1
|
Zhou Z, Chen X, Zhu M, Wang W, Ao Z, Zhao J, Tang W, Hong L. Cathepsin D knockdown regulates biological behaviors of granulosa cells and affects litter size traits in goats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:893-905. [PMID: 34783220 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD), the major lysosomal aspartic protease that is widely expressed in different tissues, potentially regulates the biological behaviors of various cells. Follicular granulosa cells are responsive to the increase of ovulation number, hence indirectly influencing litter size. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of CTSD on the behaviors of goat granulosa cells has not been fully elucidated. This study used immunohistochemistry to analyze CTSD localization in goat ovarian tissues. Moreover, western blotting was applied to examine the differential expression of CTSD in the ovarian tissues of monotocous and polytocous goats. Subsequently, the effects of CTSD knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and the expression of candidate genes of the prolific traits, including bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB (BMPR-IB), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHR), and inhibin α (INHA), were determined in granulosa cells. Results showed that CTSD was expressed in corpus luteum, follicle, and granulosa cells. Notably, CTSD expression in the monotocous group was significantly higher than that in the polytocous group. In addition, CTSD knockdown could improve granulosa cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis, and significantly elevate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), but it lowered the expression of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3. Furthermore, CTSD knockdown significantly reduced the ratios of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases but substantially increased the ratio of cells in the S phase. The expression levels of cyclin D2 and cyclin E were elevated followed by the obvious decline of cyclin A1 expression. However, the expression levels of BMPR-IB, FSHR, and INHA clearly increased as a result of CTSD knockdown. Hence, our findings demonstrate that CTSD is an important factor affecting the litter size trait in goats by regulating the granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and the expression of candidate genes of the prolific trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng X, Zhang L, Jiang W, Abasubong KP, Zhang C, Zhang D, Li X, Jiang G, Chi C, Liu W. Effects of dietary icariin supplementation on the ovary development-related transcriptome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 37:100756. [PMID: 33197858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important aquaculture species in China, with distinct differences in ovarian maturation status between crabs fed with natural diets and artificial diets during the listing period, thus, leading to selling price differentiation. Our previous study showed that dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg icariin can effectively promote ovarian development of E. sinensis. However, the internal molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated because of a lack of comprehensive genome sequence information. We compared the ovary transcriptomes of E. sinensis fed with two diets containing 0 and 100 mg/kg ICA using the BGISEQ-500 platform. This yielded 12.54 Gb clean bases and 54,794 unigenes, 13,832 of which were found to be differentially expressed after icariin exposure. Twenty pathways closely related to gonadal development were selected through KEGG analysis. Seven differentially expressed genes relevant to vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation (serine/threonine-protein kinase mos-like, Eg2, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein, cyclin B, vitellogenin 1, cathepsin D, and juvenile hormone esterase-like carboxylesterase 1) were validated by qRT-PCR, and four proteins (MEK1/2, ERK1/2, Cyclin B and Cdc2) associated with the progesterone mediated oocyte maturation pathway (i.e., MAPK/MPF pathway) were analyzed by western-blot. The results showed that icariin could promote the synthesis, processing and deposition of vitellogenin in oocytes, and that it also has the potential to promote oocyte maturation (resumption of Meiosis I) by altering the expression of the relevant genes and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth P Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Durso AM, French SS. Stable isotope tracers reveal a trade‐off between reproduction and immunity in a reptile with competing needs. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Durso
- Department of Biology & The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Susannah S. French
- Department of Biology & The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi KM, Shim SH, An CM, Nam BH, Kim YO, Kim JW, Park CI. Cloning, characterisation, and expression analysis of the cathepsin D gene from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:253-258. [PMID: 25038285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases belonging to the papain family, members of which play important roles in normal metabolism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) cathepsin D (RbCTSD) cDNAs were identified by expressed sequence tag analysis of a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rock bream liver cDNA library. The full-length RbCTSD cDNA (1644 bp) contained an open reading frame of 1191 bp encoding 396 amino acids. Alignment analysis revealed that the active sites and N-glycosylation sites of the deduced protein were well conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbCTSD is most closely related to the Mi-iuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) cathepsin D. RbCTSD was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues, predominantly in muscle and kidneys. RbCTSD mRNA expression was also examined in several tissues under conditions of bacterial and viral challenge. All examined tissues of fish infected with Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda), Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) showed significant increases in RbCTSD expression compared with the control. In the kidney and spleen, RbCTSD mRNA expression was markedly upregulated following infection with all tested pathogens. These findings indicate that RbCTSD plays an important role in the innate immune response of rock bream. Furthermore, these results provide important information for the identification of other cathepsin D genes in various fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Choi
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheng Q, Cao D, Zhou Y, Lei Q, Han H, Li F, Lu Y, Wang C. Detection of SNPs in the cathepsin D gene and their association with yolk traits in chickens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56656. [PMID: 23431385 PMCID: PMC3576367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CTSD (Cathepsin D) is a key enzyme in yolk formation, and it primarily affects egg yolk weight and egg weight. However, recent research has mostly focused on the genomic structure of the CTSD gene and the enzyme's role in pathology, and less is known about the enzyme's functions in chickens. In this paper, the correlations between CTSD polymorphisms and egg quality traits were analyzed in local Shandong chicken breeds. CTSD polymorphisms were investigated by PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism) and sequencing analysis. Two variants were found to be associated with egg quality traits. One variant (2614T>C), located in exon 3, was novel. Another variant (5274G>T), located in intron 4, was previously referred to as rs16469410. Overall, our results indicated that CTSD would be a useful candidate gene in selection programs for improving yolk traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong ZD, Zhang J, Ji XS, Zhou FN, Fu Y, Chen W, Zeng YQ, Li TM, Wang H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of cathepsin D from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1207-1214. [PMID: 23009921 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartic proteinase which participates in various degradation functions within the cell. In this current study, we cloned and characterized the complete cDNA of grass carp cathepsin D through 5'- and 3'-RACE. The cathepsin D contained a 56 bp 5' terminal untranslated region (5'-UTR), a 1197 bp open reading frame encoding 398 amino acids, and a 394 bp 3'-UTR. Grass carp cathepsin D shared high similarity with those from other species, and showed the highest amino acid identity of 91% to Danio rerio. Unlike many other organisms, the grass carp cathepsin D contains only one N-glycosylation site closest to the N-terminal. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that Cathepsin D expressed in all twelve tissues (bladder, brain, liver, heart, gill, muscle, fin, eye, intestines, spleen, gonad and head kidney). The relative expression levels of Cathepsin D in gonad and liver were 26.58 and 24.95 times as much as those in fin, respectively. The expression level of Cathepsin D in muscle approximately 16-fold higher, in intestines and spleen were 12-fold higher. The cathepsin D expression showed an upward trend during embryonic development. After challenged with Aeromonas hydrophil, the expression of grass carp cathepsin D gene showed significant changes in the four test tissues (liver, head kidney, spleen and intestines). The fact that the bacterial infection can obviously improve the cathepsin D expression in immune-related organs, may suggest that cathepsin D plays an important role in the innate immune response of grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-dian Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bourin M, Gautron J, Berges M, Nys Y, Réhault-Godbert S. Sex- and tissue-specific expression of “similar to nothepsin” and cathepsin D in relation to egg yolk formation in Gallus gallus. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2288-93. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
Khaled HB, Ghorbel-Bellaaj O, Hmidet N, Jellouli K, Ali NEH, Ghorbel S, Nasri M. A novel aspartic protease from the viscera of Sardinelle (Sardinella aurita): Purification and characterisation. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Balti R, Hmidet N, Jellouli K, Nedjar-Arroume N, Guillochon D, Nasri M. Cathepsin D from the hepatopancreas of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis): purification and characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10623-10630. [PMID: 20843039 DOI: 10.1021/jf102233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D from the hepatopancreas of cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ) was purified to homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulfate (30-60%, w/v), Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, Mono-S cation-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and Mono-S FPLC with a 54-fold increase in specific activity and 17% recovery. The molecular weight of the purified cathepsin D was estimated to be 37.5 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On the basis of the native-PAGE and hemoglobin zymography, the purified protease appeared as a single band. The optimum pH and temperature for the cathepsin D activity were pH 3.0 and 50 °C, respectively, using hemoglobin as a substrate. The purified enzyme was completely inhibited by pepstatin A; however, no inhibition was observed with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Moreover, the activity was strongly inhibited by SDS and molybdate and enhanced by ATP. The purified cathepsin D was activated by Mg(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Sr(2+), and Co(2+) ions, whereas it was not affected by Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+) ions. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 13 amino acids of the purified cathepsin D was APTPEPLSNYMDA. S. officinalis cathepsin D, which showed high homology with cathepsin D from marine vertebrates and invertebrates, had a Pro residue at position 6 and a Ser residue at position 8, where Thr and Lys are common in all marine vertebrates cathepsins D. S. officinalis cathepsin D showed high efficiency for the hydrolysis of myofibrillar proteins extracted from cuttlefish muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Balti
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 3,5 BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carnevali O, Cionna C, Tosti L, Cerdà J, Gioacchini G. Changes in cathepsin gene expression and relative enzymatic activity during gilthead sea bream oogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:97-104. [PMID: 17538957 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the modulation of lysosomal enzymes in terms of both gene expression and enzymatic activity during follicle maturation. For this purpose three lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B, D, and L, were studied in relation to yolk formation and degradation, during the main phases of ovarian follicle growth in the pelagophil species, the sea bream Sparus aurata. Specific attention was focused on the gene expression quantification method, on the assay of enzymatic activities, and on the relationship between the proteolytic cleavage of yolk proteins (YPs), cathepsin gene expression and cathepsin activities. For the gene expression study, the cathepsins B-like and L-like mRNAs were isolated and partially or fully characterized, respectively; the sequences were used as design specific primers for the quantification of cathepsin gene expression by real-time PCR, in follicles at different stages of maturation. The enzymatic assays for cathepsins B, D, and L were optimized in terms of specificity, sensitivity and reliability, using specific substrates and inhibitors. In ovulated eggs, the lipovitellin I (LV I) was degraded and the changes in electrophoretic pattern were preceded by an increase in the activity of a cysteine proteinase, cathepsin L, and its mRNA. Cathepsin B did not appear to be involved in YP changes during the final maturation stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song JL, Wong JL, Wessel GM. Oogenesis: Single cell development and differentiation. Dev Biol 2006; 300:385-405. [PMID: 17074315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes express a unique set of genes that are essential for their growth, for meiotic recombination and division, for storage of nutrients, and for fertilization. We have utilized the newly sequenced genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to identify genes that help the oocyte accomplish each of these tasks. This study emphasizes four classes of genes that are specialized for oocyte function: (1) Transcription factors: many of these factors are not significantly expressed in embryos, but are shared by other adult tissues, namely the ovary, testis, and gut. (2) Meiosis: A full set of meiotic genes is present in the sea urchin, including those involved in cohesion, in synaptonemal complex formation, and in meiotic recombination. (3) Yolk uptake and storage: Nutrient storage for use during early embryogenesis is essential to oocyte function in most animals; the sea urchin accomplishes this task by using the major yolk protein and a family of accessory proteins called YP30. Comparison of the YP30 family members across their conserved, tandem fasciclin domains with their intervening introns reveals an incongruence in the evolution of its major clades. (4) Fertilization: This set of genes includes many of the cell surface proteins involved in sperm interaction and in the physical block to polyspermy. The majority of these genes are active only in oocytes, and in many cases, their anatomy reflects the tandem repeating interaction domains essential for the function of these proteins. Together, the expression profile of these four gene classes highlights the transitions of the oocyte from a stem cell precursor, through stages of development, to the clearing and re-programming of gene expression necessary to transition from oocyte, to egg, to embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Box G, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carnevali O, Cionna C, Tosti L, Lubzens E, Maradonna F. Role of cathepsins in ovarian follicle growth and maturation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 146:195-203. [PMID: 16430893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several complex processes are involved in the production of viable eggs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the role played by lysosomal enzymes, especially cathepsins B, D, and L, during ovarian follicle growth and maturation. Specific attention is focused on the relationship between the second proteolytic cleavage of yolk proteins (YP) and the resumption of the meiosis during germinal vesicle break down (GVBD). Maturation represents the final stage of oocytes development prior to ovulation. Oocytes in this phase appear translucent. In many teleosts GVBD is accompanied by water uptake and among marine teleosts with pelagic eggs, most of the final volume is reached by this process. The last phase of maturation in benthonic eggs also occurs concomitant to a second proteolytic cleavage and is related with a slight hydration process. In vitro maturation by 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3one in class III Danio rerio oocytes, induced 80% of GVBD. The maturation of these oocytes is known to be associated with proteolysis of their major yolk components. In the present study, we show that inhibition of specific enzymes (cathepsins) involved in the second YP processing, did not affect the occurrence of GVBD as the oocytes become translucent and display a slight increase in size. More specifically, in vitro incubation of the maturing oocytes with a cathepsin B inhibitor suppressed both cathepsin B and L activities and the proteolysis of YP. On the contrary, the addition of cathepsin L inhibitor, only affected cathepsin L activity, indicating that cathepsin B is probably involved in Cathepsin L activation, and this enzyme is probably responsible for the second YP processing. These results, together with previous studies, indicate that the GVBD process is independent of the occurrence of the second proteolytic process. It supports the hypothesis that the maturation process is under K+ ion flux control, while yolk proteolysis is related to the temporal and specific activation of cathepsins by acidification of yolk spheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borrelli L, De Stasio R, Filosa S, Parisi E, Riggio M, Scudiero R, Trinchella F. Evolutionary fate of duplicate genes encoding aspartic proteinases. Nothepsin case study. Gene 2006; 368:101-9. [PMID: 16376026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication is considered an important evolutionary mechanism leading to new gene functions. According to the classical model, one gene copy arising from gene duplication retains the ancestral function, whilst the other becomes subject to directional selection for some novel functions. Hence, according to this model, long-term persistence of two paralogous genes is possible only with the acquisition of functional innovation. In the absence of neofunctionalization, one of the duplicate genes may be lost following accumulation of deleterious mutations, ultimately leading to the loss of function. Recently, new mechanisms have been proposed according to which both paralogs are maintained without apparent neofunctionalization. In this paper we describe the molecular evolution of the aspartic proteinase gene family, with particular regard for the nothepsin gene, a sex- and tissue-specific form of aspartic proteinase active in fish. The finding of nothepsin in a reptile is indicative of the presence of this gene in organisms other than fish. However, the failure to find any nothepsin-like gene in avian, murine and human genome suggests that the gene has been lost in certain lineages during evolution. At variance with piscine nothepsin expressed exclusively in female liver under the estrogens action, the reptilian counterpart lacks both tissue and sex specificity, as it is constitutively expressed in different tissues of male and female specimens. The expression of the nothepsin gene in fish and lizard is accompanied by the expression of a paralogous gene encoding for cathepsin D. Functional divergence analysis indicates that cathepsin D accumulated amino acid substitutions, whereas nothepsin retained most of the ancestral functions. Phylogenetic analysis shows a preponderance of replacement substitutions compared to silent substitutions in the branch leading to the cathepsin D clade, whilst nothepsin evolves under negative selection. To explain the loss of the nothepsin gene in certain lineages, we propose a model that takes into account the complementary degenerative mutations occurring in regulatory elements of the promoter regions of the two genes. According to this model, gene loss occurs whenever the two genes acquire the same expression pattern. The coexistence of cathepsin D and nothepsin is explained in terms of metabolic cooperation of the two enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Borrelli
- Centro Musei delle Scienze Naturali, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fabra M, Cerdà J. Ovarian cysteine proteinases in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus: molecular cloning and gene expression during vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 67:282-94. [PMID: 14735489 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and L are members of the multigene family of lysosomal proteases that have been implicated in the processing of yolk proteins (YPs) in teleost oocytes. However, the full identification of the type of cathepsins expressed in fish ovarian follicles and embryos, as well as their regulatory mechanisms and specific function(s), are not yet elucidated. In this study, cDNAs encoding cathepsins B, L, F, K, S, Z, C, and H have been isolated from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus, and the analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences revealed highly similar structural features to vertebrate orthologs, and confirmed in this species the existence of cathepsin L-like, cathepsin B-like, and cathepsin F-like subfamilies of cysteine proteinases. While all identified cathepsins were expressed in ovarian follicles, the corresponding mRNAs showed different temporal expression patterns. Thus, similar mRNA levels of cathepsins L, F, S, B, C, and Z were found throughout the oocyte growth or vitellogenesis period, whereas those for cathepsin H and K appeared to decrease as vitellogenesis advanced. During oocyte maturation, a transient accumulation of cathepsins L, S, H, and F mRNAs, approximately a 3-, 1.5-, 1.6-, and 6-fold increase, respectively, was detected in ovarian follicles within the 20-25 hr after hormone stimulation, coincident with the maximum proteolysis of the oocyte major YPs. The specific temporal pattern of expression of these genes may indicate a potential role of cathepsin L-like and cathepsin F proteases in the YP processing events occurring during fish oocyte maturation and/or early embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fabra
- Center of Aquaculture-IRTA, 43540-San Carlos de la Rápita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marina P, Salvatore V, Maurizio R, Loredana R, Annamaria L, Vincenza L, Ermelinda L, Piero A. Ovarian follicle cells in torpedo marmorata
synthesize vitellogenin. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 67:424-9. [PMID: 14991733 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of vitellogenesis is similar in all non-mammalian vertebrates: the liver, under oestrogenic stimulus, synthesizes vitellogenin (VTG) that, via the maternal circulation, is delivered to the oocyte and here internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis (Wallace, 1985: Development Biology. A comprehensive synthesis. Vol. 1 Oogenesis:127-177; Schneider, 1996: Int Rev Cytol 166:103-134; LaFleur, 1999: Encyclopedia of Reproduction Vol. 4:985-992). The contribution to vitellogenesis of different components of the ovarian follicle has also been reported in amphibians (Wallace, 1985), squamate reptiles (Ghiara and Limatola, 1980: Acta Embryol Morphol Exper 1:5-6; Andreuccetti, 1992: J Morphol 212:1-11), and recently, supporting previous reports (Chieffi and Pierantoni, 1987: Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles Single vol.:117-144), in Torpedo marmorata (Prisco et al., 2001: Perspective in comparative endocrinology: Unity and diversity Single vol.:1197-1201; Prisco et al., 2002b: Gen Comp Endocrinol 128:171-179). The present investigation, performed with immunoblotting, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization techniques during different stages of follicular growth in T. marmorata, shows that, as previously supposed (Prisco et al., 2002b), granulosa cells in both previtellogenic and vitellogenic phases actively synthesize VTG. This is the first time among vertebrates that the synthesis of this protein has been found to occur also within the ovarian follicle. The present data also demonstrate that the contribution of granulosa cells becomes particularly evident during vitellogenesis. Indeed, in vitellogenic follicles, small, intermediate, and pyriform-like cells cross-react with an anti-VTG antibody and are positive to a hybridization signal with a VTG mRNA probe. By contrast, in previtellogenesis only the enlarged cells, i.e., intermediate and pyriform-like cells, are involved in VTG synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prisco Marina
- Department of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Romano
- Department of Evolutionary and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wood AW, Matsumoto J, Van Der Kraak G. Thyroglobulin type-1 domain protease inhibitors exhibit specific expression in the cortical ooplasm of vitellogenic rainbow trout oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 69:205-14. [PMID: 15293222 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, uptake, and processing of yolk proteins remain poorly described aspects of oviparous reproductive development. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of two protease inhibitors in rainbow trout ovary whose expression and distribution are directly associated with yolk protein uptake in vitellogenic oocytes. The first transcript, termed "oocyte protease inhibitor-1" (OPI-1), is predicted to encode a 9.1 kDa, 87 amino acid protein containing a single thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain, identifying it as a putative TY domain inhibitor. The second transcript, termed OPI-2, is predicted to encode an 18.3 kDa, 173 amino acid protein with two similar, but not identical, TY domains. Messenger RNA expression of both genes was first detected in ovarian tissues at the onset of vitellogenesis, and persisted throughout the vitellogenic growth phase. We did not detect expression of either gene in previtellogenic ovaries, nor in any somatic tissues examined. Expression of OPI-1 mRNA was significantly reduced in atretic follicles as compared to healthy vitellogenic follicles, suggesting a downregulation of inhibitor expression during oocyte atresia. Western immunoblot analyses of whole yolk from vitellogenic oocytes revealed the presence of two immunoreactive proteins that corresponded to the predicted sizes of OPI-1 and OPI-2. We detected strong crossreactivity of this antiserum with specific vesicles in the cortical ooplasm of vitellogenic oocytes, in regions directly associated with vitellogenin processing. The identification of OPI-1 and OPI-2 provides new evidence for the expression of multiple TY domain protease inhibitors likely involved in the regulation of yolk processing during oocyte growth in salmonids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony W Wood
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0245, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Riggio M, Scudiero R, Filosa S, Parisi E. Oestrogen-induced expression of a novel liver-specific aspartic proteinase in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Gene 2002; 295:241-6. [PMID: 12354659 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases are a group of endoproteolytic proteinases active at acidic pH and characterized by the presence of two aspartyl residues in the active site. They include related paralogous proteins such as cathepsin D, cathepsin E and pepsin. Although extensively investigated in mammals, aspartic proteinases have been less studied in other vertebrates. In a previous work, we cloned and sequenced a DNA complementary to RNA encoding an enzyme present in zebrafish liver. The sequence resulted to be homologous to a novel form of aspartic proteinase firstly described by us in Antarctic fish. In zebrafish, the gene encoding this enzyme is expressed only in the female liver, in contrast with cathepsin D that is expressed in all the tissues examined independently of the sex. For this reason we have termed the new enzyme liver-specific aspartic proteinase (LAP). Northern blot analyses indicate that LAP gene expression is under hormonal control. Indeed, in oestrogen-treated male fish, cathepsin D expression was not enhanced in the various tissues examined, but the LAP gene product appeared exclusively in the liver. Our results provide evidence for an oestrogen-induced expression of LAP gene in liver. We postulate that the sexual dimorphic expression of the LAP gene may be related to the reproductive process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Riggio
- Department of Evolutionary and Comparative Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kwon JY, Prat F, Randall C, Tyler CR. Molecular characterization of putative yolk processing enzymes and their expression during oogenesis and embryogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biol Reprod 2001; 65:1701-9. [PMID: 11717131 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.6.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenin is the major yolk protein precursor in fish, but little is known about its processing pathway in the oocyte, nor about mobilization of yolk proteins during embryogenesis. In this study we cloned three putative yolk processing enzymes; specifically, cathepsin B and L, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), from the rainbow trout ovary and determined their patterns of gene expression, together with cathepsin D, during oogenesis and embryogenesis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The approximate sizes of both cathepsin B and cathepsin L transcripts were estimated as 1.7-1.8 kilobases by Northern blot analysis. Cathepsin D mRNA and cathepsin L mRNA were expressed constitutively throughout vitellogenesis and embryogenesis, showing the highest levels of expression at around fertilization. Cathepsin B and LPL were expressed exclusively during oogenesis. Quantitatively, expression of cathepsin D mRNA was higher than cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and LPL mRNA throughout the period studied. The different patterns of expression for these genes during oogenesis and embryogenesis signify specific temporal roles in yolk protein processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nielsen LB, Nielsen HH. Purification and characterization of cathepsin D from herring muscle (Clupea harengus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:351-63. [PMID: 11207447 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D was purified and concentrated 469-fold from a homogenate of Clupea harengus muscle. The purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 38000-39000. It is inhibited by pepstatin and has optimal activity at pH 2.5 with hemoglobin as the substrate. The isoelectric point is at pH 6.8. Glycosidase treatment and binding to Concanavalin A indicated that the enzyme contains one N-linked carbohydrate moiety of the high-mannose type per molecule. The first 21 amino acid residues of the N-terminal showed high similarity to cathepsin D from antarctic icefish liver (Chionodraco hamatus) and trout ovary (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Digestion of the beta-chain of oxidized insulin resulted in preferential cleavage at Leu(15)-Tyr(16), (47%), Tyr(16)-Leu(17) (34%) and Ala(14)-Leu(15) (18%). Incubation with myofibrils from herring muscle at pH 4.23 showed that the enzyme mainly degraded myosin, actin and tropomyosin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Characterization, Biotechnological Institute, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Riggio M, Scudiero R, Filosa S, Parisi E. Sex- and tissue-specific expression of aspartic proteinases in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Gene 2000; 260:67-75. [PMID: 11137292 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Full-length zebrafish cDNAs encoding two aspartic proteinases were cloned and sequenced. One of the two cDNAs was a 1708 bp product with an open reading frame of 398 amino acid residues corresponding to a cathepsin D. The other was a 1383 bp product encoding a polypeptide chain of 416 amino acids homologous to nothepsin, an aspartic proteinase first identified by us in the liver of Antarctic Notothenioidei. Gene expression assessed by RT-PCR and northern blot hybridization of RNA from different tissues showed that the expression was tissue- and sex-specific. Whereas the cathepsin D gene was expressed in all the tissues examined independently of the sex, the nothepsin gene was expressed exclusively in female livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Riggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Comparata, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|