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Lee SY, Koo IS, Hwang HJ, Lee DW. WITHDRAWN: In Vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture tools for spheroid and organoid models. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 29:131. [PMID: 38101575 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea; Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seong Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Hwang
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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van Eijk N, Schmacke LC, Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Poór M, Pászti-Gere E. In vitro testing of host-targeting small molecule antiviral matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors in 2D and 3D cell-based assays. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115761. [PMID: 37865989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic strongly stimulated the development of small molecule antivirals selectively targeting type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP), required for the host-cell entry of numerous viruses. A set of 3-amidinophenylalanine derivatives (MI-21, MI-472, MI-477, MI-485, MI-1903 and MI-1904), which inhibit the cleavage of certain viral glycoproteins was characterized in 2D and 3D primary human hepatocyte models on collagen- and Matrigel-coating using a CCK-8 assay to evaluate their cytotoxicity, a resorufin-based method to detect redox imbalances, fluorescence and ultrafiltration experiments to evaluate their interactions with human serum albumin (HSA) and α-acidic glycoprotein (AGP), and luminescence measurement to assess CYP3A4 modulation. For elucidation of selectivity of the applied compounds towards matriptase, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRRS2), thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) Ki values were determined. It was proven that cell viability was only deteriorated by inhibitor MI-1903, and redox status was not influenced by administration of the selected inhibitors at 50 µM for 24 h. MI-472 and MI-477 formed relatively stable complexes with AGP. CYP3A4 inhibition was found to be strong in PHHs exposed to all inhibitors with the exception of MI-21, which seems to be a promising drug candidate also due to its better selectivity towards matriptase and TMPRSS2 over the blood clotting proteases thrombin and FXa. Our in vitro pharmacokinetic screening with these inhibitors helps to select the compounds with the best selectivity and safety profile suitable for a further preclinical characterization without animal sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Eijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary
| | - Luna C Schmacke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary.
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Kumar P, Jimenez Franco A, Zhao X. 3D culture of fibroblasts and neuronal cells on microfabricated free-floating carriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113350. [PMID: 37209598 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture is a relatively recent trend in biomedical research for artificially mimicking in vivo environment and providing three dimensions for the cells to grow in vitro, particularly with regard to surface-adherent mammalian cells. Different cells and research objectives require different culture conditions which has led to an increase in the diversity of 3D cell culture models. In this study, we show two independent on-carrier 3D cell culture models aimed at two different potential applications. Firstly, micron-scale porous spherical structures fabricated from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA are used as 3D cell carriers so that the cells do not lose their physiologically relevant spherical shape. Secondly, millimetre-scale silk fibroin structures fabricated by 3D inkjet bioprinting are used as 3D cell carriers to demonstrate cell growth patterning in 3D for use in applications which require directed cell growth. The L929 fibroblasts demonstrated excellent adherence, cell-division and proliferation on the PLGA carriers, while the PC12 neuronal cells showed excellent adherence, proliferation and spread on the fibroin carriers without any evidence of cytotoxicity from the carriers. The present study thus proposes two models for 3D cell culture and demonstrates, firstly, that easily fabricable porous PLGA structures can act as excellent cell carriers for aiding cells easily retain their physiologically relevant 3D spherical shape in vitro, and secondly, that 3D inkjet printed silk fibroin structures can act as geometrically-shaped carriers for 3D cell patterning or directed cell growth in vitro. While the 'fibroblasts on PLGA carriers' model will help achieve more accurate results than the conventional 2D culture in cell research, such as drug discovery, and cell proliferation for adoptive cell transfer, such as stem cell therapy, the 'neuronal cells on silk fibroin carriers' model will help in research requiring patterned cell growth, such as treatment of neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ana Jimenez Franco
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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4
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Duarte AC, Costa EC, Filipe HAL, Saraiva SM, Jacinto T, Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P. Animal-derived products in science and current alternatives. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213428. [PMID: 37146527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
More than fifty years after the 3Rs definition and despite the continuous implementation of regulatory measures, animals continue to be widely used in basic research. Their use comprises not only in vivo experiments with animal models, but also the production of a variety of supplements and products of animal origin for cell and tissue culture, cell-based assays, and therapeutics. The animal-derived products most used in basic research are fetal bovine serum (FBS), extracellular matrix proteins such as Matrigel™, and antibodies. However, their production raises several ethical issues regarding animal welfare. Additionally, their biological origin is associated with a high risk of contamination, resulting, frequently, in poor scientific data for clinical translation. These issues support the search for new animal-free products able to replace FBS, Matrigel™, and antibodies in basic research. In addition, in silico methodologies play an important role in the reduction of animal use in research by refining the data previously to in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this review, we depicted the current available animal-free alternatives in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C Costa
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Hugo A L Filipe
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sofia M Saraiva
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Telma Jacinto
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sónia P Miguel
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maximiano P Ribeiro
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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5
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Lee SY, Koo IS, Hwang HJ, Lee DW. In Vitro Three-dimensional (3D) Cell Culture Tools for Spheroid and Organoid Models. SLAS DISCOVERY 2023:S2472-5552(23)00028-X. [PMID: 36997090 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has been steadily studied since the 1990's due to its superior biocompatibility compared to the conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture technology, and has recently developed into an organoid culture technology that further improved biocompatibility. Since the 3D culture of human cell lines in artificial scaffolds was demonstrated in the early 90's, 3D cell culture technology has been actively developed owing to various needs in the areas of disease research, precision medicine, new drug development, and some of these technologies have been commercialized. In particular, 3D cell culture technology is actively being applied and utilized in drug development and cancer-related precision medicine research. Drug development is a long and expensive process that involves multiple steps-from target identification to lead discovery and optimization, preclinical studies, and clinical trials for approval for clinical use. Cancer ranks first among life-threatening diseases owing to intra-tumoral heterogeneity associated with metastasis, recurrence, and treatment resistance, ultimately contributing to treatment failure and adverse prognoses. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient drugs using 3D cell culture techniques that can closely mimic in vivo cellular environments and customized tumor models that faithfully represent the tumor heterogeneity of individual patients. This review discusses 3D cell culture technology focusing on research trends, commercialization status, and expected effects developed until recently. We aim to summarize the great potential of 3D cell culture technology and contribute to expanding the base of this technology.
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Three-dimensional (3D) liver cell models - a tool for bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical trials when screening liver accumulation and toxicity of nanobiomaterials. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2048-2074. [PMID: 35507131 PMCID: PMC9066991 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exciting properties and wide-reaching applications of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) in human health and medicine, their translation from bench to bedside is slow, with a predominant issue being liver accumulation and toxicity following systemic administration. In vitro 2D cell-based assays and in vivo testing are the most popular and widely used methods for assessing liver toxicity at pre-clinical stages; however, these fall short in predicting toxicity for NBMs. Focusing on in vitro and in vivo assessment, the accurate prediction of human-specific hepatotoxicity is still a significant challenge to researchers. This review describes the relationship between NBMs and the liver, and the methods for assessing toxicity, focusing on the limitations they bring in the assessment of NBM hepatotoxicity as one of the reasons defining the poor translation for NBMs. We will then present some of the most recent advances towards the development of more biologically relevant in vitro liver methods based on tissue-mimetic 3D cell models and how these could facilitate the translation of NBMs going forward. Finally, we also discuss the low public acceptance and limited uptake of tissue-mimetic 3D models in pre-clinical assessment, despite the demonstrated technical and ethical advantages associated with them.
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7
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Sağraç D, Şişli HB, Şenkal S, Hayal TB, Şahin F, Doğan A. Organoids in Tissue Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:45-64. [PMID: 34164796 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in stem cell-based research and genetic modification tools enable stem cell-based tissue regeneration applications in clinical therapies. Although inadequate cell numbers in culture, invasive isolation procedures, and poor survival rates after transplantation remain as major challenges, cell-based therapies are useful tools for tissue regeneration.Organoids hold a great promise for tissue regeneration, organ and disease modeling, drug testing, development, and genetic profiling studies. Establishment of 3D cell culture systems eliminates the disadvantages of 2D models in terms of cell adaptation and tissue structure and function. Organoids possess the capacity to mimic the specific features of tissue architecture, cell-type composition, and the functionality of real organs while preserving the advantages of simplified and easily accessible cell culture models. Thus, organoid technology might emerge as an alternative to cell and tissue transplantation. Although transplantation of various organoids in animal models has been demonstrated, liöitations related to vascularized structure formation, cell viability and functionality remain as obstacles in organoid-based transplantation therapies. Clinical applications of organoid-based transplantations might be possible in the near future, when limitations related to cell viability and tissue integration are solved. In this review, the literature was analyzed and discussed to explore the current status of organoid-based transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Faber MN, Sojan JM, Saraiva M, van West P, Secombes CJ. Development of a 3D spheroid cell culture system from fish cell lines for in vitro infection studies: Evaluation with Saprolegnia parasitica. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:701-710. [PMID: 33434302 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ways in which pathogens infect host cells is essential to improve and develop new treatment strategies. This study aimed to generate a novel in vitro infection model by establishing a reproducible 3D spheroid cell culture system that may lead to a reduced need for animals in fish disease research. 2D models (commonly cell lines) cannot replicate many key conditions of in vivo infections, but 3D spheroids have the potential to provide bridging technology between in vivo and in vitro systems. 3D spheroids were generated using cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines, RTG-2 and RTS-11. The RTG-2 spheroids were tested for their potential to be infected upon exposure to Saprolegnia parasitica spores. Positive infiltration of mycelia into the spheroids was verified by confocal microscopy. As a closer analogue of in vivo conditions encountered during infection, the straightforward model developed in this study shows promise as an additional tool that can be used to further our understanding of host-pathogen interactions for Saprolegnia and possibly a variety of other fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jerry M Sojan
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Marcia Saraiva
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Soucy JR, Bindas AJ, Brady R, Torregrosa T, Denoncourt CM, Hosic S, Dai G, Koppes AN, Koppes RA. Reconfigurable Microphysiological Systems for Modeling Innervation and Multitissue Interactions. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000133. [PMID: 32755004 PMCID: PMC8136149 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered models continue to experience challenges in delivering structural specificity, nutrient delivery, and heterogenous cellular components, especially for organ-systems that require functional inputs/outputs and have high metabolic requirements, such as the heart. While soft lithography has provided a means to recapitulate complex architectures in the dish, it is plagued with a number of prohibitive shortcomings. Here, concepts from microfluidics, tissue engineering, and layer-by-layer fabrication are applied to develop reconfigurable, inexpensive microphysiological systems that facilitate discrete, 3D cell compartmentalization, and improved nutrient transport. This fabrication technique includes the use of the meniscus pinning effect, photocrosslinkable hydrogels, and a commercially available laser engraver to cut flow paths. The approach is low cost and robust in capabilities to design complex, multilayered systems with the inclusion of instrumentation for real-time manipulation or measures of cell function. In a demonstration of the technology, the hierarchal 3D microenvironment of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system is replicated. Beat rate and neurite ingrowth are assessed on-chip and quantification demonstrates that sympathetic-cardiac coculture increases spontaneous beat rate, while drug-induced increases in beating lead to greater sympathetic innervation. Importantly, these methods may be applied to other organ-systems and have promise for future applications in drug screening, discovery, and personal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adam J Bindas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tess Torregrosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cailey M Denoncourt
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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10
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Dillard P, Lie M, Baken E, Lobert VH, Benard E, Köksal H, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Colorectal cysts as a validating tool for CAR therapy. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:30. [PMID: 32487146 PMCID: PMC7268759 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of cancers has largely benefited from the development of immunotherapy. In particular, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirected T cells have demonstrated impressive efficacy against B-cell malignancies and continuous efforts are made to adapt this new therapy to solid tumors, where the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a barrier for delivery. CAR T-cell validation relies on in vitro functional assays using monolayer or suspension cells and in vivo xenograft models in immunodeficient animals. However, the efficacy of CAR therapies remains difficult to predict with these systems, in particular when challenged against 3D organized solid tumors with highly intricate microenvironment. An increasing number of reports have now included an additional step in the development process in which redirected T cells are tested against tumor spheres. Results Here, we report a method to produce 3D structures, or cysts, out of a colorectal cancer cell line, Caco-2, which has the ability to form polarized spheroids as a validation tool for adoptive cell therapy in general. We used CD19CAR T cells to explore this method and we show that it can be adapted to various platforms including high resolution microscopy, bioluminescence assays and high-throughput live cell imaging systems. Conclusion We developed an affordable, reliable and practical method to produce cysts to validate therapeutic CAR T cells. The integration of this additional layer between in vitro and in vivo studies could be an important tool in the pre-clinical workflow of cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Lie
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Baken
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Viola Hélène Lobert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emmanuelle Benard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Tasnim F, Singh NH, Tan EKF, Xing J, Li H, Hissette S, Manesh S, Fulwood J, Gupta K, Ng CW, Xu S, Hill J, Yu H. Tethered primary hepatocyte spheroids on polystyrene multi-well plates for high-throughput drug safety testing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4768. [PMID: 32179810 PMCID: PMC7075904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte spheroids are useful models for mimicking liver phenotypes in vitro because of their three-dimensionality. However, the lack of a biomaterial platform which allows the facile manipulation of spheroid cultures on a large scale severely limits their application in automated high-throughput drug safety testing. In addition, there is not yet a robust way of controlling spheroid size, homogeneity and integrity during extended culture. This work addresses these bottlenecks to the automation of hepatocyte spheroid culture by tethering 3D hepatocyte spheroids directly onto surface-modified polystyrene (PS) multi-well plates. However, polystyrene surfaces are inert toward functionalization, and this makes the uniform conjugation of bioactive ligands very challenging. Surface modification of polystyrene well plates is achieved herein using a three-step sequence, resulting in a homogeneous distribution of bioactive RGD and galactose ligands required for spheroid tethering and formation. Importantly, treatment of polystyrene tethered spheroids with vehicle and paradigm hepatotoxicant (chlorpromazine) treatment using an automated liquid handling platform shows low signal deviation, intact 3D spheroidal morphology and Z’ values above 0.5, and hence confirming their amenability to high-throughput automation. Functional analyses performance (i.e. urea and albumin production, cytochrome P450 activity and induction studies) of the polystyrene tethered spheroids reveal significant improvements over hepatocytes cultured as collagen monolayers. This is the first demonstration of automated hepatotoxicant treatment on functional 3D hepatocyte spheroids tethered directly on polystyrene multi-well plates, and will serve as an important advancement in the application of 3D tethered spheroid models to high throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Nisha Hari Singh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Elijah Keng Foo Tan
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Hissette
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sravanthy Manesh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Justina Fulwood
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Kapish Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chan Way Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN19RH, UK
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore. .,Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore. .,CAMP IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Enterprise Wing, Level 4, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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12
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Sieberath A, Della Bella E, Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Eglin D, Dalgarno K. A Comparison of Osteoblast and Osteoclast In Vitro Co-Culture Models and Their Translation for Preclinical Drug Testing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E912. [PMID: 32019244 PMCID: PMC7037207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population of western societies on average ages, the number of people affected by bone remodeling-associated diseases such as osteoporosis continues to increase. The development of new therapeutics is hampered by the high failure rates of drug candidates during clinical testing, which is in part due to the poor predictive character of animal models during preclinical drug testing. Co-culture models of osteoblasts and osteoclasts offer an alternative to animal testing and are considered to have the potential to improve drug development processes in the future. However, a robust, scalable, and reproducible 3D model combining osteoblasts and osteoclasts for preclinical drug testing purposes has not been developed to date. Here we review various types of osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture models and outline the remaining obstacles that must be overcome for their successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sieberath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
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13
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Beneficial Role of ROS in Cell Survival: Moderate Increases in H 2O 2 Production Induced by Hepatocyte Isolation Mediate Stress Adaptation and Enhanced Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100434. [PMID: 31581418 PMCID: PMC6826461 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to impairment of cell structure, biomolecules' loss of function and cell death and are associated with liver diseases. Cells that survive increased ROS often undergo malignant transformation. Many cancer cells tolerate high levels of ROS. Here we report a transiently increased production of H2O2 and concomitant upregulation of antioxidative enzymes triggered by hepatocyte isolation; the H2O2 levels revert in about two days in culture. Three-day survival rate of the isolated cells in the presence of 2.5-fold increase of H2O2 is almost 80%. Apoptosis activation through the mitochondrial pathway is meanwhile reduced by inhibition of caspase-9 triggering. This reduction depends on the amount of H2O2 production, as decreased production of H2O2 in the presence of an antioxidant results in increased apoptosis triggering. These stress adaptations do not influence urea production, which is unchanged throughout the normal and stress adapted phases. We conclude that hepatocytes' stress adaptation is mediated by increased ROS production. In this case, high ROS improve cell survival.
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14
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Characterisation of a functional rat hepatocyte spheroid model. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 55:160-172. [PMID: 30578835 PMCID: PMC6361770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many in vitro liver cell models, such as 2D systems, that are used to assess the hepatotoxic potential of xenobiotics suffer major limitations arising from a lack of preservation of physiological phenotype and metabolic competence. To circumvent some of these limitations there has been increased focus on producing more representative 3D models. Here we have used a novel approach to construct a size-controllable 3D hepatic spheroid model using freshly isolated primary rat hepatocytes (PRH) utilising the liquid-overlay technique whereby PRH spontaneously self-assemble in to 3D microtissues. This system produces viable spheroids with a compact in vivo-like structure for up to 21 days with sustained albumin production for the duration of the culture period. F-actin was seen throughout the spheroid body and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes within the spheroids upon formation (day 3). The MRP2 transporter was able to functionally transport 5 μM 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) substrates into these canalicular structures. These PRH spheroids display in vivo characteristics including direct cell-cell contacts, cellular polarisation, 3D cellular morphology, and formation of functional secondary structures throughout the spheroid. Such a well-characterised system could be readily exploited for pre-clinical and non-clinical repeat-dose investigations and could make a significant contribution to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals for applied research.
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15
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Clark K, Janorkar AV. Milieu for Endothelial Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040082. [PMID: 30282912 PMCID: PMC6316606 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have been shown to differentiate down many lineages including endothelial lineage. We hypothesized that hASCs would more efficiently differentiate toward the endothelial lineage when formed as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids and with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Three conditions were tested: uncoated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surfaces that induced a 2D monolayer formation; elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-collagen composite hydrogel scaffolds that induced encapsulated 3D spheroid culture; and ELP-polyethyleneimine-coated TCPS surfaces that induced 3D spheroid formation in scaffold-free condition. Cells were exposed to endothelial differentiation medium containing no additional VEGF or 20 and 50 ng/mL of VEGF for 7 days and assayed for viability and endothelial differentiation markers. While endothelial differentiation media supported endothelial differentiation of hASCs, our 3D spheroid cultures augmented this differentiation and produced more von Willebrand factor than 2D cultures. Likewise, 3D cultures were able to uptake LDL, whereas the 2D cultures were not. Higher concentrations of VEGF further enhanced differentiation. Establishing angiogenesis is a key factor in regenerative medicine. Future studies aim to elucidate how to produce physiological changes such as neoangiogenesis and sprouting of vessels which may enhance the survival of regenerated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Clark
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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16
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Kapałczyńska M, Kolenda T, Przybyła W, Zajączkowska M, Teresiak A, Filas V, Ibbs M, Bliźniak R, Łuczewski Ł, Lamperska K. 2D and 3D cell cultures - a comparison of different types of cancer cell cultures. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:910-919. [PMID: 30002710 PMCID: PMC6040128 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.63743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a widely used in vitro tool for improving our understanding of cell biology, tissue morphology, and mechanisms of diseases, drug action, protein production and the development of tissue engineering. Most research regarding cancer biology is based on experiments using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures in vitro. However, 2D cultures have many limitations, such as the disturbance of interactions between the cellular and extracellular environments, changes in cell morphology, polarity, and method of division. These disadvantages led to the creation of models which are more closely able to mimic conditions in vivo. One such method is three-dimensional culture (3D). Optimisation of the culture conditions may allow for a better understanding of cancer biology and facilitate the study of biomarkers and targeting therapies. In this review, we compare 2D and 3D cultures in vitro as well as different versions of 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kapałczyńska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Przybyła
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Zajączkowska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Teresiak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Violetta Filas
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Matthew Ibbs
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Renata Bliźniak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łuczewski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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17
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LeSavage BL, Suhar NA, Madl CM, Heilshorn SC. Production of Elastin-like Protein Hydrogels for Encapsulation and Immunostaining of Cells in 3D. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29863669 DOI: 10.3791/57739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture techniques have been essential for our understanding of fundamental cell biology. However, traditional 2D tissue culture systems lack a three-dimensional (3D) matrix, resulting in a significant disconnect between results collected in vitro and in vivo. To address this limitation, researchers have engineered 3D hydrogel tissue culture platforms that can mimic the biochemical and biophysical properties of the in vivo cell microenvironment. This research has motivated the need to develop material platforms that support 3D cell encapsulation and downstream biochemical assays. Recombinant protein engineering offers a unique toolset for 3D hydrogel material design and development by allowing for the specific control of protein sequence and therefore, by extension, the potential mechanical and biochemical properties of the resultant matrix. Here, we present a protocol for the expression of recombinantly-derived elastin-like protein (ELP), which can be used to form hydrogels with independently tunable mechanical properties and cell-adhesive ligand concentration. We further present a methodology for cell encapsulation within ELP hydrogels and subsequent immunofluorescent staining of embedded cells for downstream analysis and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University
| | | | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University;
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18
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Xie BY, Wu AW. Organoid Culture of Isolated Cells from Patient-derived Tissues with Colorectal Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:2469-2475. [PMID: 27748340 PMCID: PMC5072260 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.191782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease; current research relies on cancer cell lines and animal cancer models, which may not precisely imitate inner human tumors and guide clinical medicine. The purpose of our study was to explore and further improve the process of producing three-dimensional (3D) organoid model and impel the development of personalized therapy. Methods: We subcutaneously injected surgically resected CRC tissues from a patient into BALB/c-nu mice to build patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Isolated cells from PDXs at appropriate tumor size were mingled with Matrigel, and then seeded in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates at four cell densities (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 single cells/well). Cells were cultured with advanced Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/F12 medium additional with various factors added to maintain tumor's biological traits and growth activity. The growth curves of the four cell densities were measured after 24 h of culture until 25 days. We evaluated the effects of four chemotherapeutic agents on organoid model by the CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining of 3D organoids was performed and compared with patient and CRC PDX tissues. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was performed, in which the organoids were stained with the proliferation marker, Ki-67. During the experimental process, a phase-contrast microscope was used. Results: Phenotype experimental results showed that 3D organoids were tightly packed together and grew robustly over time. All four densities of cells formed organoids while that composed of 2000 cells/well provided an adequate cultivation system and grew approximately 8-fold at the 25th day. The chemosensitivity of the four conventional drugs was [s]-10-hydroxycamptothecin > mitomycin C > adriamycin > paclitaxel, which can guide clinical treatment. Histological features of CRC patient's tumor tissues and mice tumor xenograft tissues were highly similar, with high-column-like epithelium and extracellular matrix. H and E-stained sections showed heterogeneous cell populations harbored in cancer organoids and were histologically similar to tumor tissues. The proliferation index was only 8.33% within spheroids, which exhibited confined proliferative cells that might be cancer stem cells. Conclusions: We successfully constructed a CRC organoid model that grew robustly over 25 days and demonstrated that 2000 cells/well in 96-well plate was a prime seeding density for cells to form organoids. The results confirmed that organoid model can be used for agent screening and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing100142, China
| | - Ai-Wen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing100142, China
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19
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ECM proteins in a microporous scaffold influence hepatocyte morphology, function, and gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37427. [PMID: 27897167 PMCID: PMC5126637 DOI: 10.1038/srep37427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that a three-dimensional (3D) culture environment and the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins facilitate hepatocyte viability and maintenance of the liver-specific phenotype in vitro. However, it is not clear whether specific ECM components such as collagen or fibronectin differentially regulate such processes, especially in 3D scaffolds. In this study, a series of ECM-functionalized inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) microporous scaffolds were fabricated and their influence on Huh-7.5 cell proliferation, morphology, hepatic-specific functions, and patterns of gene expression were compared. Both collagen and fibronectin promoted albumin production and liver-specific gene expression of Huh-7.5 cells, compared with the bare ICC scaffold. Interestingly, cells in the fibronectin-functionalized scaffold exhibited different aggregation patterns to those in the collagen-functionalized scaffold, a variation that could be related to the distinct mRNA expression levels of cell adhesion-related genes. Based on these results, we can conclude that different ECM proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen, indeed play distinct roles in the phenotypic regulation of cells cultured in a 3D environment.
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20
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Gaskell H, Sharma P, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Williams DP, Webb SD. Characterization of a functional C3A liver spheroid model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1053-1065. [PMID: 27746894 PMCID: PMC5047049 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More predictive in vitro liver models are a critical requirement for preclinical screening of compounds demonstrating hepatotoxic liability. 3D liver spheroids have been shown to have an enhanced functional lifespan compared to 2D monocultures; however a detailed characterisation of spatiotemporal function and structure of spheroids still needs further attention before widespread use in industry. We have developed and characterized the structure and function of a 3D liver spheroid model formed from C3A hepatoma cells. Spheroids were viable and maintained a compact in vivo-like structure with zonation features for up to 32 days. MRP2 and Pgp transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of cells in the spheroids and were able to functionally transport CMFDA substrate into these canalicular structures. Spheroids expressed CYP2E1 and were able to synthesise and secrete albumin and urea to a higher degree than monolayer C3A cultures. Penetration of doxorubicin throughout the spheroid core was demonstrated. Spheroids showed increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins when compared to 2D cultures, with acetaminophen having an IC50 of 7.2 mM in spheroids compared to 33.8 mM in monolayer culture. To conclude, we developed an alternative method for creating C3A liver spheroids and demonstrated cellular polarisation and zonation, as well as superior liver-specific functionality and more sensitive toxicological response compared to standard 2D liver models, confirming a more in vivo-like liver model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK . ; AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK .
| | - Helen E Colley
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Mathematical Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , James Parsons Building , Byrom Street , Liverpool , L3 3AF , UK
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21
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Tasnim F, Toh YC, Qu Y, Li H, Phan D, Narmada BC, Ananthanarayanan A, Mittal N, Meng RQ, Yu H. Functionally Enhanced Human Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes in Galactosylated Cellulosic Sponges for Hepatotoxicity Testing. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1947-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Derek Phan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan C. Narmada
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Ananthanarayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ryan Q Meng
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Asia Pacific, Janssen Research & Development, 999 South Pudong Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department
of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9-03-03, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate
School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology
Institute, T-Laboratories, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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22
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Knöspel F, Jacobs F, Freyer N, Damm G, De Bondt A, van den Wyngaert I, Snoeys J, Monshouwer M, Richter M, Strahl N, Seehofer D, Zeilinger K. In Vitro Model for Hepatotoxicity Studies Based on Primary Human Hepatocyte Cultivation in a Perfused 3D Bioreactor System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:584. [PMID: 27092500 PMCID: PMC4849040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the potential hepatotoxic nature of new pharmaceuticals remains highly challenging. Therefore, novel in vitro models with improved external validity are needed to investigate hepatic metabolism and timely identify any toxicity of drugs in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of diclofenac, as a model substance with a known risk of hepatotoxicity in vivo, in a dynamic multi-compartment bioreactor using primary human liver cells. Biotransformation pathways of the drug and possible effects on metabolic activities, morphology and cell transcriptome were evaluated. Formation rates of diclofenac metabolites were relatively stable over the application period of seven days in bioreactors exposed to 300 µM diclofenac (300 µM bioreactors (300 µM BR)), while in bioreactors exposed to 1000 µM diclofenac (1000 µM BR) metabolite concentrations declined drastically. The biochemical data showed a significant decrease in lactate production and for the higher dose a significant increase in ammonia secretion, indicating a dose-dependent effect of diclofenac application. The microarray analyses performed revealed a stable hepatic phenotype of the cells over time and the observed transcriptional changes were in line with functional readouts of the system. In conclusion, the data highlight the suitability of the bioreactor technology for studying the hepatotoxicity of drugs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - An De Bondt
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | | | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | | | - Marco Richter
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Nadja Strahl
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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23
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Constrained spheroids for prolonged hepatocyte culture. Biomaterials 2016; 80:106-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Dixit V, Moore A, Tsao H, Hariparsad N. Application of Micropatterned Cocultured Hepatocytes to Evaluate the Inductive Potential and Degradation Rate of Major Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:250-61. [PMID: 26658225 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term coculture models of hepatocytes are promising tools to study drug transport, clearance, and hepatoxicity. In this report we compare the basal expression of drug disposition genes and the inductive response of prototypical inducers (rifampin, phenobarbital, phenytoin) in hepatocyte two-dimensional monocultures and the long-term coculture model (HepatoPac). All the inducers used in the study increased the expression and activity of CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2C enzymes in the HepatoPac cultures. The coculture model showed a consistent and higher induction of CYP2C enzymes compared with the monocultures. The EC50 of rifampin for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 was up to 10-fold lower in HepatoPac than the monocultures. The EC50 of rifampin calculated from the clinical drug interaction studies correlated well with the EC50 observed in the HepatoPac cultures. Owing to the long-term stability of the HepatoPac cultures, we were able to directly measure a half-life (t1/2) for both CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 using the depletion kinetics of mRNA and functional activity. The t1/2 for CYP3A4 mRNA was 26 hours and that for the functional protein was 49 hours. The t1/2 of CYP2B6 was 38 hours (mRNA) and 68 hours (activity), which is longer than CYP3A4 and shows the differential turnover of these two proteins. This is the first study to our knowledge to report the turnover rate of CYP2B6 in human hepatocytes. The data presented here demonstrate that the HepatoPac cultures have the potential to be used in long-term culture to mimic complex clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Dixit
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Moore
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Tsao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bomo J, Ezan F, Tiaho F, Bellamri M, Langouët S, Theret N, Baffet G. Increasing 3D Matrix Rigidity Strengthens Proliferation and Spheroid Development of Human Liver Cells in a Constant Growth Factor Environment. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:708-20. [PMID: 26331987 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces influence the growth and shape of virtually all tissues and organs. Recent studies show that increased cell contractibility, growth and differentiation might be normalized by modulating cell tensions. Particularly, the role of these tensions applied by the extracellular matrix during liver fibrosis could influence the hepatocarcinogenesis process. The objective of this study is to determine if 3D stiffness could influence growth and phenotype of normal and transformed hepatocytes and to integrate extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness to tensional homeostasis. We have developed an appropriate 3D culture model: hepatic cells within three-dimensional collagen matrices with varying rigidity. Our results demonstrate that the rigidity influenced the cell phenotype and induced spheroid clusters development whereas in soft matrices, Huh7 transformed cells were less proliferative, well-spread and flattened. We confirmed that ERK1 played a predominant role over ERK2 in cisplatin-induced death, whereas ERK2 mainly controlled proliferation. As compared to 2D culture, 3D cultures are associated with epithelial markers expression. Interestingly, proliferation of normal hepatocytes was also induced in rigid gels. Furthermore, biotransformation activities are increased in 3D gels, where CYP1A2 enzyme can be highly induced/activated in primary culture of human hepatocytes embedded in the matrix. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increasing 3D rigidity could promote proliferation and spheroid developments of liver cells demonstrating that 3D collagen gels are an attractive tool for studying rigidity-dependent homeostasis of the liver cells embedded in the matrix and should be privileged for both chronic toxicological and pharmacological drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bomo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - François Tiaho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Theret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
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26
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Wagner A, Röhrs V, Materne EM, Hiller T, Kedzierski R, Fechner H, Lauster R, Kurreck J. Use of a three-dimensional humanized liver model for the study of viral gene vectors. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:134-43. [PMID: 26356676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted three-dimensional (3D) liver models obtained by engrafting hepatic cells into an extracellular matrix (ECM) are valuable tools to study tissue regeneration, drug action and toxicology ex vivo. The aim of the present study was to establish a system for the functional investigation of a viral vector in a 3D liver model composed of human HepG2 cells on a rat ECM. An adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing the Emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) and a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed against human cyclophilin b (hCycB) was injected into the portal vein of 3D liver models. Application of the vector did not exert toxic effects, as shown by analysis of metabolic parameters. Six days after transduction, fluorescence microscopy analysis of EmGFP production revealed widespread distribution of the AAV vectors. After optimization of the recellularization and transduction conditions, averages of 55 and 90 internalized vector genomes per cell in two replicates of the liver model were achieved, as determined by quantitative PCR analysis. Functionality of the AAV vector was confirmed by efficient shRNA-mediated knockdown of hCycB by 70-90%. Our study provides a proof-of-concept that a recellularized biological ECM provides a valuable model to study viral vectors ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wagner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Röhrs
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Materne
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Kedzierski
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lauster
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Shakibaei M, Kraehe P, Popper B, Shayan P, Goel A, Buhrmann C. Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil in a 3D alginate tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:250. [PMID: 25884903 PMCID: PMC4406109 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To overcome the limitations of animal-based experiments, 3D culture models mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vivo are gaining attention. Herein, we investigated an alginate-based 3D scaffold for screening of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or/and curcumin on malignancy of colorectal cancer cells (CRC). Methods The potentiation effects of curcumin on 5-FU against proliferation and metastasis of HCT116 cell and its corresponding isogenic 5-FU-chemoresistant cells (HCT116R) were examined in a 3D-alginate tumor model. Results CRC cells encapsulated in alginate were able to proliferate in 3D-colonospheres in a vivo-like phenotype and invaded from alginate. During cultivation of cells in alginate, we could isolate 3 stages of cells, (1) alginate proliferating (2) invasive and (3) adherent cells. Tumor-promoting factors (CXCR4, MMP-9, NF-κB) were significantly increased in the proliferating and invasive compared to the adherent cells, however HCT116R cells overexpressed factors in comparison to the parental HCT116, suggesting an increase in malignancy behavior. In alginate, curcumin potentiated 5-FU-induced decreased capacity for proliferation, invasion and increased more sensitivity to 5-FU of HCT116R compared to the HCT116 cells. IC50 for HCT116 to 5-FU was 8nM, but co-treatment with 5 μM curcumin significantly reduced 5-FU concentrations in HCT116 and HCT116R cells (0.8nM, 0.1nM, respectively) and these effects were accompanied by down-regulation of NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated gene products. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the alginate provides an excellent tumor microenvironment and indicate that curcumin potentiates and chemosensitizes HCT116R cells to 5-FU-based chemotherapy that may be useful for the treatment of CRC and to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Patricia Kraehe
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Parviz Shayan
- Investigating Institute of Molecular Biological System Transfer, Tehran, 1417863171, Iran. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 141556453, Iran.
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Constanze Buhrmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
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28
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Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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29
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Benet M, Guzmán C, Pisonero-Vaquero S, García-Mediavilla MV, Sánchez-Campos S, Martínez-Chantar ML, Donato MT, Castell JV, Jover R. Repression of the nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner by steatotic drugs and in advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:582-94. [PMID: 25576488 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heterodimer partner (SHP) (NR0B2) is an atypical nuclear receptor that lacks a DNA-binding domain. It interacts with and inhibits many transcription factors, affecting key metabolic processes, including bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, and drug metabolism. Our aim was to determine the influence of steatotic drugs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on SHP expression and investigate the potential mechanisms. SHP was found to be repressed by steatotic drugs (valproate, doxycycline, tetracycline, and cyclosporin A) in cultured hepatic cells and the livers of different animal models of NAFLD: iatrogenic (tetracycline-treated rats), genetic (glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice), and nutritional (mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet). Among the different transcription factors investigated, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) showed the strongest dominant-repressive effect on SHP expression in HepG2 and human hepatocytes. Reporter assays revealed that the inhibitory effect of C/EBPα and steatotic drugs colocalize between -340 and -509 base pair of the SHP promoter, and mutation of a predicted C/EBPα response element at -473 base pair abolished SHP repression by both C/EBPα and drugs. Moreover, inhibition of major stress signaling pathways demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 pathway activates, while the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway represses SHP in a C/EBP-dependent manner. We conclude that SHP is downregulated by several steatotic drugs and in advanced NAFLD. These conditions can activate signals that target C/EBPα and consequently repress SHP, thus favoring the progression and severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benet
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sandra Pisonero-Vaquero
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
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30
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Wang Z, Luo X, Anene-Nzelu C, Yu Y, Hong X, Singh NH, Xia L, Liu S, Yu H. HepaRG culture in tethered spheroids as an in vitro three-dimensional model for drug safety screening. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:909-17. [PMID: 25512232 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures of HepaRG cells allow in vitro maintenance of many liver-specific functions. However, cellular dedifferentiation and functional deterioration over an extended culture period in the conventional 2D HepaRG culture have hampered its applications in drug testing. To address this issue, we developed tethered spheroids of HepaRG cells on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and galactose-conjugated substratum with an optimized hybrid ratio as an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human hepatocyte model. The liver-specific gene expression level and drug metabolizing enzyme activities in HepaRG-tethered spheorids were markedly higher than those in 2D cultures throughout the culture period of 7 days. The inducibility of three major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, namely CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, was improved in both mRNA and activity level in tethered spheroids. Drug-induced cytotoxic responses to model hepatotoxins (acetaminophen, chlorpromazine and ketoconazole) in tethered spheroids were comparable to 2D cultures as well as other studies in the literature. Our results suggested that the HepaRG-tethered spheroid would be an alternative in vitro model suitable for drug safety screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Workers' Gymnasium, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiaobei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chukwuemeka Anene-Nzelu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA, #03-12, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Nisha Hari Singh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA, #03-12, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance, Computational and System Biology Program, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, DSO Labs, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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31
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Coecke S, Rogiers V, Bayliss M, Castell J, Doehmer J, Fabre G, Fry J, Kern A, Westmoreland C. The Use of Long-term Hepatocyte Cultures for Detecting Induction of Drug Metabolising Enzymes: The Current Status. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 27:579-638. [PMID: 25487865 DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report, metabolically competent in vitro systems have been reviewed, in the context of drug metabolising enzyme induction. Based on the experience of the scientists involved, a thorough survey of the literature on metabolically competent long-term culture models was performed. Following this, a prevalidation proposal for the use of the collagen gel sandwich hepatocyte culture system for drug metabolising enzyme induction was designed, focusing on the induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes as the principal enzymes of interest. The ultimate goal of this prevalidation proposal is to provide industry and academia with a metabolically competent in vitro alternative for long-term studies. In an initial phase, the prevalidation study will be limited to the investigation of induction. However, proposals for other long-term applications of these systems should be forwarded to the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods for consideration. The prevalidation proposal deals with several issues, including: a) species; b) practical prevalidation methodology; c) enzyme inducers; and d) advantages of working with independent expert laboratories. Since it is preferable to include other alternative tests for drug metabolising enzyme induction, when such tests arise, it is recommended that they meet the same level of development as for the collagen gel sandwich long-term hepatocyte system. Those tests which do so should begin the prevalidation and validation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - V Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Bayliss
- GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
| | - J Castell
- Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Doehmer
- Institut für Toxikologie und Umwelthygiene, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 62, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - G Fabre
- Preclinical Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Recherche, 34184 Montpellier, France
| | - J Fry
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH
| | - A Kern
- Drug Metabolism and Isotope Chemistry, Bayer, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Westmoreland
- GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
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32
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Schutte SC, James CO, Sidell N, Taylor RN. Tissue-engineered endometrial model for the study of cell-cell interactions. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:308-15. [PMID: 25031317 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal and epithelial cell cross talk is known to influence many of the dynamic changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. We modified our previous model and embedded telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells and Ishikawa adenocarcinoma epithelial cells in a collagen-Matrigel hydrogel to create a tissue-engineered model of the endometrium. Comparisons of single and cocultured cells examined communication between endometrial stromal and epithelial cells, which were cultured with 0 or 10 nmol/L 17β estradiol; conditioned medium was used to look at the production of paracrine factors. Using this model, we were able to identify the changes in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and active matrix metalloproteinase 2, which appear to be due to paracrine signaling and differences in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) that do not appear to be due to paracrine signaling. Moreover, IL-6, TGF-β1, and DNA content were also affected by the presence of estradiol in many of the tissues. These results indicate that paracrine and endocrine signaling are involved in human endometrial responses and support the use of coculture models to further investigate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C Schutte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher O James
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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33
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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34
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McCarty WJ, Usta OB, Luitje M, Bale SS, Bhushan A, Hegde M, Golberg I, Jindal R, Yarmush ML. A novel ultrathin collagen nanolayer assembly for 3-D microtissue engineering: Layer-by-layer collagen deposition for long-term stable microfluidic hepatocyte culture. TECHNOLOGY 2014; 2:67-74. [PMID: 24932459 PMCID: PMC4054686 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547814500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The creation of stable hepatocyte cultures using cell-matrix interactions has proven difficult in microdevices due to dimensional constraints limiting the utility of classic tissue culture techniques that involve the use of hydrogels such as the collagen "double gel" or "overlay". To translate the collagen overlay technique into microdevices, we modified collagen using succinylation and methylation reactions to create polyanionic and polycationic collagen solutions, and deposited them layer-by-layer to create ultrathin collagen nanolayers on hepatocytes. These ultrathin collagen layers covered hepatocytes in microdevices and 1) maintained cell morphology, viability, and polarity, 2) induced bile canalicular formation and actin reorganization, and 3) maintained albumin and urea secretions and CYP activity similar to those observed in hepatocytes in collagen double gel hepatocytes in plate cultures. Beyond the immediate applications of this technique to create stable, in vitro microfluidic hepatocyte cultures for drug toxicity testing, this technique is generally applicable as a thin biomaterial for other 3D microtissues.
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35
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Handa K, Matsubara K, Fukumitsu K, Guzman-Lepe J, Watson A, Soto-Gutierrez A. Assembly of human organs from stem cells to study liver disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:348-57. [PMID: 24333262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, significant developments in the field of liver tissue engineering have raised new possibilities for the study of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro, as well as the potential to assemble entire organs for transplantation. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been differentiated into relatively functional populations of hepatic cells, and novel techniques to generate whole organ acellular three-dimensional scaffolds have been developed. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in organ assembly regarding the development of liver tissue in vitro. We emphasize applications that involve multiple types of cells with a biomimetic spatial organization for which three-dimensional configurations could be used for drug development or to explain mechanisms of disease. We also discuss applications of liver organotypic surrogates and the challenges of translating the highly promising new field of tissue engineering into a proven platform for predicting drug metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Handa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kentaro Matsubara
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alicia Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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37
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Li Z, Cui Z. Three-dimensional perfused cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:243-54. [PMID: 24184152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests the limitation and shortcomings of the current and well established cell culture method using multi-well plates, flasks and Petri dishes. These are particularly important when cell functions are sensitive to the local microenvironment, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. There is a clear need for advanced cell culture systems which mimic in vivo and more physiological conditions. This review summarises and analyses recent progress in three dimensional (3D) cell culture with perfusion as the next generation cell culture tools, while excluding engineered tissue culture where three dimensional scaffold has to be used for structural support and perfusion for overcoming mass transfer control. Apart from research activities in academic community, product development in industry is also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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38
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1042] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Abstract
Background: 3D matrices are widely used as cell growth supports in basic research, regenerative medicine or cell-based drug assays. In order to genetically manipulate cells cultured within 3D matrices, two novel non-viral transfection reagents allowing preparation of matrices for in situ cell transfection were evaluated. Results: Two lipidic formulations, 3D-Fect™ and 3D-FectIN™, were assessed for their ability to transfect cells cultured within 3D solid scaffolds and 3D hydrogels, respectively. These reagents showed good compatibility with the most widespread types of matrices and enabled transfection of a wide range of mammalian cells of various origins. Classical cell lines, primary cells and stem cells were thus genetically modified while colonizing their growth support. Importantly, this in situ strategy alleviated the need to manipulate cells before seeding them. Conclusion: Results presented here demonstrated that 3D-Fect and 3D-FectIN reagents for 3D transfection are totally compatible with cells and do not impair matrix properties. 3D-Fect and 3D-FectIN, therefore, provide valuable tools for achieving localized and sustained transgene expression and should find versatile applications in fundamental research, regenerative medicine and cell-based drug assays.
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A three-dimensional microenvironment alters protein expression and chemosensitivity of epithelial ovarian cancer cells in vitro. J Transl Med 2013; 93:528-42. [PMID: 23459371 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For many cancers, there is a real need for more effective therapies. Although many drugs show promising results in vitro, most fail to translate into an in vivo model system, and only ∼5% show anti-tumor activity in clinical trials. It remains a significant challenge to accurately replicate in vitro the complex in vivo microenvironment in which cancers thrive, but this will be key to increasing the success of translating novel therapies into clinical practice. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models may better mimic primary tumors in vivo than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Therefore, we established and characterized 3D in vitro models of 31 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines, compared their biological and molecular features with 2D cultures and primary tumors, and tested their efficacy as models for evaluating chemoresponse. When cultured in 3D using polyhydroxoethylamethacrylate-coated plastics, EOC lines formed multicellular aggregates that could be classified as 'large dense', 'large loose', and 'small', based on size, light permeability, and proportion of cells incorporated into the complex structures. Features of histological differentiation characteristic of primary tumors that were not present in 2D cultures were restored in 3D. For many cell lines, the transition from a 2D to 3D microenvironment induced changes in the expression of several biomarkers relevant to disease. Generally, EOC cell lines proliferated more slowly and were more chemoresistant in 3D compared with 2D culture. In summary, 3D models of EOCs better reflect the histological, biological, and molecular features of primary tumors than the same cells cultured using traditional 2D techniques; 3D in vitro models also exhibit different sensitivities to chemotherapeutic agents compared with 2D models, which may have a significant impact on the success of drug testing pipelines for EOC. These findings could also impact in vitro modeling approaches and drug development strategies for other solid tumor types.
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Abstract
Organ transplantation in an orthotopic location is the current treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, the need for transplantable organs far exceeds the number of available donor organs. As a result, new options, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, have been explored to achieve functional organ replacement. Although there have been many advances in the laboratory leading to the reconstruction of tissue and organ structures in vitro, these efforts have fallen short of producing organs that contain intact vascular networks capable of nutrient and gas exchange and are suitable for transplantation. Recently, advances in whole organ decellularization techniques have enabled the fabrication of scaffolds for engineering new organs. These scaffolds, consisting of naturally-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), provide biological signals and maintain tissue microarchitecture, including intact vascular systems that could integrate into the recipient's circulatory system. The decellularization techniques have led to the development of scaffolds for multiple organs, including the heart, liver, lung and kidney. While the experimental studies involving the use of decellularized organ scaffolds are encouraging, the translation of whole organ engineering into the clinic is still distant. This paper reviews recently described techniques used to decellularize whole organs such as the heart, lung, liver and kidney and describes possible methods for using these matrices for whole organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Arenas-Herrera
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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42
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Alexander FA, Price DT, Bhansali S. From Cellular Cultures to Cellular Spheroids: Is Impedance Spectroscopy a Viable Tool for Monitoring Multicellular Spheroid (MCS) Drug Models? IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 6:63-76. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2222023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Soto-Gutierrez A, Wertheim JA, Ott HC, Gilbert TW. Perspectives on whole-organ assembly: moving toward transplantation on demand. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3817-23. [PMID: 23114604 DOI: 10.1172/jci61974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ever-growing demand for transplantable organs to replace acute and chronically damaged tissues. This demand cannot be met by the currently available donor organs. Efforts to provide an alternative source have led to the development of organ engineering, a discipline that combines cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell/organ transplantation. Over the last several years, engineered organs have been implanted into rodent recipients and have shown modest function. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in this field and provide a perspective on the challenges of translating this promising new technology into a proven regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation Section of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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44
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Harris AJ, Shaddock JG, Delongchamp R, Dragan Y, Casciano DA. Comparison of Basal gene expression in cultured primary rat hepatocytes and freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 14:257-70. [PMID: 20021105 DOI: 10.1080/15376520490434629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cultured primary hepatocytes are one of the most suitable in vitro models for hepatic toxicological studies. Unfortunately, there is a temporal loss of liver-specific function in culture that limits their utility for some applications. Plating hepatocytes on a substratum has been shown to stabilize the differentiated phenotype for short-term culture. In order to identify the substratum that best supports in vivo basal hepatocyte gene expression profiles in vitro, the gene expression profiles of primary rat hepatocytes plated on collagen I in hepatocyte maintenance medium (HMM) or hepatocyte culture medium (HCM), or on matrigel in HMM medium for 2 h, 16 h, or 72 h were compared to the expression profiles of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes using the Atlas rat stress array. After 16 h in culture, there were differences in gene expression between cultured primary hepatocytes and freshly isolated hepatocytes, but no apparent substratum effects. At 72 h, the expression of 9 genes was altered in hepatocytes plated on either substratum compared to expression in freshly isolated hepatocytes. However, there were an additional 13 genes with increased expression in hepatocytes plated on collagen I that were expressed at low or non-detectable levels in freshly isolated hepatocytes or primary hepatocytes plated on matrigel. In summary, after 72 h, primary hepatocytes plated on matrigel had basal gene expression patterns more similar to patterns in freshly isolated hepatocytes than did hepatocytes cultured on collagen. In addition, culture on matrigel suppressed the expression of atypical genes in culture. These preliminary studies suggest that culture on matrigel may be preferable for longer-term in vitro toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Harris
- Center for Hepatotoxicity, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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45
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Shupe T, Williams M, Brown A, Willenberg B, Petersen BE. Method for the decellularization of intact rat liver. Organogenesis 2012; 6:134-6. [PMID: 20885860 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.2.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a method for the decellularization of whole rat livers by perfusion with increasing concentrations of detergents. This procedure resulted in an intact, decellularized organ with an intact liver capsule. These decellularized organs were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and retained an appropriate distribution of extracellular matrix components. The laminin basement membranes of the liver vasculature also remain intact. These acellular vessel remnants were strong enough to be cannulated, providing a convenient means for the delivery of cells to areas deep within the decellularized organ. Cannulation of the extrahepatic vessel remnants allow for media to be circulated through the decellularized organ. These decellularized livers provide a natural matrix for research in the fields of bio-artificial livers and liver engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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46
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Acevedo CA, Brown DI, Young ME, Reyes JG. Senescent Cultures of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Modified Phenotype When Immobilized in Fibrin Polymer. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:1929-42. [DOI: 10.1163/156856208x394418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. Acevedo
- a Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Biotechnology Center, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Donald I. Brown
- b Departamento de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Manuel E. Young
- c Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Biotechnology Center, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan G. Reyes
- d Chemistry Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
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47
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A critical evaluation of in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug screening and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:82-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Ozaki I, Hamajima H, Matsuhashi S, Mizuta T. Regulation of TGF-β1-Induced Pro-Apoptotic Signaling by Growth Factor Receptors and Extracellular Matrix Receptor Integrins in the Liver. Front Physiol 2011; 2:78. [PMID: 22028694 PMCID: PMC3199809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often arises from chronically diseased livers. Persistent liver inflammation causes the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and impairs the liver function, finally leading to the development of HCC. A pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, plays critical roles throughout the process of fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. In the liver, TGF-β1 inhibits the proliferation of hepatocytes and stimulates the production of ECM from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to maintain tissue homeostasis. During disease progression, both growth factors/cytokines and the ECM alter the TGF-β1 signals by modifying the phosphorylation of Smad proteins at their C-terminal and linker regions. TGF-β1 stimulates the expression of integrins, cellular receptors for ECM, along with an increase in ECM accumulation. The activation of integrins by the ECM modulates the response to TGF-β1 in hepatic cells, resulting in their resistance to TGF-β1-induced growth suppression in hepatocytes and the sustained production of ECM proteins in activated HSCs/myofibroblasts. Both growth factor receptors and integrins modify the expression and/or functions of the downstream effectors of TGF-β1, resulting in the escape of hepatocytes from TGF-β1-induced apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed that the alterations of Smad phosphorylation that occur as the results of the crosstalk between TGF-β1, growth factors and integrins could change the nature of TGF-β1 signals from tumor suppression to promotion. Therefore, the modification of Smad phosphorylation could be an attractive target for the prevention and/or treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwata Ozaki
- Saga Medical School, Health Administration Center Saga, Japan
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van Midwoud PM, Verpoorte E, Groothuis GMM. Microfluidic devices for in vitro studies on liver drug metabolism and toxicity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:509-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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50
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Shupe T, Petersen BE. Potential applications for cell regulatory factors in liver progenitor cell therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:214-21. [PMID: 20851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplant represent the state of the art treatment for terminal liver pathologies such as cirrhosis in adults and hemochromatosis in neonates. A limited supply of transplantable organs in relationship to the demand means that many patients will succumb to disease before an organ becomes available. One promising alternative to liver transplant is therapy based on the transplant of liver progenitor cells. These cells may be derived from the patient, expanded in vitro, and transplanted back to the diseased liver. Inborn metabolic disorders represent the most attractive target for liver progenitor cell therapy, as many of these disorders may be corrected by repopulation of only a portion of the liver by healthy cells. Another potential application for liver progenitor cell therapy is the seeding of bio-artificial liver matrix. These ex vivo bioreactors may someday be used to bridge critically ill patients to other treatments. Conferring a selective growth advantage to the progenitor cell population remains an obstacle to therapy development. Understanding the molecular signaling mechanisms and micro-environmental cues that govern liver progenitor cell phenotype may someday lead to strategies for providing this selective growth advantage. The discovery of a population of cells within the bone marrow possessing the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes may provide an easily accessible source of cells for liver therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
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