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Delibaş B, Kaplan S. The histomorphological and stereological assessment of rat dorsal root ganglion tissues after various types of sciatic nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:145-163. [PMID: 37855874 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries lead to significant changes in the dorsal root ganglia, where the cell bodies of the damaged axons are located. The sensory neurons and the surrounding satellite cells rearrange the composition of the intracellular organelles to enhance their plasticity for adaptation to changing conditions and response to injury. Meanwhile, satellite cells acquire phagocytic properties and work with macrophages to eliminate degenerated neurons. These structural and functional changes are not identical in all injury types. Understanding the cellular response, which varies according to the type of injury involved, is essential in determining the optimal method of treatment. In this research, we investigated the numerical and morphological changes in primary sensory neurons and satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglion 30 days following chronic compression, crush, and transection injuries using stereology, high-resolution light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and behavioral analysis techniques. Electron microscopic methods were employed to evaluate fine structural alterations in cells. Stereological evaluations revealed no statistically significant difference in terms of mean sensory neuron numbers (p > 0.05), although a significant decrease was observed in sensory neuron volumes in the transection and crush injury groups (p < 0.05). Active caspase-3 immunopositivity increased in the injury groups compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). While crush injury led to desensitization, chronic compression injury caused thermal hyperalgesia. Macrophage infiltrations were observed in all injury types. Electron microscopic results revealed that the chromatolysis response was triggered in the sensory neuron bodies from the transection injury group. An increase in organelle density was observed in the perikaryon of sensory neurons after crush-type injury. This indicates the presence of a more active regeneration process in crush-type injury than in other types. The effect of chronic compression injury is more devastating than that of crush-type injury, and the edema caused by compression significantly inhibits the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Delibaş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye.
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Kim HR, Lee HJ, Jeon Y, Jang SY, Shin YK, Yun JH, Park HJ, Koh H, Lee KE, Shin JE, Park HT. Targeting SARM1 improves autophagic stress-induced axonal neuropathy. Autophagy 2024; 20:29-44. [PMID: 37561040 PMCID: PMC10761069 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2244861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS AAV: adeno-associated virus; ATF3: activating transcription factor 3; ATG7: autophagy related 7; AVIL: advillin; cADPR: cyclic ADP ribose; CALC: calcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide; CMT: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; cKO: conditional knockout; DEG: differentially expressed gene; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; FE-SEM: field emission scanning electron microscopy; IF: immunofluorescence; NCV: nerve conduction velocity; PVALB: parvalbumin; RAG: regeneration-associated gene; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SARM1: sterile alpha and HEAT/Armadillo motif containing 1; SYN1: synapsin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Kim
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Jang
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyoung Shin
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Ho Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Park
- Neuroscience Translational Research Solution Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongjong Koh
- Neuroscience Translational Research Solution Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Translational Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Kongsui R, Surapinit S, Promsrisuk T, Thongrong S. Pinostrobin from Boesenbergia rotunda attenuates oxidative stress and promotes functional recovery in rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12578. [PMID: 36856256 PMCID: PMC9974073 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in the delay of peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. The accumulation of free radicals results in nerve tissue damage and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal death. Pinostrobin (PB) is one of the bioflavonoids from Boesenbergia rotunda and has been reported to possess antioxidant capacity and numerous pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of PB on peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups including control, sham, sciatic nerve crush injury (SNC), SNC + 20 mg/kg PB, and SNC + 40 mg/kg PB. Nerve functional recovery was observed every 7 days. At the end of the study, the sciatic nerve and the DRG were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. PB treatment at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg reduced oxidative stress by up-regulating endogenous glutathione. The reduced oxidative stress in PB-treated rats resulted in increased axon diameters, greater number of DRG neurons, and p-ERK1/2 expression in addition to faster functional recovery within 4 weeks compared to untreated SNC rats. The results indicated that PB diminished the oxidative stress-induced nerve injury. These effects should be considered in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kongsui
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand,The Unit of Excellence in Translational Neurosciences Initiative, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - S. Surapinit
- The Unit of Excellence in Translational Neurosciences Initiative, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand,Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - T. Promsrisuk
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - S. Thongrong
- The Unit of Excellence in Translational Neurosciences Initiative, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand,Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
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Arbat-Plana A, Bolívar S, Navarro X, Udina E, Alvarez FJ. Massive Loss of Proprioceptive Ia Synapses in Rat Spinal Motoneurons after Nerve Crush Injuries in the Postnatal Period. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0436-22.2023. [PMID: 36759186 PMCID: PMC9948128 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0436-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) induce the retraction from the ventral horn of the synaptic collaterals of Ia afferents injured in the nerve, effectively removing Ia synapses from α-motoneurons. The loss of Ia input impairs functional recovery and could explain, in part, better recovery after PNIs with better Ia synaptic preservation. Synaptic losses correlate with injury severity, speed, and efficiency of muscle reinnervation and requires ventral microglia activation. It is unknown whether this plasticity is age dependent. In neonates, axotomized motoneurons and sensory neurons undergo apoptosis, but after postnatal day 10 most survive. The goal of this study was to analyze vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1)-labeled Ia synapses (which also include II afferents) after nerve crush in 10 day old rats, a PNI causing little Ia/II synapse loss in adult rats. We confirmed fast and efficient reinnervation of leg muscles; however, a massive number of VGluT1/Ia/II synapses were permanently lost. This synapse loss was similar to that after more severe nerve injuries involving full transection in adults. In adults, disappearance of ventrally directed Ia/II collaterals targeting α-motoneurons was associated with a prolonged microglia reaction and a CCR2 mechanism that included infiltration of CCR2 blood immune cells. By contrast, microgliosis after P10 injuries was fast, resolved in about a week, and there was no evidence of peripheral immune cell infiltration. We conclude that VGluT1/Ia/II synapse loss in young animals differs in mechanism, perhaps associated with higher microglia synaptic pruning activity at this age and results in larger losses after milder nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sara Bolívar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Kong Y, Kuss M, Shi Y, Fang F, Xue W, Shi W, Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhong P, Duan B. Exercise facilitates regeneration after severe nerve transection and further modulates neural plasticity. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100556. [PMID: 36405423 PMCID: PMC9673108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe traumatic peripheral nerve injury (PNI) always suffer from incomplete recovery and poor functional outcome. Physical exercise-based rehabilitation, as a non-invasive interventional strategy, has been widely acknowledged to improve PNI recovery by promoting nerve regeneration and relieving pain. However, effects of exercise on chronic plastic changes following severe traumatic PNIs have been limitedly discussed. In this study, we created a long-gap sciatic nerve transection followed by autograft bridging in rats and tested the therapeutic functions of treadmill running with low intensity and late initiation. We demonstrated that treadmill running effectively facilitated nerve regeneration and prevented muscle atrophy and thus improved sensorimotor functions and walking performance. Furthermore, exercise could reduce inflammation at the injured nerve as well as prevent the overexpression of TRPV1, a pain sensor, in primary afferent sensory neurons. In the central nervous system, we found that PNI induced transcriptive changes at the ipsilateral lumber spinal dorsal horn, and exercise could reverse the differential expression for genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, through neural imaging techniques, we found volumetric, microstructural, metabolite, and neuronal activity changes in supraspinal regions of interest (i.e., somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, hippocampus, etc.) after the PNI, some of which could be reversed through treadmill running. In summary, treadmill running with late initiation could promote recovery from long-gap nerve transection, and while it could reverse maladaptive plasticity after the PNI, exercise may also ameliorate comorbidities, such as chronic pain, mental depression, and anxiety in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Kong
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Kim YE, Kim J. ROS-Scavenging Therapeutic Hydrogels for Modulation of the Inflammatory Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 14:23002-23021. [PMID: 34962774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for cellular processes, excessive ROS could be a major cause of various inflammatory diseases because of the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and membrane lipids. It has recently been suggested that the amount of ROS could thus be regulated to treat such physiological disorders. A ROS-scavenging hydrogel is a promising candidate for therapeutic applications because of its high biocompatibility, 3D matrix, and ability to be modified. Approaches to conferring antioxidant properties to normal hydrogels include embedding ROS-scavenging catalytic nanoparticles, modifying hydrogel polymer chains with ROS-adsorbing organic moieties, and incorporating ROS-labile linkers in polymer backbones. Such therapeutic hydrogels can be used for wound healing, cardiovascular diseases, bone repair, ocular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. ROS-scavenging hydrogels could eliminate oxidative stress, accelerate the regeneration process, and show synergetic effects with other drugs or therapeutic molecules. In this review, the mechanisms by which ROS are generated and scavenged in the body are outlined, and the effects of high levels of ROS and the resulting oxidative stress on inflammatory diseases are described. Next, the mechanism of ROS scavenging by hydrogels is explained depending on the ROS-scavenging agents embedded within the hydrogel. Lastly, the recent achievements in the development of ROS-scavenging hydrogels to treat various inflammation-associated diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Geyik A, Koc B, Micili SC, Kiray M, Vayvada H, Guler S. Effect of decorin protein administration on rat sciatic nerve injury: an experimental study. Neurol Res 2021; 44:252-261. [PMID: 34581256 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1975226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve traumas are common injuries in young adult population. The myriad of techniques and medications have been defined to obtain better recovery but none of them was proved to have superior effect. This study aims to determine the anti-fibrotic effect of the decorin on sciatic nerve injury in order to enhance functional outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 gr) were divided into four groups. The sciatic nerve was dissected and exposed; a full-thickness laceration was created 1.5 cm proximal to the bifurcation point and 1.5 cm distal to where it originated from the lumbosacral plexus. Motor and sensory tests were conducted before and after the operations for evaluating the nerve healing. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between DCN bolus and PBS bolus group. (p<0.0001, p<0.05) in neuromotor tests. Increase of the latency was significantly lower in DCN bolus and infusion group when compared with the PBS bolus group. (p<0,001). All operated gastrocnemius muscles were atrophic compared with the contralateral side. The differences between the averages in the sciatic functional index, the improvement of the DCN infusion group was 8.6 units better than the PBS group and 4.4 units better than the DCN bolus group. When the amount of stimulation was 10 mV at the proximal segment in electromyography, there was no significant difference between the DCN bolus and sham groups. (p> 0.05, p = 0.6623). CONCLUSION Decorin protein reduces the fibrosis and enhances the motor and sensory recovery both clinically and histologically. Despite the high cost, short half-life and production issues, this protein could be administered after the microsurgical repair but more studies are required to overcome the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Geyik
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Basar Koc
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Müge Kiray
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Haluk Vayvada
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Selin Guler
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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The complement cascade in the regulation of neuroinflammation, nociceptive sensitization, and pain. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101085. [PMID: 34411562 PMCID: PMC8446806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a key component of the innate immune system that is rapidly recruited through a cascade of enzymatic reactions to enable the recognition and clearance of pathogens and promote tissue repair. Despite its well-understood role in immunology, recent studies have highlighted new and unexpected roles of the complement cascade in neuroimmune interaction and in the regulation of neuronal processes during development, aging, and in disease states. Complement signaling is particularly important in directing neuronal responses to tissue injury, neurotrauma, and nerve lesions. Under physiological conditions, complement-dependent changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic strength, and neurite remodeling promote nerve regeneration, tissue repair, and healing. However, in a variety of pathologies, dysregulation of the complement cascade leads to chronic inflammation, persistent pain, and neural dysfunction. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the multifaceted cross-communication that takes place between the complement system and neurons. In particular, we focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which complement signaling regulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in the nociceptive pathways involved in pain processing in both health and disease. Finally, we discuss the future of this rapidly growing field and what we believe to be the significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Analysis of multiple rodent RNAseq after nerve injury reveals a common gene signature, with suppression of endogenous opioid signalling and overlap with human pain genes The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are key structures in nociception and chronic pain disorders. Several gene expression studies of DRG in preclinical pain models have been performed, but it is unclear if consistent gene changes are identifiable. We, therefore, compared several recent RNA-Seq data sets on the whole DRG in rodent models of nerve injury. Contrary to previous findings, we show hundreds of common differentially expressed genes and high positive correlation between studies, despite model and species differences. We also find, in contrast to previous studies, that 60% of the common rodent gene response after injury is likely to occur in nociceptors of the DRG. Substantial expression changes are observed at a 1-week time-point, with smaller changes in the same genes at a later 3- to 4-week time-point. However, a subset of genes shows a similar magnitude of changes at both early and late time-points, suggesting their potential involvement in the maintenance of chronic pain. These genes are centred around suppression of endogenous opioid signalling. Reversal of this suppression could allow endogenous and exogenous opioids to exert their analgesic functions and may be an important strategy for treating chronic pain disorders. Currently used drugs, such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, do not seem to appropriately modulate many of the critical pain genes and indeed may transcriptionally suppress endogenous opioid signalling further.
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Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Distinct Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes after Axonal Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-144.e9. [PMID: 32810432 PMCID: PMC7590250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons are specialized to transmit specific types of sensory information through differences in cell size, myelination, and the expression of distinct receptors and ion channels, which together define their transcriptional and functional identity. By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution, we find that all somatosensory neuronal subtypes undergo a similar transcriptional response to peripheral nerve injury that both promotes axonal regeneration and suppresses cell identity. This transcriptional reprogramming, which is not observed in non-neuronal cells, resolves over a similar time course as target reinnervation and is associated with the restoration of original cell identity. Injury-induced transcriptional reprogramming requires ATF3, a transcription factor that is induced rapidly after injury and necessary for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Our findings suggest that transcription factors induced early after peripheral nerve injury confer the cellular plasticity required for sensory neurons to transform into a regenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lite Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Alvarez FJ, Rotterman TM, Akhter ET, Lane AR, English AW, Cope TC. Synaptic Plasticity on Motoneurons After Axotomy: A Necessary Change in Paradigm. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 32425754 PMCID: PMC7203341 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons axotomized by peripheral nerve injuries experience profound changes in their synaptic inputs that are associated with a neuroinflammatory response that includes local microglia and astrocytes. This reaction is conserved across different types of motoneurons, injuries, and species, but also displays many unique features in each particular case. These reactions have been amply studied, but there is still a lack of knowledge on their functional significance and mechanisms. In this review article, we compiled data from many different fields to generate a comprehensive conceptual framework to best interpret past data and spawn new hypotheses and research. We propose that synaptic plasticity around axotomized motoneurons should be divided into two distinct processes. First, a rapid cell-autonomous, microglia-independent shedding of synapses from motoneuron cell bodies and proximal dendrites that is reversible after muscle reinnervation. Second, a slower mechanism that is microglia-dependent and permanently alters spinal cord circuitry by fully eliminating from the ventral horn the axon collaterals of peripherally injured and regenerating sensory Ia afferent proprioceptors. This removes this input from cell bodies and throughout the dendritic tree of axotomized motoneurons as well as from many other spinal neurons, thus reconfiguring ventral horn motor circuitries to function after regeneration without direct sensory feedback from muscle. This process is modulated by injury severity, suggesting a correlation with poor regeneration specificity due to sensory and motor axons targeting errors in the periphery that likely render Ia afferent connectivity in the ventral horn nonadaptive. In contrast, reversible synaptic changes on the cell bodies occur only while motoneurons are regenerating. This cell-autonomous process displays unique features according to motoneuron type and modulation by local microglia and astrocytes and generally results in a transient reduction of fast synaptic activity that is probably replaced by embryonic-like slow GABA depolarizations, proposed to relate to regenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Travis M Rotterman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erica T Akhter
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cellular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Timothy C Cope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Rosenberger DC, Blechschmidt V, Timmerman H, Wolff A, Treede RD. Challenges of neuropathic pain: focus on diabetic neuropathy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:589-624. [PMID: 32036431 PMCID: PMC7148276 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a frequent condition caused by a lesion or disease of the central or peripheral somatosensory nervous system. A frequent cause of peripheral neuropathic pain is diabetic neuropathy. Its complex pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated, which contributes to underassessment and undertreatment. A mechanism-based treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy is challenging but phenotype-based stratification might be a way to develop individualized therapeutic concepts. Our goal is to review current knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain, particularly painful diabetic neuropathy. We discuss state-of-the-art clinical assessment, validity of diagnostic and screening tools, and recommendations for the management of diabetic neuropathic pain including approaches towards personalized pain management. We also propose a research agenda for translational research including patient stratification for clinical trials and improved preclinical models in relation to current knowledge of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Rosenberger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vivian Blechschmidt
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Timmerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, University Medical Center of Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Wolff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, University Medical Center of Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Davies AJ, Rinaldi S, Costigan M, Oh SB. Cytotoxic Immunity in Peripheral Nerve Injury and Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:142. [PMID: 32153361 PMCID: PMC7047751 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity and consequent cell death pathways are a critical component of the immune response to infection, disease or injury. While numerous examples of inflammation causing neuronal sensitization and pain have been described, there is a growing appreciation of the role of cytotoxic immunity in response to painful nerve injury. In this review we highlight the functions of cytotoxic immune effector cells, focusing in particular on natural killer (NK) cells, and describe the consequent action of these cells in the injured nerve as well as other chronic pain conditions and peripheral neuropathies. We describe how targeted delivery of cytotoxic factors via the immune synapse operates alongside Wallerian degeneration to allow local axon degeneration in the absence of cell death and is well-placed to support the restoration of homeostasis within the nerve. We also summarize the evidence for the expression of endogenous ligands and receptors on injured nerve targets and infiltrating immune cells that facilitate direct neuro-immune interactions, as well as modulation of the surrounding immune milieu. A number of chronic pain and peripheral neuropathies appear comorbid with a loss of function of cellular cytotoxicity suggesting such mechanisms may actually help to resolve neuropathic pain. Thus while the immune response to peripheral nerve injury is a major driver of maladaptive pain, it is simultaneously capable of directing resolution of injury in part through the pathways of cellular cytotoxicity. Our growing knowledge in tuning immune function away from inflammation toward recovery from nerve injury therefore holds promise for interventions aimed at preventing the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Costigan
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Khuong TM, Wang QP, Manion J, Oyston LJ, Lau MT, Towler H, Lin YQ, Neely GG. Nerve injury drives a heightened state of vigilance and neuropathic sensitization in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4099. [PMID: 31309148 PMCID: PMC6620091 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Injury can lead to devastating and often untreatable chronic pain. While acute pain perception (nociception) evolved more than 500 million years ago, virtually nothing is known about the molecular origin of chronic pain. Here we provide the first evidence that nerve injury leads to chronic neuropathic sensitization in insects. Mechanistically, peripheral nerve injury triggers a loss of central inhibition that drives escape circuit plasticity and neuropathic allodynia. At the molecular level, excitotoxic signaling within GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurons required the acetylcholine receptor nAChRα1 and led to caspase-dependent death of GABAergic neurons. Conversely, disruption of GABA signaling was sufficient to trigger allodynia without injury. Last, we identified the conserved transcription factor twist as a critical downstream regulator driving GABAergic cell death and neuropathic allodynia. Together, we define how injury leads to allodynia in insects, and describe a primordial precursor to neuropathic pain may have been advantageous, protecting animals after serious injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M. Khuong
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - John Manion
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Oyston
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Man-Tat Lau
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harry Towler
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yong Qi Lin
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Genome Editing Initiative, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Qualitative histopathology has been the gold standard for evaluation of morphological tissue changes in all organ systems, including the peripheral nervous system. However, the human eye is not sensitive enough to detect small changes in quantity or size. Peripheral nervous system toxicity can manifest as subtle changes in neuron size, neuron number, axon size, number of myelinated or unmyelinated axons, or number of nerve fibers. Detection of these changes may be beyond the sensitivity of the human eye alone, necessitating quantitative approaches in some cases. Although 2-dimensional (2D) histomorphometry can provide additional information and is more sensitive than qualitative evaluation alone, the results are not always representative of the entire tissue and assumptions about the tissue can lead to bias, or inaccuracies, in the data. Design-based stereology provides 3D estimates of number, volume, surface area, or length, and stereological principles can be applied to peripheral nervous system tissues to obtain accurate and precise estimates, such as neuron number and size, axon number, and total intraepidermal nerve fiber length. This review describes practical stereological approaches to 3 compartments of the peripheral nervous system: ganglia, peripheral nerves, and intraepidermal nerve fibers.
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16
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Wiberg R, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Evaluation of apoptotic pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 2019; 29:779-785. [PMID: 29659443 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries induce significant sensory neuronal cell death in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG); however, the role of specific apoptotic pathways is still unclear. In this study, we performed peripheral nerve transection on adult rats, after which the corresponding DRGs were harvested at 7, 14, and 28 days after injury for subsequent molecular analyses with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Nerve injury led to increased levels of caspase-3 mRNA and active caspase-3 protein in the DRG. Increased expression of caspase-8, caspase-12, caspase-7, and calpain suggested that both the extrinsic and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptotic pathways were activated. Phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase further implied the involvement of ER-stress in the DRG. Phosphorylated protein kinase R-like ER kinase was most commonly associated with isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive neurons in the DRG and this may provide an explanation for the increased susceptibility of these neurons to die following nerve injury, likely in part because of an activation of the ER-stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy.,Department of Surgical & Perioperative Sciences, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Paul J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy
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17
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Davies AJ, Kim HW, Gonzalez-Cano R, Choi J, Back SK, Roh SE, Johnson E, Gabriac M, Kim MS, Lee J, Lee JE, Kim YS, Bae YC, Kim SJ, Lee KM, Na HS, Riva P, Latremoliere A, Rinaldi S, Ugolini S, Costigan M, Oh SB. Natural Killer Cells Degenerate Intact Sensory Afferents following Nerve Injury. Cell 2019; 176:716-728.e18. [PMID: 30712871 PMCID: PMC6418410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory axons degenerate following separation from their cell body, but partial injury to peripheral nerves may leave the integrity of damaged axons preserved. We show that an endogenous ligand for the natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKG2D, Retinoic Acid Early 1 (RAE1), is re-expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury, triggering selective degeneration of injured axons. Infiltration of cytotoxic NK cells into the sciatic nerve by extravasation occurs within 3 days following crush injury. Using a combination of genetic cell ablation and cytokine-antibody complex stimulation, we show that NK cell function correlates with loss of sensation due to degeneration of injured afferents and reduced incidence of post-injury hypersensitivity. This neuro-immune mechanism of selective NK cell-mediated degeneration of damaged but intact sensory axons complements Wallerian degeneration and suggests the therapeutic potential of modulating NK cell function to resolve painful neuropathy through the clearance of partially damaged nerves. Cytotoxic NK cells infiltrate the damaged peripheral nerve within days of injury Injured sensory axons express NKG2D ligand RAE1 to signal degeneration by NK cells Clearance of damaged axons reduces development of chronic pain after nerve injury NK cells complement Wallerian degeneration to aid functional regeneration of PNS
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Davies
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hyoung Woo Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Cano
- Departments of Anesthesia and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jahyang Choi
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eon Roh
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Melanie Gabriac
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Priscilla Riva
- Departments of Anesthesia and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Costigan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lindborg JA, Niemi JP, Howarth MA, Liu KW, Moore CZ, Mahajan D, Zigmond RE. Molecular and cellular identification of the immune response in peripheral ganglia following nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:192. [PMID: 29945607 PMCID: PMC6019520 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation accompanies neural trauma and most neurological diseases. Axotomy in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) leads to dramatic changes in the injured neuron: the cell body expresses a distinct set of genes known as regeneration-associated genes, the distal axonal segment degenerates and its debris is cleared, and the axons in the proximal segment form growth cones and extend neurites. These processes are orchestrated in part by immune and other non-neuronal cells. Macrophages in ganglia play an integral role in supporting regeneration. Here, we explore further the molecular and cellular components of the injury-induced immune response within peripheral ganglia. METHODS Adult male wild-type (WT) and Ccr2 -/- mice were subjected to a unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve and axotomy of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Antibody arrays were used to determine the expression of chemokines and cytokines in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and SCG. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were utilized to identify the cellular composition of the injury-induced immune response within ganglia. RESULTS Chemokine expression in the ganglia differed 48 h after nerve injury with a large increase in macrophage inflammatory protein-1γ in the SCG but not in the DRG, while C-C class chemokine ligand 2 was highly expressed in both ganglia. Differences between WT and Ccr2 -/- mice were also observed with increased C-C class chemokine ligand 6/C10 expression in the WT DRG compared to C-C class chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-/- DRG and increased CXCL5 expression in CCR2-/- SCG compared to WT. Diminished macrophage accumulation in the DRG and SCG of Ccr2 -/- mice was found compared to WT ganglia 7 days after nerve injury. Interestingly, neutrophils were found in the SCG but not in the DRG. Cytokine expression, measured 7 days after injury, differed between ganglion type and genotype. Macrophage activation was assayed by colabeling ganglia with the anti-inflammatory marker CD206 and the macrophage marker CD68, and an almost complete colocalization of the two markers was found in both ganglia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates both molecular and cellular differences in the nerve injury-induced immune response between DRG and SCG and between WT and Ccr2 -/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jon P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Madeline A Howarth
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Science and Engineering Program, Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH, USA
| | - Kevin W Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christian Z Moore
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deepti Mahajan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Present Address: Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E701, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4975, USA.
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19
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Lu L. Emerging role of MicroRNAs in peripheral nerve system. Life Sci 2018; 207:227-233. [PMID: 29894714 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is one of the most common clinical diseases. Although the regeneration of the peripheral nerve is better than that of the nerves of the central nervous system, because of its growth rate restrictions after damage. Hence, the outcome of repair after injury is not favorable. Small RNA, a type of non-coding RNA, has recently been gaining attention in neural injury. It is widely distributed in the nervous system in vivo and a significant change in the expression of small RNAs has been observed in a neural injury model. This suggests that MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as a potential target for resolving the challenges of peripheral nerve repair. This review summarizes the current challenges in peripheral nerve injury repair, systematically expounds the mechanism of miRNAs in the process of nerve injury and repair and attempts to determine the possible treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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20
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Tode J, Kirillova-Woytke I, Rausch VH, Baron R, Jänig W. Mechano- and thermosensitivity of injured muscle afferents 20 to 80 days after nerve injury. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1889-1901. [PMID: 29465328 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00894.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic injury of limb nerves leading to neuropathic pain affects deep somatic nerves. Here the functional properties of injured afferent fibers in the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve were investigated 20 and 80 days after suturing the central stump of this muscle nerve to the distal stump of the sural nerve in anesthetized rats. Neurophysiological recordings were made from afferent axons identified in either the sciatic nerve (87 A-, 63 C-fibers) or the dorsal root L4/L5 (52 A-, 26 C-fibers) by electrical stimulation of the injured nerve. About 70% of the functionally identified A-fibers had regenerated into skin by 80 days after nerve suture; the remaining A-fibers could be activated only from the injured nerve. In contrast, 93% of the functionally identified C-fibers could only be activated from the injured sural nerve after 80 days. Nearly half of the injured A- (45%) and C-fibers (44%) exhibited ongoing and/or mechanically or thermally evoked activity. Because ~50% of the A- and C-fibers are somatomotor or sympathetic postganglionic axons, respectively, probably all injured muscle afferent A- and C-fibers developed ectopic activity. Ongoing activity was present in 17% of the A- and 46% of the C-fibers. Mechanosensitivity was present in most injured A- (99%) and C-fibers (85%), whereas thermosensitivity was more common in C-fibers (cold 46%, heat 47%) than in A-fibers (cold 18%, heat 12%). Practically all thermosensitive A-fibers and C-fibers were also mechanosensitive. Thus, unlike cutaneous axons, almost all A- and C-fibers afferents in injured muscle nerves demonstrate ectopic activity, even chronically after nerve injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY After chronic injury of a muscle nerve, allowing the nerve fibers to regenerate to the target tissue, 1) most afferent A-fibers are mechanosensitive and regenerate to the target tissue; 2) ectopic ongoing activity, cold sensitivity, and heat sensitivity significantly decrease with time after injury in A-afferents; 3) most afferent C-fibers do not regenerate to the target tissue; and 4) injured C-afferents maintain the patterns of ectopic discharge properties they already show soon after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tode
- Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | | | - Vanessa H Rausch
- Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Ralf Baron
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Wilfrid Jänig
- Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel , Germany
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21
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Poplawski G, Ishikawa T, Brifault C, Lee-Kubli C, Regestam R, Henry KW, Shiga Y, Kwon H, Ohtori S, Gonias SL, Campana WM. Schwann cells regulate sensory neuron gene expression before and after peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2018. [PMID: 29520865 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in the PNS demonstrate substantial capacity for regeneration following injury. Recent studies have identified changes in the transcriptome of sensory neurons, which are instrumental for axon regeneration. The role of Schwann cells (SCs) in mediating these changes remains undefined. We tested the hypothesis that SCs regulate expression of genes in sensory neurons before and after PNS injury by comparing mice in which LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1) is deleted in SCs (scLRP1-/- mice) with wild-type (scLRP1+/+ ) littermates. LRP1 is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor that is necessary for normal SC function and the SC response to nerve injury. scLRP1-/- mice represent a characterized model in which the SC response to nerve injury is abnormal. Adult DRG neurons, isolated from scLRP1-/- mice, with or without a conditioning nerve lesion, demonstrated increased neurite outgrowth when cultured ex vivo, compared with neurons from wild-type mice. Following sciatic nerve crush injury, nerve regeneration was accelerated in vivo in scLRP1-/- mice. These results were explained by transcriptional activation of RAGs in DRG neurons in scLRP1-/- mice prior to nerve injury. Although the presence of abnormal SCs in scLRP1-/- mice primed DRG neurons for repair, nerve regeneration in scLRP1-/- mice resulted in abnormalities in ultrastructure, principally in Remak bundles, and with the onset of neuropathic pain. These results demonstrate the importance of SCs in controlling RAG expression by neurons and the potential for this process to cause chronic pain when abnormal. The SC may represent an important target for preventing pain following PNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - HyoJun Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
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22
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Bourke G, McGrath AM, Wiberg M, Novikov LN. Effects of early nerve repair on experimental brachial plexus injury in neonatal rats. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018; 43:275-281. [PMID: 28950736 DOI: 10.1177/1753193417732696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Obstetrical brachial plexus injury refers to injury observed at the time of delivery, which may lead to major functional impairment in the upper limb. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of early nerve repair following complete brachial plexus injury in neonatal rats was examined. Brachial plexus injury induced 90% loss of spinal motoneurons and 70% decrease in biceps muscle weight at 28 days after injury. Retrograde degeneration in spinal cord was associated with decreased density of dendritic branches and presynaptic boutons and increased density of astrocytes and macrophages/microglial cells. Early repair of the injured brachial plexus significantly delayed retrograde degeneration of spinal motoneurons and reduced the degree of macrophage/microglial reaction but had no effect on muscle atrophy. The results demonstrate that early nerve repair of neonatal brachial plexus injury could promote survival of injured motoneurons and attenuate neuroinflammation in spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne Bourke
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.,2 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra M McGrath
- 3 Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Wiberg
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.,2 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,3 Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N Novikov
- 2 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Zou Y, Xu F, Tang Z, Zhong T, Cao J, Guo Q, Huang C. Distinct calcitonin gene-related peptide expression pattern in primary afferents contribute to different neuropathic symptoms following chronic constriction or crush injuries to the rat sciatic nerve. Mol Pain 2018; 12:1744806916681566. [PMID: 28256957 PMCID: PMC5521344 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916681566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although calcitonin gene-related peptide is a recognized pain transducer, the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary afferents may be differentially affected following different types of nerve injury. Here, we examined whether different calcitonin gene-related peptide expression patterns in primary afferents contributes to distinct sensory disturbances in three animal models of sciatic nerve injury: chronic constriction injury, mild (100g force) or strong (1000g force) transient crush in rats. Assessments of withdrawal reflexes and spontaneous behavior indicated that chronic constriction injury and mild crush resulted in positive neuropathic symptoms (static/dynamic mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, spontaneous pain). However, strong crush led to both positive (dynamic mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, spontaneous pain) and negative symptoms (static mechanical hypoesthesia, heat hypoalgesia). Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia and corresponding spinal cord segments, and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglia, indicated that the primary afferent calcitonin gene-related peptide supply was markedly reduced only after strong crush. This reduction paralleled the development of negative symptoms (static mechanical hypoesthesia and heat hypoalgesia). Administration of exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide intrathecally after strong crush did not alter heat hypoalgesia but ameliorated static mechanical hypoesthesia, an effect blocked by a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Thus, reducing the primary afferent calcitonin gene-related peptide supply contributed to subsequent negative neuropathic symptoms, especially to static mechanical stimuli. Moreover, nerve injury caused a subcellular redistribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide from small- and medium-size dorsal root ganglia neurons to large-size dorsal root ganglia neurons, which paralleled the development of positive neuropathic symptoms. Intrathecal administration of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist ameliorated these positive symptoms, indicating that the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in large-size dorsal root ganglia neurons is important for the positive neuropathic symptoms in all three models. Taken together, these results suggest that distinct calcitonin gene-related peptide expression pattern in primary afferents contribute to different neuropathic symptoms following chronic constriction or crush injuries to the rat sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangting Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kian K, Khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H, Karimpour Malekshah A, Shams Z. Neuroprotective effects of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against peripheral nerve transection-induced apoptosis. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:578-586. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1419542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Kian
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Karimpour Malekshah
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Shams
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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25
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Shams Z, Khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H, Zare Z, Kian K. Neuroprotective effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on neuronal death induced by sciatic nerve transection in rat. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:220. [PMID: 29246132 PMCID: PMC5732534 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-1004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies shows that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy exerts some protective effects against neural injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of HBO following sciatic nerve transection (SNT). Methods Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 14 per group): Sham-operated (SH) group, SH + HBO group, SNT group, and SNT + pre- and SNT + post-HBO groups (100% oxygen at 2.0 atm absolute, 60 min/day for five consecutive days beginning on 1 day before and immediately after nerve transaction, respectively). Spinal cord segments of the sciatic nerve and related dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were removed 4 weeks after nerve transection for biochemical assessment of malodialdehyde (MDA) levels in spinal cord, biochemical assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalse (CAT) activities in spinal cord, immunohistochemistry of caspase-3, cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), S100beta (S100ß), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in spinal cord and DRG. Results The results revealed that MDA levels were significantly decreased in the SNT + pre-HBO group, while SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased in SNT + pre- and SNT + post-HBO treated rats. Attenuated caspase-3 and COX-2 expression, and TUNEL reaction could be significantly detected in the HBO-treated rats after nerve transection. Also, HBO significantly increased S100ß expression. Conclusions Based on these results, we can conclude that pre- and post-HBO therapy had neuroprotective effects against sciatic nerve transection-induced degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shams
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Hassan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Zare
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Kosar Kian
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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26
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Peterson SL, Nguyen HX, Mendez OA, Anderson AJ. Complement Protein C3 Suppresses Axon Growth and Promotes Neuron Loss. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12904. [PMID: 29018286 PMCID: PMC5635131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to spinal cord injury (SCI) involves localization and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells and proteins, including the complement cascade. Complement C3 is important for the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways of complement activation, and its cleavage products C3a and C3b mediate several functions in the context of inflammation, but little is known about the potential functions of C3 on regeneration and survival of injured neurons after SCI. We report that 6 weeks after dorsal hemisection with peripheral conditioning lesion, C3-/- mice demonstrated a 2-fold increase in sensory axon regeneration in the spinal cord in comparison to wildtype C3+/+ mice. In vitro, addition of C3 tripled both myelin-mediated neurite outgrowth inhibition and neuron loss versus myelin alone, and ELISA experiments revealed that myelin serine proteases cleave C3 to generate active fragments. Addition of purified C3 cleavage products to cultured neurons suggested that C3b is responsible for the growth inhibitory and neurotoxic or anti-adhesion activities of C3. These data indicate that C3 reduces neurite outgrowth and neuronal viability in vitro and restricts axon regeneration in vivo, and demonstrate a novel, non-traditional role for this inflammatory protein in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hal X Nguyen
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Oscar A Mendez
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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27
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Bigbee AJ, Akhavan M, Havton LA. Plasticity of Select Primary Afferent Projections to the Dorsal Horn after a Lumbosacral Ventral Root Avulsion Injury and Root Replantation in Rats. Front Neurol 2017; 8:291. [PMID: 28824522 PMCID: PMC5534445 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the conus medullaris and cauda equina portions of the spinal cord result in neurological impairments, including paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, and pain. In experimental studies, earlier investigations have shown that a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion (VRA) injury results in allodynia, which may be ameliorated by surgical replantation of the avulsed ventral roots. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of an L6 + S1 VRA injury on the plasticity of three populations of afferent projections to the dorsal horn in rats. At 8 weeks after a unilateral L6 + S1 VRA injury, quantitative morphological studies of the adjacent L5 dorsal horn showed reduced immunoreactivity (IR) for the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1 and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, whereas IR for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was unchanged. The IR for VGLUT1 and CGRP as well as IB4 binding was at control levels in the L5 dorsal horn at 8 weeks following an acute surgical replantation of the avulsed L6 + S1 ventral roots. Quantitative morphological studies of the L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) showed unchanged neuronal numbers for both the VRA and replanted series compared to shams. The portions of L5 DRG neurons expressing IR for VGLUT1 and CGRP, and IB4 binding were also the same between the VRA, replanted, and sham-operated groups. We conclude that the L5 dorsal horn shows selective plasticity for VGLUT1 and IB4 primary afferent projections after an L6 + S1 VRA injury and surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Bigbee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mahnaz Akhavan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Chu J, Bruyninckx F, Neuhauser DV. Autonomic components of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) are favourably affected by Electrical Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation (ETOIMS): effects on blood pressure and heart rate. BMJ INNOVATIONS 2017; 3:176-187. [PMID: 29445517 PMCID: PMC5754870 DOI: 10.1136/bmjinnov-2016-000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Favourable pain relief results on evoking autonomous twitches at myofascial trigger points with Electrical Twitch Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation (ETOIMS). AIM To document autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) from blood pressure (BP) and pulse/heart rate changes with ETOIMS. METHODS AND MATERIALS A patient with persistent pain regularly received serial ETOIMS sessions of 60, 90, 120 or ≥150 min over 24 months. Outcome measures include BP: systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure and pulse/heart rate, pre-session/immediate-post-session summed differences (SDPPP index), and pain reduction. His results were compared with that of two other patients and one normal control. Each individual represented the following maximal elicitable twitch forces (TWF) graded 1-5: maximum TWF2: control subject; maximum TWF3: CRPS patient with suspected ANS dysfunction; and maximum TWF4 and TWF5: two patients with respective slow-fatigue and fast-fatigue twitches who during ETOIMS had autonomous twitching at local and remote myotomes simultaneously from denervation supersensitivity. ETOIMS results between TWFs were compared using one-way analysis of variance test. RESULTS The patients showed immediate significant pain reduction, BP and pulse/heart rate changes/reduction(s) except for diastolic BP in the TWF5 patient. TWF2 control subject had diastolic BP reduction with ETOIMS but not with rest. Linear regression showed TWF grade to be the most significant variable in pain reduction, more so than the number of treatments, session duration and treatment interval. TWF grade was the most important variable in significantly reducing outcome measures, especially pulse/heart rate. Unlike others, the TWF3 patient had distinctive reductions in SDPPP index. CONCLUSIONS Measuring BP and pulse/heart rate is clinically practical for alerting ANS dysfunction maintained CRPS. SDPPP index (≥26) and pulse/heart rate (≥8) reductions with almost every ETOIMS treatment, plus inability to evoke autonomous twitches due to pain-induced muscle hypertonicity, are pathognomonic of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frans Bruyninckx
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Electromyography Laboratories, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Duncan V Neuhauser
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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29
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Sleigh JN, Dawes JM, West SJ, Wei N, Spaulding EL, Gómez-Martín A, Zhang Q, Burgess RW, Cader MZ, Talbot K, Yang XL, Bennett DL, Schiavo G. Trk receptor signaling and sensory neuron fate are perturbed in human neuropathy caused by Gars mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3324-E3333. [PMID: 28351971 PMCID: PMC5402433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614557114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by dominant, toxic, gain-of-function mutations in the widely expressed, housekeeping gene, GARS The mechanisms underlying selective nerve pathology in CMT2D remain unresolved, as does the cause of the mild-to-moderate sensory involvement that distinguishes CMT2D from the allelic disorder distal spinal muscular atrophy type V. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the underlying afferent nerve pathology, we examined the sensory nervous system of CMT2D mice. We show that the equilibrium between functional subtypes of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglia is distorted by Gars mutations, leading to sensory defects in peripheral tissues and correlating with overall disease severity. CMT2D mice display changes in sensory behavior concordant with the afferent imbalance, which is present at birth and nonprogressive, indicating that sensory neuron identity is prenatally perturbed and that a critical developmental insult is key to the afferent pathology. Through in vitro experiments, mutant, but not wild-type, GlyRS was shown to aberrantly interact with the Trk receptors and cause misactivation of Trk signaling, which is essential for sensory neuron differentiation and development. Together, this work suggests that both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms contribute to CMT2D pathogenesis, and thus has profound implications for the timing of future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Sleigh
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J West
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Emily L Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Adriana Gómez-Martín
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert W Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom;
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30
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Hu G, Huang K, Hu Y, Du G, Xue Z, Zhu X, Fan G. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals distinct injury responses in different types of DRG sensory neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31851. [PMID: 27558660 PMCID: PMC4997251 DOI: 10.1038/srep31851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury leads to various injury-induced responses in sensory neurons including physiological pain, neuronal cell death, and nerve regeneration. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of mouse nonpeptidergic nociceptors (NP), peptidergic nociceptors (PEP), and large myelinated sensory neurons (LM) under both control and injury conditions at 3 days after sciatic nerve transection (SNT). After performing principle component and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we categorized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons into different subtypes and discovered co-regulated injury-response genes including novel regeneration associated genes (RAGs) in association with neuronal development, protein translation and cytoplasm transportation. In addition, we found significant up-regulation of the genes associated with cell death such as Pdcd2 in a subset of NP neurons after axotomy, implicating their actions in neuronal cell death upon nerve injury. Our study revealed the distinctive and sustained heterogeneity of transcriptomic responses to injury at single neuron level, implicating the involvement of different gene regulatory networks in nerve regeneration, neuronal cell death and neuropathy in different population of DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganlu Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20065, China
| | - Kevin Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Youjin Hu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20065, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20065, China
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoping Fan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.,Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the life versus death of mammalian neurons is important not only for our understanding of the normal biology of the nervous system but also for our efforts to devise approaches to maintain neuronal survival in the face of traumatic injury or neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the emerging evidence that a key survival/death checkpoint in both peripheral and central neurons involves the p53 tumor suppressor and its newly discovered family members, p73 and p63. The full-length isoforms of these proteins function as proapoptotic proteins, whereas naturally occurring N-terminal truncated variants of p73 and p63 act as prosurvival proteins, at least partially by antagonizing the full-length family members. The authors propose that together, these isoforms comprise an upstream rheostat that sums different environmental cues to ultimately determine neuronal survival during development, during neuronal maintenance in adult animals, and even following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bradley Jacobs
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Cheng XL, Wang P, Sun B, Liu SB, Gao YF, He XZ, Yu CY. The longitudinal epineural incision and complete nerve transection method for modeling sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1663-8. [PMID: 26692866 PMCID: PMC4660762 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury severity, operative technique and nerve regeneration are important factors to consider when constructing a model of peripheral nerve injury. Here, we present a novel peripheral nerve injury model and compare it with the complete sciatic nerve transection method. In the experimental group, under a microscope, a 3-mm longitudinal incision was made in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve to reveal the nerve fibers, which were then transected. The small, longitudinal incision in the epineurium was then sutured closed, requiring no stump anastomosis. In the control group, the sciatic nerve was completely transected, and the epineurium was repaired by anastomosis. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, Wallerian degeneration was observed in both groups. In the experimental group, at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, distinct medullary nerve fibers and axons were observed in the injured sciatic nerve. Regular, dense myelin sheaths were visible, as well as some scarring. By 12 weeks, the myelin sheaths were normal and intact, and a tight lamellar structure was observed. Functionally, limb movement and nerve conduction recovered in the injured region between 4 and 12 weeks. The present results demonstrate that longitudinal epineural incision with nerve transection can stably replicate a model of Sunderland grade IV peripheral nerve injury. Compared with the complete sciatic nerve transection model, our method reduced the difficulties of micromanipulation and surgery time, and resulted in good stump restoration, nerve regeneration, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Cheng
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yun-Feng Gao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Ze He
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
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33
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Medici T, Shortland PJ. Effects of peripheral nerve injury on parvalbumin expression in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:93. [PMID: 26674138 PMCID: PMC4681077 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parvalbumin (PV) is a calcium binding protein that identifies a subpopulation of proprioceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is also expressed in a high proportion of muscle afferents but its relationship to PV is unclear. Little is known of the phenotypic responses of muscle afferents to nerve injury. Sciatic nerve axotomy or L5 spinal nerve ligation and section (SNL) lesions were used to explore these issues in adult rats using immunocytochemistry. Results In naive animals, the mean PV expression was 25 % of L4 or L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and this was unchanged 2 weeks after sciatic nerve axotomy. Colocalization studies with the injury marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) showed that approximately 24 % of PV neurons expressed ATF3 after sciatic nerve axotomy suggesting that PV may show a phenotypic switch from injured to uninjured neurons. This possibility was further assessed using the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury model where injured and uninjured neurons are located in different DRGs. Two weeks after L5 SNL there was no change in total PV staining and essentially all L5 PV neurons expressed ATF3. Additionally, there was no increase in PV-ir in the adjacent uninjured L4 DRG cells. Co-labelling of DRG neurons revealed that less than 2 % of PV neurons normally expressed CGRP and no colocalization was seen after injury. Conclusion These experiments clearly show that axotomy does not produce down regulation of PV protein in the DRG. Moreover, this lack of change is not due to a phenotypic switch in PV immunoreactive (ir) neurons, or de novo expression of PV-ir in uninjured neurons after nerve injury. These results further illustrate differences that occur when muscle afferents are injured as compared to cutaneous afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Medici
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK. .,Queens Hospital, Romford, Essex, RM7 0AG, UK.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Narellen Road, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Gonzalez-Perez F, Alé A, Santos D, Barwig C, Freier T, Navarro X, Udina E. Substratum preferences of motor and sensory neurons in postnatal and adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:431-42. [PMID: 26332537 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injuries, damaged axons can regenerate but functional recovery is limited by the specific reinnervation of targets. In this study we evaluated if motor and sensory neurites have a substrate preference for laminin and fibronectin in postnatal and adult stages. In postnatal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants, sensory neurons extended longer neurites on collagen matrices enriched with laminin (~50%) or fibronectin (~35%), whereas motoneurons extended longer neurites (~100%) in organotypic spinal cord slices embedded in fibronectin-enriched matrix. An increased percentage of parvalbumin-positive neurites (presumptive proprioceptive) vs. neurofilament-positive neurites was also found in DRG in fibronectin-enriched matrix. To test if the different preference of neurons for extracellular matrix components was maintained in vivo, these matrices were used to fill a chitosan guide to repair a 6-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of adult rats. However, the number of regenerating motor and sensory neurons after 1 month was similar between groups. Moreover, none of the retrotraced sensory neurons in DRG was positive for parvalbumin, suggesting that presumptive proprioceptive neurons had poor regenerative capabilities compared with other peripheral neurons. Using real-time PCR we evaluated the expression of α5β1 (receptor for fibronectin) and α7β1 integrin (receptor for laminin) in spinal cord and DRG 2 days after injury. Postnatal animals showed a higher increase of α5β1 integrin, whereas both integrins were similarly expressed in adult neurons. Therefore, we conclude that motor and sensory axons have a different substrate preference at early postnatal stages but this difference is lost in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Alé
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Santos
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
The effects of peripheral nerve injury on somatosensory processing and pain are highly dependent upon the age at which the damage occurs. Adult nerve injury rapidly triggers neuropathic pain, but this is not so if the same nerve injury is performed in animals below postnatal day (P) 28, consistent with observations in paediatric patients. However, longitudinal studies show that pain hypersensitivity emerges later in life, when the animal reaches adolescence, an observation that could be of clinical importance. Here we discuss the evidence that the central consequences of nerve damage are critically determined by the status of neuroimmune regulation at different ages. In the first postnatal weeks, when spinal somatosensory circuits are undergoing synaptic reorganisation, the ‘default’ neuroimmune response is skewed in an anti-inflammatory direction, suppressing the excitation of dorsal horn neurons and preventing the onset of neuropathic pain. As animals grow up and the central nervous system matures, the neuroimmune profile shifts in a pro-inflammatory direction, unmasking a ‘latent’ pain response to an earlier nerve injury. The data predicts that nerve injury in infancy and childhood could go unnoticed at the time, but emerge as clinically ‘unexplained’ or ‘functional’ pain in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McKelvey
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Regeneration of sensory but not motor axons following visceral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 266:127-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McCarthy CJ, Tomasella E, Malet M, Seroogy KB, Hökfelt T, Villar MJ, Gebhart GF, Brumovsky PR. Axotomy of tributaries of the pelvic and pudendal nerves induces changes in the neurochemistry of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons and the spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1985-2004. [PMID: 25749859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using immunohistochemical techniques, we characterized changes in the expression of several neurochemical markers in lumbar 4-sacral 2 (L4-S2) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron profiles (NPs) and the spinal cord of BALB/c mice after axotomy of the L6 and S1 spinal nerves, major tributaries of the pelvic (targeting pelvic visceral organs) and pudendal (targeting perineum and genitalia) nerves. Sham animals were included. Expression of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF3), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) types 1 and -2 was analysed seven days after injury. L6-S1 axotomy induced dramatic de novo expression of ATF3 in many L6-S1 DRG NPs, and parallel significant downregulations in the percentage of CGRP-, TRPV1-, TH- and VGLUT2-immunoreactive (IR) DRG NPs, as compared to their expression in uninjured DRGs (contralateral L6-S1-AXO; sham mice); VGLUT1 expression remained unaltered. Sham L6-S1 DRGs only showed a small ipsilateral increase in ATF3-IR NPs (other markers were unchanged). L6-S1-AXO induced de novo expression of ATF3 in several lumbosacral spinal cord motoneurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; in sham mice the effect was limited to a few motoneurons. Finally, a moderate decrease in CGRP- and TRPV1-like-immunoreactivities was observed in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn neuropil. In conclusion, injury of a mixed visceral/non-visceral nerve leads to considerable neurochemical alterations in DRGs matched, to some extent, in the spinal cord. Changes in these and potentially other nociception-related molecules could contribute to pain due to injury of nerves in the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J McCarthy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Tomasella
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Malet
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kim B Seroogy
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcelo J Villar
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G F Gebhart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Pablo R Brumovsky
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Czaja K, Fornaro M, Geuna S. Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1047-54. [PMID: 25722694 PMCID: PMC4340017 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Italy
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Zhou S, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yi S, Zhao L, Tang X, Yu B, Gu X, Ding F. miR-21 and miR-222 inhibit apoptosis of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons by repressing TIMP3 following sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2015; 586:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kanngiesser M, Mair N, Lim HY, Zschiebsch K, Blees J, Häussler A, Brüne B, Ferreiròs N, Kress M, Tegeder I. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 regulates heat and cold pain sensitivity and persistence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2555-71. [PMID: 24144405 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study assessed the functions of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in sensory neurons in models of acute, inflammatory, ischemic, and neuropathic pain. The alpha subunit, HIF1α, was specifically deleted in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia by mating HIF1α(fl/fl) mice with SNScre mice. RESULTS SNS-HIF1α(-/-) mice were more sensitive to noxious heat and cold pain stimulation than were HIF1α(fl/fl) control mice. They also showed heightened first-phase nociceptive responses in the formalin and capsaicin tests with increased numbers of cFos-positive neurons in the dorsal horn, and intensified hyperalgesia in early phases after paw inflammation and hind limb ischemia/reperfusion. The behavioral cold and heat pain hypersensitivity was explained by increased calcium fluxes after transient receptor potential channel activation in primary sensory neurons of SNS-HIF1α(-/-) mice and lowered electrical activation thresholds of sensory fibers. SNS-HIF1α(-/-) mice however, developed less neuropathic pain after sciatic nerve injury, which was associated with an abrogation of HIF1-mediated gene up-regulation. INNOVATION The results suggest that HIF1α is protective in terms of acute heat and cold pain but in case of ongoing activation in injured neurons, it may promote the development of neuropathic pain. CONCLUSION The duality of HIF1 in pain regulation may have an impact on the side effects of drugs targeting HIF1, which are being developed, for example, as anticancer agents. Specifically, in patients with cancer neuropathy, however, temporary HIF1 inhibition might provide a welcome combination of growth and pain reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kanngiesser
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
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Elzière L, Sar C, Ventéo S, Bourane S, Puech S, Sonrier C, Boukhadaoui H, Fichard A, Pattyn A, Valmier J, Carroll P, Méchaly I. CaMKK-CaMK1a, a new post-traumatic signalling pathway induced in mouse somatosensory neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97736. [PMID: 24840036 PMCID: PMC4026325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons innervating peripheral tissues display complex responses to peripheral nerve injury. These include the activation and suppression of a variety of signalling pathways that together influence regenerative growth and result in more or less successful functional recovery. However, these responses can be offset by pathological consequences including neuropathic pain. Calcium signalling plays a major role in the different steps occurring after nerve damage. As part of our studies to unravel the roles of injury-induced molecular changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons during their regeneration, we show that the calcium calmodulin kinase CaMK1a is markedly induced in mouse DRG neurons in several models of mechanical peripheral nerve injury, but not by inflammation. Intrathecal injection of NRTN or GDNF significantly prevents the post-traumatic induction of CaMK1a suggesting that interruption of target derived factors might be a starter signal in this de novo induction. Inhibition of CaMK signalling in injured DRG neurons by pharmacological means or treatment with CaMK1a siRNA resulted in decreased velocity of neurite growth in vitro. Altogether, the results suggest that CaMK1a induction is part of the intrinsic regenerative response of DRG neurons to peripheral nerve injury, and is thus a potential target for therapeutic intervention to improve peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Elzière
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Chamroeun Sar
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ventéo
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Steeve Bourane
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Puech
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Sonrier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhadaoui
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Fichard
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
- Department BioMV, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pattyn
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Valmier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
- Department BioMV, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Carroll
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilana Méchaly
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, I.N.S.E.R.M. U1051, Montpellier, France
- Department BioMV, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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Peters JH, Gallaher ZR, Ryu V, Czaja K. Withdrawal and restoration of central vagal afferents within the dorsal vagal complex following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:3584-99. [PMID: 23749657 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vagotomy, a severing of the peripheral axons of the vagus nerve, has been extensively utilized to determine the role of vagal afferents in viscerosensory signaling. Vagotomy is also an unavoidable component of some bariatric surgeries. Although it is known that peripheral axons of the vagus nerve degenerate and then regenerate to a limited extent following vagotomy, very little is known about the response of central vagal afferents in the dorsal vagal complex to this type of damage. We tested the hypothesis that vagotomy results in the transient withdrawal of central vagal afferent terminals from their primary central target, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and were sacrificed 10, 30, or 60 days later. Plastic changes in vagal afferent fibers and synapses were investigated at the morphological and functional levels by using a combination of an anterograde tracer, synapse-specific markers, and patch-clamp electrophysiology in horizontal brain sections. Morphological data revealed that numbers of vagal afferent fibers and synapses in the NTS were significantly reduced 10 days following vagotomy and were restored to control levels by 30 days and 60 days, respectively. Electrophysiology revealed transient decreases in spontaneous glutamate release, glutamate release probability, and the number of primary afferent inputs. Our results demonstrate that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy triggers transient withdrawal and remodeling of central vagal afferent terminals in the NTS. The observed vagotomy-induced plasticity within this key feeding center of the brain may be partially responsible for the response of bariatric patients following gastric bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Peters
- Program in Neuroscience, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience (IPN), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164
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43
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Donegan M, Kernisant M, Cua C, Jasmin L, Ohara PT. Satellite glial cell proliferation in the trigeminal ganglia after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. Glia 2013; 61:2000-8. [PMID: 24123473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have examined satellite glial cell (SGC) proliferation in trigeminal ganglia following chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. Using BrdU labeling combined with immunohistochemistry for SGC specific proteins we positively confirmed proliferating cells to be SGCs. Proliferation peaks at approximately 4 days after injury and dividing SGCs are preferentially located around neurons that are immunopositive for ATF-3, a marker of nerve injury. After nerve injury there is an increase GFAP expression in SGCs associated with both ATF-3 immunopositive and immunonegative neurons throughout the ganglia. SGCs also express the non-glial proteins, CD45 and CD163, which label resident macrophages and circulating leukocytes, respectively. In addition to SGCs, we found some Schwann cells, endothelial cells, resident macrophages, and circulating leukocytes were BrdU immunopositive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macayla Donegan
- University of California San Francisco, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, BOX 0444, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California
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Hart AM, Terenghi G, Wiberg M. Neuronal death after peripheral nerve injury and experimental strategies for neuroprotection. Neurol Res 2013; 30:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x362479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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46
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Lankford KL, Arroyo EJ, Liu CN, Somps CJ, Zorbas MA, Shelton DL, Evans MG, Hurst SI, Kocsis JD. Sciatic nerve regeneration is not inhibited by anti-NGF antibody treatment in the adult rat. Neuroscience 2013; 241:157-69. [PMID: 23531437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) is believed to play a role in many types of pain. An NGF-blocking antibody (muMab 911) has been shown to reduce pain and hyperalgesia in pain models, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for pain management. Since NGF also plays important roles in peripheral nervous system development and sensory nerve outgrowth, we asked whether anti-NGF antibodies would adversely impact peripheral nerve regeneration. Adult rats underwent a unilateral sciatic nerve crush to transect axons and were subcutaneously dosed weekly for 8weeks with muMab 911 or vehicle beginning 1day prior to injury. Plasma levels of muMab 911 were assessed from blood samples and foot print analysis was used to assess functional recovery. At 8-weeks post-nerve injury, sciatic nerves were prepared for light and electron microscopy. In a separate group, Fluro-Gold was injected subcutaneously at the ankle prior to perfusion, and counts and sizes of retrogradely labeled and unlabeled dorsal root ganglion neurons were obtained. There was no difference in the time course of gait recovery in antibody-treated and vehicle-treated animals. The number of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons was the same in the muMab 911-treated crushed nerves and intact nerves, consistent with observed complete recovery. Treatment with muMab 911 did however result in a small decrease in average cell body size on both the intact and injured sides. These results indicate that muMab 911 did not impair functional recovery or nerve regeneration after nerve injury in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lankford
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Jonsson S, Wiberg R, McGrath AM, Novikov LN, Wiberg M, Novikova LN, Kingham PJ. Effect of delayed peripheral nerve repair on nerve regeneration, Schwann cell function and target muscle recovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56484. [PMID: 23409189 PMCID: PMC3567071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical techniques for peripheral nerve repair, functional restitution remains incomplete. The timing of surgery is one factor influencing the extent of recovery but it is not yet clearly defined how long a delay may be tolerated before repair becomes futile. In this study, rats underwent sciatic nerve transection before immediate (0) or 1, 3, or 6 months delayed repair with a nerve graft. Regeneration of spinal motoneurons, 13 weeks after nerve repair, was assessed using retrograde labeling. Nerve tissue was also collected from the proximal and distal stumps and from the nerve graft, together with the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles. A dramatic decline in the number of regenerating motoneurons and myelinated axons in the distal nerve stump was observed in the 3- and 6-months delayed groups. After 3 months delay, the axonal number in the proximal stump increased 2–3 folds, accompanied by a smaller axonal area. RT-PCR of distal nerve segments revealed a decline in Schwann cells (SC) markers, most notably in the 3 and 6 month delayed repair samples. There was also a progressive increase in fibrosis and proteoglycan scar markers in the distal nerve with increased delayed repair time. The yield of SC isolated from the distal nerve segments progressively fell with increased delay in repair time but cultured SC from all groups proliferated at similar rates. MG muscle at 3- and 6-months delay repair showed a significant decline in weight (61% and 27% compared with contra-lateral side). Muscle fiber atrophy and changes to neuromuscular junctions were observed with increased delayed repair time suggestive of progressively impaired reinnervation. This study demonstrates that one of the main limiting factors for nerve regeneration after delayed repair is the distal stump. The critical time point after which the outcome of regeneration becomes too poor appears to be 3-months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jonsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra M. McGrath
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgical & Perioperative Science, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N. Novikov
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgical & Perioperative Science, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liudmila N. Novikova
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PJK); (LNN)
| | - Paul J. Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PJK); (LNN)
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Target-dependence of sensory neurons: An ultrastructural comparison of axotomised dorsal root ganglion neurons with allowed or denied reinnervation of peripheral targets. Neuroscience 2013; 228:163-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Expression pattern of leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 4 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci Lett 2012; 531:24-9. [PMID: 23069668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A member of leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein family, leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 4 (Lrrn4), is a type I transmembrane protein. Previously, we have reported that Lrrn4 is expressed in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and involved in the memory retention. However, little is known about the role of Lrrn4 in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Northern blot analysis revealed that Lrrn4 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) with low levels in some regions of the CNS. To identify Lrrn4-expressing cells in the DRGs, we performed in situ hybridization histochemistry and LacZ staining in Lrrn4-heterozygous (Lrrn4+/-) mice generated by the replacement of Lrrn4 gene with β-galactosidase gene. In the adult DRGs, 8% of total DRG neurons contained Lrrn4 mRNA, which was exclusively expressed in the small-sized neurons. LacZ staining combined with immunohistochemistry revealed that approximately 42% and 58% of Lrrn4-positive neurons contained receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA)- and Ret-immunoreactivity, respectively. After sciatic nerve axotomy, the expression of Lrrn4 mRNA was reduced in injured side of the DRGs. Thus, Lrrn4 is expressed in a subset of nociceptive neurons and might contribute to the maintenance of nociceptive circuits.
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Oaklander AL. Chapter 31 Neuropathological examination of peripheral nerves in painful neuropathies (neuralgias). HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 81:463-XII. [PMID: 18808853 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(06)80035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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