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Chen H, Zhou Y, Wang X, Chai X, Wang Z, Wang E, Xu L, Hou T, Li D, Duan M. Discovery of Novel Anti-Resistance AR Antagonists Guided by Funnel Metadynamics Simulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309261. [PMID: 38481034 PMCID: PMC11109662 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), but their therapeutic efficacy is usually compromised by the rapid emergence of drug resistance. However, the lack of the detailed interaction between AR and its antagonists poses a major obstacle to the design of novel AR antagonists. Here, funnel metadynamics is employed to elucidate the inherent regulation mechanisms of three AR antagonists (hydroxyflutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide) on AR. For the first time it is observed that the binding of antagonists significantly disturbed the C-terminus of AR helix-11, thereby disrupting the specific internal hydrophobic contacts of AR-LBD and correspondingly the communication between AR ligand binding pocket (AR-LBP), activation function 2 (AF2), and binding function 3 (BF3). The subsequent bioassays verified the necessity of the hydrophobic contacts for AR function. Furthermore, it is found that darolutamide, a newly approved AR antagonist capable of fighting almost all reported drug resistant AR mutants, can induce antagonistic binding structure. Subsequently, docking-based virtual screening toward the dominant binding conformation of AR for darolutamide is conducted, and three novel AR antagonists with favorable binding affinity and strong capability to combat drug resistance are identified by in vitro bioassays. This work provides a novel rational strategy for the development of anti-resistant AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in WuhanState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular PhysicsInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanHubei430071China
- Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouZhejiang311121China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Xin Chai
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterHangzhouZhejiang311121China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | | | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringSchool of Electrical and Information EngineeringJiangsu University of TechnologyChangzhou213001China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Mojie Duan
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in WuhanState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular PhysicsInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanHubei430071China
- NMR and Molecular Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and MetallurgyWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430081China
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Li Y, Azmi AS, Mohammad RM. Deregulated transcription factors and poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:122-134. [PMID: 35940398 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are a group of proteins, which possess DNA-binding domains, bind to DNA strands of promoters or enhancers, and initiate transcription of genes with cooperation of RNA polymerase and other co-factors. They play crucial roles in regulating transcription during embryogenesis and development. Their physiological status in different cell types is also important to maintain cellular homeostasis. Therefore, any deregulation of transcription factors will lead to the development of cancer cells and tumor progression. Based on their functions in cancer cells, transcription factors could be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive. Furthermore, transcription factors have been shown to modulate cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug response; therefore, measuring deregulated transcription factors is hypothesized to predict treatment outcomes of patients with cancers and targeting deregulated transcription factors could be an encouraging strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of major deregulated transcription factors and their effects on causing poor clinical outcome of patients with cancer. The information presented here will help to predict the prognosis and drug response and to design novel drugs and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers by targeting deregulated transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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3
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Bozdogan O, Atasoy P, Bozdogan N, Erekul S, Batislam E, Yilmaz E, Başar MM. Bag-1 Expression in Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Prostate Tissue: Is There Any Relationship with BCL-Related Proteins and Androgen Receptor Status? TUMORI JOURNAL 2019; 91:539-45. [PMID: 16457154 DOI: 10.1177/030089160509100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background To evaluate the function and distribution of BAG-1 protein in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate tissue and establish the relationship between this protein and BCL-related proteins (BCL-2 and BAX), androgen receptor (AR) expression and chromogranin A. Methods Twenty-eight prostatic adenocarcinomas and 16 prostate hyperplasias were included in this retrospective study. BAG-1, BCL-2, BAX, androgen receptor and chromogranin A immunostaining was performed by means of standard avidin-biotin peroxidase methods. The M30 antibody was used to identify preapoptotic and apoptotic cells. The immunohistochemical histological score (HSCORE) semi-quantative system was used to evaluate immunohistochemical staining. Results Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in HSCOREs of BAX, M30 and AR between the carcinoma and hyperplasia groups. Carcinomas expressed higher HSCOREs of these markers than hyperplasias. There were significant differences in nuclear and cytoplasmic BAG-1 positivity between high and low-grade carcinomas. BAG-1 expression was higher in low-grade carcinomas. In the carcinoma group there was a positive correlation (Pearson) between BCL-2 and cytoplasmic/nuclear BAG-1. In the hyperplasia group there was a negative correlation between BAX and BCL-2, and between AR and M30. We also detected a positive correlation between AR and nuclear/cytoplasmic BAG-1 and between nuclear and cytoplasmic BAG-1 in hyperplasias. BAG-1 showed the same specific basal cell localization as BCL-2 in hyperplastic and normal glands. Conclusions The BAG-1 protein showed a distinct distribution pattern in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate. BAG-1 in association with BCL-2 inhibits apoptosis and may prolong the life of neoplastic cells and give them a chance to gain new oncogenic features in early carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Bozdogan
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University Medical School, Turkey.
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4
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Chae HS, Xu R, Won JY, Chin YW, Yim H. Molecular Targets of Genistein and Its Related Flavonoids to Exert Anticancer Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2420. [PMID: 31100782 PMCID: PMC6566427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased health awareness among the public has highlighted the health benefits of dietary supplements including flavonoids. As flavonoids target several critical factors to exert a variety of biological effects, studies to identify their target-specific effects have been conducted. Herein, we discuss the basic structures of flavonoids and their anticancer activities in relation to the specific biological targets acted upon by these flavonoids. Flavonoids target several signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT kinase, and metastasis. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has been recognized as a valuable target in cancer treatment due to the prognostic implication of PLK1 in cancer patients and its clinical relevance between the overexpression of PLK1 and the reduced survival rates of several carcinoma patients. Recent studies suggest that several flavonoids, including genistein directly inhibit PLK1 inhibitory activity. Later, we focus on the anticancer effects of genistein through inhibition of PLK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yeon Won
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
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Chhabra G, Singh CK, Ndiaye MA, Fedorowicz S, Molot A, Ahmad N. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by natural agents: Clinical evidence and potential implications. Cancer Lett 2018; 422:9-18. [PMID: 29471004 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. Due to its long latency period, PCa is considered as an ideal cancer type for chemopreventive interventions. Chemopreventive agents include various natural or synthetic agents that prevent or delay cancer development, progression and/or recurrence. Pre-clinical studies suggest that many natural products and dietary agents have chemopreventive properties. However, a limited number of these agents have been tested in clinical trials, with varying success. In this review, we have discussed the available clinical studies regarding the efficacy of natural chemopreventive agents against PCa, including tea polyphenols, selenium, soy proteins, vitamins and resveratrol. We have also provided a discussion on the clinical challenges and opportunities for the potential use of chemopreventive agents against PCa. Based on available literature, it appears that the variable outcomes of the chemopreventive clinical studies necessitate a need for additional studies with more rigorous designs and methodical interpretations in order to measure the potential of the natural agents against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Arielle Molot
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chen L, Bao BY, Chang WC, Ho JYP, Cheng BH, Wang CL, Tang Q, Cheng WC, Chang HW, Hung YC, Ma WL. Short androgen receptor poly-glutamine-promoted endometrial cancer is associated with benzo[a]pyrene-mediated aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:46-56. [PMID: 28782227 PMCID: PMC5742722 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) poly‐glutamine polymorphism (AR‐Q) was reported to play role in endometrial cancer (EMCA) development, yet controversial. Environmental factors interact with genetic variation have been reported in EMCA. Aerosol toxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are EMCA facilitators. This report examined the interplay between AR‐Qs and BaP in EMCA. During analysing patient AR‐Q polymorphism and Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) expressions, we found overall survival (OS) benefit is ascending with AR‐Q lengths (5‐year OS of 61.3% in Q length <20 and 88% in Q length >23). And AhR is higher expressed in short AR‐Q tumour compared to that in long AR‐Q patient. In vitro study found androgen‐response element (ARE) activity descends with AR‐Qs length (Q13 > Q25 > Q35), whereas BaP suppresses ARE activities in EMCA cells. Furthermore, AR‐Q13 (but not AR‐Q25, or ‐35) enhances BaP‐induced dioxin‐responsive element (DRE) activity. Lastly, AR‐Q13 exerts higher colony‐forming capacity than other AR‐Qs, and knock‐down AhR abolished AR‐Q13‐mediated colony numbers. This study demonstrated a possible interaction of gene (AR‐Q polymorphism) and environmental toxins (e.g. BaP) to affect cancer progression. A large‐scale epidemiology and public health survey on the interaction of environmental toxin and AR poly‐Q in EMCA is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Chen
- Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of OBs & GYN, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo-Ying Bao
- Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jason Yen-Ping Ho
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Hua Cheng
- Department of OBs& GYN, Chia-Yi Chang-Gong Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Wang
- Chung-Jen Jounior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, ChiaYi, Taiwan
| | - Qifeng Tang
- Department of OBs & GYN, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Hung
- Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Yue D, Wang Y, Sun Y, Niu Y, Chang C. C1QBP Regulates YBX1 to Suppress the Androgen Receptor (AR)-Enhanced RCC Cell Invasion. Neoplasia 2017; 19:135-144. [PMID: 28107702 PMCID: PMC5247285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early studies suggested that the androgen receptor (AR) might play important roles to promote the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression; however, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrated the higher YBX1 expression with lower C1QBP expression in human RCC clinical tissues, and the intensity of C1QBP was negatively correlated with the YBX1 nuclear expression. Mechanism dissection found C1QBP could interact with YBX1 to suppress the YBX1 activation via altering the YBX1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in RCC cells. The consequences of such suppression of YBX1 might then result in suppressing the RCC cell migration and invasion that involved altering the AR-modulated MMP9 signals. Interruption of this newly identified C1QBP→YBX1→AR→MMP9-suppressed RCC cell invasion pathway via targeting YBX1 or AR partially reversed the RCC cell invasion. Importantly, results from in vivo mouse model with orthotopic implantation of RCC OSRC2 cells into the left renal capsule also confirmed in vitro cell line studies showing targeting YBX1 could suppress RCC cell invasion via regulation of AR/MMP9 signals. Collectively, these data suggest that C1QBP could regulate YBX1 to suppress the AR-enhanced RCC cell invasion. Targeting this newly identified C1QBP/YBX1/AR/MMP9 signal pathway may provide a new potential therapy to better suppress RCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yue
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tainjin 300203, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tainjin 300203, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology and School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tainjin 300203, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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8
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Weng H, Li S, Huang JY, He ZQ, Meng XY, Cao Y, Fang C, Zeng XT. Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40554. [PMID: 28091563 PMCID: PMC5238402 DOI: 10.1038/srep40554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the association between CAG and GGN repeats in the androgen receptor gene and prostate cancer risk has been widely studied, it remains controversial from previous meta-analyses and narrative reviews. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to provide more precise estimates with sufficient power. A total of 51 publications with 61 studies for CAG repeats and 14 publications with 16 studies for GGN repeats were identified in the meta-analysis. The results showed that short CAG repeats (<22 repeats) carriers presented an elevated risk of prostate cancer than long CAG repeats (≥22) carriers (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.47). Prostate cancer cases presented an average fewer CAG repeats (MD = −0.85, 95% CI −1.28 to −0.42) than controls. Short GGN repeats (≤16) carriers presented an increased risk of prostate cancer than long GGN repeats (>16) carriers (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.82). In subgroup analyses, the abovementioned significant association was predominantly observed in Caucasian populations. The meta-analysis showed that short CAG and GGN repeats in androgen receptor gene were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, especially in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Weng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yu Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Qi He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yu Meng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yue Cao
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Tao Zeng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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9
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Zhu G, Liang L, Li L, Dang Q, Song W, Yeh S, He D, Chang C. The Expression and Evaluation of Androgen Receptor in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urology 2014; 83:510.e19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Lewinshtein DJ, Porter CR, Nelson PS. Genomic predictors of prostate cancer therapy outcomes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:619-36. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The effects of androgens on prostatic tissue are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The 5′ end of exon 1 of the AR gene includes a polymorphic CAG triplet repeat that numbers between 10 to 36 in the normal population. The length of the CAG repeats is inversely related to the transactivation function of the AR gene. There is controversy over association between short CAG repeat numbers in the AR gene and PC. This retrospective case-control study evaluates the possible effect of short CAG repeats on the AR gene in prostate cancer risk in Macedonian males. A total of 392 male subjects, 134 PC patients, 106 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 152 males from the general Macedonian population were enrolled in this study. The CAG repeat length was determined by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon1 of the AR gene followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) on a genetic analyzer. The mean repeat length in PC patients was 21.5 ± 2.65, in controls 22.28 ± 2.86 (p = 0.009) and in BPH patients 22.1 ± 2.52 (p = 0.038). Short CAG repeats (<19) were found in 21.64% of PC patients vs. 9.43% in BPH patients (p = 0.0154). We also found an association of low Gleason score (<7) with short CAG repeat (<19) in PC patients (p = 0.0306), and no association between the age at diagnosis of PC and BPH and CAG repeat length. These results suggest that reduced CAG repeat length may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in Macedonian men.
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12
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SUN JUNHYUN, LEE SANGAH. Association between CAG repeat polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis by race, study design and the number of (CAG)n repeat polymorphisms. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1195-203. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Francomano D, Greco EA, Lenzi A, Aversa A. CAG repeat testing of androgen receptor polymorphism: is this necessary for the best clinical management of hypogonadism? J Sex Med 2013; 10:2373-81. [PMID: 23844628 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is controversial whether or not testing the length of the androgen receptor polymorphism in clinical practice is useful for correct diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism. AIM To describe the molecular and clinical implications of testing the length of the androgen receptor polymorphism for treatment of hypogonadism in both male and female subjects. METHODS A systematic Medline search was conducted using several terms related to and including the terms "androgen receptor," "CAG-repeat polymorphism," "male hypogonadism," "female hypogonadism," and "neurodegenerative disease." MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical evidence that demonstrates the importance of CAG repeat number investigation in male and female hypogonadism. RESULTS A thorough review of the clinical utility of CAG repeat polymorphism investigation in men and women with hypogonadism is presented. CONCLUSIONS The role of AR CAG repeat number investigation in hypogonadism (male and female) is not yet established in the clinical practice. In both sexes, a role during clinical management of hormonal replacement therapies may be hypothesized, but the CAG repeat number's relationship with the presence or absence of hypogonadal symptoms remains unclear. Pharmacogenomic investigations of the AR polymorphism may be a future option to tailor testosterone titration individually and to better identify subjects as potentially more or less responsive to treatments; also, investigation may be important to individually predict beneficial and side effects in special subpopulations, specifically, obese men and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Francomano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology and Food and Science Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Li Y, Kong D, Bao B, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. Induction of cancer cell death by isoflavone: the role of multiple signaling pathways. Nutrients 2011; 3:877-96. [PMID: 22200028 PMCID: PMC3244210 DOI: 10.3390/nu3100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been documented as dietary nutrients broadly classified as "natural agents" which plays important roles in reducing the incidence of hormone-related cancers in Asian countries, and have shown inhibitory effects on cancer development and progression in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the cancer preventive or therapeutic activity of soy isoflavones against cancers. Emerging experimental evidence shows that isoflavones could induce cancer cell death by regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways including Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, Wnt, androgen receptor (AR), p53 and Notch signaling, all of which have been found to be deregulated in cancer cells. Therefore, homeostatic regulation of these important cellular signaling pathways by isoflavones could be useful for the activation of cell death signaling, which could result in the induction of apoptosis of both pre-cancerous and/or cancerous cells without affecting normal cells. In this article, we have attempted to summarize the current state-of-our-knowledge regarding the induction of cancer cell death pathways by isoflavones, which is believed to be mediated through the regulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways. The knowledge gained from this article will provide a comprehensive view on the molecular mechanism(s) by which soy isoflavones may exert their effects on the prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of human malignancies, which would also aid in stimulating further in-depth mechanistic research and foster the initiation of novel clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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15
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Putluri N, Shojaie A, Vasu VT, Nalluri S, Vareed SK, Putluri V, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Byun J, Pennathur S, Sana TR, Fischer SM, Palapattu GS, Creighton CJ, Michailidis G, Sreekumar A. Metabolomic profiling reveals a role for androgen in activating amino acid metabolism and methylation in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21417. [PMID: 21789170 PMCID: PMC3138744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Development and progression of clinically localized prostate cancer is highly dependent on androgen signaling. Metastatic tumors are initially responsive to anti-androgen therapy, however become resistant to this regimen upon progression. Genomic and proteomic studies have implicated a role for androgen in regulating metabolic processes in prostate cancer. However, there have been no metabolomic profiling studies conducted thus far that have examined androgen-regulated biochemical processes in prostate cancer. Here, we have used unbiased metabolomic profiling coupled with enrichment-based bioprocess mapping to obtain insights into the biochemical alterations mediated by androgen in prostate cancer cell lines. Our findings indicate that androgen exposure results in elevation of amino acid metabolism and alteration of methylation potential in prostate cancer cells. Further, metabolic phenotyping studies confirm higher flux through pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in prostate cancer cells treated with androgen. These findings provide insight into the potential biochemical processes regulated by androgen signaling in prostate cancer. Clinically, if validated, these pathways could be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that supplement current androgen ablative treatments while the observed androgen-regulated metabolic signatures could be employed as biomarkers that presage the development of castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagireddy Putluri
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ali Shojaie
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vihas T. Vasu
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Srilatha Nalluri
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shaiju K. Vareed
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Vivekanandan-Giri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Theodore R. Sana
- Metabolomics Laboratory Application Group, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Fischer
- Metabolomics Laboratory Application Group, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Ganesh S. Palapattu
- Department of Urology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, Unites States of America
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Dan. L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - George Michailidis
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Among many endocrine-related cancers, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent male malignancy, and it is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the knowledge of molecular signaling pathways in PCa because, in order to better design new preventive strategies for the fight against PCa, documentation of the knowledge on the pathogenesis of PCa at the molecular level is very important. Cancer cells are known to have alterations in multiple cellular signaling pathways; indeed, the development and the progression of PCa are known to be caused by the deregulation of several selective signaling pathways such as the androgen receptor, Akt, nuclear factor-kappaB, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch. Therefore, strategies targeting these important pathways and their upstream and downstream signaling could be promising for the prevention of PCa progression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the alterations in cell signaling pathways during the development and progression of PCa, and document compelling evidence showing that these are the targets of several natural agents against PCa progression and its metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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17
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Hu R, Denmeade SR, Luo J. Molecular processes leading to aberrant androgen receptor signaling and castration resistance in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:753-764. [PMID: 21318111 PMCID: PMC3035007 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapies targeting androgen receptor signaling are the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer. The length of clinical remission induced by hormone therapies varies substantially among treated patients. Why some patients progress rapidly after treatment while others benefit with prolonged remission is a question that remains unsolved. The androgen receptor signaling pathway is the key molecular determinant of castration resistance, and a key target for prostate cancer drug design. Recent advances in characterizing molecular processes leading to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer, including the discovery of multiple androgen receptor splicing variants, offer opportunities for rational development of new clinical tools or approaches to predict, monitor or control/prevent prostate cancer progression in the castrate setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, 411 Marburg Building, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Jun Luo
- Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, 411 Marburg Building, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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18
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Baum CE, Ockers SB, English BC, Price DK, Sartor O, Figg WD. Androgen receptor sequence and variations in several common prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 9:383-8. [PMID: 20061791 PMCID: PMC2874092 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.5.10891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor gene (AR) plays an important role in molecular signaling and regulation and the subsequent cellular growth of prostate cancer. In addition, it is a highly variable region of the genome. We used direct nucleotide sequencing to genotype the entire exogenous coding region of the androgen receptor in ten commonly used prostate cancer cell lines. Our analysis confirmed the presence or absence of several known SNPs in the cell lines studied. We also assayed the number of CAG-repeat and GGC-repeat sequences for each for the ten cell lines. Our analysis identified three new mutations, one each in the DU145, LnCAP and RWPE-2 cell lines. In DU145, the DNA isolated in our lab was heterozygous at G527G (T>C transition), a polymorphism not previously reported. The LnCAP cells cultured in our lab were found to have a T>C transition (heterozygous), resulting in a S641P change that was not present in the ATCC cell line DNA. Lastly, a homozygous G>T transversion was found in RWPE-2 cells, resulting in the S187I change. This is potentially significant for use in cell culture and future cell model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Baum
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra B. Ockers
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bevin C. English
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas K. Price
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Depts. Of Medicine and Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - William D. Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Bennett N, Hooper JD, Lee CS, Gobe GC. Androgen receptor and caveolin-1 in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:961-70. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Altuwaijri S, Deng F, Chen L, Lal P, Bhanot UK, Korets R, Wenske S, Lilja HG, Chang C, Scher HI, Gerald WL. NF-kappaB regulates androgen receptor expression and prostate cancer growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:489-99. [PMID: 19628766 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers that progress during androgen-deprivation therapy often overexpress the androgen receptor (AR) and depend on AR signaling for growth. In most cases, increased AR expression occurs without gene amplification and may be due to altered transcriptional regulation. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, which is implicated in tumorigenesis, functions as an important downstream substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT, and protein kinase C and plays a role in other cancer-associated signaling pathways. NF-kappaB is an important determinant of prostate cancer clinical biology, and therefore we investigated its role in the regulation of AR expression. We found that NF-kappaB expression in prostate cancer cells significantly increased AR mRNA and protein levels, AR transactivation activity, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and cell proliferation. NF-kappaB inhibitors decrease AR expression levels, prostate-specific antigen secretion, and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, inhibitors of NF-kappaB demonstrated anti-tumor activity in androgen deprivation-resistant prostate cancer xenografts. In addition, levels of both NF-kappaB and AR were strongly correlated in human prostate cancer. Our data suggest that NF-kappaB can regulate AR expression in prostate cancer and that NF-kappaB inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 36, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Rodríguez-González G, Cabrera S, Ramírez-Moreno R, Bilbao C, Díaz-Chico JC, Serra L, Chesa N, Cabrera JJ, Díaz-Chico BN. Short alleles of both GGN and CAG repeats at the exon-1 of the androgen receptor gene are associated to increased PSA staining and a higher Gleason score in human prostatic cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:85-91. [PMID: 19095061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exon 1 of the human androgen receptor (AR) gene contains two length polymorphisms of CAG (polyglutamine) and GGN (polyglycine). "In vitro" experiments suggest that the larger GGN repeats provide a lower AR-protein yield, whereas the larger CAG repeats decrease the AR transcriptional activity, both decreasing the AR signalling intensity. Here we have tested such possibilities in human prostatic cancer (CaP) specimens. We used 72 archival samples of radical prostatectomy. Parallel slides were used for AR protein or PSA immunohistochemistry, and for genotyping studies. Polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR, fragment length analysis and sequencing selected samples. The AR staining was positively correlated with the Gleason score (r=0.320; P=0.005), but it was not correlated to CAG or GGN repeat length or PSA staining. The number of GGN repeats was negatively correlated to the intensity of PSA staining (r=-0.243; P=0.04). Combination of short alleles of both tracts was significantly higher in: the heavier stained tertiles for PSA (P=0.03) and AR (P=0.06); and in the subgroup of samples having a Gleason score of 7 or higher (P=0.021). The results support the hypothesis that the shorter alleles of CAG and GGN repeats in the AR gene are associated to an increased AR signalling intensity in human prostate cancer, and with more aggressive forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rodríguez-González
- Prostatic Cancer Study Group, Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Spain
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22
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Scariano JK, Treat E, Alba F, Nelson H, Ness SA, Smith AY. The SRD5A2 V89L polymorphism is associated with severity of disease in men with early onset prostate cancer. Prostate 2008; 68:1798-805. [PMID: 18780294 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that testosterone (T), and not dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is the most relevant androgen that promotes carcinogenesis in the prostate. Steroid 5-alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) catalyzes the irreversible conversion of T to DHT in male reproductive organs. Because the SRD5A2 gene is highly polymorphic at codon 89, two SRD5A2 isoforms are expressed that differ in K(m) and V(max) values. The more common and rapid catalytic isoform contains a valine residue at position 89; the slower-catalytic variant contains leucine at this position. METHODS Thirty-three men with early onset prostate cancer (PCa) were genotyped for the SRD5A2 V89L substitution and other polymorphisms in genes encoding receptors or enzymes that play important roles in pathways of steroid metabolism to ascertain if they were associated with standard clinical measures of disease progression at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS The expression of at least one SRD5A2 leucine allele in young men with PCa was associated with more significant disease at the time of presentation, as was defined by pretreatment PSA level, clinical staging and Gleason score when compared with affected subjects harboring the more common SRD5A2 valine variant. A dosage effect of a single leucine allele was evident in heterozygotes, as values of their clinical and pathological variables were consistently situated between the extremes of the homozygous V or L phenotypes. CONCLUSION The SRD5A2 leucine isoform appears to be acting in a dose-dependent manner as a significant disease-modifying factor in young men diagnosed with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Scariano
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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23
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Karvela M, Stefanakis N, Papadopoulou S, Tsitilou SG, Tsilivakos V, Lamnissou K. Evidence for association of the G1733A polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:2010.e9-12. [PMID: 18692840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the G1733A polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with an increased risk for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Division of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Athens. PATIENT(S) A total of 131 women with at least three unexplained spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks' gestation, with the same partner, composed the study group. INTERVENTION(S) Subjects were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) G1733A polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies. RESULT(S) The observed frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotypes of the G1733A polymorphism were 0.57, 0.27, and 0.16, respectively, for the patient group and 0.76, 0.15, and 0.09, respectively, for the control group. Allele frequencies were 0.70 and 0.84, respectively, for the patient and control groups for the G allele (wild type) and 0.30 and 0.16, respectively, for the patient and control groups for the A allele (mutant). Statistical analysis of these results indicated significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION(S) These results indicated for the first time that the androgen receptor G1733A polymorphism is strongly associated with increased risk for RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karvela
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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24
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Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions mediated by paracrine signaling mechanisms dictate prostate development and progression of prostate cancer. The regulatory role of androgens in both the prostate stromal and epithelial compartments set the prostate apart from many other organs and tissues with regard to gene targeting. The identification of androgen-dependent prostate epithelial promoters has allowed successful gene targeting to the prostate epithelial compartment. Currently, there are no transgenic mouse models available to specifically alter gene expression within the prostate stromal compartment. As a primary metastatic site for prostate cancer is bone, the functional dissection of the bone stromal compartment is important for understanding stromal-epithelial interactions associated with metastatic tumor growth. Use of currently available methodologies for the expression or deletion of gene expression in recent research studies has advanced our understanding of the stroma. However, the complexity of stromal heterogeneity within the prostate remains a challenge to obtaining compartment or cell-lineage-specific in vivo models necessary for furthering our understanding of prostatic developmental, benign, tumorigenic, and metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Jackson
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA
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25
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Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by genistein. Cancer Lett 2008; 269:226-42. [PMID: 18492603 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been identified as dietary components having an important role in reducing the incidence of breast and prostate cancers in Asian countries. Genistein, the predominant isoflavone found in soy products, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models. There is a growing body of experimental evidence showing that the inhibition of human cancer cell growth by genistein is mediated via the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. It has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Moreover, genistein antagonizes estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, genistein has been found to have antioxidant properties, and shown to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis. Taken together, both in vivo and in vitro studies have clearly shown that genistein, one of the major soy isoflavones is a promising agent for cancer chemoprevention and further suggest that it could be an adjunct to cancer therapy by virtue of its effects on reversing radioresistance and chemoresistance. In this review, we attempt to provide evidence for these preventive and therapeutic effects of genistein in a succinct manner highlighting comprehensive state-of-the-art knowledge regarding its multi-targeted biological and molecular effects in cancer cells.
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26
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Imamoto T, Suzuki H, Yano M, Kawamura K, Kamiya N, Araki K, Komiya A, Nihei N, Naya Y, Ichikawa T. The role of testosterone in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2008; 15:472-80. [PMID: 18430151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between androgenic hormones and prostatic tissue growth are complex. It is certainly true that the prostate will not develop without androgens and the gland will atrophy if androgen support is withdrawn. The hormonal hypothesis remains one of the most important hypotheses in the etiology of prostate cancer (PCa), and efforts are continuing to improve the understanding of androgen actions in PCa. Although evidence from epidemiological studies of associations between circulating levels of androgens and PCa risk has been inconsistent, the traditional view that higher testosterone (T) levels represent a risk factor for PCa appears to have little evidentiary support. Reinvestigation of the relationship between T and PCa seems important and necessary if a new, clinically and scientifically rewarding concept is to be constructed. The present review considers the metabolism and intraprostatic action of T, epidemiological evidence, and the association between T and PCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Imamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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27
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28
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Androgen receptor gene polymorphism may affect the risk of urothelial carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2007; 15:261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11373-007-9215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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29
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Lindström S, Adami HO, Bälter KA, Xu J, Zheng SL, Stattin P, Grönberg H, Wiklund F. Inherited variation in hormone-regulating genes and prostate cancer survival. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5156-61. [PMID: 17785571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormonal manipulation is the mainstay treatment of prostate cancer, notably in advanced stages. Despite initial favorably response, the cancer eventually develops hormone resistance resulting in disease progression and death. However, little is known about genetic determinants of disease progression and prostate cancer-specific death. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed a population-based cohort comprising 2,761 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from March 2001 to October 2003 and with complete follow-up through July 2006. During a median follow-up time of 3.8 years, a total of 300 men had died from prostate cancer. We genotyped 23 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes AR, CYP17, and SRD5A2 and used Cox proportional hazards analyses to quantify associations between genotype and risk of dying from prostate cancer. RESULTS The variant 'A' allele of an AR promoter single nucleotide polymorphism, rs17302090, was borderline associated with a 50% increased risk of dying from prostate cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.3; P = 0.07). This finding was more pronounced in patients who received hormonal therapy as primary treatment at diagnosis (hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.9; P = 0.007). We did not identify any associations between CYP17 or SRD5A2 variation and prostate cancer-specific death. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that inherited genetic variation in the androgen receptor gene affects hormonal treatment response and ultimately prostate cancer death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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30
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Princivalle M, Broqua P, White R, Meyer J, Mayer G, Elliott L, Bjarnason K, Haigh R, Yea C. Rapid suppression of plasma testosterone levels and tumor growth in the dunning rat model treated with degarelix, a new gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:1113-8. [PMID: 17179469 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Degarelix (FE 200486) is a member of a new class of water-soluble (>50 mg/ml) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists in clinical development for prostate cancer. Upon subcutaneous administration, degarelix forms a gel that results in a sustained release of the compound into the circulation, immediately blocking GnRH receptors in the pituitary and inducing a fast and sustained suppression of gonadotrophin secretion in rats and primates. One of the few animal models of prostate adenocarcinoma is the Dunning R-3327H rat carcinoma transplanted into Copenhagen rats. The growth of the Dunning tumor can be inhibited by various treatments reported to be effective in the clinic, such as GnRH superagonists, antiandrogens, 5-alphareductase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and surgical castration. We report in this study that degarelix produces a fast and sustained suppression of the pituitary gonadal axis in rats and a similar inhibition of tumor growth compared with surgical castration in the Dunning R-3327H rat carcinoma model. First, degarelix as been compared with d-Trp(6)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and surgical castration on a short-term study (2 months); and second, degarelix has been compared with leuprolide and surgical castration on a long-term study (12 months). In both studies, degarelix demonstrated a sustained inhibition of tumor growth at least comparable with surgical castration. These data provide a convincing profile of degarelix as a potential candidate for the clinical management of sex steroid-dependent pathologies, such as prostate cancer, where long-term reversible chemical castration is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Princivalle
- Ferring Research Ltd., Chilworth Science Park, 1 Venture Rd., Southampton SO16 7NP, UK.
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31
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Hillier SM, Marquis JC, Zayas B, Wishnok JS, Liberman RG, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. DNA adducts formed by a novel antitumor agent 11beta-dichloro in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:977-84. [PMID: 16648569 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional molecule 11beta-dichloro consists of a ligand for the androgen receptor linked to a bifunctional alkylating group, permitting it to create DNA adducts that bind the androgen receptor. We propose that binding of the androgen receptor to 11beta-DNA adducts acts to both shield damaged sites from repair and disrupt the expression of genes essential for growth and survival. We investigated the formation 11beta-DNA adducts in tumor xenograft and nontumor tissues in mice. Using [14C]-11beta-dichloro, we show that the molecule remains intact in blood and is widely distributed in mouse tissues after i.p. injection. Covalent 11beta-guanine adducts identified in DNA that had been allowed to react with 11beta-dichloro in vitro were also found in DNA isolated from cells in culture treated with 11beta-dichloro as well as in DNA isolated from liver and tumor tissues of mice treated with the compound. We used accelerator mass spectrometry to determine the levels of [14C]-11beta-DNA adducts in LNCaP cells treated in culture as well as in liver tissue and LNCaP xenograft tumors in treated mice. The level of DNA adducts in tumor tissue was found to be similar to that found in LNCaP cells in culture treated with 2.5 micromol/L 11beta-dichloro. Our results indicate that 11beta-dichloro has sufficient stability to enter the circulation, penetrate tissues, and form DNA adducts that are capable of binding the androgen receptor in target tissues in vivo. These data suggest the involvement of our novel mechanisms in the antitumor effects of 11beta-dichloro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Hillier
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abdel-Wahab M, Berkey BA, Krishan A, O'Brien T, Hammond E, Roach M, Lawton C, Pilepich M, Markoe A, Pollack A. Influence of Number of CAG Repeats on Local Control in the RTOG 86-10 Protocol. Am J Clin Oncol 2006; 29:14-20. [PMID: 16462497 DOI: 10.1097/01.coc.0000195085.34162.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of CAG repeats on the androgen receptor (AR) gene is inversely proportional to transcriptional activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if short-term androgen deprivation therapy (RT + HT) can improve outcome in patients with tumors with short CAG repeats (<19). MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate cancer patients were randomized to receive either radiotherapy (RT) alone or (RT + HT) in the RTOG 86-10 study. CAG repeats were measured in 94 tumor specimens (21%; test cohort) of the 456 (parent cohort) analyzable cases. AR flow cytometry measurements were done on 13 patients. The effect on local failure (LF), distant metastases (DM), prostate cancer survival (PSS), and overall survival (OS) was studied. RESULTS Pretreatment characteristics and assigned treatment arm were not significantly different between the parent and test groups except for a significantly higher risk of death (P = 0.049) in the test group. The median CAG repeat was 19. There were no significant differences in stage, or Gleason score between high (19 or greater) and low CAG (<19) patients within each treatment group. Number of CAG repeats alone did not significantly influence LF, DM, PSS, and OS. However, when the CAG repeat outcome was studied in conjunction with androgen deprivation therapy, patients with CAG <19 who received H + RT had improved local control as compared with patients who received RT alone (P = 0.026, 5-year rates 4.6% versus 36.4%) and improved local control over patients with CAG > or =19 that received H + RT (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Patients with short CAG repeats show a local control benefit with short-term androgen deprivation therapy, but no improvement in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Bektic J, Guggenberger R, Eder IE, Pelzer AE, Berger AP, Bartsch G, Klocker H. Molecular effects of the isoflavonoid genistein in prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 4:124-9. [PMID: 16197614 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2005.n.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differences in diet have been proposed to be at least partially responsible for the low rate of prostate cancer in Asian populations compared with men in Western countries. One of the compounds that occurs in a greater quantity in the Eastern diet is genistein, an isoflavonoid found in high concentrations in serum after ingestion of soy-rich foods. Extensive molecular studies have been performed to determine its potential health benefits. The mechanism of action of genistein is complex and includes several cellular pathways. In addition to its estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic activities, genistein has been reported to inhibit steroidogenesis and block several protein tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor and src tyrosine kinases. Moreover, it arrests the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and has antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties and antioxidant activity. Herein, we review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms of genistein in relation to its effects on prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bektic
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Kondrashov FA, Kondrashov AS. Role of selection in fixation of gene duplications. J Theor Biol 2005; 239:141-51. [PMID: 16242725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
New genes commonly appear through complete or partial duplications of pre-existing genes. Duplications of long DNA segments are constantly produced by rare mutations, may become fixed in a population by selection or random drift, and are subject to divergent evolution of the paralogous sequences after fixation, although gene conversion can impede this process. New data shed some light on each of these processes. Mutations which involve duplications can occur through at least two different mechanisms, backward strand slippage during DNA replication and unequal crossing-over. The background rate of duplication of a complete gene in humans is 10(-9)-10(-10) per generation, although many genes located within hot-spots of large-scale mutation are duplicated much more often. Many gene duplications affect fitness strongly, and are responsible, through gene dosage effects, for a number of genetic diseases. However, high levels of intrapopulation polymorphism caused by presence or absence of long, gene-containing DNA segments imply that some duplications are not under strong selection. The polymorphism to fixation ratios appear to be approximately the same for gene duplications and for presumably selectively neutral nucleotide substitutions, which, according to the McDonald-Kreitman test, is consistent with selective neutrality of duplications. However, this pattern can also be due to negative selection against most of segregating duplications and positive selection for at least some duplications which become fixed. Patterns in post-fixation evolution of duplicated genes do not easily reveal the causes of fixations. Many gene duplications which became fixed recently in a variety of organisms were positively selected because the increased expression of the corresponding genes was beneficial. The effects of gene dosage provide a unified framework for studying all phases of the life history of a gene duplication. Application of well-known methods of evolutionary genetics to accumulating data on new, polymorphic, and fixed duplication will enhance our understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolution by gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor A Kondrashov
- Rybka Research Institute, 25138 Woodfield School Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20882, USA
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Rodríguez G, Bilbao C, Ramírez R, Falcón O, León L, Chirino R, Falcón O, Díaz BP, Rivero JF, Perucho M, Díaz-Chico BN, Díaz-Chico JC. Alleles with short CAG and GGN repeats in the androgen receptor gene are associated with benign endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:1420-5. [PMID: 16187285 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human androgen receptor (AR) gene possesses 2 trinucleotide repeats of CAG and GGN in exon 1. The CAG repeat corresponds to a polyglutamine tract in the N-terminal region of the receptor, that affects its transcriptional efficiency. The GGN repeat codifies for a polyglycine tract, and affects the amount of the AR protein transcribed. The endometrium contains ARs and the androgens have antiproliferative properties in cultured endometrial cancer (EC) cells. Larger CAG repeats of the AR gene give rise to a weaker transcriptional activity and have been found to be associated with endometrial carcinogenesis. The possible involvement of CAG and GGN tracts in the progression of EC is unknown. To study that possibility, we have genotyped both CAG and GGN polymorphisms of the AR gene in tumor tissue genomic DNA from a series of 204 consecutive patients with EC, and analyzed the results with regard to the pathological features and clinical outcome of patients. We classified the alleles as S (short <or= median; S-CAG <or=21 repeats; S-GGN <or=22 repeats) or L (long > median). The genotype with both S-CAG repeat alleles (SS-CAG) was more common in patients diagnosed at an early stage (41.6% SS-CAG vs 22.6% SL- and LL-CAG together, p = 0.048) and in tumors that did not invade the vascular space (43.0% SS-CAG vs 26.4% SL- and LL-CAG together, p = 0.034). The genotype with SS-GGN alleles was more common in well-differentiated tumors (41.2% SS-GGN vs 25.2% LS- and LL-GGN together, p = 0.017) and in endometrioid histological subtype tumors (35.3% SS-GGN vs 13.0% SL- and LL-GGN together, p = 0.034). When the genotypes of both repeats coexisting in each tumor specimen were taken into consideration, the relationship between the SS-CAG genotype and early stage remained only in the presence of the SS-GGN genotype (43.9% vs 0%, p = 0.01). No other associations were observed. In univariate survival analysis, patients with short alleles of both repeats (SS-CAG and SS-GGN genotypes simultaneously) had a lower risk of cancer-specific death (p = 0.032, mean follow-up: 63 months). Our data suggests that short CAG or GGN repeats of the AR gene are associated with a more benign condition of traditional prognostic variables in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rodríguez
- Endometrial Cancer Study Group, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Canary Islands, Spain
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Pérez-Martínez C, Ureta Sánchez S, Vargas Días I, Gómez L, Zegarra-Montes L, Uribe-Arcila J, Fragas-Valdez R, Szemat R. Proyecto de las recomendaciones de prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la andropausia o hipogonadismo de inicio tardío de la Sociedad Latino Americana para el Estudio del Hombre Maduro (LASSAM). Rev Int Androl 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1698-031x(05)74686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singh AS, Chau CH, Price DK, Figg WD. Mechanisms of Disease: polymorphisms of androgen regulatory genes in the development of prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:101-7. [PMID: 16474655 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are of primary importance in the etiology of prostate cancer, and binding of the androgen dihydrotestosterone to the androgen receptor is thought to stimulate prostate growth. It has been proposed that polymorphisms within key androgen regulatory genes may contribute to an individual's risk of developing prostate cancer. Attributing single polymorphisms to complex, late-onset, chronic diseases such as prostate cancer is probably not feasible, but identification of genes that increase risk will contribute to larger-scale multigenic risk assessment. Here, we review the current status of our knowledge of associations between important androgen regulatory gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk.
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Powell IJ, Land SJ, Dey J, Heilbrun LK, Hughes MR, Sakr W, Everson RB. The impact of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor on disease progression after prostatectomy. Cancer 2005; 103:528-37. [PMID: 15630701 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors examined the impact of the number of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor on disease progression among men with prostate carcinoma after prostatectomy. This polymorphism has been associated with alterations in activity of the androgen receptor in in vitro systems and with the risk of clinically diagnosed prostate carcinoma in some epidemiologic studies. An earlier series found that, among men at low risk of progressive disease, a small number of CAG repeats predicted a high risk of recurrence, and the impact of CAG repeats varied among men with different risks of progressive disease. METHODS The authors analyzed specimens from a large clinical series of fixed tissue specimens from men who underwent prostatectomy at a single institution, including 413 American white men (WM) and 298 African-American men (AAM), with 5-10 years of available clinical follow-up. RESULTS There was little association between the number of CAG repeats and extent of disease, Gleason score, and preoperative PSA level at diagnosis. Overall, patients who had > 18 CAG repeats had a greater risk of recurrence compared with patients who had </= 18 CAG repeats (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.52; P = 0.03). Excess risk was not found among men who were at low risk of recurrence (HR = 0.93; P = 0.96); however, among men who were at high risk of recurrence, the risk elevated for WM (HR = 1.75; P = 0.28), AAM (HR = 1.49; P = 0.06), and both races combined (HR = 1.53; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Overall, men with prostate carcinoma who had > 18 CAG repeats had an estimated 52% increased risk of disease recurrence. The increased risk could be attributed to men who were at high risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Powell
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Pike J, Holmes D, Kamalati T, Davies D, Tolhurst R, Mazhar D, Fishpool S, al-Jehani R, Waxman J, Zelent A, Lemoine NR, Ali S, Buluwela L. Silencing of androgen-regulated genes using a fusion of AR with the PLZF transcriptional repressor. Oncogene 2004; 23:7561-70. [PMID: 15334066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Current therapies include the use of antiandrogens aimed at inhibiting the transcriptional activation of AR-regulated genes by AR. Here, we explore a strategy aimed at obtaining silencing of AR-regulated genes, based on the properties of the transcriptional repressor promyelocytic leukamia zinc-finger protein (PLZF). In order to do this, we have made a fusion protein between PLZF and AR, named PLZF-AR, and show that PLZF-AR is able to bring about silencing of genomically encoded AR-regulated genes and inhibit the androgen-regulated growth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Together, our results show that this strategy is able to bring about potent repression of AR-regulated responses and, therefore, could be of value in the development of new therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pike
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, UK
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Zeegers MP, Kiemeney LA, Nieder AM, Ostrer H. How Strong Is the Association Between CAG and GGN Repeat Length Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1765.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Although narrative reviews have suggested an association between (CAG)n and (GGN)n polymorphisms in the AR gene and prostate cancer, it has never been quantified systematically. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide relative and absolute quantitative summary estimates with sufficient power.
Method: Publications were identified through database searches for epidemiologic studies published until February 2004. For each study, mean differences in repeat length between cases and controls were calculated as well as continuous odds ratios (OR) per one CAG or GGN repeat decrement and discrete ORs to compare prostate cancer risk in men with short CAG repeats (≤21 repeats) versus long CAG repeats (>21 repeats) and short GGN repeats (≤16 repeats) versus long GGN repeats (>16 repeats). The study-specific estimates were combined by random effects metaregression analyses.
Results: Nineteen case-control studies were included in this review comprising a total of 4,274 cases and 5,275 controls. Prostate cancer cases had on average 0.26 fewer CAG repeats and 0.09 fewer GGN repeats than controls. The continuous ORs of prostate cancer per one repeat decrement were 1.02 and 1.01 for CAG and GGN repeats, respectively. The summary discrete OR (95% confidence interval) were 1.19 (1.07-1.31) and 1.31 (1.06-1.61) for CAG and GGN repeat polymorphisms, respectively.
Conclusion: Although the presence of shorter repeats seemed to be modestly associated with prostate cancer risk, the absolute difference in number of repeats between cases and controls is <1 repeat. We question whether such a small difference is enough to yield measurable biological impact in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice P. Zeegers
- 1Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- 2Department of General Practice, Comprehensive Cancer Institute Limburg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alan M. Nieder
- 5Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida and
| | - Harry Ostrer
- 6Human Genetics Program, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
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Koochekpour S, Maresh GA, Katner A, Parker-Johnson K, Lee TJ, Hebert FE, Kao YS, Skinner J, Rayford W. Establishment and characterization of a primary androgen-responsive African-American prostate cancer cell line, E006AA. Prostate 2004; 60:141-52. [PMID: 15162380 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishment of human prostate cancer cell lines is essential to advance our understanding of complex processes associated with the initiation and progression of the disease. In the present study, we report the establishment of a primary African-American prostate cancer cell line (E006AA) as well as its associated stromal cells (S006AA). METHODS E006AA cell line was established as a spontaneously immortalized cells from a patient with a clinically localized prostate cancer. Extensive characterization of the cells was accomplished using androgen-dependent growth and sensitivity assays, Western analyses, RT-PCR/real-time PCR, cytogenetic analyses, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. RESULTS E006AA cell line shows androgen-dependent growth, expresses PSA and the androgen receptor (AR) with 26 CAG repeats in exon 1 of AR. Cytogenetic analyses revealed a hypertriploid karyotype with additional numerical gains in chromosomes 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 20, 21 and a marker chromosome of unknown origin as well as structural abnormalities in chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 9, 11-14, 18, and 20. This cell line is not tumorigenic in nude mice. S006AA cell line, isolated from the same tumor specimen, also expresses AR and shows the morphological characteristics of smooth muscle cells of prostatic stroma. CONCLUSIONS These cell lines are the first available primary epithelial and stromal cells derived from an African-American patient with organ-confined prostate cancer and in conjunction with other established cell lines, could provide an in vitro model system to investigate early transforming events in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University-Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
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Abstract
The normal development and maintenance of the prostate is dependent on androgen acting through the androgen receptor (AR). AR remains important in the development and progression of prostate cancer. AR expression is maintained throughout prostate cancer progression, and the majority of androgen-independent or hormone refractory prostate cancers express AR. Mutation of AR, especially mutations that result in a relaxation of AR ligand specificity, may contribute to the progression of prostate cancer and the failure of endocrine therapy by allowing AR transcriptional activation in response to antiandrogens or other endogenous hormones. Similarly, alterations in the relative expression of AR coregulators have been found to occur with prostate cancer progression and may contribute to differences in AR ligand specificity or transcriptional activity. Prostate cancer progression is also associated with increased growth factor production and an altered response to growth factors by prostate cancer cells. The kinase signal transduction cascades initiated by mitogenic growth factors modulate the transcriptional activity of AR and the interaction between AR and AR coactivators. The inhibition of AR activity through mechanisms in addition to androgen ablation, such as modulation of signal transduction pathways, may delay prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Heinlein
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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McPherson RA, Conaway MC, Gregory CW, Yue W, Santen RJ. The novel Ras antagonist, farnesylthiosalicylate, suppresses growth of prostate cancer in vitro. Prostate 2004; 58:325-34. [PMID: 14968433 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of men with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with objective evidence of tumor regression. However, these tumors will regrow in the presence of low-androgen levels after 12-18 months. Regrowth after ADT is associated with upregulation of growth factor (GF) mediated pathways. The compound farnesylthiosalicylate (FTS), a specific antagonist of the 21 kDa Ras protein, suppresses GF signaling and it might be a useful therapy against advanced PCa. METHODS We measured androgen and GF dependent growth of androgen dependent LNCaP and androgen hypersensitive CWR-R1 PCa cells in response to specific inhibitors of GF pathways, including FTS. Inhibition of GF mediated signaling and cell-cycle pathways was confirmed by Western blotting of extracts from treated cells. RESULTS Both LNCaP and CWR-R1 cells were dependent on GF signaling pathways for cell growth. FTS, as well as suppressing cell growth, inhibited GF signaling pathway activity and reduced the levels of E2F1, p-Rb, and p-cdc2, all GF dependent mediators of cell-cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that FTS might be a useful agent against PCa that has relapsed after ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McPherson
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Wang Q, Udayakumar TS, Vasaitis TS, Brodie AM, Fondell JD. Mechanistic relationship between androgen receptor polyglutamine tract truncation and androgen-dependent transcriptional hyperactivity in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17319-28. [PMID: 14966121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400970200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways mediate critical events in normal and neoplastic prostate growth. Shortening of the polymorphic N-terminal polyglutamine (poly(Q)) tract of the AR gene leads to transcriptional hyperactivity and has been correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The underlying mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood. We show here that androgen-dependent cellular proliferation and transcription in prostate cancer cells is inversely correlated to the length of the AR poly(Q) region. We further show that AR proteins containing a shortened poly(Q) region functionally respond to lower concentrations of androgens than wild type AR. Whereas DNA binding activity is relatively unaffected by AR poly(Q) variation, we found that ligand binding affinity and the ligand-induced NH(2)- to COOH-terminal intramolecular interaction is enhanced when the poly(Q) region is shortened. Importantly, we show that AR proteins containing a shortened poly(Q) region associate in vivo with higher levels of specific p160 coactivators and components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex as compared with the wild type AR. Collectively, our findings suggest that the AR transcriptional hyperactivity associated with shortened poly(Q) length stems from altered ligand-induced conformational changes that enhance coactivator recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianben Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Price DK, Franks ME, Figg WD. Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor, Androgen Receptor and Enzymes that Regulate Androgen Metabolism. J Urol 2004; 171:S45-9; discussion S49. [PMID: 14713753 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000108402.60404.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We review the current literature on genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), androgen receptor (AR) and enzymes regulating androgen development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify research investigating associations between polymorphisms in important regulatory genes that may indirectly affect cancer risk, with special regard to prostate cancer. RESULTS Genes involved in androgen regulation, metabolism and their related pathways, and the vitamin D receptor are prime candidates for study of prostate cancer risk. Expression and nuclear activation of the VDR are necessary for the antiproliferative effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), which is involved in calcium and bone homeostasis. Several genetic variations have been identified in the VDR, and at least 1 VDR polymorphism appears to confer some predictability of prostate cancer risk in various ethnic cohorts. Interactions between the androgen receptor and circulating androgens have a major role in the development of normal and malignant prostate cells. CONCLUSIONS Due to the relationship between the AR and prostatic growth, it has been proposed that polymorphisms within the AR may have a role in susceptibility to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Price
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Cancer Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Langner C, Ratschek M, Rehak P, Schips L, Zigeuner R. Steroid Hormone Receptor Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of 182 Tumors. J Urol 2004; 171:611-4. [PMID: 14713771 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000108040.14303.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Steroid hormone receptor expression has an essential role in cancer of the prostate and breast but there is only limited experience with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), especially regarding prognostic and therapeutic impact. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 188 cases of RCC were stained immunohistochemically for the expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and androgen (AR) receptors using a tissue microarray technique. Nuclear steroid hormone receptor immunoreactivities were analyzed semiquantitatively with respect to associations with histological subtype, pT stage, grading and gender using Fisher's exact test. Impact on disease-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Sufficient tumor tissue was present in 182 of the 188 RCCs. AR expression was found in 27 of 182 tumors (14.8%) in 24 male and 3 female patients. AR expression was significantly associated with stage pT1 compared with pT3 (p <0.0001), and grades 1 and 2 compared with grade 3 (p = 0.0005). Regarding progression-free survival, AR positive RCCs showed a significantly better prognosis than AR negative cases (log rank test, p = 0.027). No difference of AR immunoreactivity could be detected between histological subtypes. Only 2 of the 182 cases (1.1%) showed ER and PR immunoreactivity in less than 10% of tumor cell nuclei. CONCLUSIONS While ER and PR expression was the exception, AR expression was found in almost 15% of the tumors and it was significantly associated with low stage, well or moderately differentiated tumors and a favorable outcome, decreasing with tumor growth and dedifferentiation. However, these results do not support a potential role of hormonal therapy for metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Langner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a significant difference in cancer incidence among different ethnic groups, which is believed to be partly attributed to dietary habits. The incidences of breast and prostate cancers are much higher in the United States and European countries compared with Asian countries such as Japan and China. One of the major differences in diet between these populations is that the Japanese and the Chinese consume a traditional diet high in soy products. Soy isoflavones have been identified as dietary components having an important role in reducing the incidence of breast and prostate cancers. Genistein, the predominant isoflavones found in soy, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models. There are growing body of experimental evidence that show the inhibition of human cancer cells by genistein through the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, it has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappa B and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Genistein is commonly known as phytoestrogen, which targets estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, genistein has been found to have antioxidant property, and shown to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis. Taken together, both in vivo and in vitro studies have clearly shown that genistein, one of the major soy isoflavones, is a promising reagent for cancer chemoprevention and/or treatment. In this article, we attempt to provide evidence for these effects of genistein in a succinct manner to provide comprehensive state-of-the-art knowledge of the biological and molecular effects of the isoflavone genistein in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 715 Hudson Webber Cancer Center, 110 E. Warren, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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48
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Kent EC, Hussain MHA. The patient with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: determining who, when, and how to treat. Urology 2003; 62 Suppl 1:134-40. [PMID: 14747051 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) encompasses a wide spectrum of patients, including patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)--only disease, those with increasing PSA levels yet stable metastatic disease, and those with increasing PSA levels and objective evidence of progressive metastases. Unfortunately, with the historical lack of effective therapy in this population, the oncologist is faced with few data with which to make difficult clinical decisions. Although our understanding of the biology of androgen independence continues to improve, and our fund of potential therapeutic agents has widened, multiple trial-specific and patient-specific obstacles have contributed to the difficulty in demonstrating clear benefit to therapy. Herein, we will review the biology of androgen-independent prostate cancer, the historical impediments to clinical trials in this population, and the reasons to treat, or not to treat, the patient with HRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Kent
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0946, USA
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49
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Thompson J, Hyytinen ER, Haapala K, Rantala I, Helin HJ, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ, Koivisto PA. Androgen receptor mutations in high-grade prostate cancer before hormonal therapy. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1709-13. [PMID: 14691288 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000107262.40402.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen action is mediated through androgen receptor (AR), which appears to undergo structural and functional alterations during prostate cancer (CaP) progression. AR mutations have been infrequently reported in CaP before hormonal therapy, but in untreated, advanced tumors AR mutations are suggested to be more common. To investigate the frequency of AR mutations in aggressive CaP before hormonal therapy, we have analyzed AR coding region for aberrations in 21 paraffin-embedded prostate carcinoma samples (14 primary tumors, 7 metastases) of poor histologic differentiation. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism and sequencing analyses revealed AR missense mutations in 29% (4/14) of the primary tumors and in one (14%) metastasis. Mutations resided in the transactivation domain and in the hinge region. One of the hinge region mutants, Ser646Phe, that was identified in a patient with short endocrine therapy response, exhibited a markedly increased transcriptional activity on single androgen response element-containing promoters. In conclusion, AR mutations are frequent in high-grade CaP before initiation of hormonal therapy, and these mutations may play a role in poor therapy response and emergence of hormone-refractory CaP in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Thompson
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Lee DK, Chang C. Endocrine mechanisms of disease: Expression and degradation of androgen receptor: mechanism and clinical implication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:4043-54. [PMID: 12970260 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The androgen-androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway plays a key role in proper development and function of male reproductive organs, such as prostate and epididymis, as well as nonreproductive organs, such as muscle, hair follicles, and brain. Abnormalities in the androgen-AR signaling pathway have been linked to diseases, such as male infertility, Kennedy's disease, and prostate cancer. Regulation of AR activity can be achieved in several different ways: modulation of AR gene expression, androgen binding to AR, AR nuclear translocation, AR protein stability, and AR trans-activation. This review covers mechanisms implicated in the control of AR protein expression and degradation, and their potential linkage to the androgen-related diseases. A better understanding of such mechanisms may help us to design more effective androgens and antiandrogens to battle androgen-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kun Lee
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, and Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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