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Belekhova MG, Kenigfest NB, Vasilyev DS, Chudinova TV. Distribution of Calcium-Binding Proteins and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in the Projective Zone (Wulst) of the Pigeon Thalamofugal Visual Pathway: A Discussion in the Light of Current Concepts on Homology between the Avian Wulst and the Mammalian Striate (Visual) Cortex. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093019040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kaas JH. Remembering Vivien Casagrande. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:503-504. [PMID: 30358894 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim GH, Kim HG, Jeon CJ. Immunocytochemical Localization of Choline Acetyltransferase in the Microbat Visual Cortex. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:153-165. [PMID: 30510329 PMCID: PMC6261840 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the organization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the visual cortex of the microbat, using standard immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. ChAT-IR fibers were distributed throughout all layers of the visual cortex, with the highest density in layer III and the lowest density in layer I. However, no ChAT-IR cells were found in the microbat visual cortex. ChAT-IR fibers were classified into two types: small and large varicose fibers. Previously identified sources of cholinergic fibers in the mammalian visual cortex, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the substantia innominata, and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, all contained strongly labeled ChAT-IR cells in the microbat. The average diameter of ChAT-IR cells in the nucleus of the diagonal band, the substantia innominata, and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis was 16.12 μm, 13.37 μm, and 13.90 μm, respectively. Our double-labeling study with ChAT and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and triple labeling with ChAT, GABA, and post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), suggest that some ChAT-IR fibers make contact with GABAergic cells in the microbat visual cortex. Our results should provide a better understanding of the nocturnal bat visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University
| | - Hang-Gu Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University
| | - Chang-Jin Jeon
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University
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Santana MAD, Medeiros HHA, Leite MD, Barros MAS, de Góis Morais PLA, Soares JG, Ladd FVL, Cavalcante JS, Cavalcante JC, Costa MSMO, Nascimento Jr. ES. Retinofugal Projections Into Visual Brain Structures in the Bat Artibeus planirostris: A CTb Study. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:66. [PMID: 30135648 PMCID: PMC6092499 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-developed visual system can provide significant sensory information to guide motor behavior, especially in fruit-eating bats, which usually use echolocation to navigate at high speed through cluttered environments during foraging. Relatively few studies have been performed to elucidate the organization of the visual system in bats. The present work provides an extensive morphological description of the retinal projections in the subcortical visual nuclei in the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (Artibeus planirostris) using anterograde transport of the eye-injected cholera toxin B subunit (CTb), followed by morphometrical and stereological analyses. Regarding the cytoarchitecture, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) was homogeneous, with no evident lamination. However, the retinal projection contained two layers that had significantly different marking intensities and a massive contralateral input. The superior colliculus (SC) was identified as a laminar structure composed of seven layers, and the retinal input was only observed on the contralateral side, targeting two most superficial layers. The medial pretectal nucleus (MPT), olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT), anterior pretectal nucleus (APT), posterior pretectal nucleus (PPT) and nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) were comprised the pretectal nuclear complex (PNT). Only the APT lacked a retinal input, which was predominantly contralateral in all other nuclei. Our results showed the morphometrical and stereological features of a bat species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melquisedec A. D. Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Helder H. A. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Mariana D. Leite
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joacil Germano Soares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fernando V. L. Ladd
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S. Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Judney C. Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Miriam S. M. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Kenigfest NB, Belekhova MG. Neurons of visual thalamic nuclei projecting to telencephalon express different types of calcium-binding proteins: A combined immunocytochemical and tracer study. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV, Rio JP, Tostivint H, Vesselkin NP, Kenigfest NB. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon visual thalamic centers and related pretectal and mesencephalic nuclei. Phylogenetic and functional determinants. Brain Res 2016; 1631:165-93. [PMID: 26638835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel processing of environmental information constitutes a fundamental basis of functioning of sensory systems in the vertebrate brain. Two distinct parallel visual systems - the tectofugal and thalamofugal exist in all amniotes. The vertebrate central nervous system contains high concentrations of intracellular calcium-binding proteins (CaBPrs) and each of them has a restricted expression pattern in different brain regions and specific neuronal subpopulations. This study aimed at describing the patterns of distribution of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) in the visual thalamic and mesencephalic centers of the pigeon (Columba livia). We used a combination of immunohistochemistry and double labeling immunofluorescent technique. Structures studied included the thalamic relay centers involved in the tectofugal (nucleus rotundus, Rot) and thalamofugal (nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis, GLd) visual pathways as well as pretectal, mesencephalic, isthmic and thalamic structures inducing the driver and/or modulatory action to the visual processing. We showed that neither of these proteins was unique to the Rot or GLd. The Rot contained i) numerous PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and a dense neuropil, and ii) a few CB-ir neurons mostly located in the anterior dorsal part and associated with a light neuropil. These latter neurons partially overlapped with the former and some of them colocalized both proteins. The distinct subnuclei of the GLd were also characterized by different patterns of distribution of CaBPrs. Some (nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis, DLAmc; pars lateralis, DLL; pars rostrolateralis, DLAlr; nucleus lateralis anterior thalami, LA) contained both CB- and PV-ir neurons in different proportions with a predominance of the former in the DLAmc and DLL. The nucleus lateralis dorsalis of nuclei optici principalis thalami only contained PV-ir neurons and a neuropil similar to the interstitial pretectal/thalamic nuclei of the tectothalamic tract, nucleus pretectalis and thalamic reticular nucleus. The overlapping distribution of PV and CB immunoreactivity was typical for the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus ectomamillaris as well as for the visual isthmic nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of the contributive role of the phylogenetic and functional factors determining the circuits׳ specificity of the different CaBPr types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Belekhova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Chudinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Jean-Paul Rio
- CRICM UPMC/INSERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l׳Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Hérve Tostivint
- CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nikolai P Vesselkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Medicine, The State University of Saint-Petersburg, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia B Kenigfest
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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Belekhova MG, Kenigfest NB, Chudinova TV. Calcium-binding proteins and metabolic activity in thalamotelencephalic parts of the turtle visual system. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yu SH, Lee JY, Jeon CJ. Immunocytochemical Localization of Calcium-Binding Proteins, Calbindin D28K-, Calretinin-, and Parvalbumin-Containing Neurons in the Dog Visual Cortex. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:694-702. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Neocortical neuron types in Xenarthra and Afrotheria: implications for brain evolution in mammals. Brain Struct Funct 2008; 213:301-28. [PMID: 19011898 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-008-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting the evolution of neuronal types in the cerebral cortex of mammals requires information from a diversity of species. However, there is currently a paucity of data from the Xenarthra and Afrotheria, two major phylogenetic groups that diverged close to the base of the eutherian mammal adaptive radiation. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neocortical neurons stained for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and neuropeptide Y in three xenarthran species-the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), and the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)-and two afrotherian species-the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and the black and rufous giant elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi). We also studied the distribution and morphology of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker. In all of these species, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein-immunoreactive neurons predominated in layer V. These neurons exhibited diverse morphologies with regional variation. Specifically, high proportions of atypical neurofilament-enriched neuron classes were observed, including extraverted neurons, inverted pyramidal neurons, fusiform neurons, and other multipolar types. In addition, many projection neurons in layers II-III were found to contain calbindin. Among interneurons, parvalbumin- and calbindin-expressing cells were generally denser compared to calretinin-immunoreactive cells. We traced the evolution of certain cortical architectural traits using phylogenetic analysis. Based on our reconstruction of character evolution, we found that the living xenarthrans and afrotherians show many similarities to the stem eutherian mammal, whereas other eutherian lineages display a greater number of derived traits.
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Bourne JA, Warner CE, Upton DJ, Rosa MGP. Chemoarchitecture of the middle temporal visual area in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): laminar distribution of calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin) and nonphosphorylated neurofilament. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:832-49. [PMID: 17177255 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied the distributions of interneurons containing the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k, as well as that of pyramidal neurons containing nonphosphorylated neurofilament (NNF), in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of marmoset monkeys. The distributions of these classes of cells in MT are distinct from those found in adjacent areas. Similar to the primary visual area (V1), in MT, calbindin-immunopositive neurons can be objectively classified into "dark" and "light" subtypes based on optical density of stained cell bodies. Calbindin-positive dark neurons are particularly concentrated in layers 2 and 3, whereas light neurons have a more widespread distribution. In addition, a subcategory of calbindin-positive dark neuron, characterized by a "halo" of stained processes surrounding the cell body, is found within and around layer 4 of MT and V1. These cells are rare in most other visual areas. In comparison, parvalbumin-immunopositive cells in area MT have a relatively homogeneous distribution, although with a trend toward higher spatial density in lower layer 3, and are relatively uniform in terms of density of staining. Finally, MT shows a characteristic trilaminar distribution of NNF-immunopositive pyramidal cells, with stained cell bodies evident in layers 3, 5, and 6. Although the laminar distribution of cells stained for the three markers overlap to some extent, these subcategories can be readily distinguished in terms of morphology, including cell body size. Chemoarchitectural parallels observed between MT and V1 suggest comparable physiological requirements and neuronal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Pinheiro Botelho E, Guimarães Martins Soares J, da Silva Pereira S, Fiorani M, Gattass R. Distribution of calbindin-28kD and parvalbumin in V1 in normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in monkeys with retinal lesions. Brain Res 2006; 1117:1-11. [PMID: 16952336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins have their normal patterns of distributions altered by monocular visual deprivation. We studied the distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-28kD (Cb) and parvalbumin (Pv) in V1 in normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in monkeys with monocular retinal lesions. In normal monkeys, the interblobs regions in layers 2/3 and the layer 4B are intensely labeled for Cb, while Pv reaction showed a complementary labeling pattern with a stronger staining in layers 4A, 4C and in the blob regions in layers 2/3. In monkeys with monocular retinal lesion, the laminar distribution of these proteins was differentially affected, although both reactions resulted in stronger labeling in non-deprived ocular dominance columns. While Cb reaction resulted in stronger labeling in layers 1 through 5, Pv labeling was heavier in layers 2/3, 4A and 4C. There was a clear reduction in the intensity of neuropil staining for both Pv and Cb in deprived ocular dominance columns with little or no reduction in number of labeled cells. This reduction could thus be attributed to activity-dependent changes at synapses level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliã Pinheiro Botelho
- Laboratório Fisiologia da Cognição, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ye EA, Kim TJ, Choi JS, Jin MJ, Jeon YK, Kim MS, Jeon CJ. Ionotropic glutamate receptor GluR1 in the visual cortex of hamster: distribution and co-localization with calcium-binding proteins and GABA. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2006; 39:47-54. [PMID: 17375209 PMCID: PMC1828082 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.05058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The subunit composition of the AMPA receptor is critical to its function. AMPA receptors that display very low calcium permeability include the GluR2 subunit, while AMPA receptors that contain other subunits, such as GluR1, display high calcium permeability. We have studied the distribution and morphology of neurons containing GluR1 in the hamster visual cortex with antibody immunocytochemistry. We compared this labeling to that for calbindin D28K, parvalbumin, and GABA. Anti-GluR1-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were located in all layers. The highest density of GluR1-IR neurons was found in layers II/III. The labeled neurons were non-pyramidal neurons, but were varied in morphology. The majority of the labeled neurons were round or oval cells. However, stellate, vertical fusiform, pyriform, and horizontal neurons were also labeled with the anti-GluR1 antibody. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that many of the GluR1-IR neurons in the hamster visual cortex were double-labeled with either calbindin D28K (31.50%), or parvalbumin (22.91%), or GABA (63.89%). These results indicate that neurons in the hamster visual cortex express GluR1 differently according to different layers and selective cell types, and that many of the GluR1-IR neurons are limited to neurons that express calbindin D28K, parvalbumin, or GABA. The present study elucidates the neurochemical structure of GluR1, a useful clue in understanding the differential vulnerability of GluR1-containing neurons with regard to calcium-dependent excitotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Ye
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
| | - Jae-Sik Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
| | - Mi-Joo Jin
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
| | - Young-Ki Jeon
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
- Department of Ophthalmic Optics, Kundong University, Andong, 760–833, Korea
| | - Moon-Sook Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
| | - Chang-Jin Jeon
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702–701
- Correspondence to: Chang-Jin Jeon, Neuroscience Lab., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Daegu, 702–701 S. Korea. E-mail:
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Grubb MS, Thompson ID. Biochemical and anatomical subdivision of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in normal mice and in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Vision Res 2005; 44:3365-76. [PMID: 15536004 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytoarchitectonically-uniform dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) can be biochemically and anatomically subdivided in wild-type mice: The nucleus' dorsolateral 'shell' region contains the majority of cells positive for the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k, and receives the strongest concentration of inputs from the superior colliculus. This subdivision remains normal in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Although in these animals the dLGN contains fewer calbindin-positive cells, those cells are predominantly situated in the dorsolateral portion of the nucleus, and this region remains preferentially targeted by the colliculogeniculate projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Grubb
- University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Bourne JA, Rosa MGP. Neurofilament protein expression in the geniculostriate pathway of a New World monkey ( Callithrix jacchus). Exp Brain Res 2003; 150:19-24. [PMID: 12698212 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression profile of non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and striate cortex (V1) of a New World simian, the marmoset monkey, using the monoclonal antibody SMI-32. The overall distribution of neurofilament protein in the marmoset resembled that previously described in Old World monkeys. While immunostained neurones were observed throughout the LGN, there were clear laminar differences in terms of both cellular and neuropil labelling. Neurones in the magnocellular layer cells stained more densely than those in the parvocellular layers. The marmoset's well-defined koniocellular layers showed an overall light stain of both neurones and neuropil. In V1, densely stained pyramidal cells and heavy neuropil label were observed in the two sublayers that send projections to the middle temporal area (MT): a supragranular band located in layer 3C (Brodmann's layer 4B) and an infragranular band located near the top of layer 6. More lightly stained, small pyramidal cells were also found in layer 3Balpha. Accordingly, in both New World and Old World monkeys the expression of neurofilament protein is correlated with specific functional subdivisions of the geniculocortical pathway. In particular, projection neurones associated with fast-conducting pathways to the extrastriate 'dorsal stream' appear to contain higher levels of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, PO Box 13F, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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