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Mariani JN, Mansky B, Madsen PM, Salinas D, Kesmen D, Huynh NPT, Kuypers NJ, Kesel ER, Bates J, Payne C, Chandler-Militello D, Benraiss A, Goldman SA. Repression of developmental transcription factor networks triggers aging-associated gene expression in human glial progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3873. [PMID: 38719882 PMCID: PMC11079006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) exhibit diminished expansion competence with age, as well as after recurrent demyelination. Using RNA-sequencing to compare the gene expression of fetal and adult hGPCs, we identify age-related changes in transcription consistent with the repression of genes enabling mitotic expansion, concurrent with the onset of aging-associated transcriptional programs. Adult hGPCs develop a repressive transcription factor network centered on MYC, and regulated by ZNF274, MAX, IKZF3, and E2F6. Individual over-expression of these factors in iPSC-derived hGPCs lead to a loss of proliferative gene expression and an induction of mitotic senescence, replicating the transcriptional changes incurred during glial aging. miRNA profiling identifies the appearance of an adult-selective miRNA signature, imposing further constraints on the expansion competence of aged GPCs. hGPC aging is thus associated with acquisition of a MYC-repressive environment, suggesting that suppression of these repressors of glial expansion may permit the rejuvenation of aged hGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Benjamin Mansky
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Pernille M Madsen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Dennis Salinas
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Deniz Kesmen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Nguyen P T Huynh
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Erin R Kesel
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Janna Bates
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Casey Payne
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Devin Chandler-Militello
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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2
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Hill RA, Nishiyama A, Hughes EG. Features, Fates, and Functions of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041425. [PMID: 38052500 PMCID: PMC10910408 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a central nervous system resident population of glia with a distinct molecular identity and an ever-increasing list of functions. OPCs generate oligodendrocytes throughout development and across the life span in most regions of the brain and spinal cord. This process involves a complex coordination of molecular checkpoints and biophysical cues from the environment that initiate the differentiation and integration of new oligodendrocytes that synthesize myelin sheaths on axons. Outside of their progenitor role, OPCs have been proposed to play other functions including the modulation of axonal and synaptic development and the participation in bidirectional signaling with neurons and other glia. Here, we review OPC identity and known functions and discuss recent findings implying other roles for these glial cells in brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Ethan G Hughes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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3
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Michell-Robinson MA, Watt KEN, Grouza V, Macintosh J, Pinard M, Tuznik M, Chen X, Darbelli L, Wu CL, Perrier S, Chitsaz D, Uccelli NA, Liu H, Cox TC, Müller CW, Kennedy TE, Coulombe B, Rudko DA, Trainor PA, Bernard G. Hypomyelination, hypodontia and craniofacial abnormalities in a Polr3b mouse model of leukodystrophy. Brain 2023; 146:5070-5085. [PMID: 37635302 PMCID: PMC10690025 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy (POLR3-HLD), also known as 4H leukodystrophy, is a severe neurodegenerative disease characterized by the cardinal features of hypomyelination, hypodontia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. POLR3-HLD is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in genes encoding Pol III subunits. While approximately half of all patients carry mutations in POLR3B encoding the RNA polymerase III subunit B, there is no in vivo model of leukodystrophy based on mutation of this Pol III subunit. Here, we determined the impact of POLR3BΔ10 (Δ10) on Pol III in human cells and developed and characterized an inducible/conditional mouse model of leukodystrophy using the orthologous Δ10 mutation in mice. The molecular mechanism of Pol III dysfunction was determined in human cells by affinity purification-mass spectrometry and western blot. Postnatal induction with tamoxifen induced expression of the orthologous Δ10 hypomorph in triple transgenic Pdgfrα-Cre/ERT; R26-Stopfl-EYFP; Polr3bfl mice. CNS and non-CNS features were characterized using a variety of techniques including microCT, ex vivo MRI, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, spectral confocal reflectance microscopy and western blot. Lineage tracing and time series analysis of oligodendrocyte subpopulation dynamics based on co-labelling with lineage-specific and/or proliferation markers were performed. Proteomics suggested that Δ10 causes a Pol III assembly defect, while western blots demonstrated reduced POLR3BΔ10 expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus in human cells. In mice, postnatal Pdgfrα-dependent expression of the orthologous murine mutant protein resulted in recessive phenotypes including severe hypomyelination leading to ataxia, tremor, seizures and limited survival, as well as hypodontia and craniofacial abnormalities. Hypomyelination was confirmed and characterized using classic methods to quantify myelin components such as myelin basic protein and lipids, results which agreed with those produced using modern methods to quantify myelin based on the physical properties of myelin membranes. Lineage tracing uncovered the underlying mechanism for the hypomyelinating phenotype: defective oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation and differentiation resulted in a failure to produce an adequate number of mature oligodendrocytes during postnatal myelinogenesis. In summary, we characterized the Polr3bΔ10 mutation and developed an animal model that recapitulates features of POLR3-HLD caused by POLR3B mutations, shedding light on disease pathogenesis, and opening the door to the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie A Michell-Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kristin E N Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Vladimir Grouza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Julia Macintosh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maxime Pinard
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Lama Darbelli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chia-Lun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stefanie Perrier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Daryan Chitsaz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Nonthué A Uccelli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David A Rudko
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children’s Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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4
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Normal and Pathologic Conditions? Neurology 2023; 101:958-965. [PMID: 37985182 PMCID: PMC10663025 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
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Ahn SY, Bagheri Varzaneh M, Zhao Y, Rozynek J, Ravindran S, Banks J, Chaudhry M, Reed DA. NG2/CSPG4 attenuates motility in mandibular fibrochondrocytes under serum starvation conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240920. [PMID: 38020894 PMCID: PMC10662293 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of mandibular fibrochondrocytes is important for the development of the mandible, the homeostasis of the mandibular cartilage, and for the capacity of the tissue to respond to injury. Mandibular fibrochondrocytes have to overcome formidable obstacles during migration including a dense and heterogeneous three-dimensional matrix. Guiding the direction of cell migration and commitment to a migratory phenotype in this microenvironment necessitates a multivalent response to chemotactic and extracellular matrix-mediated stimuli. One of the key matrix components in the cartilage of the temporomandibular joint is type VI collagen. Neuron/glial antigen 2 (NG2/CSPG4) is a transmembrane proteoglycan that binds with collagen VI and has been implicated in a wide range of cell behaviors including cell migration, motility, adhesion, and proliferation. While NG2/CSPG4 has been shown to be a key regulator of mandibular cartilage homeostasis, its role in the migration of mandibular fibrochondrocytes during normal and cell stress conditions has yet to be resolved. Here, we address this gap in knowledge by characterizing NG2/CSPG4-dependent migration in mandibular fibrochondrocytes using primary mandibular fibrochondrocytes isolated from control and full length NG2/CSPG4 knockout mice, in primary mandibular fibrochondrocytes isolated from NG2|DsRed reporter mice and in an immortalized mandibular fibrochondrocyte cell line with a mutated NG2/CSPG4 ectodomain. All three cells demonstrate similar results, with loss of the full length or truncated NG2/CSPG4 increasing the rate of cell migration in serum starvation/cell stress conditions. These findings clearly implicate NG2/CSPG4 as a key molecule in the regulation of cell migration in mandibular fibrochondrocytes in normal and cell stress conditions, underscoring the role of NG2/CSPG4 as a mechanosensitive signaling hub in the mandibular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Ahn
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mina Bagheri Varzaneh
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jacob Rozynek
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan Banks
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Minahil Chaudhry
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David A. Reed
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Rowland ME, Jiang Y, Shafiq S, Ghahramani A, Pena-Ortiz MA, Dumeaux V, Bérubé NG. Systemic and intrinsic functions of ATRX in glial cell fate and CNS myelination in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7090. [PMID: 37925436 PMCID: PMC10625541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin, an extension of the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane, wraps around axons to facilitate nerve conduction. Myelination is compromised in ATR-X intellectual disability syndrome patients, but the causes are unknown. We show that loss of ATRX leads to myelination deficits in male mice that are partially rectified upon systemic thyroxine administration. Targeted ATRX inactivation in either neurons or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) reveals OPC-intrinsic effects on myelination. OPCs lacking ATRX fail to differentiate along the oligodendrocyte lineage and acquire a more plastic state that favors astrocytic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. ATRX chromatin occupancy in OPCs greatly overlaps with that of the chromatin remodelers CHD7 and CHD8 as well as H3K27Ac, a mark of active enhancers. Overall, our data indicate that ATRX regulates the onset of myelination systemically via thyroxine, and by promoting OPC differentiation and suppressing astrogliogenesis. These functions of ATRX identified in mice could explain white matter pathogenesis observed in ATR-X syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yan Jiang
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza Ghahramani
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Miguel A Pena-Ortiz
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Dumeaux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie G Bérubé
- Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Genetics & Development, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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7
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Lin Q, Lin L, Li L, Zheng YF, Hu DW, Zhang G. Dynamic changes of oligodendrogenesis in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148495. [PMID: 37481153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter injury (WMI) is an important type of preterm brain injury, which may result in severe neurological sequelae and lack of effective treatments. It is ascertained that selective vulnerability of oligodendrocytes is closely related to the WMI in preterm infants. But the alteration of the endogenous oligodendrogenesis over long time after hypoxic-ischemic WMI is still not clearly elucidated. METHODS We adopted an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic WMI in 3-day-old neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to detect dynamic changes of oligodendrogenesis in the white matter region on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84. RESULTS In the sham group, the oligodendrocyte lineage in the white matter reached a developmental peak from POD 3 to 14. The proliferation and development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) occurred primarily within POD 14. The number of mature oligodendrocytes showed an upward trend and a dynamic change in proliferation over time. While in the WMI group, the oligodendrocyte lineage was upregulated on POD1 and 3 but downregulated on POD 7 and 14. The proliferation of OPCs increased on POD 1 and decreased on POD 3 and 7, with the total number of OPCs significantly reduced from POD 3 to 14. The number of mature oligodendrocytes decreased from POD 3 to 28, and return to the level of the sham group on POD 56 and 84, whereas the MBP expression was still significantly downregulated on POD 56 and 84. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia-ischemia can have a long-term dynamic effect on the endogenous oligodendrogenesis of neonatal rat brain white matter. The proliferation of OPCs was promoted on POD 1 but inhibited from POD 3 to 14, which may be an early intervention target to improve oligodendrogenesis. The number of mature oligodendrocytes recover to the normal on POD 56 and 84 but the myelination is still blocked, which suggests it is essential to promote the maturation of oligodendrocyte and its function recovery at the same time within POD 28. Such efforts will provide the opportunity to test new interventions in pre-clinical studies for their promising clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Assisted Reproduction Centre, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fen Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ding-Wang Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Geng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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8
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Mihailova V, Stoyanova II, Tonchev AB. Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2332. [PMID: 37760773 PMCID: PMC10525766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in glial cells in the central nervous system due to their important role in maintaining brain homeostasis under physiological conditions and after injury. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated regarding their capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects under different pathological conditions. In combination with their proliferative potential, they contribute not only to the limitation of brain damage and tissue remodeling but also to neuronal repair and synaptic recovery. Moreover, reactive glial cells can modulate the processes of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neurons in the existing neural circuits in the adult brain. By discovering precise signals within specific niches, the regulation of sequential processes in adult neurogenesis holds the potential to unlock strategies that can stimulate the generation of functional neurons, whether in response to injury or as a means of addressing degenerative neurological conditions. Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mihailova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (I.I.S.); (A.B.T.)
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Li H, Dan QQ, Chen YJ, Chen L, Zhang HT, Mu DZ, Wang TH. Cellular Localization and Distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB in the Adult Primate Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2406-2423. [PMID: 36976393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The available data on the localization of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in the adult primate and human central nervous system (CNS) are limited and lack comprehensive and systematic information. This study aimed to investigate the cellular localization and distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF, and PDGF-BB in the CNS of adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Seven adult rhesus macaques were included in the study. The protein levels of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and spinal cord were analyzed by western blotting. The expression and location of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the brain and spinal cord was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was detected by in situ hybridization. The molecular weight of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the homogenate of spinal cord was 25 KDa, 30 KDa, and 34 KDa, respectively. Immunolabeling revealed GDNF was ubiquitously distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. TGF-β1 was least distributed and found only in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, and PDGF-BB expression was also limited and present only in the brainstem and spinal cord. Besides, TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF were localized in the astrocytes and microglia of spinal cord and hippocampus, and their expression was mainly found in the cytoplasm and primary dendrites. The mRNA of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was localized to neuronal subpopulations in the spinal cord and cerebellum. These findings suggest that TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB may be associated with neuronal survival, neural regeneration and functional recovery in the CNS of adult rhesus macaques, providing the potential insights into the development or refinement of therapies based on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi-Qin Dan
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yan-Jun Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - De-Zhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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10
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Bai X, Zhao N, Koupourtidou C, Fang LP, Schwarz V, Caudal LC, Zhao R, Hirrlinger J, Walz W, Bian S, Huang W, Ninkovic J, Kirchhoff F, Scheller A. In the mouse cortex, oligodendrocytes regain a plastic capacity, transforming into astrocytes after acute injury. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00192-2. [PMID: 37220747 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute brain injuries evoke various response cascades directing the formation of the glial scar. Here, we report that acute lesions associated with hemorrhagic injuries trigger a re-programming of oligodendrocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlighted a subpopulation of oligodendrocytes activating astroglial genes after acute brain injuries. By using PLP-DsRed1/GFAP-EGFP and PLP-EGFPmem/GFAP-mRFP1 transgenic mice, we visualized this population of oligodendrocytes that we termed AO cells based on their concomitant activity of astro- and oligodendroglial genes. By fate mapping using PLP- and GFAP-split Cre complementation and repeated chronic in vivo imaging with two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, we observed the conversion of oligodendrocytes into astrocytes via the AO cell stage. Such conversion was promoted by local injection of IL-6 and was diminished by IL-6 receptor-neutralizing antibody as well as by inhibiting microglial activation with minocycline. In summary, our findings highlight the plastic potential of oligodendrocytes in acute brain trauma due to microglia-derived IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Na Zhao
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Christina Koupourtidou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Li-Pao Fang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Schwarz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Laura C Caudal
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walz
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China; Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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11
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Yi C, Verkhratsky A, Niu J. Pathological potential of oligodendrocyte precursor cells: terra incognita. Trends Neurosci 2023:S0166-2236(23)00103-0. [PMID: 37183154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (aOPCs), transformed from fetal OPCs, are idiosyncratic neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS) that are distinct in many ways from other glial cells. OPCs have been classically studied in the context of their remyelinating capacity. Recent studies, however, revealed that aOPCs not only contribute to post-lesional remyelination but also play diverse crucial roles in multiple neurological diseases. In this review we briefly present the physiology of aOPCs and summarize current knowledge of the beneficial and detrimental roles of aOPCs in different CNS diseases. We discuss unique features of aOPC death, reactivity, and changes during senescence, as well as aOPC interactions with other glial cells and pathological remodeling during disease. Finally, we outline future perspectives for the study of aOPCs in brain pathologies which may instigate the development of aOPC-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao 48011, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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12
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Dean T, Ghaemmaghami J, Corso J, Gallo V. The cortical NG2-glia response to traumatic brain injury. Glia 2023; 71:1164-1175. [PMID: 36692058 PMCID: PMC10404390 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. A chronic neurologic disease bearing the moniker of "the silent epidemic," TBI currently has no targeted therapies to ameliorate cellular loss or enhance functional recovery. Compared with those of astrocytes, microglia, and peripheral immune cells, the functions and mechanisms of NG2-glia following TBI are far less understood, despite NG2-glia comprising the largest population of regenerative cells in the mature cortex. Here, we synthesize the results from multiple rodent models of TBI, with a focus on cortical NG2-glia proliferation and lineage potential, and propose future avenues for glia researchers to address this unique cell type in TBI. As the molecular mechanisms that regulate NG2-glia regenerative potential are uncovered, we posit that future therapeutic strategies may exploit cortical NG2-glia to augment local cellular recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Dean
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Javid Ghaemmaghami
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John Corso
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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13
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Procacci NM, Hastings RL, Aziz AA, Christiansen NM, Zhao J, DeAngeli C, LeBlanc N, Notterpek L, Valdez G, Gould TW. Kir4.1 is specifically expressed and active in non-myelinating Schwann cells. Glia 2023; 71:926-944. [PMID: 36479906 PMCID: PMC9931657 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-myelinating Schwann cells (NMSC) play important roles in peripheral nervous system formation and function. However, the molecular identity of these cells remains poorly defined. We provide evidence that Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying K+ channel encoded by the KCNJ10 gene, is specifically expressed and active in NMSC. Immunostaining revealed that Kir4.1 is present in terminal/perisynaptic SCs (TPSC), synaptic glia at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), but not in myelinating SCs (MSC) of adult mice. To further examine the expression pattern of Kir4.1, we generated BAC transgenic Kir4.1-CreERT2 mice and crossed them to the tdTomato reporter line. Activation of CreERT2 with tamoxifen after the completion of myelination onset led to robust expression of tdTomato in NMSC, including Remak Schwann cells (RSC) along peripheral nerves and TPSC, but not in MSC. In contrast, activating CreERT2 before and during the onset of myelination led to tdTomato expression in NMSC and MSC. These observations suggest that immature SC express Kir4.1, and its expression is then downregulated selectively in myelin-forming SC. In support, we found that while activating CreERT2 induces tdTomato expression in immature SC, it fails to induce tdTomato in MSC associated with sensory axons in culture. NMSC derived from neonatal sciatic nerve were shown to express Kir4.1 and exhibit barium-sensitive inwardly rectifying macroscopic K+ currents. Thus, this study identified Kir4.1 as a potential modulator of immature SC and NMSC function. Additionally, it established a novel transgenic mouse line to introduce or delete genes in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Procacci
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Robert Louis Hastings
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aamir A Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Nina M Christiansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Claire DeAngeli
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Normand LeBlanc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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14
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Zhao X, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Demyelination and Remyelination Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076373. [PMID: 37047344 PMCID: PMC10093908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All currently licensed medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the immune system. Albeit promising preclinical results demonstrated disease amelioration and remyelination enhancement via modulating oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most drug candidates showed only modest or no effects in human clinical trials. This might be due to the fact that remyelination is a sophistically orchestrated process that calls for the interplay between oligodendrocyte lineage cells, neurons, central nervous system (CNS) resident innate immune cells, and peripheral immune infiltrates and that this process may somewhat differ in humans and rodent models used in research. To ensure successful remyelination, the recruitment and activation/repression of each cell type should be regulated in a highly organized spatio–temporal manner. As a result, drug candidates targeting one single pathway or a single cell population have difficulty restoring the optimal microenvironment at lesion sites for remyelination. Therefore, when exploring new drug candidates for MS, it is instrumental to consider not only the effects on all CNS cell populations but also the optimal time of administration during disease progression. In this review, we describe the dysregulated mechanisms in each relevant cell type and the disruption of their coordination as causes of remyelination failure, providing an overview of the complex cell interplay in CNS lesion sites.
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15
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Secondary Degeneration of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Occurs as Early as 24 h after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043463. [PMID: 36834873 PMCID: PMC9964292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve injury causes secondary degeneration, a sequela that spreads damage from the primary injury to adjacent tissue, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a key component of the BBB and oligodendrogenesis, are vulnerable to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage by 3 days post-injury. However, it is unclear whether oxidative damage in OPCs occurs earlier at 1 day post-injury, or whether a critical 'window-of-opportunity' exists for therapeutic intervention. Here, a partial optic nerve transection rat model of secondary degeneration was used with immunohistochemistry to assess BBB dysfunction, oxidative stress, and proliferation in OPCs vulnerable to secondary degeneration. At 1 day post-injury, BBB breach and oxidative DNA damage were observed, alongside increased density of DNA-damaged proliferating cells. DNA-damaged cells underwent apoptosis (cleaved caspase3+), and apoptosis was associated with BBB breach. OPCs experienced DNA damage and apoptosis and were the major proliferating cell type with DNA damage. However, the majority of caspase3+ cells were not OPCs. These results provide novel insights into acute secondary degeneration mechanisms in the optic nerve, highlighting the need to consider early oxidative damage to OPCs in therapeutic efforts to limit degeneration following optic nerve injury.
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16
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Fang LP, Liu Q, Meyer E, Welle A, Huang W, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Bai X. A subset of OPCs do not express Olig2 during development which can be increased in the adult by brain injuries and complex motor learning. Glia 2023; 71:415-430. [PMID: 36308278 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are uniformly distributed in the mammalian brain; however, their function is rather heterogeneous in respect to their origin, location, receptor/channel expression and age. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Olig2 is expressed in all OPCs as a pivotal determinant of their differentiation. Here, we identified a subset (2%-26%) of OPCs lacking Olig2 in various brain regions including cortex, corpus callosum, CA1 and dentate gyrus. These Olig2 negative (Olig2neg ) OPCs were enriched in the juvenile brain and decreased subsequently with age, being rarely detectable in the adult brain. However, the loss of this population was not due to apoptosis or microglia-dependent phagocytosis. Unlike Olig2pos OPCs, these subset cells were rarely labeled for the mitotic marker Ki67. And, accordingly, BrdU was incorporated only by a three-day long-term labeling but not by a 2-hour short pulse, suggesting these cells do not proliferate any more but were derived from proliferating OPCs. The Olig2neg OPCs exhibited a less complex morphology than Olig2pos ones. Olig2neg OPCs preferentially remain in a precursor stage rather than differentiating into highly branched oligodendrocytes. Changing the adjacent brain environment, for example, by acute injuries or by complex motor learning tasks, stimulated the transition of Olig2pos OPCs to Olig2neg cells in the adult. Taken together, our results demonstrate that OPCs transiently suppress Olig2 upon changes of the brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Pao Fang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Qing Liu
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Erika Meyer
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Brain Ischemia and Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Anna Welle
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.,Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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17
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Zhang Z, Li X, Zhou H, Zhou J. NG2-glia crosstalk with microglia in health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1663-1674. [PMID: 36000202 PMCID: PMC9532922 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly becoming a global problem. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases are not fully understood. NG2‐glia abnormalities and microglia activation are involved in the development and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia in physiological and pathological states and discuss unsolved questions concerning their fate and potential fate. First, we introduce the NG2‐glia and microglia in health and disease. Second, we formulate the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia. NG2‐glia proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis are influenced by factors released from the microglia. On the other hand, NG2‐glia also regulate microglia actions. We conclude that NG2‐glia and microglia are important immunomodulatory cells in the brain. Understanding the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia will help provide a novel method to modulate myelination and treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Beiter RM, Rivet-Noor C, Merchak AR, Bai R, Johanson DM, Slogar E, Sol-Church K, Overall CC, Gaultier A. Evidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12921. [PMID: 35902669 PMCID: PMC9334628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) account for approximately 5% of the adult brain and have been historically studied for their role in myelination. In the adult brain, OPCs maintain their proliferative capacity and ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood, even though relatively few mature oligodendrocytes are produced post-developmental myelination. Recent work has begun to demonstrate that OPCs likely perform multiple functions in both homeostasis and disease and can significantly impact behavioral phenotypes such as food intake and depressive symptoms. However, the exact mechanisms through which OPCs might influence brain function remain unclear. The first step in further exploration of OPC function is to profile the transcriptional repertoire and assess the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. In this work, we demonstrate that adult OPCs are transcriptionally diverse and separate into two distinct populations in the homeostatic brain. These two groups show distinct transcriptional signatures and enrichment of biological processes unique to individual OPC populations. We have validated these OPC populations using multiple methods, including multiplex RNA in situ hybridization and RNA flow cytometry. This study provides an important resource that profiles the transcriptome of adult OPCs and will provide a toolbox for further investigation into novel OPC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Courtney Rivet-Noor
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Andrea R Merchak
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Robin Bai
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David M Johanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Erica Slogar
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Genome Analysis and Technology Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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19
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Protocadherin 15 suppresses oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and promotes motility through distinct signalling pathways. Commun Biol 2022; 5:511. [PMID: 35637313 PMCID: PMC9151716 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) express protocadherin 15 (Pcdh15), a member of the cadherin superfamily of transmembrane proteins. Little is known about the function of Pcdh15 in the central nervous system (CNS), however, Pcdh15 expression can predict glioma aggression and promote the separation of embryonic human OPCs immediately following a cell division. Herein, we show that Pcdh15 knockdown significantly increases extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and activation to enhance OPC proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, Pcdh15 knockdown elevates Cdc42-Arp2/3 signalling and impairs actin kinetics, reducing the frequency of lamellipodial extrusion and slowing filopodial withdrawal. Pcdh15 knockdown also reduces the number of processes supported by each OPC and new process generation. Our data indicate that Pcdh15 is a critical regulator of OPC proliferation and process motility, behaviours that characterise the function of these cells in the healthy CNS, and provide mechanistic insight into the role that Pcdh15 might play in glioma progression. Protocadherin 15 promotes lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by regulating Cdc42-Arp2/3 activity, but also suppresses ERK1/2 phosphorylation to reduce proliferation.
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20
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The Extracellular Matrix Proteins Tenascin-C and Tenascin-R Retard Oligodendrocyte Precursor Maturation and Myelin Regeneration in a Cuprizone-Induced Long-Term Demyelination Animal Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111773. [PMID: 35681468 PMCID: PMC9179356 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. The physiological importance of oligodendrocytes is highlighted by diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which the myelin sheaths are degraded and the axonal signal transmission is compromised. In a healthy brain, spontaneous remyelination is rare, and newly formed myelin sheaths are thinner and shorter than the former ones. The myelination process requires the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and is influenced by proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which consists of a network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. In particular, the glycoprotein tenascin-C (Tnc) has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of OPCs and the remyelination efficiency of oligodendrocytes. The structurally similar tenascin-R (Tnr) exerts an inhibitory influence on the formation of myelin membranes in vitro. When Tnc knockout oligodendrocytes were applied to an in vitro myelination assay using artificial fibers, a higher number of sheaths per single cell were obtained compared to the wild-type control. This effect was enhanced by adding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to the culture system. Tnr−/− oligodendrocytes behaved differently in that the number of formed sheaths per single cell was decreased, indicating that Tnr supports the differentiation of OPCs. In order to study the functions of tenascin proteins in vivo Tnc−/− and Tnr−/− mice were exposed to Cuprizone-induced demyelination for a period of 10 weeks. Both Tnc−/− and Tnr−/− mouse knockout lines displayed a significant increase in the regenerating myelin sheath thickness after Cuprizone treatment. Furthermore, in the absence of either tenascin, the number of OPCs was increased. These results suggest that the fine-tuning of myelin regeneration is regulated by the major tenascin proteins of the CNS.
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21
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The 5-HT and PLC Signaling Pathways Regulate the Secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α and BDNF from NG2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7425538. [PMID: 35600957 PMCID: PMC9122684 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7425538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was clarified the relationship between NG2 glial cells and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to further revealed a role in the regulation of cortical excitability. The co-localization of NG2 cells and 5-HT in rat prefrontal cortex was determined using immunofluorescence. Different concentrations of 5-HT were applied to cultured NG2 cells. Real-time PCR measured the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Changes in the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and BDNF in NG2 cells were detected after the addition of 5-HT receptor specific blockers and phospholipase C (PLC) specific activators and inhibitors. The results confirmed that the NG2 protein and 5-HT co-localized in the prefrontal cortex. 5-HT treatment of NG2 cells significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β and BDNF mRNA and increased the expression of TNF-α. The 5-HT receptor specific inhibitors alverine citrate, ketanserin, ondansetron and SB-399885 blocked the regulatory effects of 5-HT on NG2 cells. The PLC signal was linked to the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α and BDNF in NG2 cells. These results indicated that 5-HT affected IL-1β, TNF-α, and BDNF secretion from NG2 cells via the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT6 receptors and the PLC signaling pathway.
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A2B5 Expression in Central Nervous System and Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094670. [PMID: 35563061 PMCID: PMC9103745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A2B5 IgM recognizes c-series gangliosides with three sialic acids. The aim of this review was to focus on A2B5 expression in the central nervous system and gliomas. In brain development, A2B5+ cells are recorded in areas containing multipotent neural stem cells (NSC). In adults, A2B5+ cells persist in neurogenic areas and in white matter where it identifies oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) but also cells with NSC properties. Although the expression of A2B5 has been widely studied in culture, where it characterizes bipotential glial progenitor cells, its expression in vivo is less characterized mainly because of technical issues. A new interest was given to the NSCs and OPCs since the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSC) in gliomas. Among other cell surface molecules, A2B5 has been identified as an accurate marker to identify glioma CSCs. We and others have shown that all types of gliomas express A2B5, and that only A2B5+ cells, and not A2B5- cells, can generate a tumor after orthotopic implantation in immunocompromised animals. Moreover, A2B5 epitope expression is positively correlated with stemness and tumor growth. This review highlights that A2B5 is an attractive target to tackle glioma CSCs, and a better characterization of its expression in the developing and adult CNS will benefit to a better understanding of gliomagenesis.
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Loss-of-function manipulations to identify roles of diverse glia and stromal cells during CNS scar formation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 387:337-350. [PMID: 34164732 PMCID: PMC8975763 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Scar formation is the replacement of parenchymal cells by stromal cells and fibrotic extracellular matrix. Until as recently as 25 years ago, little was known about the major functional contributions of different neural and non-neural cell types in the formation of scar tissue and tissue fibrosis in the CNS. Concepts about CNS scar formation are evolving rapidly with the availability of different types of loss-of-function technologies that allow mechanistic probing of cellular and molecular functions in models of CNS disorders in vivo. Such loss-of-function studies are beginning to reveal that scar formation and tissue fibrosis in the CNS involves complex interactions amongst multiple types of CNS glia and non-neural stromal cells. For example, attenuating functions of the CNS resident glial cells, astrocytes or microglia, can disrupt the formation of limitans borders that form around stromal cell scars, which leads to increased spread of inflammation, increased loss of neural tissue, and increased fibrosis. Insights are being gained into specific neuropathological mechanisms whereby specific dysfunctions of different types of CNS glia could cause or contribute to disorder-related tissue pathology and dysfunction. CNS glia, as well as fibrosis-producing stromal cells, are emerging as potential major contributors to diverse CNS disorders either through loss- or gain-of-functions, and are thereby emerging as important potential targets for interventions. In this article, we will review and discuss the effects on CNS scar formation and tissue repair of loss-of-function studies targeted at different specific cell types in various disorder models in vivo.
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Bloom MS, Orthmann-Murphy J, Grinspan JB. Motor Learning and Physical Exercise in Adaptive Myelination and Remyelination. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221097510. [PMID: 35635130 PMCID: PMC9158406 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221097510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that myelination is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues has gained much traction in recent years. Studies have demonstrated that myelination occurs in an intrinsic manner during early development and continues through adulthood in an activity-dependent manner called adaptive myelination. Motor learning, the gradual acquisition of a specific novel motor skill, promotes adaptive myelination in both the healthy and demyelinated central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand, exercise, a physical activity that involves planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements that expend energy and benefits one's fitness, promotes remyelination in pathology, but it is less clear whether it promotes adaptive myelination in healthy subjects. Studies on these topics have also investigated whether the timing of motor learning or physical exercise is important for successful addition of myelin. Here we review our current understanding of the relationship of motor skill learning and physical exercise on myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Bloom
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Orthmann-Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Li C, Huang S, Zhou W, Xie Z, Xie S, Li M. Spinal Cord Injury Inhibits the Differentiation and Maturation of NG2 Cells in the Cerebellum in Mice. World Neurosurg 2021; 160:e159-e168. [PMID: 34979285 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies have shown that spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to significant brain changes that are the key factors affecting functional recovery. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular biological mechanisms of these brain changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular biological changes in the cerebellum after SCI. METHODS A total of 72 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: sham group and SCI group. A mouse model of SCI was established by an aneurysm clip. Pathological examinations of the injured site were performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical. Western blot and immunohistochemical were used to determine the effect of SCI on the differentiation and maturation of NG2 cells. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the spinal cord tissue structure was disrupted and the motor function decreased significantly in the SCI group; the number of NG2 cells in the ansiform lobule crus Ⅰ increased on the 7th and 14th days, whereas the expression of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, myelin basic protein, and proteolipid protein decreased on the 7th and 14th days after SCI. These results showed that the differentiation and maturation of NG2 cells in the ansiform lobule crus Ⅰ were inhibited after SCI, resulting in the decrease of the formation of mature oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SCI can lead to secondary changes in the cerebellum, which may affect the functional recovery. These findings may be used as biomarkers to evaluate the secondary changes in the brain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxin Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zhao N, Huang W, Cãtãlin B, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. L-Type Ca 2+ Channels of NG2 Glia Determine Proliferation and NMDA Receptor-Dependent Plasticity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:759477. [PMID: 34746151 PMCID: PMC8567174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 (nerve/glial antigen 2) glia are uniformly distributed in the gray and white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). They are the major proliferating cells in the brain and can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. NG2 glia do not only receive synaptic input from excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but also secrete growth factors and cytokines, modulating CNS homeostasis. They express several receptors and ion channels that play a role in rapidly responding upon synaptic signals and generating fast feedback, potentially regulating their own properties. Ca2+ influx via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) induces an intracellular Ca2+ rise initiating a series of cellular activities. We confirmed that NG2 glia express L-type VGCCs in the white and gray matter during CNS development, particularly in the early postnatal stage. However, the function of L-type VGCCs in NG2 glia remains elusive. Therefore, we deleted L-type VGCC subtypes Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 genes conditionally in NG2 glia by crossbreeding NG2-CreERT2 knock-in mice to floxed Cav1.2 and flexed Cav1.3 transgenic mice. Our results showed that ablation of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 strongly inhibited the proliferation of cortical NG2 glia, while differentiation in white and gray matter was not affected. As a consequence, no difference on myelination could be detected in various brain regions. In addition, we observed morphological alterations of the nodes of Ranvier induced by VGCC-deficient NG2 glia, i.e., shortened paired paranodes in the corpus callosum. Furthermore, deletion of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 largely eliminated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) and potentiation in the hippocampus while the synaptic input to NG2 glia from axons remained unaltered. We conclude that L-type VGCCs of NG2 glia are essential for cell proliferation and proper structural organization of nodes of Ranvier, but not for differentiation and myelin compaction. In addition, L-type VGCCs of NG2 glia contribute to the regulation of long-term neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Cãtãlin
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.,Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.,Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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27
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Otsu M, Ahmed Z, Fulton D. Generation of Multipotential NG2 Progenitors From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688283. [PMID: 34504841 PMCID: PMC8423355 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) have the potential to generate homogeneous immature cells like stem/progenitor cells, which appear to be difficult to isolate and expand from primary tissue samples. In this study, we developed a simple method to generate homogeneous immature oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells from mouse ESC-derived neural stem cell (NSC). NSC converted to NG2+/OLIG2+double positive progenitors (NOP) after culturing in serum-free media for a week. NOP expressed Prox1, but not Gpr17 gene, highlighting their immature phenotype. Interestingly, FACS analysis revealed that NOP expressed proteins for NG2, but not PDGFRɑ, distinguishing them from primary OL progenitor cells (OPC). Nevertheless, NOP expressed various OL lineage marker genes including Cspg4, Pdgfrα, Olig1/2, and Sox9/10, but not Plp1 genes, and, when cultured in OL differentiation conditions, initiated transcription of Gpr17 and Plp1 genes, and expression of PDGFRα proteins, implying that NOP converted into a matured OPC phenotype. Unexpectedly, NOP remained multipotential, being able to differentiate into neurons as well as astrocytes under appropriate conditions. Moreover, NOP-derived OPC myelinated axons with a lower efficiency when compared with primary OPC. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NOP are an intermediate progenitor cell distinguishable from both NSC and primary OPC. Based on this profile, NOP may be useful for modeling mechanisms influencing the earliest stages of oligogenesis, and exploring the cellular and molecular responses of the earliest OL progenitors to conditions that impair myelination in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Otsu
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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28
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Freise C, Lee H, Chronowski C, Chan D, Cziomer J, Rühl M, Dagdelen T, Lösekann M, Erben U, Catic A, Tegge W, Schuppan D, Somasundaram R, Sahin E. Alpha-single chains of collagen type VI inhibit the fibrogenic effects of triple helical collagen VI in hepatic stellate cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254557. [PMID: 34473704 PMCID: PMC8412337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of extracellular matrix (ECM) components with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is thought to perpetuate fibrosis by stimulating signaling pathways that drive HSC activation, survival and proliferation. Consequently, disrupting the interaction between ECM and HSCs is considered a therapeutical avenue although respective targets and underlying mechanisms remain to be established. Here we have interrogated the interaction between type VI collagen (CVI) and HSCs based on the observation that CVI is 10-fold upregulated during fibrosis, closely associates with HSCs in vivo and promotes cell proliferation and cell survival in cancer cell lines. We exposed primary rat HSCs and a rat hepatic stellate cell line (CFSC) to soluble CVI and determined the rate of proliferation, apoptosis and fibrogenesis in the absence of any additional growth factors. We find that CVI in nanomolar concentrations prevents serum starvation-induced apoptosis. This potent anti-apoptotic effect is accompanied by induction of proliferation and acquisition of a pronounced pro-fibrogenic phenotype characterized by increased α-smooth muscle actin, TGF-β, collagen type I and TIMP-1 expression and diminished proteolytic MMP-13 expression. The CVI-HSC interaction can be disrupted with the monomeric α2(VI) and α3(VI) chains and abrogates the activating CVI effects. Further, functional relevant α3(VI)—derived 30 amino acid peptides lead to near-complete inhibition of the CVI effect. In conclusion, CVI serves as a potent mitogen and activating factor for HSCs. The antagonistic effects of the CVI monomeric chains and peptides point to linear peptide sequences that prevent activation of CVI receptors which may allow a targeted antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freise
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyunho Lee
- Huffington Center On Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher Chronowski
- Huffington Center On Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Doug Chan
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cziomer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarkan Dagdelen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Lösekann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Catic
- Huffington Center On Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Werner Tegge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rajan Somasundaram
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ergun Sahin
- Huffington Center On Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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29
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Hughes EG, Stockton ME. Premyelinating Oligodendrocytes: Mechanisms Underlying Cell Survival and Integration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714169. [PMID: 34368163 PMCID: PMC8335399 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths that enwrap neuronal axons to provide trophic support and increase conduction velocity. New oligodendrocytes are produced throughout life through a process referred to as oligodendrogenesis. Oligodendrogenesis consists of three canonical stages: the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC), the premyelinating oligodendrocyte (preOL), and the mature oligodendrocyte (OL). However, the generation of oligodendrocytes is inherently an inefficient process. Following precursor differentiation, a majority of premyelinating oligodendrocytes are lost, likely due to apoptosis. If premyelinating oligodendrocytes progress through this survival checkpoint, they generate new myelinating oligodendrocytes in a process we have termed integration. In this review, we will explore the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways that influence preOL survival and integration by examining the intrinsic apoptotic pathways, metabolic demands, and the interactions between neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and premyelinating oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we will discuss similarities between the maturation of newly generated neurons and premyelinating oligodendrocytes. Finally, we will consider how increasing survival and integration of preOLs has the potential to increase remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Deepening our understanding of premyelinating oligodendrocyte biology may open the door for new treatments for demyelinating disease and will help paint a clearer picture of how new oligodendrocytes are produced throughout life to facilitate brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Hughes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael E Stockton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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30
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Moyon S, Frawley R, Marechal D, Huang D, Marshall-Phelps KLH, Kegel L, Bøstrand SMK, Sadowski B, Jiang YH, Lyons DA, Möbius W, Casaccia P. TET1-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation regulates adult remyelination in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3359. [PMID: 34099715 PMCID: PMC8185117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating myelin repair in the adult central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. Here, we identify DNA hydroxymethylation, catalyzed by the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) enzyme TET1, as necessary for myelin repair in young adults and defective in old mice. Constitutive and inducible oligodendrocyte lineage-specific ablation of Tet1 (but not of Tet2), recapitulate this age-related decline in repair of demyelinated lesions. DNA hydroxymethylation and transcriptomic analyses identify TET1-target in adult oligodendrocytes, as genes regulating neuro-glial communication, including the solute carrier (Slc) gene family. Among them, we show that the expression levels of the Na+/K+/Cl- transporter, SLC12A2, are higher in Tet1 overexpressing cells and lower in old or Tet1 knockout. Both aged mice and Tet1 mutants also present inefficient myelin repair and axo-myelinic swellings. Zebrafish mutants for slc12a2b also display swellings of CNS myelinated axons. Our findings suggest that TET1 is required for adult myelin repair and regulation of the axon-myelin interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rebecca Frawley
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damien Marechal
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Linde Kegel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Program of Biology and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Roth LM, Akay-Espinoza C, Grinspan JB, Jordan-Sciutto KL. HIV-induced neuroinflammation inhibits oligodendrocyte maturation via glutamate-dependent activation of the PERK arm of the integrated stress response. Glia 2021; 69:2252-2271. [PMID: 34058792 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects 30-50% of HIV-positive patients. Importantly, persistent white matter pathologies, specifically corpus callosum thinning and disruption of white matter microstructures observed in patients with HAND despite viral control through cART, raise the possibility that HIV infection in the setting of suboptimal cART may perturb oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation, function and/or survival, influencing HAND persistence in the cART era. To examine the effect of HIV infection on OL maturation, we used supernatants of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with HIV (HIV/MDMs) to treat primary cultures of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during their differentiation to mature OLs. Using immunostaining for lineage-specific markers, we found that HIV/MDMs significantly inhibited OPC maturation. Based on our previous studies, we examined the potential role of several signaling pathways, including ionotropic glutamate receptors and the integrated stress response (ISR), and found that AMPA receptors (AMPAR)/kainic acid (KA) receptors (KARs) mediated the HIV/MDMs-induced defect in OL maturation. We also found that the treatment of OPC cultures with glutamate or AMPAR/KAR agonists phenocopied this effect. Blocking ISR activation, specifically the PERK arm of the ISR, protected OPCs from HIV/MDMs-mediated inhibition of OL maturation. Further, while glutamate, AMPA, and KA activated the ISR, inhibition of AMPAR/KAR activation prevented ISR induction in OPCs and rescued OL maturation. Collectively, these data identify glutamate signaling via ISR activation as a potential therapeutic pathway to ameliorate white matter pathologies in HAND and highlight the need for further investigation of their contribution to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Roth
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Pfeiffer F, Sherafat A, Nishiyama A. The Impact of Fixation on the Detection of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Morphology and Vascular Associations. Cells 2021; 10:1302. [PMID: 34073801 PMCID: PMC8225113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) display numerous protrusions that extend into the surrounding parenchyma in the brain. Depending on the preparation of the tissue analyzed, these protrusions are more or less visible. We applied six different fixation methods and compared the effect of prolonged and stronger fixation on fluorescence intensity of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, a surface marker of OPCs. Importantly, the fluorescence signal is mostly lost on protrusions as compared to the cell body, which has to be considered for specific analyses. Additionally, we show numerous contacts established between OPCs and the brain vasculature, which will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between these two elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institue of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- The Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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33
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Nishiyama A, Serwanski DR, Pfeiffer F. Many roles for oligodendrocyte precursor cells in physiology and pathology. Neuropathology 2021; 41:161-173. [PMID: 33913208 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a fourth resident glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system. They are evenly distributed throughout the gray and white matter and continue to proliferate and generate new oligodendrocytes (OLs) throughout life. They were understudied until a few decades ago when immunolabeling for NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha revealed cells that are distinct from mature OLs, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia. In this review, we provide a summary of the known properties of OPCs with some historical background, followed by highlights from recent studies that suggest new roles for OPCs in certain pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David R Serwanski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Friederike Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Tamura Y, Takata K, Eguchi A, Maeda M, Kataoka Y. Age-related changes in NG2-expressing telocytes of rat stomach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249729. [PMID: 33822814 PMCID: PMC8023479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 immunoreactive cells (NG2 cells) are found in the brain and peripheral tissues including the skin, intestinal tracts, and bladder. In a previous study, we observed the presence of NG2 cells in the stomach using bioluminescence imaging techniques in NG2-firefly luciferase (fLuc) transgenic (Tg) rats. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize NG2 cells in the adult rat stomach. Immunohistochemical studies showed that NG2 cells were mainly present in the lamina propria and most of the cells were gastric telocytes, co-expressing CD34, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), with a small oval-shaped cell body and extremely long and thin cellular prolongations. In the rat stomach, NG2-expressing telocytes comprised two subpopulations: NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ and NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα-. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of NG2 gene in the aged rat stomach decreased relative to that of the young rat stomach and the decline of NG2 expression in aged rats was mainly observed in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes. These findings suggested age-related alterations in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes of rat stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Tamura
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kumi Takata
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Asami Eguchi
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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35
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Nishiyama A, Shimizu T, Sherafat A, Richardson WD. Life-long oligodendrocyte development and plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:25-37. [PMID: 33741250 PMCID: PMC8292179 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in localized germinal zones in the embryonic neural tube, then migrate and proliferate to populate the entire central nervous system, both white and gray matter. They divide and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) throughout postnatal and adult life. OPCs express NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha subunit (PDGFRα), two functionally important cell surface proteins, which are also widely used as markers for OPCs. The proliferation of OPCs, their terminal differentiation into OLs, survival of new OLs, and myelin synthesis are orchestrated by signals in the local microenvironment. We discuss advances in our mechanistic understanding of paracrine effects, including those mediated through PDGFRα and neuronal activity-dependent signals such as those mediated through AMPA receptors in OL survival and myelination. Finally, we review recent studies supporting the role of new OL production and “adaptive myelination” in specific behaviours and cognitive processes contributing to learning and long-term memory formation. Our article is not intended to be comprehensive but reflects the authors’ past and present interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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36
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Mazuir E, Fricker D, Sol-Foulon N. Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Communication in Myelination of Cortical GABAergic Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:216. [PMID: 33803153 PMCID: PMC7999565 DOI: 10.3390/life11030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal myelination by oligodendrocytes increases the speed and reliability of action potential propagation, and so plays a pivotal role in cortical information processing. The extent and profile of myelination vary between different cortical layers and groups of neurons. Two subtypes of cortical GABAergic neurons are myelinated: fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing cells and somatostatin-containing cells. The expression of pre-nodes on the axon of these inhibitory cells before myelination illuminates communication between oligodendrocytes and neurons. We explore the consequences of myelination for action potential propagation, for patterns of neuronal connectivity and for the expression of behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazuir
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Desdemona Fricker
- CNRS UMR 8002, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sol-Foulon
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
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37
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Hassanzadeh S, Jalessi M, Jameie SB, Khanmohammadi M, Bagher Z, Namjoo Z, Davachi SM. More attention on glial cells to have better recovery after spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100905. [PMID: 33553683 PMCID: PMC7844125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional improvement after spinal cord injury remains an unsolved difficulty. Glial scars, a major component of SCI lesions, are very effective in improving the rate of this recovery. Such scars are a result of complex interaction mechanisms involving three major cells, namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In recent years, scientists have identified two subtypes of reactive astrocytes, namely, A1 astrocytes that induce the rapid death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and A2 astrocytes that promote neuronal survival. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that the macrophage polarization state is more of a continuum between M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages that encourage the inflammation process kill their surrounding cells and inhibit cellular proliferation. In contrast, M2 macrophages promote cell proliferation, tissue growth, and regeneration. Furthermore, the ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into adult oligodendrocytes or even neurons has been reviewed. Here, we first scrutinize recent findings on glial cell subtypes and their beneficial or detrimental effects after spinal cord injury. Second, we discuss how we may be able to help the functional recovery process after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khanmohammadi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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38
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Su X, Vasilkovska T, Fröhlich N, Garaschuk O. Characterization of cell type-specific S100B expression in the mouse olfactory bulb. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102334. [PMID: 33460952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S100B is an EF-hand type Ca2+-binding protein of the S100 family, known to support neurogenesis and to promote the interactions between brain's nervous and immune systems. Here, we characterized the expression of S100B in the mouse olfactory bulb, a neurogenic niche comprising mature and adult-born neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Besides astrocytes, for which S100B is a classical marker, S100B was also expressed in NG2 cells and, surprisingly, in APC-positive myelinating oligodendrocytes but not in mature/adult-born neurons or microglia. Various layers of the bulb differed substantially in the composition of S100B-positive cells, with the highest fraction of the APC-positive oligodendrocytes found in the granule cell layer. Across all layers, ∼50 % of NG2 cells were S100B-negative. Finally, our data revealed a strong correlation between the fraction of myelinating oligodendrocytes among the S100B-positive cells and the oligodendrocyte density in different brain areas, underscoring the importance of S100B for the establishment and maintenance of myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamara Vasilkovska
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Fröhlich
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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39
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Kamen Y, Pivonkova H, Evans KA, Káradóttir RT. A Matter of State: Diversity in Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:144-162. [PMID: 33567971 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420987208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to oligodendrocytes which myelinate axons in the central nervous system. Although classically thought to be a homogeneous population, OPCs are reported to have different developmental origins and display regional and temporal diversity in their transcriptome, response to growth factors, and physiological properties. Similarly, evidence is accumulating that myelinating oligodendrocytes display transcriptional heterogeneity. Analyzing this reported heterogeneity suggests that OPCs, and perhaps also myelinating oligodendrocytes, may exist in different functional cell states. Here, we review the evidence indicating that OPCs and oligodendrocytes are diverse, and we discuss the implications of functional OPC states for myelination in the adult brain and for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Kamen
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Pivonkova
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley A Evans
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur T Káradóttir
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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40
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Patterson KC, Kahanovitch U, Gonçalves CM, Hablitz JJ, Staruschenko A, Mulkey DK, Olsen ML. K ir 5.1-dependent CO 2 /H + -sensitive currents contribute to astrocyte heterogeneity across brain regions. Glia 2021; 69:310-325. [PMID: 32865323 PMCID: PMC8665280 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte heterogeneity is an emerging concept in which astrocytes within or between brain regions show variable morphological and/or gene expression profiles that presumably reflect different functional roles. Recent evidence indicates that retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) astrocytes sense changes in tissue CO2/ H+ to regulate respiratory activity; however, mechanism(s) by which they do so remain unclear. Alterations in inward K+ currents represent a potential mechanism by which CO2 /H+ signals may be conveyed to neurons. Here, we use slice electrophysiology in rats of either sex to show that RTN astrocytes intrinsically respond to CO2 /H+ by inhibition of an inward rectifying potassium (Kir ) conductance and depolarization of the membrane, while cortical astrocytes do not exhibit such CO2 /H+ -sensitive properties. Application of Ba2+ mimics the effect of CO2 /H+ on RTN astrocytes as measured by reductions in astrocyte Kir -like currents and increased RTN neuronal firing. These CO2 /H+ -sensitive currents increase developmentally, in parallel to an increased expression in Kir 4.1 and Kir 5.1 in the brainstem. Finally, the involvement of Kir 5.1 in the CO2 /H+ -sensitive current was verified using a Kir5.1 KO rat. These data suggest that Kir inhibition by CO2 /H+ may govern the degree to which astrocytes mediate downstream chemoreceptive signaling events through cell-autonomous mechanisms. These results identify Kir channels as potentially important regional CO2 /H+ sensors early in development, thus expanding our understanding of how astrocyte heterogeneity may uniquely support specific neural circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey C Patterson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Uri Kahanovitch
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel K Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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41
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Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, nerve-glia antigen 2 (NG2) glia are considered the fourth glial population in addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The fate of NG2 glia in vivo has been carefully studied in several transgenic mouse models using the Cre/loxP strategy. There is a clear agreement that NG2 glia mainly serve as progenitors for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of astrocytes mainly in the ventral forebrain, whereas the existence of a neurogenic potential of NG2 glia is lack of adequate evidence. This mini review summarizes the findings from recent studies regarding the fate of NG2 glia during development. We will highlight the age-and-region-dependent heterogeneity of the NG2 glia differentiation potential. We will also discuss putative reasons for inconsistent findings in various transgenic mouse lines of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Guo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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42
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Behrangi N, Lorenz P, Kipp M. Oligodendrocyte Lineage Marker Expression in eGFP-GFAP Transgenic Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:2237-2248. [PMID: 33346907 PMCID: PMC8585802 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, orchestrate several key cellular functions in the brain and spinal cord, including axon insulation, energy transfer to neurons, and, eventually, modulation of immune responses. There is growing interest for obtaining reliable markers that can specifically label oligodendroglia and their progeny. In many studies, anti-CC1 antibodies, presumably recognizing the protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), are used to label mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, it has been discussed whether anti-CC1 antibodies could recognize as well, under pathological conditions, other cell populations, particularly astrocytes. In this study, we used transgenic mice in which astrocytes are labeled by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. By detailed co-localization studies we were able to demonstrate that a significant proportion of eGFP-expressing cells co-express markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage, such as the transcription factor Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2 (OLIG2); the NG2 proteoglycan, also known as chrondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4); or APC. The current finding that the GFAP promoter drives transgene expression in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage should be considered when interpreting results from co-localization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newshan Behrangi
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Gelsheimer Strasse 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
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43
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Medved J, Wood WM, van Heyst MD, Sherafat A, Song JY, Sakya S, Wright DL, Nishiyama A. Novel guanidine compounds inhibit platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha transcription and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Glia 2020; 69:792-811. [PMID: 33098183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), also known as NG2 cells or polydendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They remain proliferative throughout life and are an important source of myelinating cells in normal and demyelinating brain as well as a source of glioma, the most common type of primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. OPC proliferation is dependent on signaling mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AA binding to its alpha receptor (PDGFRα). Here, we describe a group of structurally related compounds characterized by the presence of a basic guanidine group appended to an aromatic core that is effective in specifically repressing the transcription of Pdgfra but not the related beta receptor (Pdgfrb) in OPCs. These compounds specifically and dramatically reduced proliferation of OPCs but not that of astrocytes and did not affect signal transduction by PDGFRα. These findings suggest that the compounds could be further developed for potential use in combinatorial treatment strategies for neoplasms with dysregulated PDGFRα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Medved
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - William M Wood
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael D van Heyst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ju-Young Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sagune Sakya
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
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44
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Mencio CP, Hussein RK, Yu P, Geller HM. The Role of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Nervous System Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:61-80. [PMID: 32936033 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420959147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orderly development of the nervous system is characterized by phases of cell proliferation and differentiation, neural migration, axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, and stabilization. Each of these processes is a result of the modulation of genetic programs by extracellular cues. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been found to be involved in almost every aspect of this well-orchestrated yet delicate process. The evidence of their involvement is complex, often contradictory, and lacking in mechanistic clarity; however, it remains obvious that CSPGs are key cogs in building a functional brain. This review focuses on current knowledge of the role of CSPGs in each of the major stages of neural development with emphasis on areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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45
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Acute brain injuries trigger microglia as an additional source of the proteoglycan NG2. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:146. [PMID: 32843103 PMCID: PMC7449013 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4). In the healthy central nervous system, NG2 is exclusively expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by vasculature pericytes. A large body of immunohistochemical studies showed that under pathological conditions such as acute brain injuries and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a number of activated microglia were NG2 immuno-positive, suggesting NG2 expression in these cells. Alternative explanations for the microglial NG2 labeling consider the biochemical properties of NG2 or the phagocytic activity of activated microglia. Reportedly, the transmembrane NG2 proteoglycan can be cleaved by a variety of proteases to deposit the NG2 ectodomain into the extracellular matrix. The ectodomain, however, could also stick to the microglial surface. Since microglia are phagocytic cells engulfing debris of dying cells, it is difficult to identify a genuine expression of NG2. Recent studies showing (1) pericytes giving rise to microglial after stroke, and (2) immune cells of NG2-EYFP knock-in mice lacking NG2 expression in an EAE model generated doubts for the de novo expression of NG2 in microglia after acute brain injuries. In the current study, we took advantage of three knock-in mouse lines (NG2-CreERT2, CX3CR1-EGFP and NG2-EYFP) to study NG2 expression indicated by transgenic fluorescent proteins in microglia after tMCAO (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) or cortical stab wound injury (SWI). We provide strong evidence that NG2-expressing cells, including OPCs and pericytes, did not differentiate into microglia after acute brain injuries, whereas activated microglia did express NG2 in a disease-dependent manner. A subset of microglia continuously activated the NG2 gene at least within the first week after tMCAO, whereas within 3 days after SWI a limited number of microglia at the lesion site transiently expressed NG2. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that these microglia with NG2 gene activity also synthesized the NG2 protein, suggesting activated microglia as an additional source of the NG2 proteoglycan after acute brain injuries.
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Werkman IL, Lentferink DH, Baron W. Macroglial diversity: white and grey areas and relevance to remyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:143-171. [PMID: 32648004 PMCID: PMC7867526 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroglia, comprising astrocytes and oligodendroglial lineage cells, have long been regarded as uniform cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). Although regional morphological differences between these cell types were initially described after their identification a century ago, these differences were largely ignored. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that macroglial cells form distinct populations throughout the CNS, based on both functional and morphological features. Moreover, with the use of refined techniques including single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, additional evidence is emerging for regional macroglial heterogeneity at the transcriptional level. In parallel, several studies revealed the existence of regional differences in remyelination capacity between CNS grey and white matter areas, both in experimental models for successful remyelination as well as in the chronic demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity in oligodendroglial lineage cells and astrocytes from the grey and white matter, as well as their interplay in health and upon demyelination and successful remyelination. In addition, we discuss the implications of regional macroglial diversity for remyelination in light of its failure in MS. Since the etiology of MS remains unknown and only disease-modifying treatments altering the immune response are available for MS, the elucidation of macroglial diversity in grey and white matter and its putative contribution to the observed difference in remyelination efficiency between these regions may open therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing endogenous remyelination in either area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge L Werkman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Dennis H Lentferink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Craig GA, Yoo S, Du TY, Xiao J. Plasticity in oligodendrocyte lineage progression: An OPC puzzle on our nerves. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5747-5761. [PMID: 32478920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myelin deposition in the central nervous system has been shown to be responsive to experience, with sensory enrichment increasing myelination and sensory or social deprivation decreasing myelination. This process is referred to as "adaptive myelination" or "myelin plasticity" and signifies an essential component of new learning. However, whether these experience-driven adaptations are driven by (a) underlying changes in the generation of myelinating cells, (b) altered interactions between myelin sheath and axon, or (c) a combination of the above remains unclear. It has been suggested that myelination largely follows an "innate" and automatic programme, allowing for a predictable pattern of central nervous system myelin deposition over time. Adaptive myelination is thought to account for more nuanced alterations that do not dramatically shift this pattern, but ultimately drive functional responses. This makes the study of myelin plasticity particularly difficult, as it necessitates being able to clearly and specifically draw boundaries between the innate and adaptive programme. Thus, the field requires a holistic understanding of the remit of innate myelin development, prior to investigation of adaptive myelination. This review will collate literature regarding different aspects of oligodendrocyte and myelin development (namely, oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, death and myelin sheath formation) in an innate context, before discussing how these parameters are proposed to change under adaptive conditions. It is the hope that this review will highlight the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach towards studying both innate and adaptive forms of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Craig
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - SangWon Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Tian Y Du
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Falvella ACB, Antunes ASLM, Seabra G, Brandão-Teles C, Martins-de-Souza D, Crunfli F. Novel Treatment Strategies Targeting Myelin and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:379. [PMID: 32425837 PMCID: PMC7203658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath around axons. During neurodevelopment, oligodendrocytes undergo maturation and differentiation, and later remyelination in adulthood. Abnormalities in these processes have been associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions and the development of various mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Several studies have implicated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin abnormalities in the disorder, together with altered expression of myelin-related genes such as Olig2, CNP, and NRG1. However, the molecular mechanisms subjacent of these alterations remain elusive. Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder affecting more than 23 million individuals worldwide and its symptoms usually appear at the beginning of adulthood. Currently, the major therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia relies on the use of antipsychotics. Despite their widespread use, the effects of antipsychotics on glial cells, especially oligodendrocytes, remain unclear. Thus, in this review we highlight the current knowledge regarding oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia, compiling data from (epi)genetic studies and up-to-date models to investigate the role of oligodendrocytes in the disorder. In addition, we examined potential targets currently investigated for the improvement of schizophrenia symptoms. Research in this area has been investigating potential beneficial compounds, including the D-amino acids D-aspartate and D-serine, that act as NMDA receptor agonists, modulating the glutamatergic signaling; the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, a precursor in the synthesis of glutathione, protecting against the redox imbalance; as well as lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling, contributing to oligodendrocyte survival and functioning. In conclusion, there is strong evidence linking oligodendrocyte dysfunction to the development of schizophrenia. Hence, a better understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation, as well as the effects of antipsychotic medication in these cells, could have potential implications for understanding the development of schizophrenia and finding new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Brambilla Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Saraiva Leão Marcelo Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Seabra
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- D′Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Hein ZM, Kraiwattanapirom N, Mukda S, Chetsawang B. The induction of Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) expressing cells in methamphetamine toxicity-induced neuroinflammation in rat brain are averted by melatonin. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577232. [PMID: 32311585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) expressing cells are described as the oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of NG2 cells under the methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity and neuroprotective capacity of melatonin. The results showed that the levels of NG2 in rat brain gradually increase from postnatal day 0 to postnatal day 8 and then the lower levels of NG2 are shown in adults. In adult rats, the levels of NG2 and COX-2 in the brain were significantly increased in lipopolysaccharide treatment. Pretreatment of 10 mg/kg melatonin prior to treating with METH was able to reduce an increase in the levels of NG2 and activation in astrocyte and microglia. These findings would extend the contribution of NG2 expressing cells in the adult brain during pathological conditions such as neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Myo Hein
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Natcharee Kraiwattanapirom
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Inhibitors of Myelination and Remyelination, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, are Upregulated in Human Neurological Disease. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:656-662. [PMID: 32030597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, myelin is destroyed and along with it, the oligodendrocytes that synthesize the myelin. Thus, recovery is limited due to both interruptions in neuronal transmission as well as lack of support for neurons. Although oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain abundant in the central nervous system, they rarely mature and form new functional myelin in the diseased CNS. In cell culture and in experimental models of demyelinating disease, inhibitory signaling factors decrease myelination and remyelination. One of the most potent of these are the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of proteins that strongly inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelination in culture. BMPs are highly expressed in the dorsal CNS during pre-natal development and serve to regulate dorsal ventral patterning. Their expression decreases after birth but is significantly increased in rodent demyelination models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cuprizone ingestion and spinal cord injury. However, until recently, evidence for BMP upregulation in human disease has been scarce. This review discusses new human studies showing that in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, BMPs are expressed by immune cells invading the CNS as well as resident CNS cell types, mostly astrocytes and microglia. Expression of endogenous BMP antagonists is also regulated. Identification of BMPs in the CNS is correlated with areas of demyelination and inflammation. These studies further support BMP as a potential therapeutic target.
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