associated with the frequency of use patterns (P = 0.0008). Although CNR1 variation overall was not significantly associated with these patterns, among individuals with cannabis abuse/dependence the presence of one or both copies of the rs806368 A > G minor allele conferred a 5.4-fold increase (P = 0.003) in the likelihood that they would be in the frequent and persistent use group rather than the declining use group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Shirley Y. Hill, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O’ Hara St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
| | - Bobby L. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nicholas Zezza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Dopaminergic pathway polymorphisms and heroin addiction: further support for association of CSNK1E variants. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:2001-9. [PMID: 25521358 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The dopaminergic pathways have been implicated in the etiology of drug addictions. The aim of this study was to determine if variants in dopaminergic genes are associated with heroin addiction. MATERIALS & METHODS The study includes 828 former heroin addicts and 232 healthy controls, of predominantly European ancestry. Ninety seven SNPs (13 genes) were analyzed. RESULTS Nine nominally significant associations were observed at CSNK1E, ANKK1, DRD2 and DRD3. CONCLUSION The results support our previous report of association of CSNK1E SNP rs1534891 with protection from heroin addiction. CSNK1E interacts with circadian rhythms and DARPP-32 and has been implicated in negative regulation of sensitivity to opioids in rodents. It may be a target for drug addiction treatment. Original submitted 8 August 2014; Revision submitted 8 October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Blum K, Simpatico T, Badgaiyan RD, Demetrovics Z, Fratantonio J, Agan G, Febo M, Gold MS. Coupling Neurogenetics (GARS™) and a Nutrigenomic Based Dopaminergic Agonist to Treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Targeting Polymorphic Reward Genes for Carbohydrate Addiction Algorithms. JOURNAL OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 2015; 1:75-80. [PMID: 27617300 PMCID: PMC5013730 DOI: 10.17756/jrds.2015-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earlier work from our laboratory, showing anti-addiction activity of a nutraceutical consisting of amino-acid precursors and enkephalinase inhibition properties and our discovery of the first polymorphic gene (Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene [DRD2]) to associate with severe alcoholism serves as a blue-print for the development of "Personalized Medicine" in addiction. Prior to the later genetic finding, we developed the concept of Brain Reward Cascade, which continues to act as an important component for stratification of addiction risk through neurogenetics. In 1996 our laboratory also coined the term "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)" to define a common genetic rubric for both substance and non-substance related addictive behaviors. Following many reiterations we utilized polymorphic targets of a number of reward genes (serotonergic, Opioidergic, GABAergic and Dopaminergic) to customize KB220 [Neuroadaptogen- amino-acid therapy (NAAT)] by specific algorithms. Identifying 1,000 obese subjects in the Netherlands a subsequent small subset was administered various KB220Z formulae customized according to respective DNA polymorphisms individualized that translated to significant decreases in both Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight in pounds. Following these experiments, we have been successfully developing a panel of genes known as "Genetic Addiction Risk Score" (GARSpDX)™. Selection of 10 genes with appropriate variants, a statistically significant association between the ASI-Media Version-alcohol and drug severity scores and GARSpDx was found A variant of KB220Z in abstinent heroin addicts increased resting state functional connectivity in a putative network including: dorsal anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, nucleus accumbens, posterior cingulate, occipital cortical areas, and cerebellum. In addition, we show that KB220Z significantly activates, above placebo, seed regions of interest including the left nucleus accumbens, cingulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, pre-limbic and infra-limbic loci. KB220Z demonstrates significant functional connectivity, increased brain volume recruitment and enhanced dopaminergic functionality across the brain reward circuitry. We propose a Reward Deficiency System Solution that promotes early identification and stratification of risk alleles by utilizing GARSDx, allowing for customized nutrigenomic targeting of these risk alleles by altering KB220Z ingredients as an algorithmic function of carrying these polymorphic DNA-SNPS, potentially yielding the first ever nutrigenomic solution for addiction and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, RD Solutions Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Personalized Addiction Medicine IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
- Department of Nutrigenetic & Nutrigenomic Research, Victory Nutrition International, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Personalized Medicine, Path Foundation, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Simpatico
- Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | | | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Eotvos Lorand University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Izabella utca, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James Fratantonio
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | - Gozde Agan
- Division of Applied Research & Education and Addition Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown RI, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dissociation of heroin-induced emotional dysfunction from psychomotor activation and physical dependence among inbred mouse strains. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1957-71. [PMID: 25482274 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opiate addiction is a brain disorder emerging through repeated intoxication and withdrawal episodes. Epidemiological studies also indicate that chronic exposure to opiates may lead in susceptible individuals to the emergence of depressive symptoms, strongly contributing to the severity and chronicity of addiction. We recently established a mouse model of heroin abstinence, characterized by the development of depressive-like behaviors following chronic heroin exposure. OBJECTIVES While genetic factors regulating immediate behavioral responses to opiates have been largely investigated, little is known about their contribution to long-term emotional regulation during abstinence. Here, we compared locomotor stimulation and physical dependence induced by heroin exposure, as well as emotional dysfunction following abstinence, across mice strains with distinct genetic backgrounds. METHODS Mice from three inbred strains (C57BL/6J, Balb/cByJ, and 129S2/SvPas) were exposed to an escalating chronic heroin regimen (10-50 mg/kg). Independent cohorts were used to assess drug-induced locomotor activity during chronic treatment, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal at the end of chronic treatment, and emotional-like responses after a 4-week abstinence period. RESULTS Distinct behavioral profiles were observed across strains during heroin treatment, with no physical dependence and low locomotor stimulation in 129S2/SvPas. In addition, different behavioral impairments developed during abstinence across the three strains, with increased despair-like behavior in 129S2/SvPas and Balb/cByJ, and low sociability in 129S2/SvPas and C57BL/6J. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that depressive-like behaviors emerge during heroin abstinence, whatever the severity of immediate behavioral responses to the drug. In addition, inbred mouse strains will allow studying several aspects of mood-related deficits associated with addiction.
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Tian Y, Liu H, Guse L, Wong TKS, Li J, Bai Y, Jiang X. Association of Genetic Factors and Gene-Environment Interactions With Risk of Developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Case-Control Study. Biol Res Nurs 2015; 17:364-72. [PMID: 26002549 DOI: 10.1177/1099800415588362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it remains largely unknown whether these genes interact with environmental factors to affect the development of PTSD. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of gene polymorphisms and gene-environment interactions with the risk of developing PTSD among adolescent earthquake survivors. METHOD A total of 183 adolescent survivors from an earthquake-stricken area participated in this study. Measures included a questionnaire about demographic characteristics and earthquake exposure, the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition disorders. Genotypes were analyzed by using the polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The 5-HTTLPR and 5-HTTVNTR polymorphisms and earthquake exposure had statistically significant positive effects on PTSD. The interaction effects of 5-HTTLPR × Earthquake Exposure and 5-HTTVNTR × Earthquake Exposure were statistically significant. CONCLUSION The development of PTSD is the result not only of a genetic effect and environmental factors but also of the interactive effect between gene and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Liu
- West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lorna Guse
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Jiping Li
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yangjing Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaolian Jiang
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Miller DK, Bowirrat A, Manka M, Miller M, Stokes S, Manka D, Allen C, Gant C, Downs BW, Smolen A, Stevens E, Yeldandi S, Blum K. Acute Intravenous Synaptamine Complex Variant KB220™ “Normalizes” Neurological Dysregulation in Patients during Protracted Abstinence from Alcohol and Opiates as Observed Using Quantitative Electroencephalographic and Genetic Analysis for Reward Polymorphisms: Part 1, Pilot Study with 2 Case Reports. Postgrad Med 2015; 122:188-213. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Levran O, Randesi M, da Rosa JC, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Overlapping dopaminergic pathway genetic susceptibility to heroin and cocaine addictions in African Americans. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 79:188-98. [PMID: 25875614 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse activate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Genetic variations in the dopaminergic system may contribute to drug addiction. Several processes are shared between cocaine and heroin addictions but some neurobiological mechanisms may be specific. This study examined the association of 98 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 dopamine-related genes with heroin addiction (OD) and/or cocaine addiction (CD) in a sample of 801 African Americans (315 subjects with OD ± CD, 279 subjects with CD, and 207 controls). Single-marker analyses provided nominally significant evidence for associations of 24 SNPs) in DRD1, ANKK1/DRD2, DRD3, DRD5, DBH, DDC, COMT and CSNK1E. A DRD2 7-SNPs haplotype that includes SNPs rs1075650 and rs2283265, which were shown to alter D2S/D2L splicing, was indicated in both addictions. The Met allele of the functional COMT Val158Met was associated with protection from OD. None of the signals remained significant after correction for multiple testing. The study results are in accordance with the results of previous studies, including our report of association of DRD1 SNP rs5326 with OD. The findings suggest the presence of an overlap in genetic susceptibility for OD and CD, as well as shared and distinct susceptibility for OD in subjects of African and European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Association between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:42-51. [PMID: 25500252 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicated conflicting results about the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)/kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) TaqIA single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800497) and common illicit drug dependence risk including stimulants, opioid and marijuana. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence risk. METHOD A total of 25 available studies (26 subgroups) testing the association between the polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence were examined through Oct 2013. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using fixed- and random-effects models when appropriate. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. RESULTS We found the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of opioid dependence under homozygote, dominant, and recessive genetic model, respectively (homozygote: OR=1.546, 95%CI=1.279-1.87; dominant: OR=1.265, 95%CI=1.055-1.516; recessive: OR=1.409, 95%CI=1.182-1.680). Subgroup analyses were similar to the results of the total population by ethnicity and quality score. Besides, we also found that Caucasian and low-quality studies were major sources of heterogeneity for opioid dependence. We failed to find any significant association between the polymorphism and stimulants or marijuana neither in total population nor subgroup analyses under any genetic model. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis suggested that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism might be associated with opioid dependence risk, but not associated with stimulants or marijuana dependence.
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Blum K, Thanos PK, Gold MS. Dopamine and glucose, obesity, and reward deficiency syndrome. Front Psychol 2014; 5:919. [PMID: 25278909 PMCID: PMC4166230 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity as a result of overeating as well as a number of well described eating disorders has been accurately considered to be a world-wide epidemic. Recently a number of theories backed by a plethora of scientifically sound neurochemical and genetic studies provide strong evidence that food addiction is similar to psychoactive drug addiction. Our laboratory has published on the concept known as Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) which is a genetic and epigenetic phenomena leading to impairment of the brain reward circuitry resulting in a hypo-dopaminergic function. RDS involves the interactions of powerful neurotransmitters and results in abnormal craving behavior. A number of important facts which could help translate to potential therapeutic targets espoused in this focused review include: (1) consumption of alcohol in large quantities or carbohydrates binging stimulates the brain’s production of and utilization of dopamine; (2) in the meso-limbic system the enkephalinergic neurons are in close proximity, to glucose receptors; (3) highly concentrated glucose activates the calcium channel to stimulate dopamine release from P12 cells; (4) a significant correlation between blood glucose and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid the dopamine metabolite; (5) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), the glucose analog, in pharmacological doses is associated with enhanced dopamine turnover and causes acute glucoprivation. Evidence from animal studies and fMRI in humans support the hypothesis that multiple, but similar brain circuits are disrupted in obesity and drug dependence and for the most part, implicate the involvement of DA-modulated reward circuits in pathologic eating behaviors. Based on a consensus of neuroscience research treatment of both glucose and drug like cocaine, opiates should incorporate dopamine agonist therapy in contrast to current theories and practices that utilizes dopamine antagonistic therapy. Considering that up until now clinical utilization of powerful dopamine D2 agonists have failed due to chronic down regulation of D2 receptors newer targets based on novel less powerful D2 agonists that up-regulate D2 receptors seems prudent. We encourage new strategies targeted at improving DA function in the treatment and prevention of obesity a subtype of reward deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA ; Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center Malibu Beach, CA, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavior Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA ; Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center Malibu Beach, CA, USA
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BLUM KENNETH, FEBO MARCELO, MCLAUGHLIN THOMAS, CRONJÉ FRANSJ, HAN DAVID, GOLD SMARK. Hatching the behavioral addiction egg: Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS)™ as a function of dopaminergic neurogenetics and brain functional connectivity linking all addictions under a common rubric. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:149-56. [PMID: 25317338 PMCID: PMC4189308 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the first association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and severe alcoholism, there has been an explosion of research reports in the psychiatric and behavioral addiction literature and neurogenetics. With this increased knowledge, the field has been rife with controversy. Moreover, with the advent of Whole Genome-Wide Studies (GWAS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), along with Functional Genome Convergence, the multiple-candidate gene approach still has merit and is considered by many as the most prudent approach. However, it is the combination of these two approaches that will ultimately define real, genetic allelic relationships, in terms of both risk and etiology. Since 1996, our laboratory has coined the umbrella term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) to explain the common neurochemical and genetic mechanisms involved with both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. METHODS This is a selective review of peer-reviewed papers primary listed in Pubmed and Medline. RESULTS A review of the available evidence indicates the importance of dopaminergic pathways and resting-state, functional connectivity of brain reward circuits. DISCUSSION Importantly, the proposal is that the real phenotype is RDS and impairments in the brain's reward cascade, either genetically or environmentally (epigenetically) induced, influence both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. Understanding shared common mechanisms will ultimately lead to better diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapse. While, at this juncture, we cannot as yet state that we have "hatched the behavioral addiction egg", we are beginning to ask the correct questions and through an intense global effort will hopefully find a way of "redeeming joy" and permitting homo sapiens live a life, free of addiction and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- KENNETH BLUM
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Clinical Medicine, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA,Department of Personalized Medicine, IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA,Corresponding author: Kenneth Blum, PhD; Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, PO Box 103424 Gainesville, Florida, USA, 32610-3424; Phone: +-619-890-2167; Fax: +-352-392-9887; E-mail:
| | - MARCELO FEBO
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - DAVID HAN
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - S. MARK GOLD
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Clinical Medicine, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
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Ma Y, Yuan W, Jiang X, Cui WY, Li MD. Updated findings of the association and functional studies of DRD2/ANKK1 variants with addictions. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:281-99. [PMID: 25139281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both nicotine and alcohol addictions are severe public health hazards worldwide. Various twin and family studies have demonstrated that genetic factors contribute to vulnerability to these addictions; however, the susceptibility genes and the variants underlying them remain largely unknown. Of susceptibility genes investigated for addictions, DRD2 has received much attention. Considering new evidence supporting the association of DRD2 and its adjacent gene ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) with various addictions, in this paper, we provide an updated view of the involvement of variants in DRD2 and ANKK1 in the etiology of nicotine dependence (ND) and alcohol dependence (AD) based on linkage, association, and molecular studies. This evidence shows that both genes are significantly associated with addictions; however the association with ANKK1 appears to be stronger. Thus, both more replication studies in independent samples and functional studies of some of these variants are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Jacobs MM, Murray J, Byrd DA, Hurd YL, Morgello S. HIV-related cognitive impairment shows bi-directional association with dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in substance-dependent and substance-independent populations. J Neurovirol 2014; 19:495-504. [PMID: 24078558 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that drugs of abuse act synergistically with HIV, leading to increased neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairment. The CNS impacts of HIV and drug use converge on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which contains two main receptor subtypes: dopamine receptors 1 (DRD1) and 2 (DRD2). DRD1 and DRD2 have been linked to substance dependence; whether they predict HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is unclear. Using an advanced-stage HIV+ population, we sought to determine if drug dependence impacts the contribution of DA receptor polymorphisms on neurocognition. We observed that both DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms were associated with opiate and cocaine dependence (P < 0.05) in Caucasian subjects, but not African-American individuals. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the polymorphisms for associations with neuropsychological performance in global and cognitive domain T-scores (Motor, Processing Speed, Verbal Fluency, Learning, Memory, Executive Functioning, Working Memory) while controlling for opiate and cocaine dependency. In the Motor domain, we observed an association for two DRD2 polymorphisms (P < 0.05) in Caucasian subjects. The effects differed for substance dependence groups as the direction of the correlations with DRD2 were opposite to what was seen in subjects without these dependencies. In African-American subjects, associations were observed in nearly every domain, and again, the direction of the correlation differed between substance-dependent and substance-independent groups. We conclude that studies to examine genetic risk for HAND must carefully account for substance dependence patterns when assaying dopaminergic systems, as the neurobiological substrates of cognition in HIV populations may vary with tonic alterations secondary to chronic substance exposures.
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Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Badgaiyan RD, Palomo T, Gold MS. Hypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:606-14. [PMID: 24636783 PMCID: PMC4039414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine system has been implicated in both substance use disorder (SUD) and schizophrenia. A recent meta-analysis suggests that A1 allele of the DRD2 gene imposes genetic risk for SUD, especially alcoholism and has been implicated in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). We hypothesize that dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene Taq1 A2 allele is associated with a subtype of non-SUD schizophrenics and as such may act as a putative protective agent against the development of addiction to alcohol or other drugs of abuse. Schizophrenics with SUD may be carriers of the DRD2 Taq1 A1 allele, and/or other RDS reward polymorphisms and have hypodopaminergic reward function. One plausible mechanism for alcohol seeking in schizophrenics with SUD, based on previous research, may be a deficiency of gamma type endorphins that has been linked to schizophrenic type psychosis. We also propose that alcohol seeking behavior in schizophrenics, may serve as a physiological self-healing process linked to the increased function of the gamma endorphins, thereby reducing abnormal dopaminergic activity at the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These hypotheses warrant further investigation and cautious interpretation. We, therefore, encourage research involving neuroimaging, genome wide association studies (GWAS), and epigenetic investigation into the relationship between neurogenetics and systems biology to unravel the role of dopamine in psychiatric illness and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genomics, IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA; Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA; RD Solutions, LLC, Research Center, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Nutrigenomics, RD Solutions, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Laboratory, SUNY-at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Unidad de Alcoholismo y Patología Dual, Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba s/n, Madrid E-28041, Spain
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mehić-Basara N, Oruč L, Kapur-Pojskić L, Ramić J. Association of dopamine receptor gene polymorphism and psychological personality traits in liability for opioid addiction. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2014; 13:158-62. [PMID: 23988166 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2013.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a clear evidence that same psychoactive substance may cause various individual physiological reactions in same environmental conditions. Although there is a general attitude on equal liability to opioid addiction, latest genetic analysis findings imply there are certain quantifiable factors that could lead to elevated individual liability towards development of opioid addiction. The goal of this study was to investigate association of certain personality traits and genetic factors (separately and in combination) with heroin addiction. Total of 200 individuals participated in the study: 100 patients on Metadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) and 100 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. All were medically examined, interviewed and psychologically evaluated using Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) and genotyped for DRD2 (rs1800497) using PCR-RFLP method. Overrepresentation of certain personality traits (neuroticism, psychoticism and extraversion/ intraversion), together with environemental risk factors such as: upbringing within incomplete families and familial history of psychotropic substances abuse, are associated with high-risk development of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermana Mehić-Basara
- Public Institute for Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Identifying interacting genetic variations by fish-swarm logic regression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2013:574735. [PMID: 23984382 PMCID: PMC3747618 DOI: 10.1155/2013/574735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding associations between genotypes and complex traits is a fundamental problem in human genetics. A major open problem in mapping phenotypes is that of identifying a set of interacting genetic variants, which might contribute to complex traits. Logic regression (LR) is a powerful multivariant association tool. Several LR-based approaches have been successfully applied to different datasets. However, these approaches are not adequate with regard to accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new LR-based approach, called fish-swarm logic regression (FSLR), which improves the logic regression process by incorporating swarm optimization. In our approach, a school of fish agents are conducted in parallel. Each fish agent holds a regression model, while the school searches for better models through various preset behaviors. A swarm algorithm improves the accuracy and the efficiency by speeding up the convergence and preventing it from dropping into local optimums. We apply our approach on a real screening dataset and a series of simulation scenarios. Compared to three existing LR-based approaches, our approach outperforms them by having lower type I and type II error rates, being able to identify more preset causal sites, and performing at faster speeds.
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Blum K, Simpaatico T, Waite RL, Blum SH, Dushaj K, Madigan MA, Braverman ER, Oscar-Bermanm M. Hypothesizing “Reward” Gene Polymorphisms May Predict High Rates of Injury and Addiction in the Workforce: A Nutrient and Electrotherapeutic Based Solution. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.616262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Preller KH, Wagner M, Sulzbach C, Hoenig K, Neubauer J, Franke PE, Petrovsky N, Frommann I, Rehme AK, Quednow BB. Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1270-9. [PMID: 23219936 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Models of addiction and addiction memory propose that drug-associated cues elicit incentive effects in drug users, which play an important role in maintenance of drug use and relapse. Incentive effects have been demonstrated for smoking and alcohol-related cues but evidence for heroin-related cues has been inconclusive. Furthermore, it is unknown whether appetitive effects of heroin-related cues persist after prolonged abstinence, although heroin addiction is known to have high relapse rates. Therefore, we investigated implicit and explicit valence of heroin-related cues in dependent users at different stages of abstinence using affective startle modulation. In Study I, 15 current heroin users were measured before and after detoxification. Correspondingly, 15 healthy control participants were tested twice at an interval of 14 days. In Study II, 14 long-term abstinent heroin users were additionally measured in a single session. Implicit processing of drug-related stimuli was assessed using affective startle modulation by pictures of heroin and smoking scenes. Explicit reactions were measured using ratings of valence and craving. In contrast to controls, heroin-dependent participants showed a clear reduction of startle response during heroin-related pictures (p<0.05). Detoxification did not significantly change their startle responses to heroin-cues. No difference between non-detoxified current and long-term abstinent heroin users was found in implicit reactions to heroin-cues, whereas explicit measures differed between both groups (all p<0.05). After detoxification and even after prolonged abstinence, heroin cues still exert implicit appetitive effects in heroin users. This implies that drug-induced adaptations of reward circuits are long-lasting, resulting in a highly stable addiction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin H Preller
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Clinic of Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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The functional coding variant Asn107Ile of the neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) influences age at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1951-8. [PMID: 23680103 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a novel central acting neuropeptide that modulates several brain functions. NPS has shown strong anxiolytic-like effects and interactions with other central transmitter systems, including serotonin and glutamate. A coding variation (Asn107Ile) of the NPS receptor gene (NPSR1) was associated with panic disorder and schizophrenia. Based on these encouraging findings, the present study aimed at exploring a potential role of NPSR1 in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). A sample of 232 OCD patients was successfully genotyped for the NPSR1 Asn107Ile variant (rs324981). Age at onset was taken into account to address the heterogeneity of the OCD phenotype. The NPSR1 genotype significantly affected age at onset of the OCD patients, with a mean age at onset approximately 4 yr earlier in homozygous carriers of the low-functioning Asn107 variant compared to patients with at least one Ile107 variant (p=0.032). Case–control analyses with 308 healthy control subjects reveal a highly significant association of the Asn107 variant with early onset OCD (odds ratio=2.36, p=0.0004) while late onset OCD or the OCD group as a whole were unrelated to the NPSR1 genotype. Based on our association finding relating NPSR1 genotype to early onset OCD, we suggest a differential role of the NPS system in OCD. In particular, the early onset OCD subtype seems to be characterized by a genetically driven low NPS tone, which might affect other OCD-related transmitter systems, including the serotonin and glutamate systems. In agreement with preclinical research, we suggest that NPS may be a promising pharmacological candidate with anti-obsessional properties.
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Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, Chang YH, Chen SH, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Wang CL, Yeh PH, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Lu RB. The ADH1B and DRD2 gene polymorphism may modify the protective effect of the ALDH2 gene against heroin dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:134-9. [PMID: 23266708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influences of genes involved in dopamine and serotonin metabolism, such as the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genes, is critical for understanding addictive behavior. In addition, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene may also interact with the dopamine metabolizing genes and link to addiction. Therefore, we investigated the association between the ALDH2, ADH1B and DRD2 polymorphisms and heroin dependence. Heroin-dependent Han Chinese patients (n=304) and healthy controls (n=335) were recruited. Genotypes of ALDH2, ADH1B and DRD2 polymorphisms were analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequency of the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was significantly lower in heroin-dependent patients than in controls, but the frequency of ADH1B and DRD2 genotypes was not significantly different. Further stratification of the ALDH2 gene with the ADH1B gene showed that the protective effect of ALDH2*1/*1 existed only in patients who also carried the ADH1B*1/*1 and ADH1B*1/*2 genotype. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant interaction between ALDH2 and ADH1B (P=0.022) and DRD2, ALDH2 and ADH1B in patients (P=0.037). The ALDH2*1/*1, ADH1B*1/*1, and ADH1B*1/*2 genotypes may interact and protect their carriers against heroin dependence and the protective effect may be varied by the DRD2 gene polymorphism. We conclude that the protective effect of the ALDH2 polymorphism against heroin dependence may be modified by the ADH1B and DRD2 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron 2012; 74:990-1004. [PMID: 22726830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The panoply of cognitive, affective, motivational, and social functions that underpin everyday human experience requires precisely choreographed patterns of interaction between networked brain regions. Perhaps not surprisingly, diverse forms of psychopathology are characterized by breakdowns in these interregional relationships. Here, we discuss how functional brain imaging has provided insights into the nature of brain dysconnectivity in mental illness. Synthesizing work to date, we propose that genetic and environmental risk factors impinge upon systems-level circuits for several core dimensions of cognition, producing transdiagnostic symptoms. We argue that risk-associated disruption of these circuits mediates susceptibility to broad domains of psychopathology rather than discrete disorders.
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Al-Eitan LN, Jaradat SA, Hulse GK, Tay GK. Custom genotyping for substance addiction susceptibility genes in Jordanians of Arab descent. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:497. [PMID: 22963930 PMCID: PMC3477049 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to individual susceptibility to initiation of substance use and vulnerability to addiction. Determining genetic risk factors can make an important contribution to understanding the processes leading to addiction. In order to identify gene(s) and mechanisms associated with substance addiction, a custom platform array search for a genetic association in a case/control of homogenous Jordanian Arab population was undertaken. Patients meeting the DSM-VI criteria for substance dependence (n = 220) and entering eight week treatment program at two Jordanian Drug Rehabilitation Centres were genotyped. In addition, 240 healthy controls were also genotyped. The sequenom MassARRAY system (iPLEX GOLD) was used to genotype 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 8 genes (DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DRD5, BDNF, SLC6A3 and COMT). Results This study revealed six new associations involving SNPs within DRD2 gene on chromosome 11. These six SNPs within the DRD2 were found to be most strongly associated with substance addiction in the Jordanian Arabic sample. The strongest statistical evidence for these new association signals were from rs1799732 in the C/−C promoter and rs1125394 in A/G intron 1 regions of DRD2, with the overall estimate of effects returning an odds ratio of 3.37 (χ2 (2, N = 460) = 21, p-value = 0.000026) and 1.78 (χ2 (2, N = 460) = 8, p-value = 0.001), respectively. It has been suggested that DRD2, dopamine receptor D2, plays an important role in dopamine secretion and the signal pathways of dopaminergic reward and drug addiction. Conclusion This study is the first to show a genetic link to substance addiction in a Jordanian population of Arab descent. These findings may contribute to our understanding of drug addiction mechanisms in Middle Eastern populations and how to manage or dictate therapy for individuals. Comparative analysis with different ethnic groups could assist further improving our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N Al-Eitan
- Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Common and specific liability to addiction: approaches to association studies of opioid addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123 Suppl 1:S33-41. [PMID: 22542464 PMCID: PMC3689423 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid addiction, whether to opiates such as heroin and morphine, and/or to non-medical use of opioids, is a major problem worldwide. Although drug-induced and environmental factors are essential for the liability to develop opioid addiction, the genetic background of an individual is now known also to play a substantial role. METHODS The overall goal of this article is to address the common and specific liabilities to addiction in the context of approaches to studies of one addiction, opioid addiction. Literature on identifying genetic variants that may play a role in the development of opioid addiction was reviewed. RESULTS A substantial number of genetic variants have been reported to be associated with opioid addiction. No single variant has been found in any of the reported GWAS studies with a substantial effect size on the liability to develop heroin addiction. It appears that there is a complex interaction of a large number of variants, some rare, some common, which interact with the environment and in response to specific drugs of abuse to increase the liability of developing opioid addiction. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the inherent difficulties in obtaining large well-phenotyped cohorts for genetic studies, new findings have been reported that are being used to develop testable hypotheses into the biological basis of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Nielsen
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Yeh TL, Chen KC, Lin SH, Lee IH, Chen PS, Yao WJ, Lee SY, Yang YK, Lu RB, Liao MH, Chiu NT. Availability of dopamine and serotonin transporters in opioid-dependent users--a two-isotope SPECT study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:55-64. [PMID: 21881874 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to examine the differences between 32 opioid-dependent users treated with a very low dose of methadone or undergoing methadone-free abstinence and 32 controls. METHODS SPECT analysis using [(99m)Tc] TRODAT-1 to assess striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and [(123)I] ADAM to assess midbrain serotonin transporter (SERT) availability were performed. RESULTS Lower striatal DAT and midbrain SERT availabilities were noted in low-dose methadone users. History of metamphatamine use was associated with the lower striatal DAT. The striatal DAT of methadone-free abstainers was also lower than controls. The midbrain SERT availability tended to be higher in the methadone-free abstainers than the low-dose methadone users. The severity of depressive symptoms was negatively correlated with midbrain SERT availability in the opioid users. CONCLUSION The availability of striatal DAT tended to be, and the availability of midbrain SERT was, lower in the opioid users. History of metamphatamine use may confound the difference in straital DAT between controls and opioid users, as midbrain SERT and depressive symptoms are also associated with opioid use and abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung Lieh Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
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Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction. Hum Genet 2012; 131:803-22. [PMID: 22350797 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a key role in reward behavior, yet the association of drug dependence as a chronic, relapsing disorder with the genes encoding the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes remains difficult to delineate. In the context of subsequent genome-wide association (GWAS) research and post-GWAS investigations, we summarize the novel data that link genes encoding molecules involved in the dopaminergic system (dopamine receptors, transporter and enzymes in charge of its metabolism) to drug addiction. Recent reports indicate that the heritability of drug addiction should be high enough to allow a significant role for a specific set of genes, and the available genetic studies, which might not be already conclusive because of the heterogeneity of designs, methods and recruited samples, should support the idea of a significant role of at least one gene related to dopaminergic system. Evolutionary changes in primates and non-primate animals of genes coding for molecules involved in dopaminergic system highlight why addictive disorders are mainly limited to humans. Restricting the analyses to more specific intermediate phenotypes (or endophenotypes) such as attention allocation, stress reactivity, novelty seeking, behavioral disinhibition and impulsivity, instead of the broad addictive disorder concept can be instrumental to identify novel genes associated with these traits in the context of genome-wide studies.
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Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, Chen SH, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Chang YH, Wang CL, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Lu RB. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene is associated with heroin dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:220-4. [PMID: 21723677 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the influences of genes involved in metabolizing dopamine and encoding dopamine receptors, such as the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and dopamine D2 receptor/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) genes, is critical for understanding addictive behavior. Therefore, we investigated the association between the ALDH2 and DRD2/ANKK1 Taq IA polymorphisms and heroin dependence. METHODS Heroin-dependent Han Chinese patients (250) and healthy controls (312) were recruited. ALDH2 and DRD2/ANKK1 Taq IA polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS The frequency of ALDH2*1/*2 and *2/*2 genotypes was significantly higher in heroin-dependent patients than in controls, but the frequency of DRD2 Taq IA genotypes was not significantly different. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant interaction between ALDH2 and DRD2 Taq IA genotypes in patients. CONCLUSIONS The ALDH2 polymorphism, but not the DRD2, was associated with heroin dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Oscar-Berman M, Chen TJH, Lubar J, White N, Lubar J, Bowirrat A, Braverman E, Schoolfield J, Waite RL, Downs BW, Madigan M, Comings DE, Davis C, Kerner MM, Knopf J, Palomo T, Giordano JJ, Morse SA, Fornari F, Barh D, Femino J, Bailey JA. Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4425-59. [PMID: 22408582 PMCID: PMC3290972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal behaviors involving dopaminergic gene polymorphisms often reflect an insufficiency of usual feelings of satisfaction, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). RDS results from a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," a complex interaction among neurotransmitters (primarily dopaminergic and opioidergic). Individuals with a family history of alcoholism or other addictions may be born with a deficiency in the ability to produce or use these neurotransmitters. Exposure to prolonged periods of stress and alcohol or other substances also can lead to a corruption of the brain reward cascade function. We evaluated the potential association of four variants of dopaminergic candidate genes in RDS (dopamine D1 receptor gene [DRD1]; dopamine D2 receptor gene [DRD2]; dopamine transporter gene [DAT1]; dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene [DBH]). METHODOLOGY We genotyped an experimental group of 55 subjects derived from up to five generations of two independent multiple-affected families compared to rigorously screened control subjects (e.g., N = 30 super controls for DRD2 gene polymorphisms). Data related to RDS behaviors were collected on these subjects plus 13 deceased family members. RESULTS Among the genotyped family members, the DRD2 Taq1 and the DAT1 10/10 alleles were significantly (at least p < 0.015) more often found in the RDS families vs. controls. The TaqA1 allele occurred in 100% of Family A individuals (N = 32) and 47.8% of Family B subjects (11 of 23). No significant differences were found between the experimental and control positive rates for the other variants. CONCLUSIONS Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involving dopaminergic polymorphisms and other neurotransmitter gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - Amanda L. C. Chen
- Department of Engineering Management Advanced Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Thomas J. H. Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan;
| | - Joel Lubar
- Emeritus, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, 719 Andy Holt Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Nancy White
- Unique Mindcare, Inc., 1900 Saint James Place, Houston, TX 77056, USA;
| | - Judith Lubar
- Department of Neurofeedback, Southeastern Biofeedback and Neurobehavioral Clinic, 101 Westwood Road, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Neuroscience & Population Genetics, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Israel;
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - John Schoolfield
- Department of Academic Informatics Services, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Bernard W. Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - David E. Comings
- Department of Genomic Research, Carlsbad Science Foundation, Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Mallory M. Kerner
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Knopf
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Psiquiatria, Av. Cordoba SN, Madrid 28041, Spain;
| | - John J. Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Siobhan A. Morse
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Frank Fornari
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - John Femino
- Meadows Edge Recovery Center, 580 10 Rod Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - John A. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
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Blum K, Chen TJH, Bailey J, Bowirrat A, Femino J, Chen ALC, Simpatico T, Morse S, Giordano J, Damle U, Kerner M, Braverman ER, Fornari F, Downs BW, Rector C, Barh D, Oscar-Berman M. Can the chronic administration of the combination of buprenorphine and naloxone block dopaminergic activity causing anti-reward and relapse potential? Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:250-68. [PMID: 21948099 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Opiate addiction is associated with many adverse health and social harms, fatal overdose, infectious disease transmission, elevated health care costs, public disorder, and crime. Although community-based addiction treatment programs continue to reduce the harms of opiate addiction with narcotic substitution therapy such as methadone maintenance, there remains a need to find a substance that not only blocks opiate-type receptors (mu, delta, etc.) but also provides agonistic activity; hence, the impetus arose for the development of a combination of narcotic antagonism and mu receptor agonist therapy. After three decades of extensive research, the federal Drug Abuse Treatment Act 2000 (DATA) opened a window of opportunity for patients with addiction disorders by providing increased access to options for treatment. DATA allows physicians who complete a brief specialty-training course to become certified to prescribe buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone (Subutex, Suboxone) for treatment of patients with opioid dependence. Clinical studies indicate that buprenorphine maintenance is as effective as methadone maintenance in retaining patients in substance abuse treatment and in reducing illicit opioid use. With that stated, we must consider the long-term benefits or potential toxicity attributed to Subutex or Suboxone. We describe a mechanism whereby chronic blockade of opiate receptors, in spite of only partial opiate agonist action, may ultimately block dopaminergic activity causing anti-reward and relapse potential. While the direct comparison is not as yet available, toxicity to buprenorphine can be found in the scientific literature. In considering our cautionary note in this commentary, we are cognizant that, to date, this is what we have available, and until such a time when the real magic bullet is discovered, we will have to endure. However, more than anything else this commentary should at least encourage the development of thoughtful new strategies to target the specific brain regions responsible for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Chen D, Liu F, Shang Q, Song X, Miao X, Wang Z. Association between polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 and opioid dependence: evidence from the current studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:661-70. [PMID: 21714067 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have assessed the association between genetic polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 genes and opioid dependence risk, while the results were inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis, including 6,846 opioid dependence cases and 4,187 controls from 22 individual studies, to evaluate the roles of four variants (DRD2 -141ins/delC, rs1799732; DRD2 311 Ser > Cys, rs1801028; DRD2-related TaqI A, rs1800497 and DRD4 exon III VNTR) in opioid dependence for the first time. We found that the -141delC polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of opioid dependence (homozygote comparison: odds ratios [OR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-4.22; dominant comparison: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.09-1.48). Similarly, the TaqI A1 polymorphism was also significantly increased opioid dependence risk (homozygote comparison: OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.25-3.42; dominant comparison: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.67). Moreover, long allele (≥5-repeat) and 7-repeat allele of DRD4 exon III VNTR were found to be associated with significantly increased opioid dependence risk (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.24-1.80 and OR, 1.57; 95%, 1.18-2.09, respectively). However, no association was detected between the DRD2 311 Ser > Cys polymorphism and opioid dependence. In conclusion, our results suggested that DRD2 -141ins/delC, DRD2-related TaqI A and DRD4 exon III VNTR polymorphisms might play important roles in the development of opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Nikolov MA, Beltcheva O, Galabova A, Ljubenova A, Jankova E, Gergov G, Russev AA, Lynskey MT, Nelson EC, Nesheva E, Krasteva D, Lazarov P, Mitev VI, Kremensky IM, Kaneva RP, Todorov AA. No evidence of association between 118A>G OPRM1 polymorphism and heroin dependence in a large Bulgarian case-control sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 117:62-5. [PMID: 21277709 PMCID: PMC3128690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor is the primary site of action of most opioids. The 118A>G (rs1799971) polymorphism in exon 1 of the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) leads to an Asn40Asp amino acid change that affects a putative N-glycosylation site. It has been widely investigated for association with alcohol and drug dependence and pain sensitivity, with mixed results. The aim of the current study was to examine whether this polymorphism was associated with heroin dependence in a large Bulgarian cohort of 1842 active users and 1451 population controls. SNP genotyping was done using Real-Time PCR TaqMan technology. Association analyses were conducted, separately for Roma and non-Roma participants. Our results suggest that there is no direct effect of 118A>G genotype on the risk for heroin dependence among active heroin users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momchil A. Nikolov
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry – St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Olga Beltcheva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Elena Jankova
- Initiative for Health Foundation, Sofia 1680, Bulgaria
| | - Galin Gergov
- Bulgarian Addictions Institute, Sofia 1619, Bulgaria
| | | | - Michael T. Lynskey
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry – St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Elliot C. Nelson
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry – St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vanio I. Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Ivo M. Kremensky
- National Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Majchin dom”, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Radka P. Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Alexandre A. Todorov
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry – St. Louis MO 63110, USA
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van Loo KMJ, Martens GJM. Genetic and environmental factors in complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:429-44. [PMID: 19412416 PMCID: PMC2647153 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783591717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, (manic) depressive illness and addiction, are thought to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Association studies on candidate genes and genome-wide linkage analyses have identified many susceptibility chromosomal regions and genes, but considerable efforts to replicate association have been surprisingly often disappointing. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the genetic contribution to complex neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing on the findings from association and linkage studies. Furthermore, the contribution of the interaction of the genetic with environmental and epigenetic factors to the aetiology of complex neurodevelopmental disorders as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M J van Loo
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Neuroscience, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1665-86. [PMID: 21527290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine hypotheses of several psychiatric disorders are based upon the clinical benefits of drugs affecting dopamine transporter or receptors, and have prompted intensive candidate gene research within the dopaminergic system during the last two decades. The aim of this review is to survey the most important findings concerning dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance abuse. Also, genetic findings of related phenotypes, such as inattention, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, and novelty seeking personality trait are presented, because recent studies have applied quantitative trait measures using questionnaires, symptom scales, or other objective endophenotypes. Unfortunately, genetic variants with minor effects are problematic to detect in these complex inheritance disorders, often leading to contradictory results. The most consistent association findings relate to ADHD and the dopamine transporter and the dopamine D4 receptor genes. Meta-analyses also support the association between substance abuse and the D2 receptor gene. The dopamine catabolizing enzyme genes, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes, have been linked to aggressive behaviors.
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TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 influence different pathways leading to smoking behavior from adolescence to mid-adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:650-60. [PMID: 21168125 PMCID: PMC3058144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-clusters influence smoking behavior. Our aim was to test developmental changes in their effects as well as the interplays between them and with nongenetic factors. METHODS Participants included 4762 subjects from a general population-based, prospective Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966). Smoking behavior was collected at age 14 and 31 years. Information on maternal smoking, socioeconomic status, and novelty seeking were also collected. Structural equation modeling was used to construct an integrative etiologic model including genetic and nongenetic factors. RESULTS Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in both gene-clusters were significantly associated with smoking. The most significant were in CHRNA3 (rs1051730, p = 1.1 × 10(-5)) and in TTC12 (rs10502172, p = 9.1 × 10(-6)). CHRNA3-rs1051730[A] was more common among heavy/regular smokers than nonsmokers with similar effect-sizes at age 14 years (odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.27 [1.06-1.52]) and 31 years (1.28 [1.13-1.44]). TTC12-rs10502172[G] was more common among smokers than nonsmokers with stronger association at 14 years (1.33 [1.11-1.60]) than 31 years (1.14 [1.02-1.28]). In adolescence, carriers of three-four risk alleles at either CHRNA3-rs1051730 or TTC12-rs10502172 had almost threefold odds of smoking regularly than subjects with no risk alleles. TTC12-rs10502172 effect on smoking in adulthood was mediated by its effect on smoking in adolescence and via novelty seeking. Effect of CHRNA3-rs1051730 on smoking in adulthood was direct. CONCLUSIONS TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2s seemed to influence smoking behavior mainly in adolescence, and its effect is partially mediated by personality characteristics promoting drug-seeking behavior. In contrast, CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 is involved in the transition toward heavy smoking in mid-adulthood and in smoking persistence. Factors related to familial and social disadvantages were strong independent predictors of smoking.
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Neuro-chemical activation of brain reward meso-limbic circuitry is associated with relapse prevention and drug hunger: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:576-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen TJ, Blum K, Chen AL, Bowirrat A, Downs WB, Madigan MA, Waite RL, Bailey JA, Kerner M, Yeldandi S, Majmundar N, Giordano J, Morse S, Miller D, Fornari F, Braverman ER. Neurogenetics and Clinical Evidence for the Putative Activation of the Brain Reward Circuitry by a Neuroadaptagen: Proposing an Addiction Candidate Gene Panel Map. J Psychoactive Drugs 2011; 43:108-27. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2011.587393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Association of IL-1B genetic polymorphisms with an increased risk of opioid and alcohol dependence. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 19:869-76. [PMID: 19801958 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328331e68f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between genetic variability of IL-1B, which encodes for the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and the risk of developing opioid dependence. To confirm a previous study, we also examined the association between the IL-1B genetic polymorphism and alcohol dependence. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 60 opioid-dependent, 99 alcohol-dependent patients and 60 healthy nondependent controls. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to determine the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -511, -31 and 3954 of IL-1B. RESULTS IL-1B -511C and -31T alleles were more frequent in both the opioid-dependent and alcohol-dependent patients compared with the control group: odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) P values corrected for false discovery rate=1.91 (1.14-3.20), P=0.043 and 1.89 (1.19-2.99), P=0.014, respectively, for IL-1B -511C>T; and OR=1.74 (1.02-2.97), P=0.066 and 1.80 (1.13-2.88), P=0.017, respectively, for IL-1B -31T>C. In contrast, no association was observed between opioid dependence and the IL-1B 3954C>T single nucleotide polymorphism [OR=1.60 (0.84-3.02), P=0.15]. CONCLUSION This study confirms the previous finding that IL-1B polymorphism is associated with altered risk of alcohol dependence. IL-1B single nucleotide polymorphisms at position -511 and -31, which increase IL-1beta production, occur at a higher frequency in opioid-dependent populations and may be associated, albeit weakly, with an increased risk of opioid dependence.
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