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Song JH, Kim ER, Hong Y, Sohn I, Ahn S, Kim SH, Jang KT. Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Colorectal Cancer Using Artificial Intelligence with Hematoxylin and Eosin-Stained Whole-Slide-Images of Endoscopic and Surgical Resection Specimens. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1900. [PMID: 38791978 PMCID: PMC11119228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the current guidelines, additional surgery is performed for endoscopically resected specimens of early colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). However, the rate of LNM is 2.1-25.0% in cases treated endoscopically followed by surgery, indicating a high rate of unnecessary surgeries. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model using H&E-stained whole slide images (WSIs) without handcrafted features employing surgically and endoscopically resected specimens to predict LNM in T1 CRC. To validate with an independent cohort, we developed a model with four versions comprising various combinations of training and test sets using H&E-stained WSIs from endoscopically (400 patients) and surgically resected specimens (881 patients): Version 1, Train and Test: surgical specimens; Version 2, Train and Test: endoscopic and surgically resected specimens; Version 3, Train: endoscopic and surgical specimens and Test: surgical specimens; Version 4, Train: endoscopic and surgical specimens and Test: endoscopic specimens. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of the AI model for predicting LNM with a 5-fold cross-validation in the training set. Our AI model with H&E-stained WSIs and without annotations showed good performance power with the validation of an independent cohort in a single center. The AUC of our model was 0.758-0.830 in the training set and 0.781-0.824 in the test set, higher than that of previous AI studies with only WSI. Moreover, the AI model with Version 4, which showed the highest sensitivity (92.9%), reduced unnecessary additional surgery by 14.2% more than using the current guidelines (68.3% vs. 82.5%). This revealed the feasibility of using an AI model with only H&E-stained WSIs to predict LNM in T1 CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hye Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiyu Hong
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea;
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.-H.K.); (K.-T.J.)
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.-H.K.); (K.-T.J.)
| | - Kee-Taek Jang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.-H.K.); (K.-T.J.)
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Watanabe J, Ichimasa K, Kataoka Y, Miki A, Someko H, Honda M, Tahara M, Yamashina T, Yeoh KG, Kawai S, Kotani K, Sata N. Additional staining for lymphovascular invasion is associated with increased estimation of lymph node metastasis in patients with T1 colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2024; 36:533-545. [PMID: 37746764 DOI: 10.1111/den.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a critical risk factor for lymph node metastasis (LNM), which requires additional surgery after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the impact of additional staining on estimating LNM is unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of additional staining on determining LNM in T1 CRC. METHODS We searched five electronic databases. Outcomes were diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), assessed using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves, and interobserver agreement among pathologists for positive LVI, assessed using Kappa coefficients (κ). We performed a subgroup analysis of studies that simultaneously included a multivariable analysis for other risk factors (deep submucosal invasion, poor differentiation, and tumor budding). RESULTS Among the 64 studies (18,097 patients) identified, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and additional staining for LVI had pooled sensitivities of 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.58) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.44-0.86), specificities of 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-0.94) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.62-0.86), and DORs of 6.26 (95% CI 3.73-10.53) and 6.47 (95% CI 3.40-12.32) for determining LNM, respectively. In multivariable analysis, the DOR of additional staining for LNM (DOR 5.95; 95% CI 2.87-12.33) was higher than that of HE staining (DOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.13-3.16) (P = 0.01). Pooled κ values were 0.37 (95% CI 0.22-0.52) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.04-0.99) for HE and additional staining for LVI, respectively. CONCLUSION Additional staining for LVI may increase the DOR for LNM and interobserver agreement for positive LVI among pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsuro Ichimasa
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Min-iren Asukai Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
- Scientific Research WorkS Peer Support Group, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miki
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Someko
- Scientific Research WorkS Peer Support Group, Osaka, Japan
- General Internal Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Munenori Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Tahara
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamashina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shigeo Kawai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tochigi Medical Center Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Watanabe J, Ichimasa K, Kataoka Y, Miyahara S, Miki A, Yeoh KG, Kawai S, Martínez de Juan F, Machado I, Kotani K, Sata N. Diagnostic Accuracy of Highest-Grade or Predominant Histological Differentiation of T1 Colorectal Cancer in Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024; 15:e00673. [PMID: 38165075 PMCID: PMC10962900 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment guidelines for colorectal cancer (CRC) suggest 2 classifications for histological differentiation-highest grade and predominant. However, the optimal predictor of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in T1 CRC remains unknown. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of the use of highest-grade or predominant differentiation on LNM determination in T1 CRC. METHODS The study protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42023416971) and was published in OSF ( https://osf.io/TMAUN/ ) on April 13, 2023. We searched 5 electronic databases for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of highest-grade or predominant differentiation to determine LNM in T1 CRC. The outcomes were sensitivity and specificity. We simulated 100 cases with T1 CRC, with an LNM incidence of 11.2%, to calculate the differences in false positives and negatives between the highest-grade and predominant differentiations using a bootstrap method. RESULTS In 42 studies involving 41,290 patients, the differentiation classification had a pooled sensitivity of 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.24) and 0.06 (95% CI 0.04-0.09) ( P < 0.0001) and specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99) ( P < 0.0001) for the highest-grade and predominant differentiations, respectively. In the simulation, the differences in false positives and negatives between the highest-grade and predominant differentiations were 3.0% (range 1.6-4.4) and -1.3% (range -2.0 to -0.7), respectively. DISCUSSION Highest-grade differentiation may reduce the risk of misclassifying cases with LNM as negative, whereas predominant differentiation may prevent unnecessary surgeries. Further studies should examine differentiation classification using other predictive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsuro Ichimasa
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University, Northern Yokohama Hospital, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Min-iren Asukai Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Scientific Research WorkS Peer Support Group (SRWS-PSG), Osaka, Japan
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/Public Health, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shigeo Kawai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tochigi Medical Center Shimotsuga, Tochigi-City, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fernando Martínez de Juan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Quiron Salud, Valencia, Spain
- Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Machado
- Pathology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Patologika Laboratory Hospital Quiron Salud and Pathology Department University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Ouchi A, Komori K, Masahiro T, Toriyama K, Kajiwara Y, Oka S, Fukunaga Y, Hotta K, Ikematsu H, Tsukamoto S, Nagata S, Yamada K, Konno M, Ishihara S, Saitoh Y, Matsuda K, Togashi K, Ishiguro M, Kuwai T, Okuyama T, Ohuchi A, Ohnuma S, Sakamoto K, Sugai T, Katsumata K, Matsushita HO, Nakai K, Uraoka T, Akimoto N, Kobayashi H, Ajioka Y, Sugihara K, Ueno H. How Does Omitting Additional Surgery After Local Excision Affect the Prognostic Outcome of Patients With High-risk T1 Colorectal Cancer? Ann Surg 2024; 279:290-296. [PMID: 37669045 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how omitting additional surgery after local excision (LE) affects patient outcomes in high-risk T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). BACKGROUND It is debatable whether additional surgery should be performed for all patients with high-risk T1 CRC regardless of the tolerability of invasive procedures. METHODS Patients who had received LE for T1 CRC at the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum institutions between 2009 and 2016 were analyzed. Those who had received additional surgical resection and those who did not were matched one-on-one by the propensity score-matching method. A total of 401 propensity score-matched pairs were extracted from 1975 patients at 27 Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum institutions and were compared. RESULTS Regional lymph node metastasis was observed in 31 (7.7%) patients in the LE + surgery group. Comparatively, the incidence of oncologic adverse events was low in the LE-alone group, such as the 5-year cumulative risk of local recurrence (4.1%) or overall recurrence (5.5%). In addition, the difference in the 5-year cancer-specific survival between the LE + surgery and LE-alone groups was only 1.8% (99.7% and 97.9%, respectively), whereas the 5-year overall survival was significantly lower in the LE-alone group than in the LE + surgery group [88.5% vs 94.5%, respectively ( P = 0.002)]. CONCLUSIONS Those who had decided to omit additional surgery at the dedicated center for CRC treatment presented a small number of oncologic events and a satisfactory cancer-specific survival, which may suggest an important role of risk assessment regarding nononcologic adverse events to achieve a best practice for each individual with high-risk T1 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tajika Masahiro
- Department of Endoscopy, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Toriyama
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kajiwara
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukunaga
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinichi Hotta
- Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Sunto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikematsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsukamoto
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Maki Konno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saitoh
- Digestive Disease Center, Asahikawa City Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Togashi
- Department of Coloproctology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishiguro
- Medical Innovation Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kuwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Takashi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenji Katsumata
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Nakai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiko Akimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Hassan C, Spadaccini M, Mori Y, Foroutan F, Facciorusso A, Gkolfakis P, Tziatzios G, Triantafyllou K, Antonelli G, Khalaf K, Rizkala T, Vandvik PO, Fugazza A, Rondonotti E, Glissen-Brown JR, Kamba S, Maida M, Correale L, Bhandari P, Jover R, Sharma P, Rex DK, Repici A. Real-Time Computer-Aided Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia During Colonoscopy : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1209-1220. [PMID: 37639719 DOI: 10.7326/m22-3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence computer-aided detection (CADe) of colorectal neoplasia during colonoscopy may increase adenoma detection rates (ADRs) and reduce adenoma miss rates, but it may increase overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nonneoplastic polyps. PURPOSE To quantify the benefits and harms of CADe in randomized trials. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. (PROSPERO: CRD42022293181). DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases through February 2023. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials comparing CADe-assisted with standard colonoscopy for polyp and cancer detection. DATA EXTRACTION Adenoma detection rate (proportion of patients with ≥1 adenoma), number of adenomas detected per colonoscopy, advanced adenoma (≥10 mm with high-grade dysplasia and villous histology), number of serrated lesions per colonoscopy, and adenoma miss rate were extracted as benefit outcomes. Number of polypectomies for nonneoplastic lesions and withdrawal time were extracted as harm outcomes. For each outcome, studies were pooled using a random-effects model. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-one randomized trials on 18 232 patients were included. The ADR was higher in the CADe group than in the standard colonoscopy group (44.0% vs. 35.9%; relative risk, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.16 to 1.33]; low-certainty evidence), corresponding to a 55% (risk ratio, 0.45 [CI, 0.35 to 0.58]) relative reduction in miss rate (moderate-certainty evidence). More nonneoplastic polyps were removed in the CADe than the standard group (0.52 vs. 0.34 per colonoscopy; mean difference [MD], 0.18 polypectomy [CI, 0.11 to 0.26 polypectomy]; low-certainty evidence). Mean inspection time increased only marginally with CADe (MD, 0.47 minute [CI, 0.23 to 0.72 minute]; moderate-certainty evidence). LIMITATIONS This review focused on surrogates of patient-important outcomes. Most patients, however, may consider cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality important outcomes. The effect of CADe on such patient-important outcomes remains unclear. CONCLUSION The use of CADe for polyp detection during colonoscopy results in increased detection of adenomas but not advanced adenomas and in higher rates of unnecessary removal of nonneoplastic polyps. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE European Commission Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, and Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (C.H., M.S., A.R.)
| | - Marco Spadaccini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, and Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (C.H., M.S., A.R.)
| | - Yuichi Mori
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Farid Foroutan
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (F.F.)
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (A.Facciorusso)
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology, and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium (P.G.)
| | - Georgios Tziatzios
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece (G.T., K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece (G.T., K.T.)
| | - Giulio Antonelli
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Ospedale dei Castelli, Ariccia, and Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (G.A.)
| | - Kareem Khalaf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy (K.K., T.R.)
| | - Tommy Rizkala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy (K.K., T.R.)
| | - Per Olav Vandvik
- Department of Medicine, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.O.V.)
| | - Alessandro Fugazza
- Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (A.Fugazza, L.C.)
| | | | - Jeremy R Glissen-Brown
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.R.G.)
| | - Shunsuke Kamba
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, Caltanissetta, Italy (M.M.)
| | - Loredana Correale
- Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (A.Fugazza, L.C.)
| | - Pradeep Bhandari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom (P.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Alicante ISABIAL, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain (R.J.)
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri (P.S.)
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.K.R.)
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, and Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (C.H., M.S., A.R.)
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Song JH, Hong Y, Kim ER, Kim SH, Sohn I. Utility of artificial intelligence with deep learning of hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images to predict lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer using endoscopically resected specimens; prediction of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:654-666. [PMID: 35802259 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When endoscopically resected specimens of early colorectal cancer (CRC) show high-risk features, surgery should be performed based on current guidelines because of the high-risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The aim of this study was to determine the utility of an artificial intelligence (AI) with deep learning (DL) of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained endoscopic resection specimens without manual-pixel-level annotation for predicting LNM in T1 CRC. In addition, we assessed AI performance for patients with only submucosal (SM) invasion depth of 1000 to 2000 μm known to be difficult to predict LNM in clinical practice. METHODS H&E-stained whole slide images (WSIs) were scanned for endoscopic resection specimens of 400 patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for newly diagnosed T1 CRC with additional surgery. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of AI for predicting LNM with a fivefold cross-validation in the training set and in a held-out test set. RESULTS We developed an AI model using a two-step attention-based DL approach without clinical features (AUC, 0.764). Incorporating clinical features into the model did not improve its prediction accuracy for LNM. Our model reduced unnecessary additional surgery by 15.1% more than using the current guidelines (67.4% vs. 82.5%). In patients with SM invasion depth of 1000 to 2000 μm, the AI avoided 16.1% of unnecessary additional surgery than using the JSCCR guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to show that AI trained with DL of H&E-stained WSIs has the potential to predict LNM in T1 CRC using only endoscopically resected specimens with conventional histologic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hye Song
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiyu Hong
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Naffouje SA, Lauwers G, Klapman J, Dam A, Pena L, Friedman M, Sanchez J, Dessureault S, Felder S. Malignant colon polyps: predicting lymph node metastasis following endoscopic excision. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:393-402. [PMID: 35001147 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-04078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) of malignant colon polyps (MCPs) is partly estimated by histologic features of the sampled polyp. However, the routinely available histologic data is limited to tumor grade and status of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). METHODS The NCDB for colon cancer 2004-2018 was utilized. Patients with pT1Nx adenocarcinoma arising in a polyp and undergoing partial colectomy with ≥ 12 retrieved nodes were selected. NCDB 2004-2017 was used as a training cohort to develop two scoring systems based on a multivariable regression for predictors of LNM including clinical characteristics, grade, and LVI: a nomogram scoring system (NSS) and a simplified scoring system (SSS). These models were internally validated using NCDB 2018 to calculate precision metrics for each model. RESULTS Six thousand sixty-nine patients were selected in the training cohort. 64.5% of MCPs were in the sigmoid, and LNM rate was 11.2%. Multivariable regression identified younger age, females, hindgut location, higher grade, and LVI as significant predictors of LNM. LNM risk was 1.2% when all unfavorable predictors were absent and exceeded 10% when NSS > 70 or SSS ≥ 3. In the 2018 validation cohort, 723 patients were scored per NSS and SSS, and the negative predictive value for both was 96%. CONCLUSION Estimating LNM risk in MCPs by applying clinical characteristics along with limited histologic data can help inform decision-making when considering formal oncologic resection. The NSS and SSS demonstrated comparable predictability of LNM among pT1Nx MCPs. The models require external validation and may be strengthened by incorporating additional endoscopic and pathologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer A Naffouje
- GI Oncology Program, Surgical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, CSB 8165, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Gregory Lauwers
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jason Klapman
- GI Oncology Program, Gastroenterology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aamir Dam
- GI Oncology Program, Gastroenterology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Luis Pena
- GI Oncology Program, Gastroenterology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Friedman
- GI Oncology Program, Gastroenterology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julian Sanchez
- GI Oncology Program, Surgical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, CSB 8165, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Sophie Dessureault
- GI Oncology Program, Surgical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, CSB 8165, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Seth Felder
- GI Oncology Program, Surgical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, CSB 8165, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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8
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Dykstra MA, Gimon TI, Ronksley PE, Buie WD, MacLean AR. Classic and Novel Histopathologic Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2021; 64:1139-1150. [PMID: 34397562 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of endoscopically resected T1 colorectal cancers is based on the risk of lymph node metastasis. Risk is based on histopathologic features, although there is lack of consensus as to what constitutes high-risk features. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of histopathologic risk factors for lymph node metastasis. DATA SOURCES A search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane controlled register of trials for risk factors for lymph node metastasis was performed from inception until August 2018. STUDY SELECTION Included patients must have had an oncologic resection to confirm lymph node status and reported at least 1 histopathologic risk factor. INTERVENTION Rates of lymph node positivity were compared between patients with and without risk factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We report the results of the meta-analysis as ORs. RESULTS Of 8592 citations, 60 met inclusion criteria. Pooled analyses found that lymphovascular invasion, vascular invasion, neural invasion, and poorly differentiated histology were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, as were depths of 1000 µm (OR = 2.76), 1500 µm (OR = 4.37), 2000 µm (OR = 2.37), submucosal level 3 depth (OR = 3.08), and submucosal level 2/3 (OR = 3.08) depth. Depth of 3000 µm, Haggitt level 4, and widths of 3000 µm and 4000 µm were not significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Tumor budding (OR = 4.99) and poorly differentiated clusters (OR = 14.61) were also significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. LIMITATIONS Included studies reported risk factors independently, making it impossible to examine the additive metastasis risk in patients with numerous risk factors. CONCLUSIONS We identified 1500 μm as the depth most significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Novel factors tumor budding and poorly differentiated clusters were also significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. These findings should help inform guidelines regarding risk stratification of T1 tumors and prompt additional investigation into the exact contribution of poorly differentiated clusters to lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Dykstra
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamara I Gimon
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Donald Buie
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony R MacLean
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Solon JG, Oliva K, Farmer KC, Wang W, Wilkins S, McMurrick PJ. Rectum versus colon: should malignant polyps be treated differently? ANZ J Surg 2020; 91:927-931. [PMID: 33176067 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of malignant colorectal polyps removed at endoscopy remains controversial with patients either undergoing surgical resection or regular endoscopic surveillance. Lymph node (LN) metastases occur in 6-16% of patients with malignant polyps. This study assessed the rate of LN metastases in patients undergoing surgical resection for malignant polyps removed endoscopically to determine if there is a difference in the rate of LN metastases between colonic and rectal polyps. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed from 2010 to 2018. All patients who underwent surgical resection following endoscopic removal of a malignant colorectal polyp were reviewed. Clinical data including patient demographics and tumour characteristics were examined. RESULTS A total of 177 patients underwent surgical resection in the study period. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range 22-88 years) with females comprising 52% of the patient cohort (n = 92/177). Polyps were located in the colon in 60.5% of cases with the remainder located in the rectum. The median number of LN harvested was 14 (range 0-44) with malignant LN (including a mesenteric tumour deposit) identified in 8.5% of resection specimens (n = 15/177). Malignant LNs were retrieved in 5.5% of right-sided tumours, 5.6% of left-sided tumours and 12.9% of rectal tumours (P = 0.090). CONCLUSION A small proportion of patients with malignant polyps removed endoscopically will have LN metastases. The results of this study suggest that the tumour location might be a useful predictive marker; however, a further study with increased patient numbers is required to properly establish this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gemma Solon
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Oliva
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Chip Farmer
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Wilkins
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J McMurrick
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Shaukat A, Kaltenbach T, Dominitz JA, Robertson DJ, Anderson JC, Cruise M, Burke CA, Gupta S, Lieberman D, Syngal S, Rex DK. Endoscopic Recognition and Management Strategies for Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Recommendations of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1916-1934.e2. [PMID: 33159840 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Shaukat
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Tonya Kaltenbach
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason A Dominitz
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas J Robertson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Joseph C Anderson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Samir Gupta
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California; University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - David Lieberman
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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11
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Shaukat A, Kaltenbach T, Dominitz JA, Robertson DJ, Anderson JC, Cruise M, Burke CA, Gupta S, Lieberman D, Syngal S, Rex DK. Endoscopic Recognition and Management Strategies for Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Recommendations of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 92:997-1015.e1. [PMID: 33160507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Shaukat
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Tonya Kaltenbach
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason A Dominitz
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas J Robertson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Joseph C Anderson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Samir Gupta
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California; University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - David Lieberman
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Shaukat A, Kaltenbach T, Dominitz JA, Robertson DJ, Anderson JC, Cruise M, Burke CA, Gupta S, Lieberman D, Syngal S, Rex DK. Endoscopic Recognition and Management Strategies for Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Recommendations of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115:1751-1767. [PMID: 33156093 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Shaukat
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tonya Kaltenbach
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason A Dominitz
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas J Robertson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Joseph C Anderson
- Vetearns Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Samir Gupta
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - David Lieberman
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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13
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Kuo E, Wang K, Liu X. A Focused Review on Advances in Risk Stratification of Malignant Polyps. Gastroenterology Res 2020; 13:163-183. [PMID: 33224364 PMCID: PMC7665855 DOI: 10.14740/gr1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the United States, with most cases arising from precursor adenomatous polyps. Colorectal malignant polyps are defined as cancerous polyps that consist of tumor cells invading through the muscularis mucosae into the underlying submucosa (pT1 tumor). It has been reported that approximately 0.5-8.3% of colorectal polyps are malignant polyps, and the potential for lymph node metastasis in these polyps ranges from 8.5% to 16.1%. Due to their clinical significance, recognition of malignant polyps is critical for clinical teams to make treatment decisions and establish appropriate surveillance schedules after local excision of the polyps. There is a rapidly developing interest in malignant polyps within the literature as a result of an increasing number of identifiable adverse histologic features and recent advancements in endoscopic treatment techniques. The purpose of this paper is to have a focused review of the recent histopathologic literature of malignant polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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14
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Re-examining the 1-mm margin and submucosal depth of invasion: a review of 216 malignant colorectal polyps. Virchows Arch 2020; 476:863-870. [PMID: 31915959 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant colorectal polyps have a risk of lymph node metastases between 9 and 24%, but patients who are negative for certain histologic poor prognostic factors have the potential to be treated with polypectomy alone. Retrospective cohort of 216 malignant polyps from 213 patients identified through the British Columbia Colon Screening Program. Complete pathologic reporting (reporting of tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, margin status, and tumor budding) was present in only 43% of patients. Sixty-one patients had no poor prognostic factors on polypectomy, and 23 (37%) of those underwent surgery. A positive margin cutoff of tumor at cautery showed significantly increased rates of lymph node metastases (p = 0.04) compared to a margin of greater than 0 mm, and polyps with a margin of greater than 0 mm had no risk of residual carcinoma. A submucosal depth of ≥ 2000 μm had an increased rate of lymph node metastases compared to < 2000 μm (p = 0.01). Malignant polyps with either tumor at cautery or a submucosal depth of ≥ 2000 μm, compared to polyps without these risk factors, had a relative risk for lymph node metastases of 16.3. Adoption of submucosal depth and refinement of the cutoffs for positive margin and submucosal depth have the potential to identify high-risk patients and reduce the number of surgeries required in patients with malignant polyps, a group that continues to grow significantly in part due to the introduction of colon screening programs.
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15
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Histopathological factors help to predict lymph node metastases more efficiently than extra-nodal recurrences in submucosa invading pT1 colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8342. [PMID: 31171832 PMCID: PMC6554401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic management of patients with endoscopic resection of colorectal cancer invading the submucosa (i.e. pT1 CRC) depends on the balance between the risk of cancer relapse and the risk of surgery-related morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to report on the histopathological risk factors predicting lymph node metastases and recurrences in an exhaustive case series comprising every pT1 CRC (of adenocarcinoma subtype only) diagnosed in Finistère (France) during 5-years. For 312 patients with at least 46 months follow-up included in the digestive cancers registry database, histopathological factors required for risk stratification in pT1 CRC were reviewed. Patients were treated by endoscopic resection only (51 cases), surgery only (138 cases), endoscopic resection followed by surgery (102 cases) or transanal resection (21 cases). Lymph node metastases were diagnosed in 19 patients whereas 15 patients had an extra-nodal recurrence (7 local recurrences only, 4 distant metastases only and 4 combining local and distant recurrences). Four patients with distant metastases died of their cancer. Poor tumor differentiation, vascular invasion and high grade tumor budding on HES slides were notably identified as strong risk-factors of lymph node metastases but the prediction of extra-nodal recurrences (local, distant and sometimes fatal) was less obvious, albeit it was more frequent in patients treated by transanal resection than with other treatment strategies. Beyond good performances in predicting lymph node metastases and guiding therapeutic decision in patients with pT1 CRC, our study points that extra-nodal recurrence of cancer is more difficult to predict and requires further investigations.
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16
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Hashimoto H, Horiuchi H, Kurata A, Kikuchi H, Okuyama R, Usui G, Masuda Y, Kuroda M, Inoue S, Furushima K, Matsuhashi N, Harihara Y, Morikawa T. Intramucosal colorectal carcinoma with lymphovascular invasion: clinicopathological characteristics of nine cases. Histopathology 2019; 74:1055-1066. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
- Division of Healthcare Tokyo Health Care University TokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Horiuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
- Division of Healthcare Tokyo Health Care University TokyoJapan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Kurata
- Department of Molecular Pathology Tokyo Medical University TokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kikuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University TokyoJapan
| | - Rikiya Okuyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
| | - Genki Usui
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
| | - Yoshio Masuda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology Tokyo Medical University TokyoJapan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University TokyoJapan
| | | | | | | | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology NTT Medical Center Tokyo TokyoJapan
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17
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TULP3: A potential biomarker in colorectal cancer? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210762. [PMID: 30640939 PMCID: PMC6331117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common cancer in men globally. The identification of differentially expressed genes associated to patient's clinical data may represent a useful approach to find important genes in CRC carcinogenesis. Previously, the TULP3 transcription factor was identified as a possible prognostic biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Considering that pancreatic and colorectal tissues have the same embryonic origin, we investigated the profile of TULP3 expression in CRC hypothesizing that it may have a role in its development. We comparatively analysed TULP3 gene expression in CRC and normal adjacent colonic tissue and assessed association of expression profiles with survival and clinicopathological information, using publicly available datasets. TULP3 expression levels were increased in CRC when compared to the adjacent non-tumoral tissue. In addition, higher TULP3 gene expression was associated to lymphatic and vascular invasion in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), respectively. In summary, our results point to a possible role of TULP3 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in CRC. Additional studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
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18
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Lawler M, Alsina D, Adams RA, Anderson AS, Brown G, Fearnhead NS, Fenwick SW, Halloran SP, Hochhauser D, Hull MA, Koelzer VH, McNair AGK, Monahan KJ, Näthke I, Norton C, Novelli MR, Steele RJC, Thomas AL, Wilde LM, Wilson RH, Tomlinson I. Critical research gaps and recommendations to inform research prioritisation for more effective prevention and improved outcomes in colorectal cancer. Gut 2018; 67:179-193. [PMID: 29233930 PMCID: PMC5754857 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) leads to significant morbidity/mortality worldwide. Defining critical research gaps (RG), their prioritisation and resolution, could improve patient outcomes. DESIGN RG analysis was conducted by a multidisciplinary panel of patients, clinicians and researchers (n=71). Eight working groups (WG) were constituted: discovery science; risk; prevention; early diagnosis and screening; pathology; curative treatment; stage IV disease; and living with and beyond CRC. A series of discussions led to development of draft papers by each WG, which were evaluated by a 20-strong patient panel. A final list of RGs and research recommendations (RR) was endorsed by all participants. RESULTS Fifteen critical RGs are summarised below: RG1: Lack of realistic models that recapitulate tumour/tumour micro/macroenvironment; RG2: Insufficient evidence on precise contributions of genetic/environmental/lifestyle factors to CRC risk; RG3: Pressing need for prevention trials; RG4: Lack of integration of different prevention approaches; RG5: Lack of optimal strategies for CRC screening; RG6: Lack of effective triage systems for invasive investigations; RG7: Imprecise pathological assessment of CRC; RG8: Lack of qualified personnel in genomics, data sciences and digital pathology; RG9: Inadequate assessment/communication of risk, benefit and uncertainty of treatment choices; RG10: Need for novel technologies/interventions to improve curative outcomes; RG11: Lack of approaches that recognise molecular interplay between metastasising tumours and their microenvironment; RG12: Lack of reliable biomarkers to guide stage IV treatment; RG13: Need to increase understanding of health related quality of life (HRQOL) and promote residual symptom resolution; RG14: Lack of coordination of CRC research/funding; RG15: Lack of effective communication between relevant stakeholders. CONCLUSION Prioritising research activity and funding could have a significant impact on reducing CRC disease burden over the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lawler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Annie S Anderson
- Research into Cancer Prevention and Screening, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gina Brown
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Stephen W Fenwick
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen P Halloran
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark A Hull
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus G K McNair
- Centre for Surgical Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin J Monahan
- Family History of Bowel Cancer Clinic, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Inke Näthke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Christine Norton
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marco R Novelli
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Robert J C Steele
- Research into Cancer Prevention and Screening, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne L Thomas
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lisa M Wilde
- Bowel Cancer UK, London, UK
- Atticus Consultants Ltd, Croydon, UK
| | - Richard H Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Junginger T, Goenner U, Hitzler M, Trinh TT, Heintz A, Blettner M, Wollschlaeger D. Long-term results of transanal endoscopic microsurgery after endoscopic polypectomy of malignant rectal adenoma. Tech Coloproctol 2017; 21:225-232. [PMID: 28251355 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-017-1595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on the treatment and prognosis of malignant rectal polyps. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) after endoscopic complete polypectomy of malignant rectal adenomas with long-term follow-up. METHODS Of 105 patients with pT1 rectal carcinoma in 32 patients TEM followed complete endoscopic polypectomy while 73 had primary TEM. Local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis, overall and cancer-specific survival were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Median follow-up was 9.1 years. In 32 patients with TEM following complete polypectomy no residual cancer was found. LR occurred in 3/28 (11%) patients with low-risk carcinoma (pT1 G1/2/X, L0/X, R0) and in 1/4 (25%) with high-risk carcinoma (pT1 G3/4 or L1). After primary TEM with complete resection (minimal distance >1 mm) LR occurred in 6/60 (10%) with low-risk carcinoma. After incomplete TEM resection (minimal distance ≤1 mm) LR occurred in 3/8 (38%) patients with low-risk and in 1/5 (20%) patients with high-risk carcinoma. Grading was the only significant risk factor for LR after endoscopic polypectomy followed by TEM (p = 0.002). At all outcomes did not differ between postpolypectomy TEM and primary TEM. CONCLUSIONS Patients with malignant rectal polyps removed by endoscopic polypectomy have a substantial risk of LR even if TEM of polyp site is cancer free. Risk of LR depends on tumor characteristics. In low-risk carcinoma long-term follow-up is necessary. The high LR rate in patients with high-risk rectal carcinoma restricts the use of TEM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Junginger
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - U Goenner
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Hitzler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Catholic Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - T T Trinh
- Department of Heart, Chest and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Heintz
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Catholic Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Wollschlaeger
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Junginger T, Goenner U, Hitzler M, Trinh TT, Heintz A, Roth W, Blettner M, Wollschlaeger D. Analysis of local recurrences after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for low risk rectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:265-271. [PMID: 27888300 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Rates of local recurrence (LR) after transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for rectal carcinoma vary; the reasons remain unclear. We analyzed LR after TEM for low-risk pT1 (G1/2/X, L0/X) rectal carcinoma to investigate the influence of completeness of resection and occult lymph node metastasis on risk of LR. METHOD LR location and stage, completeness of resection of primary carcinoma (minimal distance between tumor and resection line ≤1 mm vs >1 mm), and incidence of involved lymph nodes in resected LR specimens were collected, and tumor characteristics of LR were compared with primary carcinoma. Distant metastasis and overall and cancer-specific survival were determined. RESULTS LR developed in 14 patients; in 2/4 with R1/X resection, in 3/8 (38%) with clear margins (R0) but a minimal distance of ≤1 mm, and in 9/88 (10%) with formally complete resection. Six of nine patients with formally complete resection underwent radical surgery for LR; in five out of these six, lymph nodes were not involved. In 5/14 patients, LR was poorly differentiated compared to primary carcinoma. Main LR causes were incomplete tumor resection or tumor persistence after formally complete resection. Overall (p = 0.008) and cancer-specific (p < 0.001) survival was lower in LR patients compared to non-LR patients, even if lymph nodes were uninvolved. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that most LRs after TEM for low-risk rectal cancer were caused by residual tumor at the previous excision site and not by undetected lymph node metastases. By improved standardization of surgical techniques to ensure complete resection of carcinomas and thorough pathological assessments, most LRs seem to be avoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Junginger
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ursula Goenner
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirjam Hitzler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Catholic Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tong T Trinh
- Department of Heart, Chest and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Achim Heintz
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Catholic Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Wollschlaeger
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Kim B, Kim EH, Park SJ, Cheon JH, Kim TI, Kim WH, Kim H, Hong SP. The risk of lymph node metastasis makes it unsafe to expand the conventional indications for endoscopic treatment of T1 colorectal cancer: A retrospective study of 428 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4373. [PMID: 27631203 PMCID: PMC5402546 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Though endoscopic treatment is an option for T1 colorectal cancer (CRC), the optimal indications and long-term outcomes of this strategy need to be validated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate long-term outcomes of endoscopy versus surgery and optimal indications for endoscopic treatment of T1 CRC.This retrospective study included 428 T1 CRC patients treated with initial endoscopy (n = 224) or surgery (n = 204) at Severance Hospital between 2005 and 2012. Patients were subdivided into 4 groups according to conventional indications (CIs) for endoscopic treatment: negative lateral/vertical margins; submucosal invasion depth within 1000 μm; no lymphovascular invasion (LVI); well or moderately differentiated. For prognosis evaluation, short-term outcomes (resection margin and complications) and long-term outcomes (recurrence and cancer-specific mortality) were evaluated.Endoscopic treatment achieved en bloc resection in 86.6% of 224 patients. Recurrence and mortality did not differ between the endoscopy and surgery groups with or without CIs. For patients with CIs, although 80 patients were treated endoscopically with 1 (1.3%) recurrence and 0 mortality, 75 patients were treated surgically with 2 (2.7%) recurrence and 1 (1.3%) mortality. Multivariate analysis revealed that LVI positivity and poorly differentiated histology were independently associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM; P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).To determine whether the depth of submucosal invasion among criteria of CIs could be extended for endoscopic treatment, LNM was analyzed by extending the depth of submucosal invasion. There was no LNM in 155 patients within conventional indication. When the depth of submucosal invasion was extended up to 1500 μm, LNM was occurred (1/197 patient [0.5%]). In addition, when the depth of submucosal invasion was extended up to 2000 μm, LNM was increased (4/271 patient [1.5%]).Endoscopic treatment is safe, effective, and is associated with favorable long-term outcomes compared to surgery for initial treatment of T1 CRC patients with CIs. However, the risk of LNM makes it unsafe to extend the CIs for endoscopic therapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Kim
- Department of Medicine and Graduate School
- Center for Colon Cancer
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Pil Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology
- Correspondence: Sung Pil Hong, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Korea (e-mail: )
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Tumor Budding Detection by Immunohistochemical Staining is Not Superior to Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in pT1 Colorectal Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59:396-402. [PMID: 27050601 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor budding is recognized as an important risk factor for lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin has the potential to improve the objective diagnosis of tumor budding over detection based on hematoxylin and eosin staining. However, it remains unclear whether tumor budding detected by immunohistochemical staining is a significant predictor of lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of tumor budding detected by immunohistochemical staining in comparison with that detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. DESIGN This was a retrospective study. SETTINGS The study was conducted at Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital. PATIENTS We enrolled 265 patients with pT1 colorectal cancer who underwent surgery with lymph node dissection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tumor budding was evaluated by both hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining with the use of CAM5.2 antibody. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to determine the optimal cutoff values for tumor budding detected by hematoxylin and eosin and CAM5.2 staining. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the significant factors for predicting lymph node metastasis. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that the cutoff values for tumor budding detected by hematoxylin and eosin and CAM5.2 staining for predicting lymph node metastases were 5 and 8. On multivariate analysis, histopathological differentiation (OR, 6.21; 95% CI, 1.16-33.33; p = 0.03) and tumor budding detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 1.64-14.66; p = 0.004) were significant predictors for lymph node metastasis; however, tumor budding detected by CAM5.2 staining was not a significant predictor. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by potential selection bias because surgically resected specimens were collected instead of endoscopically resected specimens. CONCLUSIONS Tumor budding detected by CAM5.2 staining was not superior to hematoxylin and eosin staining for predicting lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer.
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Hayward C, Uraoka T, Yahagi N. Endoscopic submucosal dissection and its potential role in the management of early colorectal neoplasia in UK. Frontline Gastroenterol 2016; 7:129-134. [PMID: 28839847 PMCID: PMC5369471 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2014-100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, colorectal cancer is the most common newly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths, accounting for approximately 436 000 incident cases and 212 000 deaths in 2008. National screening programmes will increase the number of early (pT1) cancers detected. pT1 cancers are those showing invasion through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa but not into the muscularis propria. Microstaging of pT1 cancer is crucial in predicting those cases less likely to cause nodal disease and that will be cured with endoscopic resection alone. The submucosal extent and other histological features predict the risk of nodal disease, and for this reason, en bloc resection is highly desirable. Endoscopic submucosal dissection enables en bloc resection of mucosal and submucosal disease and could reduce the need for surgery in some cases by definitive initial resection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Division of Research & Development for Minimally Invasive Treatment, Cancer Centre, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yahagi
- Division of Research & Development for Minimally Invasive Treatment, Cancer Centre, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Saitoh Y, Inaba Y, Sasaki T, Sugiyama R, Sukegawa R, Fujiya M. Management of colorectal T1 carcinoma treated by endoscopic resection. Dig Endosc 2016; 28:324-9. [PMID: 26076802 DOI: 10.1111/den.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a result of recent advances in endoscopic therapeutic technology, the number of endoscopic resections carried out in the treatment of early colorectal carcinomas with little risk of lymph node metastasis has increased. There are no reports of lymph node metastasis in intramucosal (Tis) carcinomas, whereas lymph node metastasis occurs in 6.8-17.8% of submucosal (T1) carcinomas. Three clinical guidelines have been published in Japan and the management strategy for early colorectal tumors has been demonstrated. According to the 2014 Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer, additional surgery should be done in cases of endoscopically resected T1 carcinoma with a histologically diagnosed positive vertical margin. Additional surgery may also be considered when one of the following histological findings is detected: (i) SM invasion depth ≥1000 µm; (ii) histological type por., sig., or muc.; (iii) grade 2-3 tumor budding; and (iv) positive vascular permeation. A resected lesion that is histologically diagnosed as a T1 carcinoma without any of the above-mentioned findings can be followed up without additional surgery. As for the prognosis of endoscopically resected T1 carcinomas, the relapse ratio of approximately 3.4% (44/1312) is relatively low. However, relapse is associated with a poor prognosis, with 72 cancer-related deaths reported out of 134 relapsed cases (54%). A more detailed stratification of the lymph node metastasis risk after endoscopic resection for T1 carcinomas and the prognosis of relapsed cases will be elucidated through prospective studies. Thereafter, the appropriate indications and safe and secure endoscopic resection for T1 carcinomas will be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saitoh
- Digestive Disease Center, Asahikawa City Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuhei Inaba
- Digestive Disease Center, Asahikawa City Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Ryuji Sugiyama
- Digestive Disease Center, Asahikawa City Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sukegawa
- Digestive Disease Center, Asahikawa City Hospital, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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25
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Bianco F, Arezzo A, Agresta F, Coco C, Faletti R, Krivocapic Z, Rotondano G, Santoro GA, Vettoretto N, De Franciscis S, Belli A, Romano GM. Practice parameters for early colon cancer management: Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Colo-Rettale; SICCR) guidelines. Tech Coloproctol 2015; 19:577-85. [PMID: 26403233 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-015-1361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early colon cancer (ECC) has been defined as a carcinoma with invasion limited to the submucosa regardless of lymph node status and according to the Royal College of Pathologists as TNM stage T1 NX M0. As the potential risk of lymph node metastasis ranges from 6 to 17% and the preoperative assessment of lymph node metastasis is not reliable, the management of ECC is still controversial, varying from endoscopic to radical resection. A meeting on recent advances on the management of colorectal polyps endorsed by the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) took place in April 2014, in Genoa (Italy). Based on this material the SICCR decided to issue guidelines updating the evidence and to write a position statement paper in order to define the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for ECC treatment in context of the Italian healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianco
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - A Arezzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F Agresta
- Department of General Surgery, Ulss1 9 of the Veneto, Civic Hospital, Adria (TV), Italy
| | - C Coco
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - R Faletti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology Institute University Hospital City of Health and Science, Turin University, Turin, Italy
| | - Z Krivocapic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute for Digestive Disease, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | - G Rotondano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maresca Hospital, Torre del Greco (NA), Italy
| | - G A Santoro
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - N Vettoretto
- Department of General Surgery, Montichiari Hospital, Civic Hospitals of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S De Franciscis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - A Belli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - G M Romano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
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Tumor budding in colorectal cancer--ready for diagnostic practice? Hum Pathol 2015; 47:4-19. [PMID: 26476568 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor budding is an important additional prognostic factor for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Defined as the presence of single tumor cells or small clusters of up to 5 cells in the tumor stroma, tumor budding has been likened to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Based on well-designed retrospective studies, tumor budding is linked to adverse outcome of CRC patients in 3 clinical scenarios: (1) in malignant polyps, detection of tumor buds is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis indicating the need for colorectal surgery; (2) tumor budding in stage II CRC is a highly adverse prognostic indicator and may aid patient selection for adjuvant therapy; (3) in the preoperative setting, presence of tumor budding in biopsy material may help to identify high-risk rectal cancer patients for neoadjuvant therapy. However, lack of consensus guidelines for standardized assessment still limits reporting in daily diagnostic practice. This article provides a practical and comprehensive overview on tumor budding aimed at the practicing pathologist. First, we review the prognostic value of tumor budding for the management of colon and rectal cancer patients. Second, we outline a practical, evidence-based proposal for the assessment of tumor budding in the daily sign-out. Last, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular characteristics of high-grade budding tumors in the context of personalized treatment approaches and biomarker discovery.
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27
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Ervine AJ, McBride HA, Kelly PJ, Loughrey MB. Double immunohistochemistry enhances detection of lymphatic and venous invasion in early-stage colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:265-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Choi JY, Jung SA, Shim KN, Cho WY, Keum B, Byeon JS, Huh KC, Jang BI, Chang DK, Jung HY, Kong KA. Meta-analysis of predictive clinicopathologic factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early colorectal carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:398-406. [PMID: 25829807 PMCID: PMC4366960 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to determine risk factors that may facilitate patient selection for radical resections or additional resections after a polypectomy. Eligible articles were identified by searches of PUBMED, Cochrane Library and Korean Medical Database using the terms (early colorectal carcinoma [ECC], lymph node metastasis [LNM], colectomy, endoscopic resection). Thirteen cohort studies of 7,066 ECC patients who only underwent radical surgery have been analysed. There was a significant risk of LNM when they had submucosal invasion (≥ SM2 or ≥ 1,000 µm) (odds Ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-6.62, P = 0.007). Moreover, it has been found that vascular invasion (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.95-3.74; P < 0.001), lymphatic invasion (OR, 6.91; 95% CI, 5.40-8.85; P < 0.001), poorly differentiated carcinomas (OR, 8.27; 95% CI, 4.67-14.66; P < 0.001) and tumor budding (OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 3.44-6.13; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with LNM. Furthermore, another analysis was carried out on eight cohort studies of 310 patients who underwent additional surgeries after an endoscopic resection. The major factors identified in these studies include lymphovascular invasion on polypectomy specimens (OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 2.46-12.17; P < 0.001) and poorly or moderately differentiated carcinomas (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.08-15.33; P = 0.04). For ECC patients with ≥ SM2 or ≥ 1,000 µm submucosal invasion, vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, poorly differentiated carcinomas or tumor budding, it is deemed that a more extensive resection accompanied by a lymph node dissection is necessary. Even if the lesion is completely removed by an endoscopic resection, an additional surgical resection should be considered in patients with poorly or moderately differentiated carcinomas or lymphovascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Nam Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bora Keum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Ik Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ae Kong
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Tanaka S, Saitoh Y, Matsuda T, Igarashi M, Matsumoto T, Iwao Y, Suzuki Y, Nishida H, Watanabe T, Sugai T, Sugihara KI, Tsuruta O, Hirata I, Hiwatashi N, Saito H, Watanabe M, Sugano K, Shimosegawa T. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for management of colorectal polyps. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:252-60. [PMID: 25559129 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-1021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently in Japan, the morbidity of colorectal polyp has been increasing. As a result, a large number of cases of colorectal polyps that are diagnosed and treated using colonoscopy has now increased, and clinical guidelines are needed for endoscopic management and surveillance after treatment. METHODS Three committees [the professional committee for making clinical questions (CQs) and statements by Japanese specialists, the expert panelist committee for rating statements by the modified Delphi method, and the evaluating committee by moderators] were organized. Ten specialists for colorectal polyp management extracted the specific clinical statements from articles published between 1983 and September 2011 obtained from PubMed and a secondary database, and developed the CQs and statements. Basically, statements were made according to the GRADE system. The expert panel individually rated the clinical statements using a modified Delphi approach, in which a clinical statement receiving a median score greater than seven on a nine-point scale from the panel was regarded as valid. RESULTS The professional committee created 91CQs and statements for the current concept and diagnosis/treatment of various colorectal polyps including epidemiology, screening, pathophysiology, definition and classification, diagnosis, treatment/management, practical treatment, complications and surveillance after treatment, and other colorectal lesions (submucosal tumors, nonneoplastic polyps, polyposis, hereditary tumors, ulcerative colitis-associated tumor/carcinoma). CONCLUSIONS After evaluation by the moderators, evidence-based clinical guidelines for management of colorectal polyps have been proposed for 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Guidelines Committee for creating and evaluating the "Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for management of colorectal polyps", the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (JSGE), K-18 Building 8F, 8-9-13 Ginza, Chuo, Tokyo, 104-0061, Japan,
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30
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Lee S, Woo CG, Lee HJ, Kim KJ, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Myung SJ, Yang SK, Park YS, Park JH, Kim JH, Lim SB, Kim JC, Yu CS, Yang DH. Effectiveness of adjuvant radiotherapy after local excision of rectal cancer with deep submucosal invasion: a single-hospital, case-control analysis. Surg Endosc 2015; 29:3231-8. [PMID: 25673343 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of postoperative radiation therapy (RT) after local excision (LE) of deep submucosal invasive rectal cancer remains unclear. We evaluated the efficacy of adjuvant RT after LE of early rectal cancer with deep submucosal invasion. METHODS We screened 227 patients who underwent transanal excision or endoscopic removal of deep submucosal invasive rectal cancer between 1992 and 2012, of which 66 did not undergo radical surgery owing to the patient's preference or poor medical conditions. Of these, 35 (53 %) underwent LE alone (LE group) and 31 (47 %) received adjuvant RT after LE (LE + RT group). Nine patients in the RT group received concurrent adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. Two independent pathologists reviewed histological data. RESULTS The mean age of patients in the LE + RT and LE groups was 59.5 ± 9.6 and 55.3 ± 11.2 years, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 78.7 ± 66.7 months in the LE + RT group and 70.5 ± 45.7 months in the LE group. Cancer eventually recurred in six patients (9.1 %; two in the LE + RT group and four in the LE group). In five of these patients, recurrence occurred within 4 years after the initial treatment. The other patient, who was in the LE group, exhibited multiple lymph node metastases at the 116-month follow-up. Kaplan-Meier estimates of recurrence-free survival at 5 years after treatment were 96.8 % in the LE + RT group and 97 % in the LE group (P = 0.657). CONCLUSION RT after LE of early rectal cancer with deep submucosal invasion might not improve recurrence-free survival compared with LE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea.
| | - Chang Gok Woo
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Byung Lim
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Jin Cheon Kim
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Chang Sik Yu
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea.
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Morino M, Risio M, Bach S, Beets-Tan R, Bujko K, Panis Y, Quirke P, Rembacken B, Rullier E, Saito Y, Young-Fadok T, Allaix ME. Early rectal cancer: the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) clinical consensus conference. Surg Endosc 2015; 29:755-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ueno H, Hase K, Hashiguchi Y, Shimazaki H, Yoshii S, Kudo SE, Tanaka M, Akagi Y, Suto T, Nagata S, Matsuda K, Komori K, Yoshimatsu K, Tomita Y, Yokoyama S, Shinto E, Nakamura T, Sugihara K. Novel risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early invasive colorectal cancer: a multi-institution pathology review. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1314-23. [PMID: 24065123 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) in T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) have been recently proposed, but most have not been implemented because of the lack of validation. Here we determined the value of poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) in a multi-institutional cohort of T1 CRC cases. METHODS A pathology review involving 30 institutions was conducted for 3556 T1 CRCs. PDC was defined as malignant clusters comprising ≥5 cells and lacking a glandular formation. The ability to identify LNM risk was compared using Akaike's information criterion (AIC). RESULTS PDC was observed in 1401 tumors (39.4 %), including 94 (17.8 %) with <1000 µm submucosal invasion and 1307 (43.2 %) with ≥1000 µm submucosal invasion (P < 0.0001). The incidence of LNM was higher in PDC-positive tumors (17.4 %) than in PDC-negative tumors (6.9 %; P < 0.0001), and PDCs had an adverse impact on LNM irrespective of the degree of submucosal invasion. Grade 3, vascular invasion, budding, and submucosal invasion depth were also significant factors (all, P < 0.0001). AIC of risk factor to identify LNM risk was most favorable for vascular invasion (2273.4), followed by PDC (2357.4); submucosal invasion depth (2429.1) was the most unfavorable. Interinstitutional judgment disparities were smaller in PDC (kappa, 0.51) than vascular invasion (0.33) or tumor grade (0.48). CONCLUSIONS PDC is a promising new parameter with good ability to identify LNM risk. Use of its appropriate judgment criteria will enable us determine whether an observational policy can be safely applied following local tumor excision in T1 CRC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan,
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Koelzer VH, Zlobec I, Lugli A. Tumor budding in the clinical management of colon and rectal cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.14.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Morphological features of the tumor microenvironment are emerging as powerful prognostic indicators for colorectal cancer (CRC). The presence of peritumoral budding (PTB), defined as the presence of single tumor cells or small clusters of up to five cells in the tumor stroma ahead of the invasive front, is a hallmark of aggressive disease biology. Presence of PTB strongly correlates with adverse clinicopathological features and is recognized as an additional adverse prognostic factor by the Union for International Cancer Control. Recent studies have also characterized intratumoral budding (ITB) in biopsy material as a prognostic indicator in the preoperative setting. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the role of PTB and ITB in the clinical management of colon and rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor H Koelzer
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Di Gregorio C, Bonetti LR, de Gaetani C, Pedroni M, Kaleci S, Ponz de Leon M. Clinical outcome of low- and high-risk malignant colorectal polyps: results of a population-based study and meta-analysis of the available literature. Intern Emerg Med 2014; 9:151-60. [PMID: 22451095 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-012-0772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some histological features of malignant polyps have been used to classify patients into low- and high-risk groups. This study proposed to evaluate the impact of this classification on the clinical outcome of patients with malignant polyps. Through the Colorectal Cancer Registry, 105 patients with endoscopically removed malignant polyps were selected. The presence of one of the following histological features defined malignant polyps as high-risk: infiltrated resection-margin, poorly differentiated carcinoma, lymphatic/vascular invasion and tumour budding and depth of submucosal invasion. Available literature was reviewed by applying a similar classification. Most of the malignant polyps were pedunculated and were localized in the left colon. Fifty-five malignant polyps were classified as low-risk lesions and 50 as high-risk. None of the patients at low-risk died of colorectal cancer. Of the patients at high-risk, three died of cancer; all three cases showed lymphatic/vascular invasion. Review of the literature reveals that an unfavourable clinical outcome is significantly more prevalent in the high-risk compared with the low-risk group (p > 0.005). Moreover, all histological risk factors show a specific predictive value of clinical adverse outcome. Our study and the pooled data analysis confirmed the usefulness of the subdivision into low- and high-risk malignant polyps for management of patients with endoscopically removed colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Di Gregorio
- Dipartimento ad attività integrata di Laboratori, Anatomia Patologica e Medicina Legale, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Policlinico, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy,
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Reggiani-Bonetti L, Di Gregorio C, Pedroni M, Domati F, Barresi V, Marcheselli L, Ponz de Leon M. Incidence trend of malignant polyps through the data of a specialized colorectal cancer registry: clinical features and effect of screening. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:1294-301. [PMID: 24073745 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.838301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of the study are to describe the incidence trend of malignant polyp of large bowel over a 25-year period in the District of Modena and to assess the effect of an organized colorectal cancer screening program. MATERIAL AND METHODS Through the data of a specialized colorectal cancer Registry, we evaluate the clinical and pathological features of the polyps. Trend analysis was assessed with the Joinpoint Regression Program. RESULTS A total of 172 patients with malignant polyps were diagnosed throughout the study (3.5% of 4.835 registered patients); their overall frequency during the registration period increased from zero cases in the initial years (1984-85) to 57 cases in the past 3 years (2006-2008). Crude incidence rate passed from 0.37 in 1986-89 to 10.2 in 2006. Joinpoint trend analysis of crude rates showed a significant increase of incidence during the study period, with percent of annual variation ranging between 38.6% (95% CI 12.5-70.7) and 7.3% (95% CI 2.6-12.1). During the screening period (2005-2008, the past 4 years of registration) there was a significant increase of sessile polyps (p < 0.001), while other clinical and morphological features, including the number of low- and high-risk malignant polyps, remained unchanged. The surgery (after polypectomy) tended to raise both in low- and high-risk subgroups. CONCLUSION The incidence of malignant polyps increased significantly from the initial to the most recent periods of colorectal cancer registration. Screening was associated with changes in gross morphology of polyps and with an increased use of the surgery after endoscopic polypectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Reggiani-Bonetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
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Nasu T, Oku Y, Takifuji K, Hotta T, Yokoyama S, Matsuda K, Tamura K, Ieda J, Yamamoto N, Takemura S, Nakamura Y, Yamaue H. Predicting lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer using the CITED1 expression. J Surg Res 2013; 185:136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Williams JG, Pullan RD, Hill J, Horgan PG, Salmo E, Buchanan GN, Rasheed S, McGee SG, Haboubi N. Management of the malignant colorectal polyp: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15 Suppl 2:1-38. [PMID: 23848492 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Williams
- Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
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Steigen SE, Isaksen V, Skjæveland A, Vonen B. Adenomas with Adenocarcinoma: A Study Evaluating the Risk Of Residual Cancer And Lymph Node Metastasis. Scand J Surg 2013; 102:90-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1457496913482253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims: The increasing number of cases with colorectal adenomas with adenocarcinoma necessitates renewed evaluation of classification systems and risk factors. The aim for this retrospective study was to evaluate the potential risk of residual cancer and lymph node metastasis in patients with colorectal adenomas with adenocarcinoma. Material and Methods: An investigation of adenomas with adenocarcinoma in 74 patients was performed on histological slides and compared with clinical characteristics. A total of 44 of the samples were from macroscopically and microscopically completely resected lesions, and cancer at extended surgery was compared with pathology reports, classifications, and histopathological features. Results: In all, 26 cases of adenomas with adenocarcinoma in the rectum and rectosigmoid were among women and 11 in men while 22 men as opposed to 15 women had primary lesions in colon, giving a significant association between gender and localization ( p = 0.01). For macroscopically and microscopically fully resected lesions, Haggitt classification or submucosal invasion did not correlate with cancer at extended surgery. The lack of information on resection margins in the primary pathology reports was found to correlate significantly with residual cancer at extended surgery ( p < 0.001) with residual cancer in 3 out of the 10 cases with no information, 1 out of the 5 where the resection margins were uncertain, 1 out of the 4 where the resection margins were not free, and none of the 25 cases when the resection margins were reported as free. In colon, 1 case out of the 6 with extended surgery (16.7%) was diagnosed with residual cancer compared with 4 out of the 10 (40%) from rectum. Conclusions: Haggitt or submucosal classifications were not found to be predictors for residual cancer in the remaining bowel tissue or lymph node metastasis. The only significant factor indicating increased risk of residual cancer was the lack of information on resection margins in the pathology report. Surgeons should therefore be alert when adenomas with adenocarcinomas are not confirmed as microscopically free in the pathology report.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Steigen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - V. Isaksen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - B. Vonen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of malignant colorectal polyps is controversial. The options are resection or surveillance. Resection margin status is accepted as an independent predictor of adverse outcome. However, the rate of adverse outcome in polyps with a resection margin of <1mm has not been investigated. METHODS A retrospective search of the pathology database was undertaken. All polyp cancers were included. A single histopathologist reviewed all of the included polyp cancers. Polyps were divided into three groups: clear resection margin, involved resection margin and unknown resection margin. Polyps were also analysed for tumour grade, morphology, Haggitt/Kikuchi level and lymphovascular invasion. Adverse outcome was defined as residual tumour at the polypectomy site and/or lymph node metastases in the surgical group and local or distant recurrence in the surveillance group. RESULTS Sixty-five polyps (34 male patients, mean age: 73 years, range: 50–94 years) were included. Forty-six had clear polyp resection margins; none had any adverse outcomes. Sixteen patients had involved polyp resection margins and twelve of these underwent surgery: seven had residual tumour and two of these patients had lymph node metastases. Four underwent surveillance, of whom two developed local recurrence. Three patients had resection margins on which the histopathologist was unable to comment. All patients with a clear resection margin had no adverse outcome regardless of other predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS Polyp cancers with clear resection margins, even those with <1mm clearance, can be treated safely with surveillance in our experience. Polyp cancers with unknown or involved resection margins should be treated surgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naqvi
- Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ, UK.
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Risk factors for residual cancer and lymph node metastasis after noncurative endoscopic resection of early colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56:35-42. [PMID: 23222278 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0b013e31826942ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic resection could be a curative treatment for early colorectal cancer without the possibility of lymph node metastasis. However, if the resection margin is positive, and there is a risk of lymph node metastasis, additional surgery should be performed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients who underwent additional surgery to determine risk factors associated with residual tumor and lymph node metastasis. DESIGN This study is a retrospective analysis. SETTINGS This study was conducted at a tertiary academic hospital. PATIENTS We evaluated 85 patients who underwent additional surgery with curative intent after endoscopic resection for early colorectal cancer at the Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, between January 2001 and April 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We identified risk factors associated with residual tumor or lymph node metastasis in surgical specimens after noncurative endoscopic resection for early colorectal cancer. RESULTS Among 85 patients who underwent additional surgery after noncurative endoscopic resection, 76 (89.4%) had submucosal invasion greater than 1000 μm. Twenty-one (24.7%) and 25 patients (29.4%) had a positive lateral or vertical resection margin, and 11 patients (12.9%) had inadequate lifting sign. After additional surgery, patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of residual tumor and/or lymph node metastasis. There was no significant difference between the groups in positive lateral margin, but there was a significant difference in positive vertical margin (p = 0.015 with an OR of 15.02). In patients with inadequate lifting sign, the OR was 13.68 (p = 0.013). LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSION There is a greater need for additional surgery in cases with positive vertical resection margin or inadequate lifting sign, because the risk of residual tumor and lymph node metastasis is higher than in other cases.
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Wada H, Shiozawa M, Sugano N, Morinaga S, Rino Y, Masuda M, Akaike M, Miyagi Y. Lymphatic invasion identified with D2-40 immunostaining as a risk factor of nodal metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 18:1025-31. [PMID: 23114785 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-012-0490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of T1 colorectal cancer after local resection is controversial. Regional lymph node metastasis often occurs, requiring subsequent colonic resection. The aim of this study was to reevaluate the risk factors of nodal metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer, especially to examine lymphatic vessel invasion in serially prepared hematoxylin and eosin sections and D2-40 immunostained sections to determine which is a better indicator of lymph node metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer. METHODS The study investigated 120 patients who underwent bowel resection and were histologically diagnosed to have T1 colorectal cancer in Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital from 1995 to 2005. Serially prepared paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or immunostained with D2-40 antibody or von Willebrand factor, and reevaluated for lymphatic vessel invasion and other risk factors, including venous invasion, histological grade, depth of submucosal invasion, and budding. RESULTS Lymphatic invasion diagnosed with either hematoxylin and eosin staining (p = 0.022), or D2-40 immunostaining (p = 0.001), and budding (p = 0.013) were significant risk factors for lymph node metastasis in the univariate analysis. Venous involvement, histological grade, or depth of submucosal invasion was not significant. The multivariate logistic regression analysis for the three risk factors found lymphatic invasion diagnosed with D2-40 as an independent risk factor (odds ratio 6.048, p = 0.018, CI 1.360-26.89). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 58 %, 88 %, 35 %, and 95 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic vessel invasion diagnosed with D2-40 was a better indicator to evaluate the risk for lymph node metastasis by T1 colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Wada
- Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital Digestive Surgery, 1-1-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan,
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Lee SH, Shin SJ, Park DI, Kim SE, Hong SP, Hong SN, Yang DH, Lee BI, Kim YH, Kim HS, Yang SK, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim HJ. [Korean guidelines for colonoscopic polypectomy]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 59:85-98. [PMID: 22387834 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2012.59.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There are indirect evidences to suggest that 80% of colorectal cancers (CRC) develop from adenomatous polyps and that, on average, it takes 10 years for a small polyp to transform into invasive CRC. In multiple cohort studies, colonoscopic polypectomy has been shown to significantly reduce the expected incidence of CRC by 76% to 90%. Colonoscopic polypectomy is performed frequently in primary, secondary and tertiary and medical centers in Korea. However, there are no evidence-based, procedural guidelines for the appropriate performance of this procedure, including the technical aspects. For the guideline presented here, Pubmed, Medline, and Cochrane Library literature searches were performed. When little or no data from well-designed prospective trials were available, an emphasis was placed on the results from large series and reports from recognized experts. Thus, these guidelines for colonoscopic polypectomy are based on a critical review of the available data as well as expert consensus. Further controlled clinical studies are needed to clarify aspects of this statement, and revision may be necessary as new data become available. This guideline is intended to be an educational device to provide information that may assist endoscopists in providing care to patients. This guideline is not a rule and should not be construed as a legal standard of care or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment. Clinical decisions for any particular case involve a complex analysis of the patient's condition and the available courses of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suck-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Kim HH, Kim JH, Park SJ, Park MI, Moon W. Risk factors for incomplete resection and complications in endoscopic mucosal resection for lateral spreading tumors. Dig Endosc 2012; 24:259-66. [PMID: 22725112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lateral spreading tumors (LST) are relatively large flat lesions with diameters exceeding 10 mm in length. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a commonly used technique for removing LST. We aimed to evaluate the risk factors for incomplete resection and complications of EMR for LST. METHOD Between January 2004 and December 2010, 497 patients who underwent EMR for LST were retrospectively reviewed. Risk factors for endoscopic and histopathological complete resection, complications, and clinical outcomes were investigated. RESULTS Risks for incomplete resection by piecemeal resection and en bloc resection of a lesion ≥ 30 mm were higher than for en bloc resection of a lesion <30 mm (OR=2.688, CI 1.036-6.993; OR=4.982, CI 1.894-13.101). Risks of post-EMR bleeding for piecemeal resection and en bloc resection for a lesion ≥ 40 mm were higher than for en bloc resection of a lesion <40 mm (OR=15.231, CI 1.816-127.744; OR=43.043, CI 4.306-430.314). CONCLUSION We found risk factors of EMR for LST and tentatively suggest a protocol for EMR adapted to the size of LST and resection methods. (i) Following piecemeal resection and en bloc resection for LST ≥ 40 mm, hospitalize patients for 36 h and note risk for incomplete resection and delayed bleeding. (ii) After en bloc resection for 40 mm>LST ≥ 30 mm, hospitalize patients for 12 h and note risk for incomplete resection. (iii) Following en bloc resection for LST<30 mm, hospitalize the patient for 12 h and expect complete resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Lee SH, Shin SJ, Park DI, Kim SE, Jeon HJ, Kim SH, Hong SP, Hong SN, Yang DH, Lee BI, Kim YH, Kim HS, Kim HJ, Yang SK, Kim HJ. Korean guideline for colonoscopic polypectomy. Clin Endosc 2012; 45:11-24. [PMID: 22741130 PMCID: PMC3363129 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is indirect evidence to suggest that 80% of colorectal cancers (CRC) develop from adenomatous polyps and that, on average, it takes 10 years for a small polyp to transform into invasive CRC. In multiple cohort studies, colonoscopic polypectomy has been shown to significantly reduce the expected incidence of CRC by 76% to 90%. Colonoscopic polypectomy is performed frequently in primary outpatient clinics and secondary and tertiary medical centers in Korea. However, there are no evidence-based, procedural guidelines for the appropriate performance of this procedure, including the technical aspects. For the guideline presented here, PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library literature searches were performed. When little or no data from well-designed prospective trials were available, an emphasis was placed on the results from large series and reports from recognized experts. Thus, these guidelines for colonoscopic polypectomy are based on a critical review of the available data as well as expert consensus. Further controlled clinical studies are needed to clarify aspects of this statement, and revision may be necessary as new data become available. This guideline is intended to be an educational device to provide information that may assist endoscopists in providing care to patients. This guideline is not a rule and should not be construed as a legal standard of care or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment. Clinical decisions for any particular case involve a complex analysis of the patient's condition and the available courses of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suck-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Chang HC, Huang SC, Chen JS, Tang R, Changchien CR, Chiang JM, Yeh CY, Hsieh PS, Tsai WS, Hung HY, You JF. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in pT1 and pT2 rectal cancer: a single-institute experience in 943 patients and literature review. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2477-84. [PMID: 22396007 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local excision has become an alternative for radical resection in rectal cancer for selected patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinicopathologic factors determining lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with T1-2 rectal cancer. METHODS Between January 1995 and December 2009, a total of 943 patients with pT1 or pT2 rectal adenocarcinoma received radical resection at a single institution. Clinicopathologic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for LNM. RESULTS A total of 943 patients (544 men and 399 women) treated for T1-2 rectal cancer were included in this study. LNM was found in 188 patients (19.9%). In multivariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion (LVI; P < 0.001, hazard ratio 11.472), poor differentiation (PD; P = 0.007, hazard ratio 3.218), and depth of invasion (presence of pT2; P = 0.032, hazard ratio 1.694) were significantly related to nodal involvement. The incidence for LNM lesions in the presence of LVI, PD, and pT2 was 68.8, 50.0, and 23.1%, respectively, while that for pT1 carcinomas with no LVI or PD was 7.5%. CONCLUSIONS LVI, PD, and pT2 are independent risk factors predicting LNM in pT1-2 rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma invading the submucosa but not the muscular layer (pT1, early invasive cancer) represents the earliest form of clinically relevant colorectal cancer in most patients. Neoplastic invasion of the submucosa, in fact, opens the way to metastasis via the lymphatic and blood vessels, and the choice between surveillance and major surgery will turn on its metastatic potential. The following histological features predict the risk of metastasis and the different clinical outcomes: grade of differentiation of carcinoma, lymphovascular invasion, state of the resection margin. Microstaging of invasive cancer, namely the width and the depth of submucosal invasion, together with tumor budding at the advancing edge allow the metastatic risk to be further stratified in minimal, low, and high. Different, although morphologically undistinguishable, tumorigenic pathways are supposed to lead to the malignant transformation of colonic mucosa and subsequently to drive the progression from early to advanced cancer: new biomarkers are needed to identify progressive and non-progressive pT1 neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Risio
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment Candiolo-Torino, Italy
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The impact of lymph node examination on survival of stage II colorectal cancer patients: Are 12 nodes adequate? FORMOSAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjs.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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McDonald SA, Chernock RD, Leach TA, Kahn AA, Yip JH, Rossi J, Pfeifer JD. Procurement of Human Tissues for Research Banking in the Surgical Pathology Laboratory: Prioritization Practices at Washington University Medical Center. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:245-251. [PMID: 23386925 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2011.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic hospitals and medical schools with research tissue repositories often derive many of their internal human specimen acquisitions from their site's surgical pathology service. Typically, such acquisitions come from appropriately consented tissue discards sampled from surgical resections. Because the practice of surgical pathology has patient care as its primary mission, competing needs for tissue inevitably arise, with the requirement to preserve adequate tissue for clinical diagnosis being paramount. A set of best-practice gross pathology guidelines are summarized here, focused on the decision for tissue banking at the time specimens are macroscopically evaluated. These reflect our collective experience at Washington University School of Medicine, and are written from the point of view of our site biorepository. The involvement of trained pathology personnel in such procurements is very important. These guidelines reflect both good surgical pathology practice (including the pathologic features characteristic of various anatomic sites) and the typical objectives of research biorepositories. The guidelines should be helpful to tissue bank directors, and others charged with the procurement of tissues for general research purposes. We believe that appreciation of these principles will facilitate the partnership between surgical pathologists and biorepository directors, and promote both good patient care and strategic, value-added banking procurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A McDonald
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
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Jang EJ, Kim DD, Cho CH. Value and interpretation of resection margin after a colonoscopic polypectomy for malignant polyps. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2011; 27:194-201. [PMID: 21980590 PMCID: PMC3180600 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2011.27.4.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study was designed to compare the clinicopathologic findings of an endoscopic polypectomy for malignant polyps with subsequent surgery and to evaluate the appropriateness of the pathologic finding criterion of the resection margin as an indicator for surgery in cases of malignant colorectal polyps. Methods We examined the clinicopathologic characteristics, complications and prognoses among the patients who underwent a colonoscopic polypectomy in both our hospitals and at other hospitals from April 2003 and April 2010. These patients were divided into two groups, the group (non-operation group) that only underwent a polypectomy (n = 37) and the group (operation group) that underwent a polypectomy with subsequent surgery (n = 33). Results There were no differences between two groups in the ratios of the number of men to the number of women, the ages or the comorbidities. In terms of endoscopic findings, we found no differences between the two groups in the locations of the polyps, the sizes of the polyps, or the presence of stalks. However, ulceration of polyps was higher in the non-operation group (51.5% vs. 21.6%; P = 0.009), as was the case with submucosal invasion (75.8% vs. 16.2%; P < 0.005). When an endoscopic polypectomy was performed, incomplete resection margins and specimens with margins involved occurred more frequently in the operation group (93.9% vs. 51.4%; P < 0.005), but no residual tumor was detected in 31 of 33 (93.9%) patients in that group. One pathologist reviewed the specimens of 54 patients (operation group, 19; non-operation group, 36). Six of the 19 polyps (31.6%) in the operation group and fifteen of the 36 polyps (41.7%) in the non-operation group had a margin without cancer cells. Conclusion We may accept the criterion of a safe margin, including a coagulation zone. A multidisciplinary approach has to be developed by surgeons, endoscopists and pathologists based on a discussion of the risk factors for the patient before making a decision on the treatment treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Jang
- Colorectal Clinic, Department of Surgery, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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50
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Matsuda T, Fukuzawa M, Uraoka T, Nishi M, Yamaguchi Y, Kobayashi N, Ikematsu H, Saito Y, Nakajima T, Fujii T, Murakami Y, Shimoda T, Kushima R, Fujimori T. Risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancer: a retrospective multicenter study. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1693-7. [PMID: 21627735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depth of invasion in early invasive colorectal cancer is considered an important predictive factor for lymph node metastasis. However, no large-scale reports have established the relationship between invasion depth of pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancers and risk of lymph node metastasis. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to clarify the risk of lymph node metastasis in pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancers in a large series. Patients with pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancer who underwent endoscopic or surgical resection at seven referral hospitals in Japan were enrolled. Haggitt's line was used as baseline and the invasion depth was classified into two groups, head invasion and stalk invasion. The incidence of lymph node metastasis was investigated between patients with head and stalk invasion. We analyzed 384 pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancers in 384 patients. There were 154, 156, and 74 endoscopic resection cases, endoscopic resection followed by surgical operation, and surgical resection cases, respectively. There were 240 head invasion and 144 stalk invasion lesions. Among the lesions treated surgically, the overall incidence of lymph node metastasis was 3.5% (8/230). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 0.0% (0/101) in patients with head invasion, as compared with 6.2% (8/129) in patients with stalk invasion. Pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancers pathologically diagnosed as head invasion can be managed by endoscopic treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Matsuda
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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