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Ren X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Li B, Bai D, Bou G, Zhang X, Du M, Wang X, Bou T, Shen Y, Dugarjaviin M. Analysis of the Whole-Genome Sequences from an Equus Parent-Offspring Trio Provides Insight into the Genomic Incompatibilities in the Hybrid Mule. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122188. [PMID: 36553455 PMCID: PMC9778318 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization often shows negative effects on hybrids. However, only a few multicellular species, limited to a handful of plants and animals, have shown partial genetic mechanisms by which hybridization leads to low fitness in hybrids. Here, to explore the outcome of combining the two genomes of a horse and donkey, we analyzed the whole-genome sequences from an Equus parent-offspring trio using Illumina platforms. We generated 41.39× and 46.21× coverage sequences for the horse and mule, respectively. For the donkey, a 40.38× coverage sequence was generated and stored in our laboratory. Approximately 24.86 million alleles were discovered that varied from the reference genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as polymorphic markers for assigning alleles to their parental genomic inheritance. We identified 25,703 Mendelian inheritance error single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mule genome that were not inherited from the parents through Mendelian inheritance. A total of 555 de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified. The rate of de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms was 2.21 × 10-7 in the mule from the Equus parent-offspring trio. This rate is obviously higher than the natural mutation rate for Equus, which is also consistent with the previous hypothesis that interracial crosses may have a high mutation rate. The genes associated with these single nucleotide polymorphisms are mainly involved in immune processes, DNA repair, and cancer processes. The results of the analysis of three genomes from an Equus parent-offspring trio improved our knowledge of the consequences of the integration of parental genomes in mules.
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Xu C, Qin J, Yu J, Sun Y, Hu D, Wu G, Li Y. Association of plaque enhancement on vessel wall MRI and the phosphodiesterase 4D variant with stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Neuroradiology 2022; 64:1781-1794. [PMID: 35420310 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-02948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vessel wall MRI (VW-MRI) can be used to evaluate the nature of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) plaque in vivo. Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) participates in stroke development. This study aims to explore the value of VW-MRI findings and the PDE4D gene variant in predicting stroke recurrence in patients with ICAS. METHODS We prospectively recruited 324 symptomatic ICAS patients. VW-MRI was performed to determine luminal and wall changes. PDE4D gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-namely, SNP32, SNP83, and SNP87-were determined by direct sequencing. The risk factors of stroke recurrence were analyzed using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Of the 324 subjects, 97 (29.9%) experienced recurrent ischemic stroke during the follow-up period. A total of 254 patients (78.4%) showed plaque enhancement; 87 of these patients experienced stroke recurrence. The CT/CC genotype frequencies of PDE4D83 were significantly higher in participants with recurrent stroke than in patients without stroke recurrence (p = 0.019 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, the PDE4D32 and PDE4D87 variants were not correlated with recurrent stroke. Multivariate analysis showed that plaque enhancement from VW-MRI (HR 4.52, 95% CI 2.35-8.73, p < 0.001) and the PDE4D83 variant (HR 7.43, 95% CI 1.75-31.87, p = 0.005) were independently correlated with stroke recurrence. Kaplan-Meier curves showed significant differences in stroke recurrence rates between the plaque-enhanced group and the non-enhanced group (p < 0.001) and between the PDE4D83 variant carriers and noncarriers (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Plaque enhancement on VW-MRI and the presence of the PDE4D83 variant are associated with ischemic stroke recurrence in subjects with symptomatic ICAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Dongmin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Radiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan East Road, Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Chhonker SK, Rawat D, Koiri RK. Repurposing PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil and sildenafil as anticancer agent against hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting key events of glucose metabolism and multidrug resistance. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23100. [PMID: 35608386 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide and is caused due to contamination of diets with aflatoxin B1 and chronic viral hepatitis. Recent reports suggest that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i) exhibits anticancer properties against several forms of cancer but till now has not been evaluated against HCC. We aimed to evaluate the anticancer property of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) tadalafil and sildenafil against aflatoxin B1 HCC. Rats of HCC group were fed with 5% alcohol via drinking water for 3 weeks, followed by administration of AFB1 (1 mg/kg/bw, i.p.) at an interval of two subsequent days. PDE5i (tadalafil and sildenafil, 10 mg/kg bw) was administered along with drinking water after 6 weeks of treatment with AFB1 for 2 weeks. In the present investigation, in HCC elevation in the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and urea vis-à-vis activity of key glycolytic enzyme LDH and mRNA expression of c-myc, Akt, LDH-A, and PFKFB3 was noted. Similarly, the level of multidrug resistance protein (MDR) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) was elevated along with increased expression of angiogenesis marker (HIF-1α, VEGF, and TGF-β1) in HCC. Post-treatment with PDE5 inhibitor (tadalafil and sildenafil) downregulated and brought back the above parameters towards normal and out of two PDE5i (tadalafil and sildenafil), sildenafil effect was more potent as compared to tadalafil. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil and sildenafil are able to prohibit the development and progression of aflatoxin B1 induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Chhonker
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Rawat
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Koiri
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Maryam A, Khalid RR, Siddiqi AR, Ece A. E-pharmacophore based virtual screening for identification of dual specific PDE5A and PDE3A inhibitors as potential leads against cardiovascular diseases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2302-2317. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1748718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Abdulilah Ece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Manoury B, Idres S, Leblais V, Fischmeister R. Ion channels as effectors of cyclic nucleotide pathways: Functional relevance for arterial tone regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107499. [PMID: 32068004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mediators and drugs regulate blood flow or arterial pressure by acting on vascular tone, involving cyclic nucleotide intracellular pathways. These signals lead to regulation of several cellular effectors, including ion channels that tune cell membrane potential, Ca2+ influx and vascular tone. The characterization of these vasocontrictive or vasodilating mechanisms has grown in complexity due to i) the variety of ion channels that are expressed in both vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, ii) the heterogeneity of responses among the various vascular beds, and iii) the number of molecular mechanisms involved in cyclic nucleotide signalling in health and disease. This review synthesizes key data from literature that highlight ion channels as physiologically relevant effectors of cyclic nucleotide pathways in the vasculature, including the characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved. In smooth muscle cells, cation influx or chloride efflux through ion channels are associated with vasoconstriction, whereas K+ efflux repolarizes the cell membrane potential and mediates vasodilatation. Both categories of ion currents are under the influence of cAMP and cGMP pathways. Evidence that some ion channels are influenced by CN signalling in endothelial cells will also be presented. Emphasis will also be put on recent data touching a variety of determinants such as phosphodiesterases, EPAC and kinase anchoring, that complicate or even challenge former paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Manoury
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Sarah Idres
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leblais
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Maresin 1 attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction through the ALX/cAMP/ROS pathway in the cecal ligation and puncture mouse model and sepsis patients. J Transl Med 2018; 98:715-733. [PMID: 29467458 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation always accompanies infection during sepsis. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mitochondria have been proposed in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Maresins have protective and resolving effects in experimental models of infection. In the present study, we investigated the effects of maresin 1 (MaR1) on mitochondrial function in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis and sepsis patients to identify mechanisms underlying maresin 1-mediated stimulation of ROS in mitochondria. We found that treatment with MaR1 significantly inhibited production of cytokines, decreased bacterial load in the peritoneal lavage fluid, reduced the number of neutrophils, decreased lactic acid level and upregulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration, with the outcome of decreased lung injury in CLP-induced sepsis in mice. The effects of MaR1 on downregulation nitric oxide (NOX) activity, improvement CAT and SOD activity to inhibit ROS production in mitochondria was dependent on lipoxin receptor (ALX) and cAMP. Survival rates were significantly increased after the treatment of mice with MaR1. In BMDM stimulated with LPS, MaR1 inhibited the ROS production, downregulated enzyme activity, reduced mtO2 production, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, improved adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. Finally, the effects of MaR1 on ROS production in the blood of healthy volunteers stimulated with LPS or sepsis patients were associated with ALX and cAMP. Taken together, these data suggest that treatment with MaR1 could attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction during sepsis through regulating ROS production.
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Wang D, Uhrin P, Mocan A, Waltenberger B, Breuss JM, Tewari D, Mihaly-Bison J, Huminiecki Ł, Starzyński RR, Tzvetkov NT, Horbańczuk J, Atanasov AG. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation as a therapeutic target. Part 1: molecular targets and pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1586-1607. [PMID: 29684502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of human death worldwide. Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to the etiology of such diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The control of vascular cell proliferation is complex and encompasses interactions of many regulatory molecules and signaling pathways. Herein, we recapitulated the importance of signaling cascades relevant for the regulation of vascular cell proliferation. Detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying this process is essential for the identification of new lead compounds (e.g., natural products) for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Łukasz Huminiecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jarosław Horbańczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Xu Y, Chen XP, Zhang F, Hou HH, Zhang JY, Lin SX, Sun AS. Rutaecarpine Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia in A Balloon-Injured Rat Artery Model. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 24:429-435. [PMID: 28861806 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of rutaecarpine (Rut) in a rat artery balloon-injury model. METHODS The intimal hyperplasia model was established by rubbing the endothelia with a balloon catheter in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups, ie. sham, model, Rut (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) with 10 rats of each group. The rats were treated with or without Rut (25, 50, 75 mg/kg) by intragastric administration for 14 consecutive days following injury. The morphological changes of the intima were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and smooth muscle (SM) α-actin in the ateries were assayed by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expressions of c-myc, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of MKP-1 and phosphorylated ERK2 (p-ERK2) were examined by Western blotting. The plasma contents of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) were also determined. RESULTS Compared with the model group, Rut treatment significantly decreased intimal thickening and ameliorated endothelial injury (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The positive expression rate of PCNA was decreased, while the expression rate of SM α-actin obviously increased in the vascular wall after Rut (50 and 75 mg/kg) administration (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of c-myc, ERK2 and PCNA were downregulated while the expressions of eNOS and MKP-1 were upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The protein expressions of MKP-1 and the phosphorylation of ERK2 were upregulated and downregulated after Rut (50 and 75 mg/kg) administration (P<0.05 or P<0.01), respectively. In addition, Rut dramatically reversed balloon injury-induced decrease of NO and cGMP in the plasma (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Rut could inhibit the balloon injury-induced carotid intimal hyperplasia in rats, possibly mediated by promotion of NO production and inhibiting ERK2 signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Hua-Hua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Shu-Xian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - An-Sheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China.
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Yamamura A, Fujitomi E, Ohara N, Tsukamoto K, Sato M, Yamamura H. Tadalafil induces antiproliferation, apoptosis, and phosphodiesterase type 5 downregulation in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:44-50. [PMID: 28603047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a fatal disease of the pulmonary artery resulting from a currently unidentified etiology. IPAH is pathologically characterized as sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary artery. Vascular remodeling is mediated by enhanced proliferation and reduced apoptosis in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Based on its pathological mechanism, specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been used in the treatment of IPAH. In addition to sildenafil, tadalafil has been approved for the treatment of IPAH. However, the effects of tadalafil on excessive proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs currently remain unknown. In the present study, the in vitro pharmacological profiles of tadalafil for cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in IPAH-PASMCs using MTT, BrdU incorporation, and caspase 3/7 assays. Expression analyses revealed that PDE5 mRNA and protein expression levels were markedly higher in IPAH-PASMCs than in normal-PASMCs. The treatment with tadalafil inhibited the excessive proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 4.5μM. On the other hand, tadalafil (0.03-100μM) did not affect cell growth of PASMCs from normal subjects and patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In addition, tadalafil induced apoptosis in IPAH-PASMCs. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tadalafil were markedly stronger than those of sildenafil and vardenafil. The upregulated expression of PDE5 in IPAH-PASMCs was significantly attenuated by a long-term treatment with tadalafil. Taken together, these results indicate that tadalafil attenuates vascular remodeling by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and downregulating PDE5 in IPAH-PASMCs, thereby ameliorating IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori Moriyamaku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Eri Fujitomi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori Moriyamaku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohara
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori Moriyamaku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Kikuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori Moriyamaku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sato
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori Mizuhoku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Influence of cell confluence on the cAMP signalling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2017; 35:118-128. [PMID: 28389413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of cell confluence on the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR)/cAMP/phosphodiesterase (PDE) pathway was investigated in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Cells were plated either at low density (LD: 3·103cells/cm2) or high density (HD: 3·104cells/cm2) corresponding to non-confluent or confluent cells, respectively, on the day of experiment. β-AR-stimulated cAMP was monitored in real-time using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP sensor, Epac2-camps. A brief application (15s) of the β-AR agonist isoprenaline (Iso) induced a typical transient FRET signal, reflecting cAMP production followed by its rapid degradation. The amplitude of this response, which increased with the concentration of Iso (10 or 100nM), was higher in HD than in LD cells, whatever the Iso concentration used. However, activation of adenylyl cyclase by L-858051 (100μM) induced a similar saturating response in both LD and HD cells. A β1-AR antagonist (CGP 20712A, 100nM) reduced the Iso (100nM) response in HD but not LD cells, whereas a β2-AR antagonist (ICI 118,551, 5nM) reduced this response in HD cells and almost abolished it in LD cells. Competitive [125I]-ICYP binding experiments with betaxolol, a β-AR ligand, identified two binding sites in HD cells, corresponding to β1- and β2-ARs with a proportion of 11% and 89%, respectively, but only one binding site in LD cells, corresponding to β2-ARs. Total cAMP-PDE activity (assessed by a radioenzymatic assay) was increased in HD cells compared to LD cells. This increase was associated with a rise in mRNA expression of five cAMP-PDEs subtypes (PDE1A, 3A, 4A, 4B and 7B) in HD cells, and a decrease in basal [cAMP]i (assessed by an EIA assay). PDE4 inhibition with Ro-20-1724 (10μM) strongly prolonged the Iso response in LD and HD cells, whereas PDE3 inhibition with cilostamide (1μM) slightly prolonged Iso response only in LD cells. Interestingly, inhibition of PDE4 unmasked an effect of PDE3 in HD cells. Our results show that in cultured RASMCs, the β-AR/cAMP/PDE signalling pathway is substantially modulated by the cell density. In HD cells, Iso response involves both β1- and β2-AR stimulation and is mainly controlled by PDE4, PDE3 being recruited only after PDE4 inhibition. In LD cells, Iso response involves only β2-AR stimulation and is controlled by PDE4 and to a lower degree by PDE3. This low density state is associated with an absence of membrane expression of the β1-AR, a lower cAMP-PDE activity and a higher basal [cAMP]i. This study highlights the critical role of the cellular environment in controlling the vascular β-AR signalling.
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Drogalis-Kim D, Jefferies J, Wilmot I, Alejos J. Right sided heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: New insights into disease mechanisms and treatment modalities. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Calcilytics enhance sildenafil-induced antiproliferation in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Das S, Roy S, Munshi A. Association between PDE4D gene and ischemic stroke: recent advancements. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:577-83. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1051621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cai Y, Nagel DJ, Zhou Q, Cygnar KD, Zhao H, Li F, Pi X, Knight PA, Yan C. Role of cAMP-phosphodiesterase 1C signaling in regulating growth factor receptor stability, vascular smooth muscle cell growth, migration, and neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2015; 116:1120-32. [PMID: 25608528 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neointimal hyperplasia characterized by abnormal accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a hallmark of occlusive disorders such as atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, vein graft stenosis, and allograft vasculopathy. Cyclic nucleotides are vital in SMC proliferation and migration, which are regulated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). OBJECTIVE Our goal is to understand the regulation and function of PDEs in SMC pathogenesis of vascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed screening for genes differentially expressed in normal contractile versus proliferating synthetic SMCs. We observed that PDE1C expression was low in contractile SMCs but drastically elevated in synthetic SMCs in vitro and in various mouse vascular injury models in vivo. In addition, PDE1C was highly induced in neointimal SMCs of human coronary arteries. More importantly, injury-induced neointimal formation was significantly attenuated by PDE1C deficiency or PDE1 inhibition in vivo. PDE1 inhibition suppressed vascular remodeling of human saphenous vein explants ex vivo. In cultured SMCs, PDE1C deficiency or PDE1 inhibition attenuated SMC proliferation and migration. Mechanistic studies revealed that PDE1C plays a critical role in regulating the stability of growth factor receptors, such as PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) known to be important in pathological vascular remodeling. PDE1C interacts with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 and PDGFRβ, thus regulating PDGFRβ endocytosis and lysosome-dependent degradation in an low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1-dependent manner. A transmembrane adenylyl cyclase cAMP-dependent protein kinase cascade modulated by PDE1C is critical in regulating PDGFRβ degradation. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that PDE1C is an important regulator of SMC proliferation, migration, and neointimal hyperplasia, in part through modulating endosome/lysosome-dependent PDGFRβ protein degradation via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Cai
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - David J Nagel
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Qian Zhou
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Katherine D Cygnar
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Faqian Li
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Xinchun Pi
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Peter A Knight
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Chen Yan
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.).
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15
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Zhai K, Hubert F, Nicolas V, Ji G, Fischmeister R, Leblais V. β-Adrenergic cAMP signals are predominantly regulated by phosphodiesterase type 4 in cultured adult rat aortic smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47826. [PMID: 23094097 PMCID: PMC3475707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the spatiotemporal control of intracellular cAMP concentrations in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The rank order of PDE families contributing to global cAMP-PDE activity was PDE4> PDE3 = PDE1. PDE7 mRNA expression but not activity was confirmed. The Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based cAMP sensor, Epac1-camps, was used to monitor the time course of cytosolic cAMP changes. A pulse application of the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonist isoproterenol (Iso) induced a transient FRET signal. Both β(1)- and β(2)-AR antagonists decreased the signal amplitude without affecting its kinetics. The non-selective PDE inhibitor (IBMX) dramatically increased the amplitude and delayed the recovery phase of Iso response, in agreement with a role of PDEs in degrading cAMP produced by Iso. Whereas PDE1, PDE3 and PDE7 blockades [with MIMX, cilostamide (Cil) and BRL 50481 (BRL), respectively] had no or minor effect on Iso response, PDE4 inhibition [with Ro-20-1724 (Ro)] strongly increased its amplitude and delayed its recovery. When Ro was applied concomitantly with MIMX or Cil (but not with BRL), the Iso response was drastically further prolonged. PDE4 inhibition similarly prolonged both β(1)- and β(2)-AR-mediated responses. When a membrane-targeted FRET sensor was used, PDE3 and PDE4 acted in a synergistic manner to hydrolyze the submembrane cAMP produced either at baseline or after β-AR stimulation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our study underlines the importance of cAMP-PDEs in the dynamic control of intracellular cAMP signals in RASMCs, and demonstrates the prominent role of PDE4 in limiting β-AR responses. PDE4 inhibition unmasks an effect of PDE1 and PDE3 on cytosolic cAMP hydrolyzis, and acts synergistically with PDE3 inhibition at the submembrane compartment. This suggests that mixed PDE4/PDE1 or PDE4/PDE3 inhibitors would be attractive to potentiate cAMP-related functions in vascular cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7/metabolism
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhai
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabien Hubert
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- IPSIT IFR141, Plate-forme Imagerie Cellulaire, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leblais
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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16
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Chen CN, Watson G, Zhao L. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:211-8. [PMID: 22982057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, it emerged that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a novel drug target for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). cGMP regulates many cellular functions, ranging from contractility to growth, of relevance to the disease. Generated from guanylyl cyclases in response to natriuretic peptides or nitric oxide (NO), cGMP transduces its effects through a number of cGMP effectors, including cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases and protein kinases. Furthermore, the cGMP concentration is modulated by cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterases. Data to date demonstrate that increasing intracellular cGMP through stimulation of GCs, inhibition of PDEs, or both is a valid therapeutic strategy in drug development for PAH. New advances in understanding of cGMP are unravelled, as well as the pathobiology of PAH. cGMP remains an attractive future PAH drug target. This review makes a more detailed examination of cGMP signalling with particular reference to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-nien Chen
- Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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17
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Insel PA, Zhang L, Murray F, Yokouchi H, Zambon AC. Cyclic AMP is both a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic second messenger. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:277-87. [PMID: 21385327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) can either stimulate or inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). Here, we review examples of cell types that show pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic responses to increases in cAMP. We also show that cells can have both such responses, although predominantly having one or the other. Protein kinase A (PKA)-promoted changes in phosphorylation and gene expression can mediate pro-apoptotic responses, such as in murine S49 lymphoma cells, based on evidence that mutants lacking PKA fail to undergo cAMP-promoted, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Mechanisms for the anti-apoptotic response to cAMP likely involve Epac (Exchange protein activated by cAMP), a cAMP-regulated effector that is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the low molecular weight G-protein, Rap1. Therapeutic approaches that activate PKA-mediated pro-apoptosis or block Epac-mediated anti-apoptotisis may provide a means to enhance cell killing, such as in certain cancers. In contrast, efforts to block PKA or stimulate Epac have the potential to be useful in diseases settings (such as heart failure) associated with cAMP-promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0636, USA.
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18
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Role of PDE3A in regulation of cell cycle progression in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells and oocytes: implications in cardiovascular diseases and infertility. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:725-9. [PMID: 22051884 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) is a major cAMP-hydrolyzing PDE in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and oocytes. The exact role and contribution of the two PDE3 isoforms, PDE3A and PDE3B, in VSMC growth regulation and oocyte maturation was examined using PDE3A (3A) and PDE3B (3B) knockout (KO) mouse models. PDE3A-deficient VSMCs exhibit marked reduction in mitogen-induced cell growth due to cell cycle arrest at G₀-G₁ phase, which resulted from dysregulation of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-activated and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling pathways, as well as from alterations in key cell cycle regulatory proteins. Similarly, PDE3A-deficient oocytes exhibit cell cycle arrest at G₂/M phase because increased cAMP/PKA signaling in KO oocytes most likely inhibits Cdc25B-catalyzed dephosphorylation/activation of Cdc2 (maturation promoting factor (MPF)), a key regulator of G₂/M transition.
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19
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Liu L, Xu X, Li J, Li X, Sheng W. Lentiviral-Mediated shRNA Silencing of PDE4D Gene Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:534257. [PMID: 21776361 PMCID: PMC3137982 DOI: 10.4061/2011/534257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) is a member of the large superfamily of phosphodiesterases. PDE4D polymorphisms have been found to associate with ischemic stroke. Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, infection of VSMCs with lentivrius particles carrying shRNA direct against PDE4D significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, and the inhibitory effects were not associated with global intracellular cAMP level. Our results implicate that PDE4D has an important role in VSMC proliferation and migration which may explain its genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
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20
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Begum N, Hockman S, Manganiello VC. Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) deletion suppresses proliferation of cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and alterations in critical cell cycle regulatory proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26238-49. [PMID: 21632535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) is an important regulator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling within the cardiovascular system. In this study, we examined the role of PDE3A and PDE3B isoforms in regulation of growth of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the mechanisms by which they may affect signaling pathways that mediate mitogen-induced VSMC proliferation. Serum- and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in VSMCs grown from aortas of PDE3A-deficient (3A-KO) mice was markedly less than that in VSMCs from PDE3A wild type (3A-WT) and PDE3B-deficient (3B-KO) mice. The reduced growth response was accompanied by significantly less phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in 3A-KO VSMCs, most likely due to a combination of greater site-specific inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf-1(Ser-²⁵⁹) by protein kinase A (PKA) and enhanced dephosphorylation of ERKs due to elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). Furthermore, 3A-KO VSMCs, compared with 3A-WT, exhibited higher basal PKA activity and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, higher levels of p53 and p53 phosphorylation, and elevated p21 protein together with lower levels of Cyclin-D1 and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and Rb phosphorylation. Adenoviral overexpression of inactive CREB partially restored growth effects of serum in 3A-KO VSMCs. In contrast, exposure of 3A-WT VSMCs to VP16 CREB (active CREB) was associated with inhibition of serum-induced DNA synthesis similar to that in untreated 3A-KO VSMCs. Transfection of 3A-KO VSMCs with p53 siRNA reduced p21 and MKP-1 levels and completely restored growth without affecting amounts of Cyclin-D1 and Rb phosphorylation. We conclude that PDE3A regulates VSMC growth via two complementary pathways, i.e. PKA-catalyzed inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf-1 with resulting inhibition of MAPK signaling and PKA/CREB-mediated induction of p21, leading to G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest, as well as by increased accumulation of p53, which induces MKP-1, p21, and WIP1, leading to inhibition of G₁ to S cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Begum
- Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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21
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Tian X, Vroom C, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Bieniek E, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Schermuly RT, Pullamsetti SS. Phosphodiesterase 10A upregulation contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18136. [PMID: 21494592 PMCID: PMC3073929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the cellular proliferation involved in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. The present study was designed to determine whether any of the recently identified PDEs (PDE7-PDE11) contribute to progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. All in vitro experiments were performed with lung tissue or pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) obtained from control rats or monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertensive (MCT-PH) rats, and we examined the effects of the PDE10 inhibitor papaverine (Pap) and specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, papaverine was administrated to MCT-induced PH rats from day 21 to day 35 by continuous intravenous infusion to examine the in vivo effects of PDE10A inhibition. We found that PDE10A was predominantly present in the lung vasculature, and the mRNA, protein, and activity levels of PDE10A were all significantly increased in MCT PASMCs compared with control PASMCs. Papaverine and PDE10A siRNA induced an accumulation of intracellular cAMP, activated cAMP response element binding protein and attenuated PASMC proliferation. Intravenous infusion of papaverine in MCT-PH rats resulted in a 40%-50% attenuation of the effects on pulmonary hypertensive hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The present study is the first to demonstrate a central role of PDE10A in progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling, and the results suggest a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Intracellular Space/drug effects
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Monocrotaline
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Papaverine/pharmacology
- Papaverine/therapeutic use
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Donors
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Tian
- Medical Clinic II/V, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ewa Bieniek
- Medical Clinic II/V, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Seeger
- Medical Clinic II/V, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Medical Clinic II/V, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Medical Clinic II/V, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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22
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Giachini FR, Lima VV, Carneiro FS, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Decreased cGMP level contributes to increased contraction in arteries from hypertensive rats: role of phosphodiesterase 1. Hypertension 2011; 57:655-63. [PMID: 21282562 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.164327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1A expression. We hypothesized that Ang II augmented PDE1 activation, decreasing the bioavailability of cyclic guanosine 3' 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and contributing to increased vascular contractility. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received mini-osmotic pumps with Ang II (60 ng·min(-1)) or saline for 14 days. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions were increased in aorta (E(max)168% ± 8% vs 136% ± 4%) and small mesenteric arteries (SMA; E(max)170% ± 6% vs 143% ± 3%) from Ang II-infused rats compared to control. PDE1 inhibition with vinpocetine (10 μmol/L) reduced PE-induced contraction in aortas from Ang II rats (E(max)94% ± 12%) but not in controls (154% ± 7%). Vinpocetine decreased the sensitivity to PE in SMA from Ang II rats compared to vehicle (-log of half maximal effective concentration 5.1 ± 0.1 vs 5.9 ± 0.06), but not in controls (6.0 ± 0.03 vs 6.1 ± 0.04). Sildenafil (10 μmol/L), a PDE5 inhibitor, reduced PE-induced maximal contraction similarly in Ang II and control rats. Arteries were contracted with PE (1 μmol/L), and concentration-dependent relaxation to vinpocetine and sildenafil was evaluated. Aortas from Ang II rats displayed increased relaxation to vinpocetine compared to control (E(max)82% ± 12% vs 445 ± 5%). SMA from Ang II rats showed greater sensitivity during vinpocetine-induced relaxation compared to control (-log of half maximal effective concentration 6.1 ± 0.3 vs 5.3 ± 0.1). No differences in sildenafil-induced relaxation were observed. PDE1A and PDE1C expressions in aorta and PDE1A expression in SMA were increased in Ang II rats. cGMP production, which is decreased in arteries from Ang II rats, was restored after PDE1 blockade. We conclude that PDE1 activation reduces cGMP bioavailability in arteries from Ang II, contributing to increased contractile responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Giachini
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3000, USA.
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23
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Murray F, Maclean MR, Insel PA. Role of phosphodiesterases in adult-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:279-305. [PMID: 21695645 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by increased mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) due to vasoconstriction and structural changes in the small pulmonary arteries (PAs); proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) contributes to the remodeling. The abnormal pathophysiology in the pulmonary vasculature relates to decreased cyclic nucleotide levels in PASMCs. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP, thereby PDE inhibitors are effective in vasodilating the PA and decreasing PASMC proliferation. Experimental studies support the use of PDE3, PDE5, and PDE1 inhibitors in PAH. PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil are clinically approved to treat different forms of PAH and lower mPAP, increase functional capacity, and decrease right ventricular hypertrophy, without decreasing systemic arterial pressure. New evidence suggests that the combination of PDE inhibitors with other therapies for PAH may be beneficial in treating the disease. Furthermore, inhibiting PDEs in the heart and the inflammatory cells that infiltrate the PA may offer new targets to reduce right ventricular hypertrophy and inhibit inflammation that is associated with and contributes to the development of PAH. This chapter summarizes the advances in the area and the future of PDEs in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, BSB 3073, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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24
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Yu XF, Deng J, Yang DL, Gao Y, Gong QH, Huang XN. Total Ginsenosides suppress the neointimal hyperplasia of rat carotid artery induced by balloon injury. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 54:52-7. [PMID: 21187161 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the active components found in Panax ginseng, have been reported to inhibit the cardiac hypertrophy in rats. This study aims to observe the potential effect of total ginsenosides (TG) on the hypertrophic vascular diseases. The model of vascular neointimal hyperplasia was established by rubbing the endothelia of the common carotid artery with a balloon in male Sprague Dawley rats. TG (15 mg/kg/day, 45 mg/kg/day), L-arginine (L-arg) 200 mg/kg/day, and NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) 100 mg/kg/day used with the same dose of L-arg or TG 45 mg/kg/day were given for 7 and 14 consecutive days after surgery. TG and L-arg administrations significantly ameliorated the histopathology of injured carotid artery, which was abolished or blunted by L-NAME, an NOS inhibitor; TG and L-arg could also remarkably reduce the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a proliferation marker of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs), in neointima of the injured artery wall. Further study indicated that balloon injury caused a decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content in plasma, and reduced the cGMP level in the artery wall, which were reversed by TG. It was concluded that TG suppress the rat carotid artery neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury, which may be involved in its anti-oxidative action and enhancing the inhibition effects of NO/cGMP on VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-fang Yu
- Department of pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
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EBP50 inhibits the anti-mitogenic action of the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:1012-21. [PMID: 20843475 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) are important regulators of vascular remodeling. PTHrP expression is associated to increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In contrast, signaling via the PTH1R inhibits cell growth. The mechanisms regulating the dual effect of PTHrP and PTH1R on VSMC proliferation are only partially understood. In this study we examined the role of the adaptor protein ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein (EBP50) on PTH1R expression, trafficking, signaling and control of A10 cell proliferation. In normal rat vascular tissues, EBP50 was restricted to the endothelium with little expression in VSMC. EBP50 expression significantly increased in VSMC following angioplasty in parallel with PTHrP. Interestingly, PTHrP was able to induce EBP50 expression. In the clonal rat aortic smooth muscle cell line A10, EBP50 increased the recruitment of PTH1R to the cell membrane and delayed its internalization in response to PTHrP(1-36). This effect required an intact C-terminal motif in the PTH1R. In naïve A10 cells, PTHrP(1-36) stimulated cAMP production but not intracellular calcium release. In contrast, PTHrP(1-36) induced both cAMP and calcium signaling in A10 cells over-expressing EBP50. Finally, EBP50 attenuated the induction of p27(kip1) and the anti-proliferative effect of PTHrP(1-36). In summary, this study demonstrates the dynamic expression of EBP50 in vessels following injury and the effects of EBP50 on PTH1R function in VSMC. These findings highlight one of the mechanisms leading to increased VSMC proliferation and have important implication in the understanding of the molecular events leading to restenosis.
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26
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Zenzmaier C, Sampson N, Pernkopf D, Plas E, Untergasser G, Berger P. Attenuated proliferation and trans-differentiation of prostatic stromal cells indicate suitability of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3975-84. [PMID: 20555034 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by tissue overgrowth and stromal reorganization primarily due to cellular proliferation and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation. To evaluate the potential of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors like tadalafil for prevention and treatment of BPH, we analyzed the role of the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP (cGMP)/PDE5 pathway for cellular proliferation and TGFbeta1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation in primary prostate stromal cells. Inhibition by tadalafil of PDE5, which is mainly expressed in the stromal compartment of the prostate, reduced proliferation of primary prostate stromal cells and to a lesser extent of primary prostate basal epithelial cells. Attenuated proliferation due to elevated intracellular cGMP levels was confirmed by inhibition of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G by its inhibitor KT2358. Moreover, tadalafil strongly attenuated TGFbeta1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation. The inhibitory effect on trans-differentiation was also observed after small interfering RNA-mediated PDE5 knockdown. As confirmed by the MAPK kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059, this effect was mediated via MAPK kinase 1 signaling. We conclude that BPH patients might benefit from adjuvant therapies with PDE5 inhibitors that inhibit stromal enlargement due to cell proliferation, as well as TGFbeta1-induced trans-differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
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Nimmervoll B, Svoboda N, Sacha B, Kerschbaum HH. Sustained elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate induces apoptosis in microglia. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:428-32. [PMID: 19682559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides mediate transient as well as plastic cellular responses. The most ultimate response is cell death. In the present study, we propose that an increase of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) for at least 1h promotes cell death in the murine microglial cell line, BV-2 cells, as well as in primary murine microglia. Cells were exposed to ammonium, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and to the membrane-permeable cGMP analogue, 8-Bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP), respectively. Cell death was estimated using DAPI labelling and annexin-V labelling of exposed phosphatidylserine, and cGMP level was quantified by an immunoassay. Ammonium not only increased the number of apoptotic cells but also promoted a moderate increase in intracellular cGMP. Addition of ODQ suppressed ammonium-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that 8-Br-cGMP significantly increased the number of BV-2 cells and primary microglia, respectively, containing nuclei with condensed chromatin accumulated at the nuclear periphery. Similarly, cells exposed to 8-Br-cGMP showed significantly more cells with exposed phosphatidylserine compared to control cells. Thus, according to the nuclear structure as well as to changes in the plasma membrane, chronic elevation of cGMP induces apoptosis in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Nimmervoll
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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28
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Alakus H, Warnecke-Eberz U, Bollschweiler E, Mönig SP, Vallböhmer D, Brabender J, Drebber U, Baldus SE, Riemann K, Siffert W, Hölscher AH, Metzger R. GNAS1 T393C polymorphism is associated with histopathological response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in esophageal cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 9:202-7. [PMID: 19274060 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an association between the GNAS1 T393C polymorphism and clinical outcome for various solid tumors. In this study, we genotyped 51 patients from an observational trial on cisplatin/5-FU-based neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer (cT2-4, Nx, M0) and genotyping was correlated with histomorphological tumor regression. The C-allele frequency in esophageal cancer patients was 0.49. Pearson's chi(2)-test showed a significant (P<0.05) association between tumor regression grades and T393C genotypes. Overall, 63% of the patients in the T-allele group (TT+CT) were minor responders with more than 10% residual vital tumor cells in resection specimens, whereas T(-) genotypes (CC) showed a major histopathological response with less than 10% residual vital tumor cells in 80%. The results support the role of the T393C polymorphism as a predictive molecular marker for tumor response to cisplatin/5-FU-based radiochemotherapy in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) plays an integral role in the control of vascular function. Generated from guanylate cyclases in response to the endogenous ligands, nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs), cGMP influences a number of vascular cell types and regulates vasomotor tone, endothelial permeability, cell growth and differentiation, as well as platelet and blood cell interactions. Reciprocal regulation of the NO-cGMP and NP-cGMP pathways is evident in the vasculature such that one cGMP generating system may compensate for the dysfunction of the other. Indeed, aberrant cGMP production and/or signalling accompanies many vascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and diabetic complications. This chapter highlights the main vascular functions of cGMP, its role in disease and the resulting current and potential therapeutic applications. With respect to pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and erectile dysfunction, as well as cGMP signal transduction, the reader is specifically referred to other dedicated chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne (Clayton), VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Rodriguez-Collazo P, Snyder SK, Chiffer RC, Bressler EA, Voss TC, Anderson EP, Genieser HG, Smith CL. cAMP signaling regulates histone H3 phosphorylation and mitotic entry through a disruption of G2 progression. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2855-69. [PMID: 18644368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signaling is known to have significant effects on cell growth, either inhibitory or stimulatory depending on the cell type. Study of cAMP-induced growth inhibition in mammalian somatic cells has focused mainly on the combined role of protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in regulation of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here we show that cAMP signaling regulates histone H3 phosphorylation in a cell cycle-dependent fashion, increasing it in quiescent cells but dramatically reducing it in cycling cells. The latter is due to a rapid and dramatic loss of mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation caused by a disruption in G2 progression, as evidenced by the inhibition of mitotic entry and decreased activity of the CyclinB/Cdk1 kinase. The inhibition of G2 progression induced through cAMP signaling is dependent on expression of the catalytic subunit of PKA and is highly sensitive to intracellular cAMP concentration. The mechanism by which G2 progression is inhibited is independent of both DNA damage and MAP kinase signaling. Our results suggest that cAMP signaling activates a G2 checkpoint by a unique mechanism and provide new insight into normal cellular regulation of G2 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodriguez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Eid AH, Chotani MA, Mitra S, Miller TJ, Flavahan NA. Cyclic AMP acts through Rap1 and JNK signaling to increase expression of cutaneous smooth muscle alpha2C-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H266-72. [PMID: 18487435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00084.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold increases cutaneous vasoconstriction by unmasking the contractile activity of alpha(2C)-adrenoceptors (alpha(2C)-ARs) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which is mediated by the cold-induced mobilization of alpha(2C)-ARs from the transGolgi to the cell surface. The expression of alpha(2C)-ARs in human cutaneous VSMCs is under dual regulation by cyclic AMP: gene transcription is inhibited by cyclic AMP acting through protein kinase A but is increased by cyclic AMP acting through the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) and the GTP-binding protein Rap1. Experiments were performed to further characterize the Rap1 signaling pathway. Forskolin (10 muM), the selective EPAC activator, 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cyclic AMP (CMC; 100 microM), or a constitutively active mutant of Rap1 (Rap1CA) increased the activity of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) in human cutaneous VSMCs. This was associated with the increased phosphorylation of c-Jun and activation of an activator protein (AP)-1 reporter construct, which were inhibited by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (3 microM). Rap1CA increased the activity of an alpha(2C)-AR promoter-reporter construct, which was inhibited by SP600125 (3 microM) or by the mutation of an AP-1 binding site in the alpha(2C)-AR promoter. Furthermore, forskolin (10 microM) or CMC (100 microM) increased the expression of the alpha(2C)-AR protein, and these effects were inhibited by SP600125 (3 microM). Therefore, cyclic AMP increases the expression of alpha(2C)-ARs in cutaneous VSMCs by activating a novel Rap1 signaling pathway, mediated by the activation of JNK, AP-1, and the subsequent transcriptional activation of the alpha(2C)-AR gene. By increasing the expression of cold-responsive alpha(2C)-ARs, this pathway may contribute to enhanced cold-induced vasoconstriction in the cutaneous circulation, including Raynaud's phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Eid
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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32
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Fosinopril prevents the pulmonary arterial remodeling in sinoaortic-denervated rats by regulating phosphodiesterase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:24-31. [PMID: 18209565 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318159e097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the effects of fosinopril on sinoaortic denervation (SAD)-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and on phosphodiesterases (PDE) 1 in rats. METHODS SAD was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats at the age of 10 weeks. The experiment included sham-operated (Sham), SAD, and fosinopril-treated SAD groups. Fosinopril (15 mg/kg/d) was given in rat chow. After 16 weeks of treatment, the pulmonary arteries were taken for investigations, including pharmacological study, measurement of cGMP, light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with Sham rats, blood pressure variability (BPV) was significantly increased in the SAD group. However, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was not significant change among 3 groups. After SAD, maximal contraction of pulmonary artery rings to phenylephrine was markedly decreased; the most prominent morphological change in the lung included thickening vascular walls, increasing number of smooth muscle cells, and greater wall-to-lumen ratio; the tissue concentrations of cGMP was reduced significantly; PDE1A or PDE1C expression was upregulated significantly, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was downregulated significantly. Fosinopril treatment prevented these changes induced by SAD. CONCLUSION Pulmonary artery remodeling (structural and functional abnormalities) was induced by SAD. Fosinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, mainly via potentiating eNOS pathway and inhibiting AngII formation, effectively prevented increased blood pressure variability and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary artery after SAD by regulating the activity levels or expression of eNOS, cGMP, and PDE1s.
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Halpin DMG. ABCD of the phosphodiesterase family: interaction and differential activity in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 3:543-61. [PMID: 19281073 PMCID: PMC2650605 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are important enzymes that hydrolyze the cyclic nucleotides adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) to their inactive 5' monophosphates. They are highly conserved across species and as well as their role in signal termination, they also have a vital role in intra-cellular localization of cyclic nucleotide signaling and integration of the cyclic nucleotide pathways with other signaling pathways. Because of their pivotal role in intracellular signaling, they are now of considerable interest as therapeutic targets in a wide variety diseases, including COPD where PDE inhibitors may have bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory and pulmonary vasodilator actions. This review examines the diversity and cellular localization of the isoforms of PDE, the known and speculative relevance of this to the treatment of COPD, and the range of PDE inhibitors in development together with a discussion of their possible role in treating COPD.
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Schermuly RT, Pullamsetti SS, Kwapiszewska G, Dumitrascu R, Tian X, Weissmann N, Ghofrani HA, Kaulen C, Dunkern T, Schudt C, Voswinckel R, Zhou J, Samidurai A, Klepetko W, Paddenberg R, Kummer W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Phosphodiesterase 1 Upregulation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2007; 115:2331-9. [PMID: 17438150 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.676809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease, characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell hyperproliferation. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) may play a major role in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Methods and Results—
We investigated the expression of PDE1 in explanted lungs from idiopathic PAH patients and animal models of PAH and undertook therapeutic intervention studies in the animal models. Strong upregulation of PDE1C in pulmonary arterial vessels in the idiopathic PAH lungs compared with healthy donor lungs was noted on the mRNA level by laser-assisted vessel microdissection and on the protein level by immunohistochemistry. In chronically hypoxic mouse lungs and lungs from monocrotaline-injected rats, PDE1A upregulation was detected in the structurally remodeled arterial muscular layer. Long-term infusion of the PDE1 inhibitor 8-methoxymethyl 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in hypoxic mice and monocrotaline-injected rats with fully established pulmonary hypertension reversed the pulmonary artery pressure elevation, structural remodeling of the lung vasculature (nonmuscularized versus partially muscularized versus fully muscularized small pulmonary arteries), and right heart hypertrophy.
Conclusions—
Strong upregulation of the PDE1 family in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is noted in human idiopathic PAH lungs and lungs from animal models of PAH. Inhibition of PDE1 reverses structural lung vascular remodeling and right heart hypertrophy in 2 animal models. The PDE1 family may thus offer a new target for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Chronic Disease
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/therapy
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Theo Schermuly
- University of Giessen Lung Centre, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Zhuplatov SB, Masaki T, Blumenthal DK, Cheung AK. Mechanism of dipyridamole's action in inhibition of venous and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 99:431-9. [PMID: 17169124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dipyridamole is a potential pharmacological agent to prevent vascular stenosis because of its antiproliferative properties. The mechanisms by which dipyridamole inhibits the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, especially venous smooth muscle cells, are unclear. In the present study, dipyridamole transiently but significantly increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in human venous and arterial smooth muscle cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Peak concentrations of both cyclic nucleotides were achieved at 15-30 min. and correlated with inhibition of proliferation in both cell types. The antiproliferative effects of dipyridamole observed at 48 hr were similar whether drug exposure was only 15 min. or sustained for 48 hr. Specific competitive inhibitors of protein kinases A and G attenuated the antiproliferative effects of subsaturating concentrations of dipyridamole, with the effects of protein kinase inhibition being particularly pronounced in venous smooth muscle cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that dipyridamole caused an enrichment of cells in G(0)/G(1) and a corresponding reduction of cells in S phase. These data indicate that a transient increase in cGMP and cAMP is sufficient to induce downstream kinase activation and subsequent cell cycle arrest, and that protein kinase G may be more important than protein kinase A in mediating the growth inhibitory effect of dipyridamole in venous protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey B Zhuplatov
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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CHEN M, ICHIKI T, OHTSUBO H, IMAYAMA I, INANAGA K, MIYAZAKI R, SUNAGAWA K. Inhibition of Balloon Injury-Induced Neointimal Formation by Olmesartan and Pravastatin in Rats with Insulin Resistance. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:971-8. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang Y, Kim PKM, Peng X, Loughran P, Vodovotz Y, Zhang B, Billiar TR. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP suppress TNFalpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting FADD up-regulation via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Apoptosis 2006; 11:441-51. [PMID: 16538385 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-4293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) suppress apoptosis in many cell types, including hepatocytes. We have previously shown that membrane-permeable cAMP and cGMP analogs attenuate tumor necrosis factor alpha plus actinomycin D (TNFalpha/ActD)-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes at a step upstream of caspase activation and cytochrome c release. Recently we have also shown that FADD levels increase 10 folds in response to TNFalpha/ActD. Therefore we hypothesized that cAMP and cGMP would inhibit FADD upregulation. We show here that cyclic nucleotide analogs dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) and 8-bromo-cGMP (Br-cGMP) inhibit cell death and the cleavages of multiple caspases including caspase-10, -9, -8, -3, and -2, as well as suppress FADD protein up-regulation in TNFalpha/ActD-induced apoptosis. The inhibitory effects of cAMP were seen at lower concentrations than cGMP. Both cAMP and cGMP prevented FADD overexpression and cell death in hepatocytes transfected with the FADD gene. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT 5720, reversed the inhibition of FADD protein levels induced by cAMP or cGMP. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cAMP and cGMP prevent TNFalpha/ActD-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes and that this occurs in association with a near complete inhibition of the upregulation of FADD via a PKA-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3459 Fifth Ave., NW607, MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Garat CV, Fankell D, Erickson PF, Reusch JEB, Bauer NN, McMurtry IF, Klemm DJ. Platelet-derived growth factor BB induces nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of CREB via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4934-48. [PMID: 16782881 PMCID: PMC1489168 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02477-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) content is diminished in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in remodeled pulmonary arteries from animals with pulmonary hypertension and in the SMC layers of atherogenic systemic arteries and cardiomyocytes from hypertensive individuals. Loss of CREB can be induced in cultured SMCs by chronic exposure to hypoxia or platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). Here we investigated the signaling pathways and mechanisms by which PDGF elicits depletion of SMC CREB. Chronic PDGF treatment increased CREB ubiquitination in SMCs, while treatment of SMCs with the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin prevented decreases in CREB content. The nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B also prevented depletion of SMC CREB alone or in combination with lactacystin. Subsequent studies showed that PDGF activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase pathways in SMCs. Inhibition of these pathways blocked SMC proliferation in response to PDGF, but only inhibition of PI3-kinase or its effector, Akt, blocked PDGF-induced CREB loss. Finally, chimeric proteins containing enhanced cyan fluorescent protein linked to wild-type CREB or CREB molecules with mutations in several recognized phosphorylation sites were introduced into SMCs. PDGF treatment reduced the levels of each of these chimeric proteins except for one containing mutations in adjacent serine residues (serines 103 and 107), suggesting that CREB loss was dependent on CREB phosphorylation at these sites. We conclude that PDGF stimulates nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of CREB in SMCs via PI3-kinase/Akt signaling. These results indicate that in addition to direct phosphorylation, proteolysis and intracellular localization are key mechanisms regulating CREB content and activity in SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle V Garat
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave., Campus Box B-133, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Zhang Z, Dickerson IM, Russo AF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activation by receptor activity-modifying protein-1 gene transfer to vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1932-40. [PMID: 16373421 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator that plays a protective role in the cardiovascular system. The receptor for CGRP is an unusual complex of the G protein-coupled calcitonin-like receptor and an obligate receptor activity modifying protein-1 (RAMP1). In this report we provide the first evidence that RAMP1 is rate limiting in vascular smooth muscle cells. Although cultured rat aorta smooth muscle cells express calcitonin like-receptor and RAMP1, we found that CGRP is not a potent activator of the receptor. After overexpression of RAMP1 by adenoviral gene transfer, there was a striking increase in CGRP-induced production of cAMP, with a 75-fold decrease in the EC(50) and a 1.5-fold increase in the maximal response. The biological consequence of this increased receptor activity was observed in three different paradigms. First, RAMP1 gene transfer caused a CGRP-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Second, RAMP1 and CGRP treatment led to a 3-fold greater free radical-induced reduction in cell number. Finally, RAMP1 gene transfer resulted in a 5-fold CGRP-dependent increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cells upon serum withdrawal. The mechanisms underlying these effects involved cAMP-dependent pathways. We propose that RAMP1 gene transfer may be an effective strategy for increasing the effectiveness of CGRP-induced decrease in restenosis after aortic angioplasty.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Receptors, Calcitonin/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA
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40
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Nagel DJ, Aizawa T, Jeon KI, Liu W, Mohan A, Wei H, Miano JM, Florio VA, Gao P, Korshunov VA, Berk BC, Yan C. Role of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase 1A in vascular smooth muscle cell growth and survival. Circ Res 2006; 98:777-84. [PMID: 16514069 PMCID: PMC4114760 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000215576.27615.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to biological and mechanical injury, or in vitro culturing, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo phenotypic modulation from a differentiated "contractile" phenotype to a dedifferentiated "synthetic" one. This results in the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and produce extracellular matrix proteins, thus contributing to neointimal formation. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), by hydrolyzing cAMP or cGMP, are critical in the homeostasis of cyclic nucleotides that regulate VSMC growth. Here, we demonstrate that PDE1A, a Ca2+-calmodulin-stimulated PDE preferentially hydrolyzing cGMP, is predominantly cytoplasmic in medial "contractile" VSMCs but is nuclear in neointimal "synthetic" VSMCs. Using primary VSMCs, we show that cytoplasmic and nuclear PDE1A were associated with a contractile marker (SM-calponin) and a growth marker (Ki-67), respectively. This suggests that cytoplasmic PDE1A is associated with the "contractile" phenotype, whereas nuclear PDE1A is with the "synthetic" phenotype. To determine the role of nuclear PDE1A, we examined the effects loss-of-PDE1A function on subcultured VSMC growth and survival using PDE1A RNA interference and pharmacological inhibition. Reducing PDE1A function significantly attenuated VSMC growth by decreasing proliferation via G1 arrest and inducing apoptosis. Inhibiting PDE1A also led to intracellular cGMP elevation, p27Kip1 upregulation, cyclin D1 downregulation, and p53 activation. We further demonstrated that in subcultured VSMCs redifferentiated by growth on collagen gels, cytoplasmic PDE1A regulates myosin light chain phosphorylation with little effect on apoptosis, whereas inhibiting nuclear PDE1A has the opposite effects. These suggest that nuclear PDE1A is important in VSMC growth and survival and may contribute to the neointima formation in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nagel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, New York, USA
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41
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Dolci S, Belmonte A, Santone R, Giorgi M, Pellegrini M, Carosa E, Piccione E, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Subcellular localization and regulation of type-1C and type-5 phosphodiesterases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:837-46. [PMID: 16455054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the subcellular localization of PDE5 in in vitro human myometrial cells. We demonstrated for the first time that PDE5 is localized in discrete cytoplasmic foci and vesicular compartments corresponding to centrosomes. We also found that PDE5 intracellular localization is not cell- or species-specific, as it is conserved in different animal and human cells. PDE5 protein levels are strongly regulated by the mitotic activity of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as they were increased in quiescent, contractile myometrial cultures, and conditions in which proliferation was inhibited. In contrast, PDE1C levels decreased in all conditions that inhibited proliferation. This mirrored the enzymatic activity of both PDE5 and PDE1C. Increasing cGMP intracellular levels by dbcGMP or sildenafil treatments did not block proliferation, while dbcAMP inhibited myometrial cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that PDE5 regulation of cGMP intracellular levels is not involved in the control of SMC cycle progression, but may represent one of the markers of the contractile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Dolci
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, 2nd University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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42
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Hofmann F, Feil R, Kleppisch T, Schlossmann J. Function of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinases as Revealed by Gene Deletion. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1-23. [PMID: 16371594 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, a wealth of biochemical and functional data have been gathered on mammalian cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs). In mammals, three different kinases are encoded by two genes. Mutant and chimeric cGK proteins generated by molecular biology techniques yielded important biochemical knowledge, such as the function of the NH2-terminal domains of cGKI and cGKII, the identity of the cGMP-binding sites of cGKI, and the substrate specificity of the enzymes. Genetic approaches have proven especially useful for the analysis of the biological functions of cGKs. Recently, some of the in vivo targets and mechanisms leading to changes in neuronal adaptation, smooth muscle relaxation and growth, intestinal water secretion, bone growth, renin secretion, and other important functions have been identified. These data show that cGKs are signaling molecules involved in many biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxicologie, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
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43
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Ivanov A, Gerzanich V, Ivanova S, Denhaese R, Tsymbalyuk O, Simard JM. Adenylate cyclase 5 and KCa1.1 channel are required for EGFR up-regulation of PCNA in native contractile rat basilar artery smooth muscle. J Physiol 2005; 570:73-84. [PMID: 16284070 PMCID: PMC1464296 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In synthetic phenotype vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) induces a sustained increase in intermediate conductance K(Ca) (int-K(Ca); K(Ca)3.1) channels that is essential for proliferation. However, a comparable mechanism has not been identified in native contractile phenotype VSMC, which express large conductance K(Ca) (maxi-K(Ca); K(Ca)1.1) channels, not int-K(Ca) channels. Using patch clamp of freshly isolated contractile VSMC from rat basilar artery, we found that EGF (100 ng ml(-1)) caused hyperpolarization (7.9 +/- 3.9 mV) due to activation of iberiotoxin-sensitive, maxi-K(Ca) channels. The EGFR ligands EGF (100 ng ml(-1)), transforming growth factor alpha (0.4 ng ml(-1)) and heparin-binding EGF (100 ng ml(-1)) all caused a 20% increase in maxi-K(Ca) channel current that was blocked by AG-1478 or by knock-down of EGFR expression using cisterna magna infusion of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN). In controls, EGFR knock-down, and EGFR gain-of-expression (angiotensin II hypertension), the increase in maxi-K(Ca) current correlated with the abundance of EGFR protein expressed. The EGFR-mediated increase in maxi-K(Ca) channel activity was blocked by inhibiting cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) using KT-5720 or Rp-cAMP, or by inhibiting adenylate cyclase type 5 (AC-5) using 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine or knock-down of AC-5 expression by intracisternal AS-ODN. Direct infusion of EGF into cisterna magna caused up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in VSMC that was prevented by coinfusion of iberiotoxin or of AG-1478. Our data, which are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperpolarization is critical for a proliferative response, are the first to implicate AC-5 and maxi-K(Ca) channels in gene activation related to EGFR signalling in native contractile VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite 12SD, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595, USA
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44
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Feil R, Feil S, Hofmann F. A heretical view on the role of NO and cGMP in vascular proliferative diseases. Trends Mol Med 2005; 11:71-5. [PMID: 15694869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous nitric oxide (NO), and possibly NO-releasing drugs, can both inhibit and promote vascular proliferative disorders, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. The cell types and signaling pathways that mediate these opposing effects are controversial. It is widely assumed that the NO-mediated synthesis of the second messenger cGMP and the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and, thus, vascular remodeling. However, recent data from transgenic mouse models challenge this view. Here, we propose that cGMP signaling through cGKI might promote vasculoproliferative processes and their clinical complications. This new concept has important implications for the use of cGMP-elevating drugs in humans and might help to identify novel therapeutic strategies for vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Feil
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Technische Universität, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 München, Germany.
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45
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Houslay MD. The long and short of vascular smooth muscle phosphodiesterase-4 as a putative therapeutic target. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:563-7. [PMID: 15958394 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.015719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, Tilley and Maurice (p. 596) show that differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to a proliferative phenotype is associated with a profound up-regulation of specific phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) isoforms because of increased histone acetylation. The increased PDE4 activity is seen as preventing cAMP from inhibiting the enhanced proliferation, migration, and production of extracellular matrix seen in activated VSMC. This Perspective examines the proposal that selective inhibition of PDE4D1/2 could find use in adjunctive pharmacotherapy after percutaneous coronary interventions and, in addition, discusses the recent genetic evidence that PDE4D7 may provide a therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Houslay
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBLS, Wolfson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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46
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Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Bosisio E. In vitro inhibition of human cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 by polyphenols from red grapes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1960-1965. [PMID: 15769121 DOI: 10.1021/jf048497+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A moderate consumption of red wine may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases via wine-derived phenolic compounds. A variety of biological mechanisms have been proposed for wine-derived phenolic compounds including nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation. This study examined whether the vasodilating effect of wine-derived phenolic compounds was associated with the inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and, in particular, PDE5. For this purpose, human recombinant PDE5A1 isoform was prepared by expression of the full-length cDNA of PDE5A1 into COS-7 cells. Red wine and the extracts from grape skin inhibited PDE5A1 activity, whereas the seed extracts had a negligible effect. The mixture of anthocyanins inhibited the enzyme activity (IC50 = 11.6 microM), with malvidin-3-O-beta-glucoside (IC50 = 35.4 microM) and malvidin (IC50 = 24.9 microM) the most potent among the monoglucosides and aglycons, respectively. trans-Resveratrol and trans-piceid exhibited negligible effects, whereas hydroxycinnamates were completely inactive. These results indicate that polyphenols-induced vasorelaxation may also be sustained by smooth muscle PDE inhibition by anthocyanins present in red wines and grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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47
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Lin G, Chow S, Lin J, Wang G, Lue TF, Lin CS. Effect of cell passage and density on protein kinase G expression and activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:104-12. [PMID: 15095408 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that rat aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) lost PKG-I expression when propagated repetitively or grown at low densities. Conversely, AoSMCs isolated from PKG-I deficient mice are indistinguishable from those isolated from normal mice in morphology and growth characteristics. In this study, human AoSMCs were grown from passage 9 (p9) to passage 15 (p15) and rat AoSMCs were isolated and cultured from p1 through p15. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy showed little difference in PKG-I expression among different passages. Next, rat AoSMCs of p4 were grown and harvested at different cell densities. Western blotting again showed little difference among cells seeded or harvested at different densities. To test the effect of cell passage on PKG-I activation, rat AoSMCs of p4 and p11 were treated with cGMP and analyzed by Western blotting for phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (P-VASP). The results showed that p4 had higher level of PKG-I activation than p11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-1695, USA
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48
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Tantini B, Manes A, Fiumana E, Pignatti C, Guarnieri C, Zannoli R, Branzi A, Galié N. Antiproliferative effect of sildenafil on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2004; 100:131-8. [PMID: 15739122 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-004-0504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and by obstructive changes of the pulmonary vasculature including smooth muscle cell proliferation which leads to medial hypertrophy and subsequent luminal narrowing. Sildenafil, an orally active inhibitor of cGMP phosphodiesterase-type-5, exerts pulmonary vasodilator activity in PAH patients. We evaluated the effects of sildenafil on growth of cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). The results indicate that sildenafil reduced DNA synthesis stimulated by PDGF and dose dependently inhibited PASMC proliferation. These effects were paralleled by a progressive increase in cGMP content, followed by an accumulation of cAMP. The treatment with 8-bromo-cGMP or dibutyryl-cAMP mimicked all the effects of sildenafil. On the other hand, treatment of PASMC with inhibitors of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) reversed the antiproliferative effect of sildenafil. In addition, sildenafil inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, a converging point for several pathways leading to cell proliferation. This effect was partially reduced by PKG inhibition and completely abolished by PKA inhibition.We conclude that sildenafil exerts an antiproliferative effect on human PASMC that is mediated by an interaction between the cGMP-PKG and the cAMP-PKA activated pathways, leading to inhibition of PDGF-mediated activation of the ERK.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Purines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sildenafil Citrate
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Tantini
- Department of Biochemistry, G. Moruzzi University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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49
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Ito C, Yamamoto H, Furukawa Y, Takeda SI, Akimoto T, Iimura O, Ando Y, Asano Y, Kusano E. Role of cyclins in cAMP inhibition of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:81-7. [PMID: 14992682 DOI: 10.1042/cs20030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MC (mesangial cell) proliferation is closely linked to the progression of glomerular disease. It has been reported that cAMP effectors suppress MC proliferation, inhibiting activation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In fibroblasts, activation of MAPK induces the expression of type D cyclin, whereas, in MCs, this induction has not been shown. In the present study, we explored the effects of cAMP on MAPK and expression of cell-cycle-regulated proteins. PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulated MAPK activity, up-regulated protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), decreased the protein level of p27 and increased DNA synthesis. Fsk (forskolin) or PD98059 suppressed PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Both agents inhibited PDGF-stimulated mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2. Fsk or PD98059 also inhibited protein expression of PCNA and blocked a decrease in p27 protein. Fsk induced the phosphorylation of Raf-1 at Ser259, which was inhibited by KT5720. These data suggest that cAMP inhibits MC proliferation through inhibition of MAPK activity, and this mechanism partly involves alteration in the levels of cell-cycle-regulated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan. chiharu.@jichi.ac.jp
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50
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Cheng J, Thompson MA, Walker HJ, Gray CE, Diaz Encarnacion MM, Warner GM, Grande JP. Differential regulation of mesangial cell mitogenesis by cAMP phosphodiesterase isozymes 3 and 4. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F940-53. [PMID: 15280158 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00079.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell (MC) mitogenesis is regulated through "negative cross talk" between cAMP-PKA and ERK signaling. Although it is widely accepted that cAMP inhibits mitogenesis through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raf-1, recent studies have indicated that cAMP-mediated inhibition of mitogenesis may occur independently of Raf-1 phosphorylation or without inhibiting ERK activity. We previously showed that MCs possess functionally compartmentalized intracellular pools of cAMP that are differentially regulated by cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDE); an intracellular pool directed by PDE3 but not by PDE4 suppresses mitogenesis. We therefore sought to determine whether there was a differential effect of PDE3 vs. PDE4 inhibitors on the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in cultured MC. Although PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors activated PKA and modestly elevated cAMP levels to a similar extent, only PDE3 inhibitors suppressed MC mitogenesis (-57%) and suppressed Raf-1 kinase and ERK activity (-33 and -68%, respectively). Both PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors suppressed B-Raf kinase activity. PDE3 inhibitors increased phosphorylation of Raf-1 on serine 43 and serine 259 and decreased phosphorylation on serine 338; PDE4 inhibitors were without effect. Overexpression of a constitutively active MEK-1 construct reversed the antiproliferative effect of PDE3 inhibitors. PDE3 inhibitors also reduced cyclin A levels (-27%), cyclin D and cyclin E kinase activity (-30 and -50%, respectively), and induced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (+90%). We conclude that the antiproliferative effects of PDE3 inhibitors are mechanistically related to inhibition of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Additional cell cycle targets of PDE3 inhibitors include cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Cheng
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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