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Yanagihara H, Morioka T, Yamazaki S, Yamada Y, Tachibana H, Daino K, Tsuruoka C, Amasaki Y, Kaminishi M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S. Interstitial deletion of the Apc locus in β-catenin-overexpressing cells is a signature of radiation-induced intestinal tumors in C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice†. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:622-631. [PMID: 37117033 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified interstitial deletions in the cancer genome as a radiation-related mutational signature, although most of them do not fall on cancer driver genes. Pioneering studies in the field have indicated the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) spanning Apc in a subset of sporadic and radiation-induced intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, albeit with a substantial subset in which LOH was not detected; whether copy number losses accompany such LOH has also been unclear. Herein, we analyzed intestinal tumors of C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice that were either left untreated or irradiated with 2 Gy of γ-rays. We observed intratumor mosaicism with respect to the nuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of immunohistochemically detectable β-catenin, which is a hallmark of Apc+ allele loss. An immunoguided laser microdissection approach enabled the detection of LOH involving the Apc+ allele in β-catenin-overexpressing cells; in contrast, the LOH was not observed in the non-overexpressing cells. With this improvement, LOH involving Apc+ was detected in all 22 tumors analyzed, in contrast to what has been reported previously. The use of a formalin-free fixative facilitated the LOH and microarray-based DNA copy number analyses, enabling the classification of the aberrations as nondisjunction/mitotic recombination type or interstitial deletion type. Of note, the latter was observed only in radiation-induced tumors (nonirradiated, 0 of 8; irradiated, 11 of 14). Thus, an analysis considering intratumor heterogeneity identifies interstitial deletion involving the Apc+ allele as a causative radiation-related event in intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, providing an accurate approach for attributing individual tumors to radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yanagihara
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tachibana
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminishi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Inoue T, Kokubo T, Daino K, Yanagihara H, Watanabe F, Tsuruoka C, Amasaki Y, Morioka T, Homma‐Takeda S, Kobayashi T, Hino O, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. Interstitial chromosomal deletion of the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 locus is a signature for radiation-associated renal tumors in Eker rats. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:840-848. [PMID: 31925975 PMCID: PMC7060461 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and, therefore, is a risk factor for cancer. Eker rats, which carry a heterozygous germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2), are susceptible to radiation-induced renal carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Tsc2 inactivation are unclear. We subjected Fischer 344 × Eker (Long Evans Tsc2+/- ) F1 hybrid rats to gamma-irradiation (2 Gy) at gestational day 19 (GD19) or postnatal day 5 (PND5) and investigated the patterns of genomic alterations in the Tsc2 allele of renal tumors that developed at 1 year after irradiation (N = 24 tumors for GD19, N = 10 for PND5), in comparison with spontaneously developed tumors (N = 8 tumors). Gamma-irradiation significantly increased the multiplicity of renal tumors. The frequency of LOH at the chromosome 10q12 region, including the Tsc2 locus, was 38%, 29% and 60% in renal carcinomas developed from the nonirradiated, GD19 and PND5 groups, respectively. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed that the LOH patterns on chromosome 10 in renal carcinomas were classified into chromosomal missegregation, mitotic recombination and chromosomal deletion types. LOH of the interstitial chromosomal deletion type was observed only in radiation-associated carcinomas. Sequence analysis for the wild-type Tsc2 allele in the LOH-negative carcinomas identified deletions (nonirradiated: 26%; GD19: 21%) and base-substitution mutations (GD19: 4%). Reduced expression of Tsc2 was also observed in the majority of the LOH-negative carcinomas. Our results suggest that interstitial chromosomal deletion is a characteristic mutagenic event caused by ionizing radiation, and it may contribute to the assessment of radiation-induced cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
- Department of RadiologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences SectionNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Hiromi Yanagihara
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Fumiko Watanabe
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Shino Homma‐Takeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation DamagesNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology and OncologyFaculty of MedicineJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and OncologyFaculty of MedicineJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
- Present address:
Institute for Environmental SciencesAomoriJapan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchNational Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
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Jin H, Liu L, Ding H, He M, Zhang C, Zhong X. Small Incision Femtosecond Laser-assisted X-ray-irradiated Corneal Intrastromal Xenotransplantation in Rhesus Monkeys: A Preliminary Study. Curr Mol Med 2019; 18:612-621. [PMID: 30698112 PMCID: PMC6463400 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190129123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-ray irradiation could significantly induce widespread apoptosis in corneas and reduced the allogenicity of donor cornea. And the X-rays may have similar biological effects. The feasibility and effects of X-ray-irradiated corneal lamellae have not been assessed yet. METHODS Different doses (10 gray unit (Gy), 20 Gy, 50 Gy, 100 Gy) of X-ray irradiated corneal lamellae were collected from SMILE surgery. These corneal lamellae were assessed by physical characterization, hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) staining, Masson's staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), cell viability assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We selected the optimum dose (100Gy) to treat the corneal lamellae to be the grafts. The human grafts and fresh allogeneic monkey corneal lamellae were implanted into rhesus monkeys via the small incision femtosecond laser-assisted surgery, respectively. Clinical examinations and the immunostaining were performed after surgery. RESULTS There were no significant changes in the transparency of the corneal lamellae, but the absorbency of the corneal lamellae was increased. According to the H-E and Masson's staining results, irradiation had little impact on the corneal collagen. The TUNEL assay and cell viability assay results showed that 100Gy X-ray irradiation resulted in complete apoptosis in the corneal lamellae, which was also confirmed by TEM observations. In the following animal model study, no immune reactions or severe inflammatory responses occurred, and the host corneas maintained transparency for 24 weeks of observation. And the expression of CD4 and CD8 were negative in the all host corneas. CONCLUSION X-ray irradiated corneal lamellae could serve as a potential material for xenogeneic inlay, and the small incision femtosecond laser-assisted implantation has the potential to become a new corneal transplantation surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jin
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou 510060, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Liangping Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Hainan Eye Hospital, Hainan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University. Haikou 570311, China
| | - Miao He
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xingwu Zhong
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University. Guangzhou 510060, China.,Hainan Eye Hospital, Hainan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University. Haikou 570311, China
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Graupner A, Eide DM, Brede DA, Ellender M, Lindbo Hansen E, Oughton DH, Bouffler SD, Brunborg G, Olsen AK. Genotoxic effects of high dose rate X-ray and low dose rate gamma radiation in Apc Min/+ mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:560-569. [PMID: 28856770 PMCID: PMC5656900 DOI: 10.1002/em.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Risk estimates for radiation-induced cancer in humans are based on epidemiological data largely drawn from the Japanese atomic bomb survivor studies, which received an acute high dose rate (HDR) ionising radiation. Limited knowledge exists about the effects of chronic low dose rate (LDR) exposure, particularly with respect to the application of the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor. As part of a study to investigate the development of colon cancer following chronic LDR vs. acute HDR radiation, this study presents the results of genotoxic effects in blood of exposed mice. CBAB6 F1 Apc+/+ (wild type) and ApcMin/+ mice were chronically exposed to estimated whole body absorbed doses of 1.7 or 3.2 Gy 60 Co-γ-rays at a LDR (2.2 mGy h-1 ) or acutely exposed to 2.6 Gy HDR X-rays (1.3 Gy min-1 ). Genotoxic endpoints assessed in blood included chromosomal damage (flow cytometry based micronuclei (MN) assay), mutation analyses (Pig-a gene mutation assay), and levels of DNA lesions (Comet assay, single-strand breaks (ssb), alkali labile sites (als), oxidized DNA bases). Ionising radiation (ca. 3 Gy) induced genotoxic effects dependent on the dose rate. Chromosomal aberrations (MN assay) increased 3- and 10-fold after chronic LDR and acute HDR, respectively. Phenotypic mutation frequencies as well as DNA lesions (ssb/als) were modulated after acute HDR but not after chronic LDR. The ApcMin/+ genotype did not influence the outcome in any of the investigated endpoints. The results herein will add to the scant data available on genotoxic effects following chronic LDR of ionising radiation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:560-569, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Graupner
- Department of Molecular BiologyNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo0403Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
| | - Dag M. Eide
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
- Department of Toxicology and Risk AssessmentNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo0403Norway
| | - Dag A. Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
- Department of Environmental SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅs 1432Norway
| | - Michele Ellender
- Radiation Effects DepartmentCentre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health EnglandChiltonDidcotOX11 0RQEngland
| | - Elisabeth Lindbo Hansen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
- Department of ResearchNorwegian Radiation Protection AuthorityØsterås1361Norway
| | - Deborah H. Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
- Department of Environmental SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅs 1432Norway
| | - Simon D. Bouffler
- Radiation Effects DepartmentCentre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health EnglandChiltonDidcotOX11 0RQEngland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular BiologyNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo0403Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
| | - Ann Karin Olsen
- Department of Molecular BiologyNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo0403Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD)Ås 1432Norway
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Asadi K, Ferguson LR, Philpott M, Karunasinghe N. Cancer-preventive Properties of an Anthocyanin-enriched Sweet Potato in the APC MIN Mouse Model. J Cancer Prev 2017; 22:135-146. [PMID: 29018778 PMCID: PMC5624454 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2017.22.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthocyanin-rich foods and preparations have been reported to reduce the risk of life-style related diseases, including cancer. The SL222 sweet potato, a purple-fleshed cultivar developed in New Zealand, accumulates high levels of anthocyanins in its storage root. Methods We examined the chemopreventative properties of the SL222 sweet potato in the C57BL/6J-APCMIN/+ (APCMIN) mouse, a genetic model of colorectal cancer. APCMIN and C57BL/6J wild-type mice (n=160) were divided into four feeding groups consuming diets containing 10% SL222 sweet potato flesh, 10% SL222 sweet potato skin, or 0.12% ARE (Anthocyanin rich-extract prepared from SL222 sweet potato at a concentration equivalent to the flesh-supplemented diet) or a control diet (AIN-76A) for 18 weeks. At 120 days of age, the mice were anaesthetised, and blood samples were collected before the mice were sacrificed. The intestines were used for adenoma enumeration. Results The SL222 sweet potato-supplemented diets reduced the adenoma number in the APCMIN mice. Conclusions These data have significant implications for the use of this sweet potato variant in protection against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Asadi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Philpott
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nishi Karunasinghe
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Impairment of the non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination pathways of DNA double strand break repair: Impact on spontaneous and radiation-induced mammary and intestinal tumour risk in Apc mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 35:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Trani D, Nelson SA, Moon BH, Swedlow JJ, Williams EM, Strawn SJ, Appleton PL, Kallakury B, Näthke I, Fornace AJ. High-energy particle-induced tumorigenesis throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Radiat Res 2014; 181:162-71. [PMID: 24512616 DOI: 10.1667/rr13502.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data reveals the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as one of the main sites for low-LET radiation-induced cancers. Importantly, the use of particle therapy is increasing, but cancer risk by high-LET particles is still poorly understood. This gap in our knowledge also remains a major limiting factor in planning long-term space missions. Therefore, assessing risks and identifying predisposing factors for carcinogenesis induced by particle radiation is crucial for both astronauts and cancer survivors. We have previously shown that exposure to relatively high doses of high-energy (56)Fe ions induced higher intestinal tumor frequency and grade in the small intestine of Apc(Min/+) mice than γ rays. However, due to the high number of spontaneous lesions (∼30) that develop in Apc(Min/+) animals, this Apc mutant model is not suitable to investigate effects of cumulative doses <1 Gy, which are relevant for risk assessment in astronauts and particle radiotherapy patients. However, Apc(1638N/+) mice develop a relatively small number of spontaneous lesions (∼3 per animal) in both small intestine and colon, and thus we propose a better model for studies on radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated model particle radiation increases tumor frequency and grade in the entire gastrointestinal tract (stomach and more distal intestine) after high- and low-radiation doses whether in the Apc(1638N/+). We have previously reported that an increase in small intestinal tumor multiplicity after exposure to γ rays was dependent on gender in Apc(1638N/+) mice, and here we investigated responses to particle radiation in the same model. Phenotypical and histopathological observations were accompanied by late changes in number and position of mitotic cells in intestinal crypts from animals exposed to different radiation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trani
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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8
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Datta K, Suman S, Kallakury BVS, Fornace AJ. Heavy ion radiation exposure triggered higher intestinal tumor frequency and greater β-catenin activation than γ radiation in APC(Min/+) mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59295. [PMID: 23555653 PMCID: PMC3605451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) after exposure to low linear energy transfer (low-LET) radiation such as γ-ray is highlighted by the studies in atom bomb survivors. On the contrary, CRC risk prediction after exposure to high-LET cosmic heavy ion radiation exposure is hindered due to scarcity of in vivo data. Therefore, intestinal tumor frequency, size, cluster, and grade were studied in APCMin/+ mice (n = 20 per group; 6 to 8 wks old; female) 100 to 110 days after exposure to 1.6 or 4 Gy of heavy ion 56Fe radiation (energy: 1000 MeV/nucleon) and results were compared to γ radiation doses of 2 or 5 Gy, which are equitoxic to 1.6 and 4 Gy 56Fe respectively. Due to relevance of lower doses to radiotherapy treatment fractions and space exploration, we followed 2 Gy γ and equitoxic 1.6 Gy 56Fe for comparative analysis of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation, differentiation, and β-catenin signaling pathway alterations between the two radiation types using immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry. Relative to controls and γ-ray, intestinal tumor frequency and grade was significantly higher after 56Fe radiation. Additionally, tumor incidence per unit of radiation (per cGy) was also higher after 56Fe radiation relative to γ radiation. Staining for phospho-histone H3, indicative of IEC proliferation, was more and alcian blue staining, indicative of IEC differentiation, was less in 56Fe than γ irradiated samples. Activation of β-catenin was more in 56Fe-irradiated tumor-free and tumor-bearing areas of the intestinal tissues. When considered along with higher levels of cyclin D1, we infer that relative to γ radiation exposure to 56Fe radiation induced markedly reduced differentiation, and increased proliferative index in IEC resulting in increased intestinal tumors of larger size and grade due to preferentially greater activation of β-catenin and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensives Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (AJF)
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensives Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar V. S. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensives Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center of Excellence In Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (KD); (AJF)
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Ellender M, Harrison JD, Meijne E, Huiskamp R, Kozlowski RE, Haines JW, Edwards AA, Ainsbury EA, Moody JC, Bouffler SD, Cox R. Intestinal tumours induced in Apc(Min/+) mice by X-rays and neutrons. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:385-99. [PMID: 21219111 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.542542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the development of intestinal adenomas following neutron and X-ray exposure of Apc(Min/+) mice (Apc - adenomatous polyposis coli; Min - multiple intestinal neoplasia). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult mice were exposed to acute doses of X-rays or fission neutrons. Tumour counting was undertaken 200 days later and samples were taken for Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) analysis. RESULTS Tumour numbers (adenomas and microadenomas) increased by 1.4-fold, 1.7-fold, 2.7-fold and 9-fold, after 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 Gy X-rays, respectively, and by 2.4-fold and 5.7-fold, after 0.5 and 1 Gy fission neutrons, respectively. LOH analysis of tumours from neutron-exposed mice showed that 63% had lost Apc and 90% (cf. 53% in controls) had lost D18mit84, a marker for Epb4.1l4a/NBL4 (erythrocyte protein band 4.1-like 4a/novel band 4.1-like 4), known to be involved in the Wnt (wingless-related mouse mammary tumour virus integration site) pathway. Some tumours from neutron-exposed mice appeared to have homozygous loss of some chromosomal markers. CONCLUSIONS X-ray or fission neutron irradiation results in strongly enhanced tumour multiplicities. Comparison of tumour yields indicated a low Relative Biological Effectiveness of around 2-8 for fission neutrons compared with X-rays. LOH in intestinal tumours from neutron-exposed mice appeared to be more complex than previously reported for tumours from X-irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ellender
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Haines J, Bacher J, Coster M, Huiskamp R, Meijne E, Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S, Bouffler S. Microsatellite instability in radiation-induced murine tumours; influence of tumour type and radiation quality. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:555-68. [PMID: 20545567 DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate microsatellite instability (MSI) in radiation-induced murine tumours, its dependence on tissue (haemopoietic, intestinal, mammary, brain and skin) and radiation type. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA from spontaneous, X-ray or neutron-induced mouse tumours were used in Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) with mono- or di-nucleotide repeat markers. Deviations from expected allele size caused by insertion/deletion events were assessed by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS Tumours showing MSI increased from 16% in spontaneously arising tumours to 23% (P = 0.014) in X-ray-induced tumours and rising again to 83% (P << 0.001) in neutron-induced tumours. X-ray-induced Acute Myeloid Leukaemias (AML) had a higher level of mono-nucleotide instability (45%) than di-nucleotide instability (37%). Fifty percent of neutron-induced tumours were classified as MSI-high for mono-nucleotide markers and 10% for di-nucleotide markers. Distribution of MSI varied in the different tumour types and did not appear random. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ionising radiation, especially neutrons, promotes the development of MSI in mouse tumours. MSI may therefore play a role in mouse radiation tumourigenesis, particularly following high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) exposures. MSI events, for a comparable panel of genome-wide markers in different tissue types, were not randomly distributed throughout the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Haines
- Health Protection Agency-Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK.
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11
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Trani D, Datta K, Doiron K, Kallakury B, Fornace AJ. Enhanced intestinal tumor multiplicity and grade in vivo after HZE exposure: mouse models for space radiation risk estimates. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2010; 49:389-96. [PMID: 20490531 PMCID: PMC3580182 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis induced by space radiation is considered a major risk factor in manned interplanetary and other extended missions. The models presently used to estimate the risk for cancer induction following deep space radiation exposure are based on data from A-bomb survivor cohorts and do not account for important biological differences existing between high-linear energy transfer (LET) and low-LET-induced DNA damage. High-energy and charge (HZE) radiation, the main component of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), causes highly complex DNA damage compared to low-LET radiation, which may lead to increased frequency of chromosomal rearrangements, and contribute to carcinogenic risk in astronauts. Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors are frequent in the United States, and colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer accounting for 10% of all cancer deaths. On the basis of the aforementioned epidemiological observations and the frequency of spontaneous precancerous GI lesions in the general population, even a modest increase in incidence by space radiation exposure could have a significant effect on health risk estimates for future manned space flights. Ground-based research is necessary to reduce the uncertainties associated with projected cancer risk estimates and to gain insights into molecular mechanisms involved in space-induced carcinogenesis. We investigated in vivo differential effects of gamma-rays and HZE ions on intestinal tumorigenesis using two different murine models, ApcMin/+ and Apc1638N/+. We showed that gamma- and/or HZE exposure significantly enhances development and progression of intestinal tumors in a mutant-line-specific manner, and identified suitable models for in vivo studies of space radiation-induced intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
- corresponding authors: phone: 202 687-7843, fax: 202 687 3140, , phone: 202 687-7956, fax: 202 687-3140,
| | - Kathryn Doiron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 119 Basic Science Building, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room E504 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057-1468, USA
- corresponding authors: phone: 202 687-7843, fax: 202 687 3140, , phone: 202 687-7956, fax: 202 687-3140,
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12
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Haines JW, Coster MR, Adam J, Cheeseman M, Ainsbury EA, Thacker J, Bouffler SD. Xrcc2 modulates spontaneous and radiation-induced tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1227-33. [PMID: 20671066 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
XRCC2 has an important role in repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination. Adult Apc(min/+) (min, multiple intestinal neoplasia) mice, wild-type or heterozygous for Xrcc2 deficiency, were sham-irradiated or 2-Gy X-irradiated. Spontaneous mammary and intestinal tumor incidences are lower in Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/-) mice than in Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/+) mice (mammary tumors: 14% and 38%, respectively, χ(2) P = 0.03; intestinal adenomas in mice reaching full life span: 108.6 and 130.1, respectively, t-test P = 0.005). Following irradiation, the increase in mammary tumors was greatest in female mice heterozygous for Xrcc2 (7.25 ± 0.50-fold in Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/-) mice compared with 2.57 ± 0.35-fold in Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/+) mice; t-test P < 0.001). The increase in intestinal tumor multiplicity following irradiation was significantly greater in Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/-) mice (Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/-), 4.14 ± 0.05-fold, versus Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/+), 3.30 ± 0.05-fold; t-test P < 0.001). Loss of heterozygosity of all chromosome 18 markers was greater in intestinal tumors from Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/-) mice than in tumors from Apc(min/+) Xrcc2(+/+) mice. These findings indicate that Xrcc2 haploinsufficiency reduces spontaneous tumor incidence on an Apc(min/+) background but increases the tumorigenic response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie W Haines
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Ishida Y, Takabatake T, Kakinuma S, Doi K, Yamauchi K, Kaminishi M, Kito S, Ohta Y, Amasaki Y, Moritake H, Kokubo T, Nishimura M, Nishikawa T, Hino O, Shimada Y. Genomic and gene expression signatures of radiation in medulloblastomas after low-dose irradiation in Ptch1 heterozygous mice. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1694-701. [PMID: 20616149 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate cancer risk assessment of low-dose radiation poses many challenges that are partly due to the inability to distinguish radiation-induced tumors from spontaneous ones. To elucidate characteristic features of radiation-induced tumors, we analyzed 163 medulloblastomas that developed either spontaneously or after X-ray irradiation at doses of 0.05-3 Gy in Ptch1 heterozygous mice. All spontaneous tumors showed loss of heterozygosity in broad regions on chromosome 13, with losses at all consecutive markers distal to Ptch1 locus (S-type). In contrast, all tumors that developed after 3 Gy irradiation exhibited interstitial losses around Ptch1 with distal markers retained (R-type). There was a clear dose-dependent increase in the proportion of R-type tumors within the intermediate dose range, indicating that the R-type change is a reliable radiation signature. Importantly, the incidence of R-type tumors increased significantly (P = 0.007) at a dose as low as 50 mGy. Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression microarray analyses demonstrated that expression levels of many genes around the Ptch1 locus faithfully reflected the signature-associated reduction in genomic copy number. Furthermore, 573 genes on other chromosomes were also expressed differently between S-type and R-type tumors. They include genes whose expression changes during early cerebellar development such as Plagl1 and Tgfb2, suggesting a recapitulation of gene subsets functioning at distinct developmental stages. These findings provide, for the first time, solid experimental evidence for a significant increase in cancer risk by low-dose radiation at diagnostic levels and imply that radiation-induced carcinogenesis accompanies both genomic and gene expression signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishida
- Department of Technical Support and Development, Fundamental Technology Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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14
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Kudjakova TI, Sarycheva NY, Kamenskii AA. Exploratory activity of mice of different genetic strains after olfaction disruption by 3-methylindole (skatole). BIOL BULL+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359007010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Ellender M, Harrison JD, Kozlowski R, Szłuińska M, Bouffler SD, Cox R. In utero and neonatal sensitivity of ApcMin/+ mice to radiation-induced intestinal neoplasia. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82:141-51. [PMID: 16638711 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600632253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the sensitivity of ApcMin/+ mice (adenomatous polyposis coli Apc, multiple intestinal neoplasia, Min) to the development of intestinal adenomas after x-irradiation in utero, as neonates, or as young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS CHB6 ApcMin/+ mice were exposed to an acute dose of 2 Gy x-rays either in utero on day 7 or 14 post-conception, as 2-day or 10-day neonates or as 35-day young adults. Tumour identification and counting was performed 200-214 days later. RESULTS Irradiation as 10-day-old neonates resulted in a significantly greater overall tumour incidence (average of about 130 tumours per animal) than irradiation as 35-day-old young adults (about 70 tumours). Irradiation as 2-day-old neonates resulted in an intermediate incidence (about 85 tumours). In contrast, the greatest tumour incidence observed after in utero irradiation of ApcMin/+ mice, of about 44 tumours per animal after 2 Gy irradiation at 14 days post-conception, was significantly lower than the incidence in irradiated adults. Tumour incidences after irradiation as 7-day embryos was not significantly raised above numbers in unirradiated controls (about 30 tumours). These tumour numbers include cystic crypts, largely radiation-induced, which were classed as early stage microadenomas on the basis of loss of wild-type Apc+ and expression of beta-catenin. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity of ApcMin/+ mice to the induction of intestinal tumours by radiation was shown to be in the order: 10 d neonates>2 d neonates>35 d young adults>14 d fetus>7 d embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ellender
- Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK.
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16
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Ellender M, Harrison JD, Edwards AA, Bouffler SD, Cox R. Direct Single Gene Mutational Events Account for Radiation-Induced Intestinal Adenoma Yields inApcMin/+Mice. Radiat Res 2005; 163:552-6. [PMID: 15850417 DOI: 10.1667/rr3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Data on the induction of small intestinal tumors, predominantly adenomas, by X radiation in Apc(Min/+) mice are reported. Comparison of these incidences with estimates of radiation-induced direct single gene mutation frequencies taken from the literature support the hypothesis that direct mutational loss of Apc+ is the sole requirement for initiation of adenoma. Furthermore, estimates of radiation-induced initiation of adenoma per target stem cell in this animal model are similar to or less than radiation-induced direct somatic gene mutation frequencies. Therefore, while the data reported here do not preclude a role for genomic instability in tumor progression, it is not necessary in this model to postulate the involvement of radiation-induced transmissible genomic instability in initiation of intestinal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ellender
- National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, United Kingdom.
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17
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Swallow CJ, Partridge EA, Macmillan JC, Tajirian T, DiGuglielmo GM, Hay K, Szweras M, Jahnen-Dechent W, Wrana JL, Redston M, Gallinger S, Dennis JW. α2HS-glycoprotein, an Antagonist of Transforming Growth Factor β In vivo, Inhibits Intestinal Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6402-9. [PMID: 15374947 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is associated with tumor progression and resistance to chemotherapy in established cancers, as well as host immune suppression. Here, we show that the serum glycoprotein alpha2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) blocks TGF-beta1 binding to cell surface receptors, suppresses TGF-beta signal transduction, and inhibits TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that AHSG may play a role in tumor progression. In 66 consecutive sporadic human colorectal cancer specimens, we observed a 3-fold depletion of ASHG in tumor compared with normal tissue, whereas levels of other abundant plasma proteins, albumin and transferrin, were equivalent. Using the Multiple intestinal neoplasia/+ (Min/+) mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis, we found twice as many intestinal polyps overall, twice as many large polyps (>3 mm diameter), and more progression to invasive adenocarcinoma in Min/+ Ahsg-/- mice than in littermates expressing Ahsg. Phosphorylated Smad2 was more abundant in the intestinal mucosa and tumors of Min/+ mice lacking Ahsg, demonstrating increased TGF-beta signaling in vivo. Furthermore, TGF-beta-mediated suppression of immune cell function was exaggerated in Ahsg-/- animals, as shown by inhibition of macrophage activation and reduction in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced cutaneous inflammation. Reconstitution of Ahsg-/- mice with bovine Ahsg suppressed endogenous TGF-beta-dependent signaling to wild-type levels, suggesting that therapeutic enhancement of AHSG levels may benefit patients whose tumors are driven by TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Swallow
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Bian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Bouffler S, Silver A, Cox R. Mechanistic and genetic studies of radiation tumorigenesis in the mouse--implications for low dose risk estimation. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2002; 22:A11-A16. [PMID: 12400940 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/22/3a/302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiation cancer risk estimates remain firmly based upon epidemiological data. Experimental validation of the fundamental aspects of these risk estimates relies on animal studies. In particular, animal model systems for radiation carcinogenesis can provide data for mechanistic modelling approaches to risk estimation. The accuracy and validity of risk estimation models developed will depend upon the extent of our understanding of the process of radiation carcinogenesis. The study of 'spontaneous' tumours in humans continues to provide a sound context in which to consider the mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis. Several mouse radiation carcinogenesis systems are considered here with particular reference to the nature of the initiating event and the influence of genetic susceptibility on radiation-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bouffler
- National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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20
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Janssen KP, el-Marjou F, Pinto D, Sastre X, Rouillard D, Fouquet C, Soussi T, Louvard D, Robine S. Targeted expression of oncogenic K-ras in intestinal epithelium causes spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:492-504. [PMID: 12145803 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.34786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ras oncoproteins are mutated in about 50% of human colorectal cancers, but their precise role in tumor initiation or progression is still unclear. METHODS This study presents transgenic mice that express K-ras(V12G), the most frequent oncogenic mutation in human tumors, under control of the murine villin promoter in epithelial cells of the large and small intestine. RESULTS More than 80% of the transgenic animals displayed single or multiple intestinal lesions, ranging from aberrant crypt foci (ACF) to invasive adenocarcinomas. Expression of K-ras(V12G) caused activation of the MAP kinase cascade, and the tumors were frequently characterized by deregulated cellular proliferation. Unexpectedly, we obtained no evidence of inactivating mutations of the tumor suppressor gene Apc, the "gatekeeper" in colonic epithelial proliferation. However, spontaneous mutation of the tumor-suppressor gene p53, a frequent feature in the human disease, was found in 3 of 7 tumors that were tested. CONCLUSIONS This animal model recapitulates the stages of tumor progression as well as a part of the genetic alterations found in human colorectal cancer. Furthermore, it indicates that activation of K-ras in concert with mutations in p53 may constitute a route to digestive tumor formation and growth, underlining the fact that the pathway to intestinal cancer is not necessarily a single road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Cellular Morphogenesis and Signalisation, UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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21
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Ward JM. Preneoplastic and Precancerous Lesions in Rodents: Morphologic and Molecular Characteristics. J Toxicol Pathol 2002. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.15.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M. Ward
- Veterinary and Tumor Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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22
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Abstract
Mutations in the APC gene are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and for the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers. The establishment of genotype-phenotype correlations in FAP is often complicated by the great clinical variability observed among carriers of the same APC mutation even within the same kindred. This variability is likely to arise from the interaction of genetic and environmental modifying factors, the dissection of which ideally requires the employment of mouse models where the effects of specific Apc mutations are analyzed in an inbred, homogeneous genetic background and a controlled environment. The availability of different Apc mouse models allows not only the establishment of more precise genotype-phenotype correlations but has also provided very important clues for the understanding of the function of APC in homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Also, the close phenotypic resemblance to the human disease makes these mice unique preclinical models to test chemopreventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fodde
- Dept. of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Sylvius Laboratories, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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Cox R. Resolving the molecular mechanisms of radiation tumorigenesis: past problems and future prospects. HEALTH PHYSICS 2001; 80:344-348. [PMID: 11281202 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200104000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Major goals in experimental radiobiology continue to be the resolution of the fundamental mechanisms of cellular radiation response and to gain detailed understanding of the contribution made by these responses to the complex in vivo processes of tumor development. The coupling of this framework of fundamental knowledge to epidemiological measures of risk greatly strengthens the biological basis of radiological protection. A selective overview is provided of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and genetics of radiation tumorigenesis and their possible implications. It is suggested that rapid technical and academic advances in biology greatly expand the opportunities to further refine scientific knowledge on tumor risk after radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cox
- Radiation Effects Department, National Radiological Protection Board, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The significance of this cytokine in cancer susceptibility, cancer development and progression has become apparent over the past few years. TGF-beta plays various roles in the process of malignant progression. It is a potent inhibitor of normal stromal, hematopoietic, and epithelial cell growth. However, at some point during cancer development the majority of transformed cells become either partly or completely resistant to TGF-beta growth inhibition. There is growing evidence that in the later stages of cancer development TGF-beta is actively secreted by tumor cells and not merely acts as a bystander but rather contributes to cell growth, invasion, and metastasis and decreases host-tumor immune responses. Subtle alteration of TGF-beta signaling may also contribute to the development of cancer. These various effects are tissue and tumor dependent. Identifying and understanding TGF-beta signaling pathway abnormalities in various malignancies is a promising avenue of study that may yield new modalities to both prevent and treat cancer. The nature, prevalence, and significance of TGF-beta signaling pathway alterations in various forms of human cancer as well as potential preventive and therapeutic interventions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pasche
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, 710 North Fairbanks, Room 8410, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The significance of this cytokine in cancer susceptibility, cancer development and progression has become apparent over the past few years. TGF-beta plays various roles in the process of malignant progression. It is a potent inhibitor of normal stromal, hematopoietic, and epithelial cell growth. However, at some point during cancer development the majority of transformed cells become either partly or completely resistant to TGF-beta growth inhibition. There is growing evidence that in the later stages of cancer development TGF-beta is actively secreted by tumor cells and not merely acts as a bystander but rather contributes to cell growth, invasion, and metastasis and decreases host-tumor immune responses. Subtle alteration of TGF-beta signaling may also contribute to the development of cancer. These various effects are tissue and tumor dependent. Identifying and understanding TGF-beta signaling pathway abnormalities in various malignancies is a promising avenue of study that may yield new modalities to both prevent and treat cancer. The nature, prevalence, and significance of TGF-beta signaling pathway alterations in various forms of human cancer as well as potential preventive and therapeutic interventions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pasche
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, 710 North Fairbanks, Room 8410, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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