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Haque ST, Saha SK, Haque ME, Biswas N. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic applications: in vitro and in vivo clinical studies for diabetic wound healing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7705-7747. [PMID: 34709244 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds often indicate chronic complications that are difficult to treat. Unfortunately, existing conventional treatment modalities often cause unpremeditated side effects, given the need to develop alternative therapeutic phenotypes that are safe or have minimal side effects and risks. Nanotechnology-based platforms, including nanotherapeutics, nanoparticles (NPs), nanofibers, nanohydrogels, and nanoscaffolds, have garnered attention for their groundbreaking potential to decipher the biological environment and offer personalized treatment methods for wound healing. These nanotechnology-based platforms can successfully overcome the impediments posed by drug toxicity, existing treatment modalities, and the physiology and complexity of the wound sites. Furthermore, studies have shown that they play an essential role in influencing angiogenesis, collagen production, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, which are integral in skin repair mechanisms. In this review, we emphasized the importance of various nanotechnology-based platforms for healing diabetic wounds and report on the innovative preclinical and clinical outcomes of different nanotechnology-based platforms. This review also outlined the limitations of existing conventional treatment modalities and summarized the physiology of acute and chronic diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Tanzina Haque
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neugdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Md Enamul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Nirupam Biswas
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY-12208, USA.
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2
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Lu C, Kolbenschlag J, Nüssler AK, Ehnert S, McCaig CD, Čebron U, Daigeler A, Prahm C. Direct Current Electrical Fields Improve Experimental Wound Healing by Activation of Cytokine Secretion and Erk1/2 Pathway Stimulation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111195. [PMID: 34833071 PMCID: PMC8625131 DOI: 10.3390/life11111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that cell behaviors can be influenced by the direct current electric fields (EFs). Some behaviors may influence wound healing directly. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EF (200 mV/mm) on immortalized nontumorigenic human epidermal (HaCaT) cells. We established a setup that can transmit an EF and maintain a stable cell culture environment. An EF was applied to HaCaT cells, and scratch-assays were performed as a model of wound healing to observe cell migration. Proliferation was evaluated by mitochondrial activity, total protein, and DNA content. Secretion of healing-associated cytokines was evaluated via cytokine arrays, and Western blot was applied to investigate signaling pathway alterations. Compared with the control group, the migration of cells exposed to EFs significantly increased (p < 0.01). After 7 days, the changes in proliferation also increased significantly (p < 0.05). The cytokine arrays revealed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was the most abundant factor secreted by HaCaT following EF exposure. The signals for phospho-Erk1/2 showed a significant (p < 0.0001) increase following EF exposure. The results demonstrate that exposure of HaCaT cells to EFs has positive effects on migration, proliferation, and cytokine secretion—three important steps in wound healing—and these effects may be partially mediated by activation of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (J.K.); (U.Č.); (A.D.)
| | - Jonas Kolbenschlag
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (J.K.); (U.Č.); (A.D.)
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.N.); (S.E.)
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.K.N.); (S.E.)
| | - Colin D. McCaig
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Urška Čebron
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (J.K.); (U.Č.); (A.D.)
| | - Adrien Daigeler
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (J.K.); (U.Č.); (A.D.)
| | - Cosima Prahm
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (J.K.); (U.Č.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Jin L, Yoon SJ, Lee DH, Pyun YC, Kim WY, Lee JH, Khang G, Chun HJ, Yang DH. Preparation of Foam Dressings Based on Gelatin, Hyaluronic Acid, and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Containing Fibroblast Growth Factor-7 for Dermal Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193279. [PMID: 34641097 PMCID: PMC8513034 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound recovery close to the function of the native skin is the goal of wound healing. In this study, we prepared foam dressings (FDs; 2-GHC-FD-1–9, 5-GHC-FD-1–9, and 10-GHC-FD-1–9) composed of various concentrations of gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and carboxymethyl chitosan, which are chemically interconnected through amide bond formation, for evaluating wound healing. Tensile and cell proliferation tests showed that 2-GHC-FD-1–9 are suitable for wound dressing. For further evaluation, three types of FDs, 2-GHC-FD-1, 2-GHC-FD-4, and 2-GHC-FD-8 were chosen. The results of animal intradermal reactivity, water vapor transmission rate, and absorption rate of the three FDs indicated that 2-GHC-FD-8 is the most appropriate scaffold for wound healing. For wound healing acceleration, various concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) was soaked in 2-GHC-FD-8 (2-GHC-FD-8/F1-6) and evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy, cell proliferation, release behavior, and in vivo animal tests. The FDs showed interconnected porous structures, increased cell proliferation until 8.0 × 10−11 M, controlled release with initial burst within 1 h, and sustained release for 48 h. The results of the animal test showed an appropriate concentration of FGF-7 for wound healing. In addition, 2-GHC-FD-8 is a suitable scaffold for wound healing. Therefore, we suggest that 2-GHC-FD-8/F3 is a useful wound dressing for accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133000, China;
| | - Sun-Jung Yoon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Dae Hoon Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.P.); (W.Y.K.); (J.H.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Yun Chang Pyun
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.P.); (W.Y.K.); (J.H.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Woo Youp Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.P.); (W.Y.K.); (J.H.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Ju Hwa Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.P.); (W.Y.K.); (J.H.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.P.); (W.Y.K.); (J.H.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Heung Jae Chun
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Dae Hyeok Yang
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-7497
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4
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KGF Phage Model Peptide Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing in a Diabetic Rat Model. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Injury typically results in the development of neuropathic pain, but the pain normally decreases and disappears in paralleled with wound healing. The pain results from cells resident at, and recruited to, the injury site releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators leading to the development of pro-inflammatory environment and causing nociceptive neurons to develop chronic ectopic electrical activity, which underlies neuropathic pain. The pain decreases as some of the cells that induce pro-inflammation, changing their phenotype leading to the blocking the release of pro-inflammatory mediators while releasing anti-inflammatory mediators, and blocking nociceptive neuron chronic spontaneous electrical activity. Often, despite apparent wound healing, the neuropathic pain becomes chronic. This raises the question of how chronic pain can be eliminated. While many of the cells and mediators contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain are known, a better understanding is required of how the injury site environment can be controlled to permanently eliminate the pro-inflammatory environment and silence the chronically electrically active nociceptive neurons. This paper examines how methods that can promote the transition of the pro-inflammatory injury site to an anti-inflammatory state, by changing the composition of local cell types, modifying the activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory receptors, inducing the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, and silencing the chronically electrically active nociceptive neurons. It also examines the hypothesis that factors released from platelet-rich plasma applied to chronic pain sites can permanently eliminate chronic inflammation and its associated chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, 201 Blvd. del Valle, San Juan, PR, 00901, USA.
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6
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Li S, Tang Q, Xu H, Huang Q, Wen Z, Liu Y, Peng C. Improved stability of KGF by conjugation with gold nanoparticles for diabetic wound therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2909-2923. [PMID: 31791171 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Diabetic wound healing is seriously interrupted, and administration of KGF for wound treatment is restricted by its inherent instability. We aim to develop an ideal way toward KGF stabilization, thus improving diabetic wound healing. Materials & methods: We conjugated KGF with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and determined the stability and binding affinity. Biological effects of conjugates (KGF-GNPs) were evaluated in vitro and in an animal model. Results: KGF-GNPs revealed high stability under hostile circumstances because of the preserved secondary structure and possessed elevated binding affinity to KGF receptor. Moreover, application of KGF-GNPs contributed to accelerated wound recovery in diabetic rats, including re-epithelialization and contraction. Conclusion: KGF-GNPs were promising for future clinical application for diabetic wound therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaihua Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China.,Department of Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiyu Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China.,Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiangru Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zi Wen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
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7
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Uluer ET, Vatansever HS, Aydede H, Ozbilgin MK. Keratinocytes derived from embryonic stem cells induce wound healing in mice. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:189-198. [PMID: 30460873 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1541479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin plays an important role in defending the body against the environment. Treatments for burns and skin injuries that use autologous or allogenic skin grafts derived from adult or embryonic stem cells are promising. Embryonic stem cells are candidates for regenerative and reparative medicine. We investigated the utility of keratinocyte-like cells, which are differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells, for wound healing using a mouse surgical wound model. Mice were allocated to the following groups: experimental, in which dressing and differentiated cells were applied after the surgical wound was created; control, in which only the surgical wound was created; sham, in which only the dressing was applied after the surgical wound was created; and untreated animal controls with healthy skin. Biopsies were taken from each group on days 3, 5 and 7 after cell transfer. Samples were fixed in formalin, then stained with Masson's trichrome and primary antibodies to interleukin-8 (IL-8), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), collagen-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique for light microscopy. Wound healing was faster in the experimental group compared to the sham and control groups. The experimental group exhibited increased expression of IL-8, FGF-2 and MCP-1 during early stages of wound healing (inflammation) and collagen-1 and EGF expression during late stages of wound healing (proliferation and remodeling). Keratinocytes derived from embryonic stem cells improved wound healing and influenced the wound healing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Uluer
- a Departments of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - H S Vatansever
- a Departments of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - H Aydede
- b Departments of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - M K Ozbilgin
- a Departments of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Manisa Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
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8
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Denzinger M, Link A, Kurz J, Krauss S, Thoma R, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Krajewski S. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Modified Messenger RNA Accelerating Cell Proliferation and Migration of Keratinocytes. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:335-347. [PMID: 30376406 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) plays a central role in wound healing as it induces cell proliferation and motility. The use of growth factors such as KGF is therefore viewed as a promising approach in wound therapy, although effective application remains a major problem because of inactivation and the resulting short half-life of applied growth factors in wound beds. Therefore, the rational of this study was to develop and investigate an innovative strategy to improve wound healing using an in vitro-transcribed modified KGF messenger RNA (mRNA). After transfection of cells, we evaluated the effects of the produced KGF protein on cell migration and reepithelialization of keratinocytes using a scratch assay. The results demonstrate that KGF-mRNA-transfected cells exhibited a high KGF protein release that is sufficient to significantly improve reepithelialization in the performed scratch assays. Transfection with growth factor mRNA therefore seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy, especially for difficult wounds, as it leads to a temporary increase of growth factor expression in the treated wound area without interfering with the DNA of the nucleus, as seen in gene therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Denzinger
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany.,2 Department of Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Link
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kurz
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krauss
- 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert Thoma
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
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9
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Barrientos S, Brem H, Stojadinovic O, Tomic-Canic M. Clinical application of growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:569-78. [PMID: 24942811 PMCID: PMC4812574 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic biological process that involves the coordinated efforts of multiple cell types and is executed and regulated by numerous growth factors and cytokines. There has been a drive in the past two decades to study the therapeutic effects of various growth factors in the clinical management of nonhealing wounds (e.g., pressure ulcers, chronic venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers). For this review, we conducted an online search of Medline/PubMed and critically analyzed the literature regarding the role of growth factors and cytokines in the management of these wounds. We focused on currently approved therapies, emerging therapies, and future research possibilities. In this review, we discuss four growth factors and cytokines currently being used on and off label for the healing of wounds. These include granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. While the clinical results of using growth factors and cytokines are encouraging, many studies involved a small sample size and are disparate in measured endpoints. Therefore, further research is required to provide definitive evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Barrientos
- Division of Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital/Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Harold Brem
- Division of Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital/Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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10
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Peng C, He Q, Luo C. Lack of Keratinocyte Growth Factor Retards Angiogenesis in Cutaneous Wounds. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:416-23. [PMID: 21672345 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on wound healing. Full-thickness excisional dorsal wounds were created on KGF knockout mice (KGF KO, n = 12) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT, n = 12), and wound closure rates were measured. Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate cell proliferation and blood vessel density by assessing Ki67 and CD31 protein levels, respectively, and real-time reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction was used to measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels. No differences in the rate of wound closure were found between KGF KO and WT mice, however the KGF KO mice showed decreased proliferation of keratinocytes, angiogenesis and VEGF mRNA levels in vivo. These results suggest that KGF may play an important role in the regulation of VEGF gene expression and angiogenesis during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Q He
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - C Luo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE: Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:585-601. [PMID: 19128254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2336] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Barrientos
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Ono I, Akasaka Y, Kikuchi R, Sakemoto A, Kamiya T, Yamashita T, Jimbow K. Basic fibroblast growth factor reduces scar formation in acute incisional wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:617-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Tandara AA, Kloeters O, Mogford JE, Mustoe TA. Hydrated keratinocytes reduce collagen synthesis by fibroblasts via paracrine mechanisms. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:497-504. [PMID: 17650093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulating collagen metabolism can control hypertrophic scars in cutaneous wounds. Hypertrophic scars can be reduced by occlusive dressings such as silicone sheeting; however, their mechanism is still unknown. We hypothesized that hydration of keratinocytes reduces the collagen secretion of fibroblasts by modifying the cytokine levels. Stratified human epidermal keratinocytes and confluent human dermal fibroblasts were co-cultured serum free for 72 hours. Keratinocytes were either kept at the air interface or hydrated. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1)alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), and procollagen-1 were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Secretion of cytokines into conditioned media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and collagen content by Western blot. The content of collagen-I decreased by 44% in the presence of hydrated keratinocytes. Co-culture with air-treated keratinocytes decreased collagen-I only by 23%. Co-cultured hydrated keratinocytes had significantly higher TNF-alpha mRNA (172%) than hydrated keratinocytes. At the protein level, there was an overall trend toward increased TNF-alpha levels in hydrated cultures. IL-1beta secretion decreased significantly under hydration (42% monoculture, 58% co-culture). Co-culture stimulated a 240% increase of KGF mRNA in fibroblasts compared with monocultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts secreted 4.5-fold more KGF in hydrated co-cultures and sixfold more KGF in air-treated co-cultures. Hydration of keratinocytes modifies important paracrine interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts and reduces collagen-1, which supports the hypothesis that hydration of the epidermis and restoration of water barrier function play an important role in scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Tandara
- Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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14
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Riedel K, Riedel F, Goessler UR, Germann G, Sauerbier M. Tgf-beta antisense therapy increases angiogenic potential in human keratinocytes in vitro. Arch Med Res 2007; 38:45-51. [PMID: 17174722 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been identified as an important component of wound healing. Recent developments in molecular therapy offer exciting prospects for the modulation of wound healing, specifically those targeting TGF-beta. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of TGF-beta targeting on the expression of angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis, and in vitro angiogenic activity. METHODS Expression of angiogenic VEGF in tissue samples from chronic dermal wounds was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of TGF-beta targeting using antisense oligonucleotides on the expression of VEGF was analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR in cultured human keratinocytes. Human endothelial cells (EC) were grown in conditioned medium produced from the treated keratinocytes. EC migration was measured using a modified Boyden chamber, EC tube formation was analyzed under the light microscope. RESULTS Immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated a decreased expression of VEGF protein in tissue samples from chronic dermal wounds compared to normal human skin. Antisense TGF-beta oligonucleotide treatment upregulated VEGF secretion in vitro. Addition of conditioned medium from TGF-beta antisense-treated keratinocytes resulted in an increase of endothelial cell migration and tube formation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that TGF-beta antisense oligonucleotide technology may be a potential therapeutic option for stimulation of angiogenesis in chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Riedel
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Geer DJ, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. Biomimetic delivery of keratinocyte growth factor upon cellular demand for accelerated wound healing in vitro and in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 167:1575-86. [PMID: 16314471 PMCID: PMC1613189 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) significantly enhances wound healing, but its use is hampered by a short biological half-life and lack of tissue selectivity. We used a biomimetic approach to achieve cell-controlled delivery of KGF by covalently attaching a fluorescent matrix-binding peptide that contained two domains: one recognized by factor XIII and the other by plasmin. Modified KGF was incorporated into the fibrin matrix at high concentration in a factor XIII-dependent manner. Cell-mediated activation of plasminogen to plasmin degraded the fibrin matrix and cleaved the peptides, releasing active KGF to the local microenvironment and enhancing epithelial cell proliferation and migration. To demonstrate in vivo effectiveness, we used a hybrid model of wound healing that involved transplanting human bioengineered skin onto athymic mice. At 6 weeks after grafting, the transplanted tissues underwent full thickness wounding and treatment with fibrin gels containing bound KGF. In contrast to topical KGF, fibrin-bound KGF persisted in the wounds for several days and was released gradually, resulting in significantly enhanced wound closure. A fibrinolytic inhibitor prevented this healing, indicating the requirement for cell-mediated fibrin degradation to release KGF. In conclusion, this biomimetic approach of localized, cell-controlled delivery of growth factors may accelerate healing of large full-thickness wounds and chronic wounds that are notoriously difficult to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Geer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, 14260, USA
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16
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Abstract
Every year, millions of people experience burns, suffer from nonhealing wounds, or have acute wounds that become complicated by infection, dehiscence or problematic scarring. Effective wound treatment requires carefully considered interventions often requiring multiple clinic or hospital visits. The resulting costs of wound care are staggering, and more efficacious and cost-effective therapies are needed to decrease this burden. Unfortunately, the expenses and difficulties encountered in performing clinical trials have led to a relatively slow growth of new treatment options for the wound management. Research efforts attempting to examine wound pathophysiology have been hampered by the lack of an adequate chronic wound healing model, and the complexity of the wound healing cascade has limited attempts at pharmacological modification. As such, currently available wound healing therapies are only partially effective. Therefore, many new therapies are emerging that target various aspects of wound repair and the promise of new therapeutic interventions is on the immediate horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Meier
- S-2221 MCN Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Swamy SMK, Tan P, Zhu YZ, Lu J, Achuth HN, Moochhala S. Role of phenytoin in wound healing: microarray analysis of early transcriptional responses in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:661-6. [PMID: 14741686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process involving a number of related genes and receptors. Using cDNA microarrays, we explored the global gene expression profile of phenytoin (20microg/ml) induced changes to human dermal fibroblasts. Microarray data analysis revealed approximately 1500 genes were differentially expressed by 2.5-fold. At 3, 6, 12, and 24h, the transcripts of the major growth factors involved in wound healing and their receptors were increased. This was further confirmed by RT-PCR. Genes encoding other proteins with roles in signal transduction (NFkappaB), extracellular matrix (MMP1) including type I collagen, fibronectin, and laminin were strongly induced at 6h and onwards. Genes involved in cell cycle regulation (CCND1 and CDKN1A) were down-regulated consistent with our finding that phenytoin per se did not have cell proliferation activity. Notably, phenytoin accelerates the autocrine and paracrine activity of growth factors by up-regulating the related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M K Swamy
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories (Kent Ridge), Singapore
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18
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Fujisawa K, Miyamoto Y, Nagayama M. Basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor reverse impaired ulcer healing of the rabbit oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:358-66. [PMID: 12787043 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.t01-1-00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapies for refractory ulcers on the oral mucosa are symptomatic and very unsatisfactory. We hypothesized that application of growth factors might be able to achieve successful remission of the lesion. We evaluated the effects of systemic administration and topical application of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on impaired wound healing of ulcers in the rabbit gingiva. METHODS Almost uniform round ulcers could be created on the gingiva of the rabbits by chemical injury with acetic acid. When the submandibular glands were removed or i.v. injection of cisplatin (CDDP) and peplomycin sulfate was performed before ulcer formation, healing of the ulcers took longer than in untreated rabbits. To ascertain whether or not human EGF and bFGF affect rabbit cells, we first examined the effects of EGF and bFGF on the proliferation of the cells derived from rabbit gingiva. We then applied EGF or bFGF in these impaired healing models. RESULTS EGF and bFGF promoted proliferation of the fibroblasts, and EGF also promoted proliferation of the keratinocytes isolated from gingival tissue of rabbits in vitro. Systemic injections of EGF and bFGF in rabbits, which had their submandibular glands removed, and topical application of bFGF accelerated healing of ulcers created in rabbits injected with CDDP and peplomycin sulfate. The ability of bFGF to promote the healing of ulcers was much greater than that of EGF. CONCLUSION Basic FGF may be effective for refractory oral mucosal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujisawa
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Tokushima, 18-15, 3 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Enhancement of wound healing was limited to good surgical technique, maintenance of a clean wound with appropriate dressings, and debridement. The ability to heal wounds has been advanced through the recognition that healing in a moist environment is improved over that of a desiccated wound. Pharmacologic approaches to wound healing did not exist until the last few decades, when it was recognized that growth factors are normally present in the wound environment and that in animal models and a few clinical studies, the addition of growth factors could enhance healing. In 1998, platelet-derived growth factor was approved for clinical use. This approach is still the subject of intense investigation and clinical trials. This article analyzes current knowledge on growth factors as therapeutic agents and speculates on their future potential, with an analysis of successes and failures to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cross
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine, 675 North St. Claire St., Chicago, IL 60611-2923, USA
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20
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Zhang F, Lei MP, Oswald TM, Pang Y, Blain B, Cai ZW, Lineaweaver WC. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on the healing of ischaemic skin wounds. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2003; 56:334-41. [PMID: 12873460 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1226(03)00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) on wound healing in an ischaemic skin flap model was evaluated in this study. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Normal incisional wound and H-shaped double flaps were used as the wound models. The study was divided into two parts. In Part I, VEGF protein levels were determined from the incisional and H-shaped ischaemic wounds at 12 and 24 h, postoperatively. In Part II, tensile strength and immunohistochemical stains were examined to determine the level of microvessel density (MVD) at 1 and 2 weeks, postoperatively in simple incisional wounds, ischaemic wounds, and ischaemic wounds following 1 ml (1 microg/ml) exogenous VEGF injections into the subcutaneous tissue. The results showed a significantly higher level of VEGF protein in the ischaemic wounds than the incisional wounds. Tensile strength was statistically higher in the incisional wound group and in the ischaemic flap wounds with VEGF treatment compared to the ischaemic flaps with no treatment at 1 week, postoperatively (p>0.05). MVD data indicated that ischaemic wound repair with VEGF treatment had significantly higher MVD than the normal incisional wounds and ischaemic wounds without treatment. We conclude that exogenous application of VEGF can increase early angiogenesis and tensile strength in the ischaemic wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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21
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Das SJ, Olsen I. Up-regulation of keratinocyte growth factor and receptor: a possible mechanism of action of phenytoin in wound healing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:875-81. [PMID: 11352631 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) plays a major part in reepithelialisation after injury, via binding to the specific KGF receptor (KGFR). Several pharmacological agents, including the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin (PHT), have been widely used clinically to promote wound healing. Although the mechanism of action of PHT in this process is still not well understood, it is possible that the activity of PHT in wound healing is mediated via KGF and the KGFR. In the present study, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and flow cytometry we have shown that PHT increases KGF secretion and KGFR expression by more than 150% in gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells, respectively. Moreover, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that PHT also markedly increased both KGF and KGFR gene transcription by these cells. Our findings thus suggest that the wound healing activity of PHT in vivo may be mediated, at least partly, via KGF and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Das
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, University of London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Human neonatal fibroblasts were cultured on a lactate-glycollate copolymer scaffold for 12-16 days to form a three-dimensional dermal equivalent tissue. The cellular content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in these three-dimensional cultures was 22-fold greater than that observed in the same fibroblasts grown as monolayers. No induction was shown by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or angiopoietin 1 indicating that the effect was specific to VEGF. The predominant VEGF splice variant, detected by RT-PCR corresponded to the 121 amino acid form, with less of the 165 amino acid form. The cell-associated forms (189 and 206 amino acids) comprised less than 1% of the total VEGF mRNA. VEGF and HGF proteins, determined by ELISA, were secreted in physiologically significant amounts, 0.5-4 ng per 24 h/10(6) cells. Conditioned medium from the three-dimensional cultures stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced cellular expression of integrin alpha(v)beta(3). Conditioned medium from the same dermal fibroblasts cultured in monolayer showed little angiogenic activity in any of these assays. Using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis assay, the cultures stimulated blood vessel production 2.8-fold over scaffold alone. VEGF-neutralizing antibody reduced the vessel development in the CAM to the level in the scaffold control. Anti-HGF antibody had no significant effect. In conclusion, three-dimensional cultures of dermal equivalent tissue express angiogenic activity to a greater extent than monolayer cultures, some of which can be assigned to VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pinney
- Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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23
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Witherden DA, Rieder SE, Boismenu R, Havran WL. A role for epithelial gamma delta T cells in tissue repair. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2000; 22:265-81. [PMID: 11116957 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Witherden
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Braddock M, Campbell CJ, Zuder D. Current therapies for wound healing: electrical stimulation, biological therapeutics, and the potential for gene therapy. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38:808-17. [PMID: 10583612 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Braddock
- Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration Programme, Endothelial Gene Expression Group. Vascular Diseases Unit, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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25
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Xia YP, Zhao Y, Marcus J, Jimenez PA, Ruben SM, Moore PA, Khan F, Mustoe TA. Effects of keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) on wound healing in an ischaemia-impaired rabbit ear model and on scar formation. J Pathol 1999; 188:431-8. [PMID: 10440755 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199908)188:4<431::aid-path362>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2), also described as fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. KGF-2 shares 57 per cent sequence homology to previously reported KGF-1 (FGF-7). In skin, both growth factors are expressed in the dermal compartment. KGF-1 and KGF-2 bind to the same receptor with high affinity, the KGFR isoform of FGFR2, which is exclusively expressed by epithelial cells. This study examines the in vivo function of topically applied KGF-2 on wound healing using an ischaemia-impaired rabbit dermal ulcer model, in young and aged animals. Histological analysis of the wounds showed that KGF-2 significantly promoted re-epithelialization in both young and old animals. Similar results have been observed with KGF-1 in this model. In addition, KGF-2 enhanced granulation tissue formation in both young and old rabbits, a biological effect not found with KGF-1, suggesting a possible indirect mechanism which enhances neo-granulation tissue formation. Immunohistological staining of day 7 wounds with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody demonstrated a significant increase of dermal cell proliferation in KGF-2-treated wounds compared with placebo wounds. These results suggest a mesenchymal-epithelial interaction that is mediated by a paracrine feedback loop of KGF-2. Because of the wound healing impairment observed with ageing, the wound healing response to KGF-2 was also studied in ischaemic wounds of aged animals. Administration of KGF-2 led to significant stimulation of epithelial growth and granulation tissue formation. The effects seen in the old animals were delayed compared with the young animals. Lastly, the effect of KGF-2 was examined in a rabbit model of scar formation. Quantification of scar elevation index showed no significant differences in scar formation when KGF-2 was compared with buffer placebo. Compared with other growth factors, including KGF-1 and TGF-beta which have previously been examined in these models, KGF-2 is the most effective and causes no obvious scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Xia
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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26
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Wu L, Xia YP, Roth SI, Gruskin E, Mustoe TA. Transforming growth factor-beta1 fails to stimulate wound healing and impairs its signal transduction in an aged ischemic ulcer model: importance of oxygen and age. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:301-9. [PMID: 9916944 PMCID: PMC1853440 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/1998] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials of exogenous growth factors in treating chronic wounds have been less successful than expected. One possible explanation is that most studies used animal models of acute wounds in young animals, whereas most chronic wounds occur in elderly patients with tissue ischemia. We described an animal model of age- and ischemia-impaired wound healing and analyzed the wound-healing response as well as the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 effect in this model. Rabbits of increasing ages were made ischemic in the ear where dermal ulcers were created. Histological analysis showed that epithelium ingrowth and granulation tissue deposition were significantly impaired with increased age under ischemia. TGF-beta1 stimulated wound repair under both ischemic and non-ischemic conditions in young animals, although it showed no statistical difference in aged animals. Procollagen mRNA expression decreased under ischemic conditions and with aging. Neither TGF-beta1 nor procollagen alpha1(I) mRNA expression increased in response to TGF-beta1 treatment under ischemia in aged animals. Therefore, the wound-healing process is impaired additively by aging and ischemia. The lack of a wound-healing response to TGF-beta1 in aged ischemic wounds may play a role in the chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the rapidly growing fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of mitogens. Whereas most FGFs influence proliferation and/or differentiation of various cell types, KGF seems to act specifically on epithelial cells. It has been demonstrated that KGF stimulates proliferation and migration of these cells, but it also affects differentiation processes. Finally, recent studies have demonstrated a protective function of this growth factor in vitro and in vivo. Due to these properties, KGF could play an important role in repair processes. Indeed a series of studies have provided insight into the expression and function of KGF in inflammation and repair of various tissues and organs, and a therapeutic potential of this growth factor has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Werner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
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28
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Villeneuve P, Hafner J, Prenosil JE, Elsner P, Burg G. A novel culturing and grafting system for the treatment of leg ulcers. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:849-51. [PMID: 9666833 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and test an efficient culturing and grafting system for the treatment of leg ulcers. The culturing system consisted of a Petriperm culture vessel (20 cm2) aseptically placed in a larger standard Petri dish (60 cm2). Skin cultures were established and cultivated in the Petriperm dish. The cells grew on the bottom of the Petriperm dish, which was made of a gas-permeable 25-micron thick transparent Teflon film. Grafts were produced simply by cutting the film from the bottom of the Petriperm dish with a scalpel. The system was used to produce subconfluent epidermal autografts which were used to heal a 32 cm2 chronic rheumatoid arthritis leg ulcer. The cultured autografts were transferred cell side down on to the cleaned wound bed without an enzymatic digestion. The grafts consisted of autologous keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Caution was taken not to disturb the wound bed for 7-9 days at which time the Teflon film was removed. The wound closed 2 weeks after the last grafting and has remained closed for more than a year post-treatment. The culturing and grafting system presented here will make it possible to develop cellular-based therapies that were previously not possible.
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29
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Wu L, Yu YL, Galiano RD, Roth SI, Mustoe TA. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor accelerates wound healing and upregulates TGF-beta1 mRNA levels through tissue macrophages. J Surg Res 1997; 72:162-9. [PMID: 9356238 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1997.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is produced by many cell types involved in wound repair, yet it acts specifically on monocytes and macrophages. The monocyte-derived cell is thought to be important in wound healing, but the importance of the role of tissue macrophages in wound healing has not been well defined. Dermal ulcers were created in normal and ischemic ears of young rabbits. Either rhM-CSF (17 microg/wound) or buffer was applied to each wound. Wounds were bisected and analyzed histologically at Days 7 and 10 postwounding. The amounts of epithelial growth and granulation tissue deposition were measured in all wounds. The level of increase of TGF-beta1 mRNA level in M-CSF-treated wounds was examined using competitive RT-PCR. M-CSF increased new granulation tissue formation by 37% (N = 21, P < 0.01) and 50% (P < 0.01) after single and multiple treatments, respectively, in nonischemic wounds. TGF-beta1 mRNA levels in rhM-CSF-treated wounds increased 5.01-fold (N = 8) over vehicle-treated wounds under nonischemic conditions. In contrast, no effect could be detected in ischemic wounds treated with rhM-CSF, and these wounds only showed a 1.66-fold increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA levels when compared to ischemic wounds treated with vehicle alone. GAPDH, a housekeeping gene, showed no change. As mesenchymal cells lack receptors for M-CSF, the improved healing of wounds treated with topical rhM-CSF must reflect a generalized enhancement of activation and function of tissue macrophages, as demonstrated by upregulation of TGF-beta. The lack of effect under ischemic conditions suggests that either macrophage activity and/or response to M-CSF is adversely affected under those conditions; this may suggest the pathogenesis of impaired wound healing at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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30
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Casey ML, MacDonald PC. Keratinocyte growth factor expression in the mesenchymal cells of human amnion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3319-23. [PMID: 9329361 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.10.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells were separated by differential protease treatment, and the separated cells were maintained in monolayer culture. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) messenger RNA (mRNA) was readily detected by Northern analysis of amnion mesenchymal cell total RNA (10 micrograms) but not in amnion epithelial cells. Treatment of the amnion mesenchymal cells in serum-free medium with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (1 nM) caused an increase in the level of KGF mRNA. Forskolin treatment also caused an increase in KGF mRNA but not to the levels attained with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate treatment. Dexamethasone (1 nM) treatment of these cells effected a reduction in the level of KGF mRNA. Prolonged maintenance of mesenchymal cells in serum-free medium also was associated with an increase in the level of KGF mRNA. Treatment with a variety of other agents, viz., interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 plus or minus IL-6 soluble receptor, IL-11, oncostatin M, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-beta and not modify the level of KGF mRNA. Treatment of amnion epithelial cells with KGF caused an increase in the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation, but the rate of cell replication induced by KGF was less than that induced by treatment with EGF. Transforming growth factor-beta treatment inhibited basal and EGF- and KGF-stimulated amnion epithelial cell replication. The findings of this study are indicative the KGF is expressed in human amnion mesenchymal cells, and that KGF may act on the epithelial cells of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Casey
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75335, USA.
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