1
|
Ge T, Hu W, Zhang Z, He X, Wang L, Han X, Dai Z. Open and closed microfluidics for biosensing. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101048. [PMID: 38633866 PMCID: PMC11022104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosensing is vital for many areas like disease diagnosis, infectious disease prevention, and point-of-care monitoring. Microfluidics has been evidenced to be a powerful tool for biosensing via integrating biological detection processes into a palm-size chip. Based on the chip structure, microfluidics has two subdivision types: open microfluidics and closed microfluidics, whose operation methods would be diverse. In this review, we summarize fundamentals, liquid control methods, and applications of open and closed microfluidics separately, point out the bottlenecks, and propose potential directions of microfluidics-based biosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Wenxu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Xuexue He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xing Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Zong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu K, He Y, Lu Z, Xu Q, Wang L, Liu Z, Khou J, Ye J, Liu C, Zhang T. Laser-induced graphene-based digital microfluidics (gDMF): a versatile platform with sub-one-dollar cost. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 38770672 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF), is an emerging liquid-handling technology, that shows promising potential in various biological and biomedical applications. However, the fabrication of conventional DMF chips is usually complicated, time-consuming, and costly, which seriously limits their widespread applications, especially in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT). Although the paper- or film-based DMF devices can offer an inexpensive and convenient alternative, they still suffer from the planar addressing structure, and thus, limited electrode quantity. To address the above issues, we herein describe the development of a laser-induced graphene (LIG) based digital microfluidics chip (gDMF). It can be easily made (within 10 min, under ambient conditions, without the need of costly materials or cleanroom-based techniques) by a computer-controlled laser scribing process. Moreover, both the planar addressing DMF (pgDMF) and vertical addressing DMF (vgDMF) can be readily achieved, with the latter offering the potential of a higher electrode density. Also, both of them have an impressively low cost of below $1 ($0.85 for pgDMF, $0.59 for vgDMF). Experiments also show that both pgDMF and vgDMF have a comparable performance to conventional DMF devices, with a colorimetric assay performed on vgDMF as proof-of-concept to demonstrate their applicability. Given the simple fabrication, low cost, full function, and the ease of modifying the electrode pattern for various applications, it is reasonably expect that the proposed gDMF may offer an alternative choice as a versatile platform for POCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yu He
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation and Intelligent Systems, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313002, China
| | - Zefan Lu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Qiudi Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Zhongxuan Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Jeremy Khou
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Tinkerbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation and Intelligent Systems, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313002, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ho M, Sathishkumar N, Sklavounos AA, Sun J, Yang I, Nichols KP, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics with distance-based detection - a new approach for nucleic acid diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 24:63-73. [PMID: 37987330 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
There is great enthusiasm for using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests (POC NAATs), as an alternative to PCR. While isothermal amplification techniques like LAMP eliminate the need for rapid temperature cycling in a portable format, these systems are still plagued by requirements for dedicated optical detection apparatus for analysis and manual off-chip sample processing. Here, we developed a new microfluidic system for LAMP-based POC NAATs to address these limitations. The new system combines digital microfluidics (DMF) with distance-based detection (DBD) for direct signal readout. This is the first report of the use of (i) LAMP or (ii) DMF with DBD - thus, we describe a number of characterization steps taken to determine optimal combinations of reagents, materials, and processes for reliable operation. For example, DBD was found to be quite sensitive to background signals from low molecular weight LAMP products; thus, a Capto™ adhere bead-based clean-up procedure was developed to isolate the desirable high-molecular-weight products for analysis. The new method was validated by application to detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. The method was able to distinguish between saliva containing no virus, saliva containing a low viral load (104 genome copies per mL), and saliva containing a high viral load (108 copies per mL), all in an automated system that does not require detection apparatus for analysis. We propose that the combination of DMF with distance-based detection may be a powerful one for implementing a variety of POC NAATs or for other applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - N Sathishkumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Alexandros A Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Ivy Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | | | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Maki KL, Schertzer MJ. Characterization of Particle Transport and Deposition Due to Heterogeneous Dewetting on Low-Cost Inkjet-Printed Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16843-16853. [PMID: 37962525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the deposition patterns left by evaporating particle-laden droplets on heterogeneous surfaces with spatially varying wettability. Spatial differences in receding contact angles give rise to scalloped-shaped contact lines. During evaporation, the contact line recedes in one location and remains pinned in another. This nonuniform contact line recession results in particle self-assembly above areas where the contact line remains pinned but not where it recedes. This behavior is fairly robust across a variety of particle sizes, concentrations, and device geometries. We hypothesize that particle self-assembly in these cases is due to the competition between particle diffusion and evaporative-driven advective flow. Diffusion appears to be more pronounced in regions where the contact line recedes, while advection appears to be more pronounced near the pinned portion of the contact line. As such, particles appear to diffuse away from receding areas and toward pinned areas, where advection transports them to the contact line. The distribution of particle deposition above the pinned regions was influenced by the particle size and the concentration of particles in the droplet. Similar to homogeneous surfaces, deposition was more prevalent at the pinned portion of the contact line for smaller particles and lower concentrations and more uniformly distributed across the entire pinned region for larger particles and higher concentrations. A better understanding of this process may be beneficial in a wide variety of particle separation applications, such as printing, cell patterning, biosensing, and anti-icing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Kara L Maki
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Michael J Schertzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu X, Tang D, He Q, Liu L, Jia Z, Tan Y. Research progress of electrode shapes in EWOD-based digital microfluidics. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16815-16827. [PMID: 37283873 PMCID: PMC10240258 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01817b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is an innovative technology used for precise manipulation of liquid droplets. This technology has garnered significant attention in both industrial applications and scientific research due to its unique advantages. Among the key components of DMF, the driving electrode plays a role in facilitating droplet generation, transportation, splitting, merging, and mixing. This comprehensive review aims to present an in-depth understanding of the working principle of DMF particularly focusing on the Electrowetting On Dielectric (EWOD) method. Furthermore, it examines the impact of driving electrodes with varying geometries on droplet manipulation. By analyzing and comparing their characteristics, this review offers valuable insights and a fresh perspective on the design and application of driving electrodes in DMF based on the EWOD approach. Lastly, an assessment of the development trend and potential applications of DMF concludes the review, providing an outlook for future prospects in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ultra-fast/Micro-nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Dongbao Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ultra-fast/Micro-nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Qianpei He
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Luxuan Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ultra-fast/Micro-nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Zhaoyuan Jia
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ultra-fast/Micro-nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Yuyu Tan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ultra-fast/Micro-nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang B, He B, Xie L, Cao X, Liang Z, Wei M, Jin H, Ren W, Suo Z, Xu Y. A novel detection strategy for nitrofuran metabolite residues: Dual-mode competitive-type electrochemical immunosensor based on polyethyleneimine reduced graphene oxide/gold nanorods nanocomposite and silica-based multifunctional immunoprobe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158676. [PMID: 36096228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive residues of semicarbazide (SEM) can accumulate in animals after the original drug has been abused, posing a risk to human health. Herein, based on multifunctional silica-initiated dual mode signal response, a novel competitive-type immunosensor was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of SEM. As a preliminary signal amplification platform for immunosensors, polyethyleneimine reduced graphene oxide composite gold nanorods (PEI-rGO/AuNRs) modified gold electrodes (AuE) provide a high specific surface area and high electrical conductivity. The thionine-aminated silica nanospheres-AuPt (thi-SiO2@AuPt) were synthesized by a racile coprecipitation method for enzyme immobilization and redox species loading. The multifunctional silica nanosphere conjugated with labeling antibodies (Ab2) was employed as an immunoprobe. The per unit concentration target of SEM can be determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to detect the thi loaded on the immunoprobe, which can also be determined by square wave voltammetry (SWV) to detect the current generated by the reaction system of H2O2 and hydroquinone (HQ) catalyzed by the immunoprobe with peroxidase. Under optimal conditions, the proposed immunosensor displayed a wide linear range from 1 μg-0.01 ng/mL and low detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.488 pg/mL and 0.0157 ng/mL, respectively. Ultimately, the developed method exhibits excellent performance in practical applications, providing promising probabilities for SEM detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Botao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Baoshan He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Lingling Xie
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Zhengyong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Huali Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Zhiguang Suo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coelho BJ, Veigas B, Bettencourt L, Águas H, Fortunato E, Martins R, Baptista PV, Igreja R. Digital Microfluidics-Powered Real-Time Monitoring of Isothermal DNA Amplification of Cancer Biomarker. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040201. [PMID: 35448261 PMCID: PMC9028060 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a digital microfluidics (DMF) platform specifically designed to perform a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA and applied it to a real-time amplification to monitor a cancer biomarker, c-Myc (associated to 40% of all human tumors), using fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate the full manipulation of the sample and reagents on the DMF platform, resulting in the successful amplification of 90 pg of the target DNA (0.5 ng/µL) in less than one hour. Furthermore, we test the efficiency of an innovative mixing strategy in DMF by employing two mixing methodologies onto the DMF droplets-low frequency AC (alternating current) actuation as well as back-and-forth droplet motion-which allows for improved fluorescence readouts. Fluorophore bleaching effects are minimized through on-chip sample partitioning by DMF processes and sequential droplet irradiation. Finally, LAMP reactions require only 2 µL volume droplets, which represents a 10-fold volume reduction in comparison to benchtop LAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jorge Coelho
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
- UCIBIO, I4HB, Life Sciences Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bruno Veigas
- AlmaScience, Campus da Caparica, 2829-519 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Luís Bettencourt
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Hugo Águas
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- UCIBIO, I4HB, Life Sciences Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Igreja
- Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.J.C.); (L.B.); (H.Á.); (E.F.); (R.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Qu Q, Zhou A, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xiong R, Lenders V, Manshian BB, Hua D, Soenen SJ, Huang C. Core-shell microparticles: From rational engineering to diverse applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102568. [PMID: 34896747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell microparticles, composed of solid, liquid, or gas bubbles surrounded by a protective shell, are gaining considerable attention as intelligent and versatile carriers that show great potential in biomedical fields. In this review, an overview is given of recent developments in design and applications of biodegradable core-shell systems. Several emerging methodologies including self-assembly, gas-shearing, and coaxial electrospray are discussed and microfluidics technology is emphasized in detail. Furthermore, the characteristics of core-shell microparticles in artificial cells, drug release and cell culture applications are discussed and the superiority of these advanced multi-core microparticles for the generation of artificial cells is highlighted. Finally, the respective developing orientations and limitations inherent to these systems are addressed. It is hoped that this review can inspire researchers to propel the development of this field with new ideas.
Collapse
|
9
|
Patel RP, Pataniya PM, Patel M, Sumesh CK. WSe 2crystals on paper: flexible, large area and broadband photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505202. [PMID: 34525463 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac26fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper-based photodetector has recently captivated a great deal of attention in various opto-electronics applications because of facile, cost effective and green synthesis. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials are promising for photodetection under the broad spectral range. In this work, we have fabricated paper-based device by rubbing the tungsten di-selenide (WSe2) crystals on paper substrate. Low-cost, facile and green synthesis technique was employed to make a high-performance paper-based WSe2photodetector. Paper-based photodetector was fabricated via non-toxic simply rubbing process of WSe2nanosheets on low-cost bio-degradable paper. The photodetector shows good responsivity of 72.5 μA W-1and detectivity at around 2.4 × 107Jones at very low bias (1.0 V) at wavelength of 780 nm, respectively. Due to good photo-absorption strength, photodetector exhibits excellent photo-response over wide wavelength range from visible to near infrared. This device also shows very good flexibility with a stable photo-response. This device shows a general and reliable study for the design of photodetectors that is eco-friendly and cost-effective. Overall studied results of the fabricated device indicate that they have the ability to be used in large-scale preparation of the device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P Patel
- Department of Physical Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik M Pataniya
- Department of Physical Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Meswa Patel
- Department of Physical Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - C K Sumesh
- Department of Physical Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Chen L. Integrated Full-Range Droplet Actuation for Inkjet-Printed Digital Microfluidic Chip on Flexible Substrates. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 21:10-20. [PMID: 34529569 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flexible printed electronic technology makes it possible to fabricate low-cost digital microfluidic (DMF) chips. Inkjet printing on flexible substrates is one of the most cost-effective fabrication processes for DMF chips. Based on inkjet printing technology and simplified coating methods of dielectric and hydrophobic layers, we fabricated low-cost flexible DMF chips (FDMFCs) on PET sheet and on matte photo paper. The surface quality, conductivity and spatial output resolution of the silver lines under different number of printings, different line widths and line gaps on the two types of FDMFCs were comprehensively analyzed. The traditional square dispensing electrodes were optimized to reduce the volume error of the droplets generated during the repeated dispensing operations. Droplets can be driven to implement all the operations on various configurations of FDMFCs by electrowetting-on-dielectric, including closed configuration, open configuration, hybrid configuration composed of closed and open regions on a single chip, and open curved configuration, which are defined as full-range droplet actuation. The droplet motion between closed and open regions in two position modes of the top plate was deeply studied. Droplet operation experiments prove that the motion performance of droplets can be comparable to that of chips processed by traditional technology, and the rapid prototyping technology of the FDMFCs can make the performance of droplet operation mainly depend on the conductivity of the electrode layer and the electrode gap and greatly weaken the influence of the substrate surface quality on the FDMFCs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen YY, Ting IJ, Wang SC. Using office inkjet printer to develop paper-based electrowetting-on-dielectric micromixer based on capillary wave-induced droplet vibration mixing for the reproducibility improvement of chemiluminescence assays. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Salva ML, Rocca M, Niemeyer CM, Delamarche E. Methods for immobilizing receptors in microfluidic devices: A review. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Gountia D, Roy S. Security model for protecting intellectual property of state-of-the-art microfluidic biochips. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Jafry AT, Lim H, Lee J. Basic Paper-Based Microfluidics/Electronics Theory. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8723-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
15
|
Tzivelekis C, Sgardelis P, Waldron K, Whalley R, Huo D, Dalgarno K. Fabrication routes via projection stereolithography for 3D-printing of microfluidic geometries for nucleic acid amplification. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240237. [PMID: 33112867 PMCID: PMC7592796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital Light Processing (DLP) stereolithography (SLA) as a high-resolution 3D printing process offers a low-cost alternative for prototyping of microfluidic geometries, compared to traditional clean-room and workshop-based methods. Here, we investigate DLP-SLA printing performance for the production of micro-chamber chip geometries suitable for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a key process in molecular diagnostics to amplify nucleic acid sequences. A DLP-SLA fabrication protocol for printed micro-chamber devices with monolithic micro-channels is developed and evaluated. Printed devices were post-processed with ultraviolet (UV) light and solvent baths to reduce PCR inhibiting residuals and further treated with silane coupling agents to passivate the surface, thereby limiting biomolecular adsorption occurences during the reaction. The printed devices were evaluated on a purpose-built infrared (IR) mediated PCR thermocycler. Amplification of 75 base pair long target sequences from genomic DNA templates on fluorosilane and glass modified chips produced amplicons consistent with the control reactions, unlike the non-silanized chips that produced faint or no amplicon. The results indicated good functionality of the IR thermocycler and good PCR compatibility of the printed and silanized SLA polymer. Based on the proposed methods, various microfluidic designs and ideas can be validated in-house at negligible costs without the requirement of tool manufacturing and workshop or clean-room access. Additionally, the versatile chemistry of 3D printing resins enables customised surface properties adding significant value to the printed prototypes. Considering the low setup and unit cost, design flexibility and flexible resin chemistries, DLP-SLA is anticipated to play a key role in future prototyping of microfluidics, particularly in the fields of research biology and molecular diagnostics. From a system point-of-view, the proposed method of thermocycling shows promise for portability and modular integration of funcitonalitites for diagnostic or research applications that utilize nucleic acid amplification technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavlos Sgardelis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Waldron
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Whalley
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Dehong Huo
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yafia M, Foudeh AM, Tabrizian M, Najjaran H. Low-Cost Graphene-Based Digital Microfluidic System. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090880. [PMID: 32971896 PMCID: PMC7569958 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the laser-scribing technique was used as a low-cost, rapid and facile method for fabricating digital microfluidic (DMF) systems. Laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrodes are directly synthesized on flexible substrates to pattern the DMF electrode arrays. This facilitates the DMF electrodes’ fabrication process by eliminating many microfabrication steps. An electrowetting test was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the LSG DMF electrodes in changing the contact angles of droplets. Different DMF operations were successfully performed using the proposed LSG DMF chips in both open and closed DMF systems. The quality and output resolution were examined to assess the performance of such patterned electrodes in the DMF systems. To verify the efficacy of the LSG DMF chips, a one-step direct assay for the detection of Legionellapneumophila deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was performed on the chip without the need for any washing step. The high specificity in distinguishing a single-nucleotide mismatch was achieved by detecting target DNA concentrations as low as 1 nM. Our findings suggest that the proposed rapid and easy fabrication method for LSG DMF electrodes offers a great platform for low-cost and easily accessible point-of-care diagnostic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yafia
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (H.N.)
| | - Amir M. Foudeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (A.M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (A.M.F.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (H.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Advanced Nanomaterials, Printing Processes, and Applications for Flexible Hybrid Electronics. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163587. [PMID: 32823736 PMCID: PMC7475884 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterial preparation and printing technologies provide unique opportunities to develop flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) for various healthcare applications. Unlike the costly, multi-step, and error-prone cleanroom-based nano-microfabrication, the printing of nanomaterials offers advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high-throughput, reliability, and scalability. Here, this review summarizes the most up-to-date nanomaterials, methods of nanomaterial printing, and system integrations to fabricate advanced FHE in wearable and implantable applications. Detailed strategies to enhance the resolution, uniformity, flexibility, and durability of nanomaterial printing are summarized. We discuss the sensitivity, functionality, and performance of recently reported printed electronics with application areas in wearable sensors, prosthetics, and health monitoring implantable systems. Collectively, the main contribution of this paper is in the summary of the essential requirements of material properties, mechanisms for printed sensors, and electronics.
Collapse
|
18
|
Boobphahom S, Nguyet Ly M, Soum V, Pyun N, Kwon OS, Rodthongkum N, Shin K. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices toward High-Throughput Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:E2970. [PMID: 32605281 PMCID: PMC7412548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) have become promising tools offering various analytical applications for chemical and biological assays at the point-of-care (POC). Compared to traditional microfluidic devices, µPADs offer notable advantages; they are cost-effective, easily fabricated, disposable, and portable. Because of our better understanding and advanced engineering of µPADs, multistep assays, high detection sensitivity, and rapid result readout have become possible, and recently developed µPADs have gained extensive interest in parallel analyses to detect biomarkers of interest. In this review, we focus on recent developments in order to achieve µPADs with high-throughput capability. We discuss existing fabrication techniques and designs, and we introduce and discuss current detection methods and their applications to multiplexed detection assays in relation to clinical diagnosis, drug analysis and screening, environmental monitoring, and food and beverage quality control. A summary with future perspectives for µPADs is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siraprapa Boobphahom
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Mai Nguyet Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (M.N.L.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (O.-S.K.)
| | - Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (M.N.L.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (O.-S.K.)
| | - Nayoon Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (M.N.L.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (O.-S.K.)
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (M.N.L.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (O.-S.K.)
| | - Nadnudda Rodthongkum
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (M.N.L.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (O.-S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Parsekian AW, Harris TAL. Scalable, Alternating Narrow Stripes of Polyvinyl Alcohol Support and Unmodified PEDOT:PSS with Maintained Conductivity Using a Single-Step Slot Die Coating Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3736-3745. [PMID: 31880906 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Slot die coating has been established as an economical approach for deposition of parallel narrow stripes, a constituent pattern feature in many printed device applications. However, the minimum feature size that can be achieved using this approach is constrained by wetting and liquid bridge phenomena at the deposition region. We hypothesize that pattern resolution and process control can be improved by co-depositing a support fluid to stabilize the pattern. Electrically conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is slot die-coated in parallel stripes on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, without wettability-enhancing dopants or substrate pretreatment. A miscible liquid phase, polyvinyl alcohol, is used as the support material. Feature size performance and conductivity of PEDOT:PSS stripe regions are evaluated across a range of process conditions. Narrow PEDOT:PSS stripes produced using our technique range from 400 to 850 μm and exhibit conductivity approaching 1.5 S cm-1. This electrical performance falls within the upper range expected prior to standard conductivity-enhancing post-treatments. Significantly, dewetting effects normally present with undoped PEDOT:PSS on the plastic substrate are fully mitigated with our deposition technique. These results indicate high ease of processing and good feature size performance, with few inherent drawbacks to the functional properties of the patterned films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ara W Parsekian
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 801 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Tequila A L Harris
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 801 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong R, Liu Y, Mou L, Deng J, Jiang X. Microfluidics-Based Biomaterials and Biodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805033. [PMID: 30345586 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of microfluidics technology has promoted new innovations in materials science, particularly by interacting with biological systems, based on precise manipulation of fluids and cells within microscale confinements. This article reviews the latest advances in microfluidics-based biomaterials and biodevices, highlighting some burgeoning areas such as functional biomaterials, cell manipulations, and flexible biodevices. These areas are interconnected not only in their basic principles, in that they all employ microfluidics to control the makeup and morphology of materials, but also unify at the ultimate goals in human healthcare. The challenges and future development trends in biological application are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Mou
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinqi Deng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
PtCu nanoprobe-initiated cascade reaction modulated iodide-responsive sensing interface for improved electrochemical immunosensor of neuron-specific enolase. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
23
|
Liu Q, Wu Q, Xie S, Zhao L, Chen Z, Ding Z, Li X. Uniform field electrospinning for 3D printing of fibrous configurations as strain sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:375301. [PMID: 31195376 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab29ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is becoming an efficient method to produce fibers in the submicron range, but the bending instability of conventional electrospinning system (CES) brings limitations in the distinctive deposition of electrospun fibers. Herein, we proposed a strategy to update the electrospinning system through establishment of a uniform electric field, realizing 3D printing of electrospun fibers with well-controlled, low-cost, and template-free manners. The uniform field electrospinning (UFES) apparatus is configured by inserting the electrospinning nozzle into the center of an aided metal plate. The electric field simulation of UFES indicates a uniform distribution between the aided metal plate and the collector, while a diverging and weaker electric field is produced by CES. The collector of UFES is mounted on a translation stage, which moves along x and y axes under computer control. The distinctive deposition of electrospun fibers produces fibrous mats with rectangular patterns of different grid sizes, and butterfly and TaiJi figures with high resolutions are directly written by UFES. The layer-by-layer deposition of electrospun fibers under UFES produces microscale Mongolian yurts with distinct hollow structure. Fibrous blocks with an average width of 120 μm and height of 630 μm were printed by UFES from conductive polymer composites and constructed into strain sensors. The electric current strength of fibrous microblocks changes sharply in response to the finger bending and release, indicating the capability to monitor human motions. Thus, this study demonstrates that the UFES becomes an easy-handling strategy for 3D printing of electrospun fibers to create complex geometries.
Collapse
|
24
|
Soum V, Park S, Brilian AI, Kwon OS, Shin K. Programmable Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices for Biomarker Detections. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E516. [PMID: 31382502 PMCID: PMC6722603 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advanced paper-based microfluidic devices provide an alternative technology for the detection of biomarkers by using affordable and portable devices for point-of-care testing (POCT). Programmable paper-based microfluidic devices enable a wide range of biomarker detection with high sensitivity and automation for single- and multi-step assays because they provide better control for manipulating fluid samples. In this review, we examine the advances in programmable microfluidics, i.e., paper-based continuous-flow microfluidic (p-CMF) devices and paper-based digital microfluidic (p-DMF) devices, for biomarker detection. First, we discuss the methods used to fabricate these two types of paper-based microfluidic devices and the strategies for programming fluid delivery and for droplet manipulation. Next, we discuss the use of these programmable paper-based devices for the single- and multi-step detection of biomarkers. Finally, we present the current limitations of paper-based microfluidics for biomarker detection and the outlook for their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Sooyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Albertus Ivan Brilian
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan Y, He L, Li Y, Tian D, Zhang X, Liu K, Jiang L. Unidirectional liquid transportation and selective permeation for oil/water separation on a gradient nanowire structured surface. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Li L, Geng Y, Xiang Y, Qiang H, Wang Y, Chang J, Zhao H, Zhang L. Instrument-free enrichment and detection of phosphopeptides using paper-based Phos-PAD. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1062:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
27
|
Soum V, Park S, Brilian AI, Kim Y, Ryu MY, Brazell T, Burpo FJ, Parker KK, Kwon OS, Shin K. Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotubes for Fabricating a Spoof Fingerprint on Paper. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8626-8631. [PMID: 31459951 PMCID: PMC6648154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A spoof fingerprint was fabricated on paper and applied for a spoofing attack to unlock a smartphone on which a capacitive array of sensors had been embedded with a fingerprint recognition algorithm. Using an inkjet printer with an ink made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we printed a spoof fingerprint having an electrical and geometric pattern of ridges and furrows comparable to that of the real fingerprint. With this printed spoof fingerprint, we were able to unlock a smartphone successfully; this was due to the good quality of the printed CNT material, which provided electrical conductivities and structural patterns similar to those of the real fingerprint. This result confirms that inkjet-printing CNTs to fabricate a spoof fingerprint on paper is an easy, simple spoofing route from the real fingerprint and suggests a new method for outputting the physical ridges and furrows on a two-dimensional plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Albertus Ivan Brilian
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunpyo Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Madeline Y. Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Taler Brazell
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - F. John Burpo
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Soum V, Kim Y, Park S, Chuong M, Ryu SR, Lee SH, Tanev G, Madsen J, Kwon OS, Shin K. Affordable Fabrication of Conductive Electrodes and Dielectric Films for a Paper-based Digital Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020109. [PMID: 30736440 PMCID: PMC6412519 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to fabricate a digital microfluidic (DMF) chip, which requires a patterned array of electrodes coated with a dielectric film, we explored two simple methods: Ballpoint pen printing to generate the electrodes, and wrapping of a dielectric plastic film to coat the electrodes. For precise and programmable printing of the patterned electrodes, we used a digital plotter with a ballpoint pen filled with a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink. Instead of using conventional material deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, printing, and spin coating, for fabricating the thin dielectric layer, we used a simple method in which we prepared a thin dielectric layer using pre-made linear, low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastic (17-μm thick) by simple wrapping. We then sealed it tightly with thin silicone oil layers so that it could be used as a DMF chip. Such a treated dielectric layer showed good electrowetting performance for a sessile drop without contact angle hysteresis under an applied voltage of less than 170 V. By using this straightforward fabrication method, we quickly and affordably fabricated a paper-based DMF chip and demonstrated the digital electrofluidic actuation and manipulation of drops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Yunpyo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Sooyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Mary Chuong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Soo Ryeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union for Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Georgi Tanev
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Madsen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nasseri B, Soleimani N, Rabiee N, Kalbasi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Point-of-care microfluidic devices for pathogen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:112-128. [PMID: 29890393 PMCID: PMC6082696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rapid diagnosis of pathogens is crucial in the early stages of treatment of diseases where the choice of the correct drug can be critical. Although conventional cell culture-based techniques have been widely utilized in clinical applications, newly introduced optical-based, microfluidic chips are becoming attractive. The advantages of the novel methods compared to the conventional techniques comprise more rapid diagnosis, lower consumption of patient sample and valuable reagents, easy application, and high reproducibility in the detection of pathogens. The miniaturized channels used in microfluidic systems simulate interactions between cells and reagents in microchannel structures, and evaluate the interactions between biological moieties to enable diagnosis of microorganisms. The overarching goal of this review is to provide a summary of the development of microfluidic biochips and to comprehensively discuss different applications of microfluidic biochips in the detection of pathogens. New types of microfluidic systems and novel techniques for viral pathogen detection (e.g. HIV, HVB, ZIKV) are covered. Next generation techniques relying on high sensitivity, specificity, lower consumption of precious reagents, suggest that rapid generation of results can be achieved via optical based detection of bacterial cells. The introduction of smartphones to replace microscope based observation has substantially improved cell detection, and allows facile data processing and transfer for presentation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nasseri
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Chemical Engineering Deptartment and Bioengineeing Division, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wongkaew N, Simsek M, Griesche C, Baeumner AJ. Functional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors and Lab-on-a-Chip Performances: Recent Progress, Applications, and Future Perspective. Chem Rev 2018; 119:120-194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Simsek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Griesche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang C, Zhang H, Li C, He Y, Zhang L, Zhao X, Yang Q, Xian D, Mao Q, Peng B, Zhou Z, Cui W, Hu Z. Voltage Control of Magnetic Anisotropy through Ionic Gel Gating for Flexible Spintronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29750-29756. [PMID: 30094986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent rapid development of flexible electronics, voltage-tunable spintronic structures and devices on flexible substrates have been rarely studied. Here, voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is demonstrated via ionic gel (IG) gating on flexible polyimide substrates with a circuit operating voltage of 1.8 V. A reversible, nonvolatile VCMA switching of 114 Oe is achieved in Pt/Fe/Pt multilayer, where the spatial magnetic anisotropy distribution is determined quantitatively by electron spin resonance technique. This IG gating process is repeatable as the substrates are under different bending conditions. The voltage modulation of magnetic anisotropy through IG gating with excellent flexibility proposes potential applications in low-power wearable spintronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yun He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave , China Academy of Space Technology , Xi'an 710100 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wanzhao Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave , China Academy of Space Technology , Xi'an 710100 , China
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Singh AT, Lantigua D, Meka A, Taing S, Pandher M, Camci-Unal G. Paper-Based Sensors: Emerging Themes and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2838. [PMID: 30154323 PMCID: PMC6164297 DOI: 10.3390/s18092838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paper is a versatile, flexible, porous, and eco-friendly substrate that is utilized in the fabrication of low-cost devices and biosensors for rapid detection of analytes of interest. Paper-based sensors provide affordable platforms for simple, accurate, and rapid detection of diseases, in addition to monitoring food quality, environmental and sun exposure, and detection of pathogens. Paper-based devices provide an inexpensive technology for fabrication of simple and portable diagnostic systems that can be immensely useful in resource-limited settings, such as in developing countries or austere environments, where fully-equipped facilities and highly trained medical staff are absent. In this work, we present the different types of paper that are currently utilized in fabrication of paper-based sensors, and common fabrication techniques ranging from wax printing to origami- and kirigami-based approaches. In addition, we present different detection techniques that are employed in paper-based sensors such as colorimetric, electrochemical, and fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, as well as their applications including disease diagnostics, cell cultures, monitoring sun exposure, and analysis of environmental reagents including pollutants. Furthermore, main advantages and disadvantages of different types of paper and future trends for paper-based sensors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Tribhuwan Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Darlin Lantigua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Akhil Meka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Shainlee Taing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Manjot Pandher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tong S, Sun J, Yang J. Printed Thin-Film Transistors: Research from China. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25902-25924. [PMID: 29494132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film transistors (TFTs) have experienced tremendous development during the past decades and show great promising applications in flat displays, sensors, radio frequency identification tags, logic circuit, and so on. The printed TFTs are the key components for rapid development and commercialization of printed electronics. The researchers in China play important roles to accelerate the development and commercialization of printed TFTs. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the research progress of printed TFTs on rigid and flexible substrates from China. The review will focus on printing techniques of TFTs, printed TFT components including semiconductors, dielectrics and electrodes, as well as fully printed TFTs and printed flexible TFTs. Furthermore, perspectives on the remaining challenges and future developments are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Tong
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , Hunan , China
| | - Jia Sun
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , Hunan , China
| | - Junliang Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , Hunan , China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Temiz Y, Delamarche E. Sub-nanoliter, real-time flow monitoring in microfluidic chips using a portable device and smartphone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10603. [PMID: 30006576 PMCID: PMC6045673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing need for portable, easy-to-use, cost-effective, and connected point-of-care diagnostics (POCD) has been one of the main drivers of recent research on lab-on-a-chip (LoC) devices. A majority of these devices use microfluidics to manipulate precisely samples and reagents for bioanalysis. However, filling microfluidic devices with liquid can be prone to failure. For this reason, we have implemented a simple, yet efficient method for monitoring liquid displacement in microfluidic chips using capacitive sensing and a compact (75 mm × 30 mm × 10 mm), low-cost ($60), and battery-powered (10-hour autonomy) device communicating with a smartphone. We demonstrated the concept using a capillary-driven microfluidic chip comprising two equivalent flow paths, each with a total volume of 420 nL. Capacitance measurements from a pair of electrodes patterned longitudinally along the flow paths yielded 17 pL resolution in monitoring liquid displacement at a sampling rate of 1 data/s (~1 nL/min resolution in the flow rate). We characterized the system using human serum, biological buffers, and water, and implemented an algorithm to provide real-time information on flow conditions occurring in a microfluidic chip and interactive guidance to the user.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tong L, Wang XX, He XX, Nie GD, Zhang J, Zhang B, Guo WZ, Long YZ. Electrically Conductive TPU Nanofibrous Composite with High Stretchability for Flexible Strain Sensor. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:86. [PMID: 29582217 PMCID: PMC5873461 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable and electrically conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibrous composite based on electrospinning for flexible strain sensor and stretchable conductor has been fabricated via in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) on TPU nanofibrous membrane. The PANI/TPU membrane-based sensor could detect a strain from 0 to 160% with fast response and excellent stability. Meanwhile, the TPU composite has good stability and durability. Besides, the composite could be adapted to various non-flat working environments and could maintain opportune conductivity at different operating temperatures. This work provides an easy operating and low-cost method to fabricate highly stretchable and electrically conductive nanofibrous membrane, which could be applied to detect quick and tiny human actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Guang-Di Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Wen-Zhe Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yafia M, Emran BJ, Najjaran H. Digital Microfluidic Systems: Fundamentals, Configurations, Techniques, and Applications. MICROFLUIDICS: FUNDAMENTAL, DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS 2018:175-209. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527800643.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
37
|
Ghasemi A, Amiri H, Zare H, Masroor M, Hasanzadeh A, Beyzavi A, Aref AR, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Carbon nanotubes in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology: current trends and future perspectives. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2017; 21:151. [PMID: 30881265 PMCID: PMC6415915 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-017-1989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced nanomaterials such as carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) display unprecedented properties such as strength, electrical conductance, thermal stability, and intriguing optical properties. These properties of CNT allow construction of small microfluidic devices leading to miniaturization of analyses previously conducted on a laboratory bench. With dimensions of only millimeters to a few square centimeters, these devices are called lab-on-a-chip (LOC). A LOC device requires a multidisciplinary contribution from different fields and offers automation, portability, and high-throughput screening along with a significant reduction in reagent consumption. Today, CNT can play a vital role in many parts of a LOC such as membrane channels, sensors and channel walls. This review paper provides an overview of recent trends in the use of CNT in LOC devices and covers challenges and recent advances in the field. CNTs are also reviewed in terms of synthesis, integration techniques, functionalization and superhydrophobicity. In addition, the toxicity of these nanomaterials is reviewed as a major challenge and recent approaches addressing this issue are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, Tehran 14588, Iran
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, Tehran 14588, Iran
| | - Hossein Zare
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Masroor
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir R. Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Isclamic Azad University, Teheran, Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang P, Wang M, Zhou F, Yang G, Qu L, Miao X. Development of a paper-based, inexpensive, and disposable electrochemical sensing platform for nitrite detection. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
40
|
Santhiago M, Corrêa CC, Bernardes JS, Pereira MP, Oliveira LJM, Strauss M, Bufon CCB. Flexible and Foldable Fully-Printed Carbon Black Conductive Nanostructures on Paper for High-Performance Electronic, Electrochemical, and Wearable Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24365-24372. [PMID: 28650141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the first example of fully printed carbon nanomaterials on paper with unique features, aiming the fabrication of functional electronic and electrochemical devices. Bare and modified inks were prepared by combining carbon black and cellulose acetate to achieve high-performance conductive tracks with low sheet resistance. The carbon black tracks withstand extremely high folding cycles (>20 000 cycles), a new record-high with a response loss of less than 10%. The conductive tracks can also be used as 3D paper-based electrochemical cells with high heterogeneous rate constants, a feature that opens a myriad of electrochemical applications. As a relevant demonstrator, the conductive ink modified with Prussian-blue was electrochemically characterized proving to be very promising toward the detection of hydrogen peroxide at very low potentials. Moreover, carbon black circuits can be fully crumpled with negligible change in their electrical response. Fully printed motion and wearable sensors are additional examples where bioinspired microcracks are created on the conductive track. The wearable devices are capable of efficiently monitoring extremely low bending angles including human motions, fingers, and forearm. Here, to the best of our knowledge, the mechanical, electronic, and electrochemical performance of the proposed devices surpasses the most recent advances in paper-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cátia C Corrêa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mariane P Pereira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia J M Oliveira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mathias Strauss
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dong Y, Zou Y, Song J, Li J, Han B, Shan Q, Xu L, Xue J, Zeng H. An all-inkjet-printed flexible UV photodetector. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8580-8585. [PMID: 28621773 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel concept of the all-inkjet-printed flexible photodetectors based on ZnO nanocrystals with high performance was proposed and demonstrated with emphasis on the influence of different post-treatments including UV light irradiation and high temperature annealing. The photodetectors based on UV-treated ZnO nanocrystal films exhibit a responsivity and an on/off ratio as high as 0.14 A W-1 and >103, respectively, which are better than the thermally treated devices. The high performance of ZnO nanocrystal-based photodetectors originates from unique band-edge modulation among the nanoparticles, where the existence of Schottky barriers leads to a low dark current and gives rise to a fast photoelectric response. The photodetector is capable of 500 bending cycles, and almost no degradation is observed. The as-obtained all-printable devices open up the possibility of fabricating a low-cost, solution processed, flexible, and large-area integrated optoelectronic sensor circuitry for future practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Dong
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Park S, Park S, Kim T, Kwak D, Park S, Ryu H, Park JJ. Facile Inkjet Printing Using Silver Precursor with Controllable Surface Tension for Fabricating Ultra Pliable Paper Electrode. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
43
|
Application of paper EWOD (electrowetting-on-dielectrics) chip: Protein tryptic digestion and its detection using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-1208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Shu Z, Kemper F, Beckert E, Eberhardt R, Tünnermann A. Highly sensitive on-chip fluorescence sensor with integrated fully solution processed organic light sources and detectors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03841k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first reported on-chip fluorescent sensor consisting of fully solution processed organic light sources and detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Shu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)
| | - F. Kemper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)
| | - E. Beckert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - R. Eberhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - A. Tünnermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dixon C, Ng AHC, Fobel R, Miltenburg MB, Wheeler AR. An inkjet printed, roll-coated digital microfluidic device for inexpensive, miniaturized diagnostic assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4560-4568. [PMID: 27801455 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of infectious disease is typically carried out at the point-of-care (POC) using the lateral flow assay (LFA). While cost-effective and portable, LFAs often lack the clinical sensitivity and specificity required for accurate diagnoses. In response to this challenge, we introduce a new digital microfluidic (DMF) platform fabricated using a custom inkjet printing and roll-coating process that is scalable to mass production. The performance of the new devices is on par with that of traditional DMF devices fabricated in a cleanroom, with a materials cost for the new devices of only US $0.63 per device. To evaluate the usefulness of the new platform, we performed a 13-step rubella virus (RV) IgG immunoassay on the inkjet printed, roll-coated devices, which yielded a limit of detection of 0.02 IU mL-1, well below the diagnostic cut-off of 10 IU mL-1 for RV infection and immunity. We propose that this represents a breakthrough for DMF, lowering the costs to a level such that the new platforms will be an attractive alternative to LFAs for the diagnosis of infectious disease at the POC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Alphonsus H C Ng
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ryan Fobel
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark B Miltenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim S, Ko H, Lee C, Kim M, Kim KS, Lee YH, Shin K, Cho YH. Semiconductor Photonic Nanocavity on a Paper Substrate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9765-9769. [PMID: 27717077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct integration of semiconductor photonic nanocavities with paper substrates is demonstrated for the first time. 1D photonic crystal nanocavities successfully show lasing action on paper substrates. The device has great synergy as a sensor because paper has good wicking ability while a photonic crystal cavity has high figure of merit. The research provides a platform for eco-friendly and sustainable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Chulwon Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - MinKwan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Ki Soo Kim
- Convergence and Components & Materials Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Choudhuri JR, Vanzo D, Madden PA, Salanne M, Bratko D, Luzar A. Dynamic Response in Nanoelectrowetting on a Dielectric. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8536-8544. [PMID: 27556934 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Droplet spreading at an applied voltage underlies the function of tunable optical devices including adjustable lenses and matrix display elements. Faster response and the enhanced resolution motivate research toward miniaturization of these devices to nanoscale dimensions. The response of an aqueous nanodroplet to an applied field can differ significantly from macroscopic predictions. Understanding these differences requires characterization at the molecular level. We describe the equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of nanosized aqueous droplets on a hydrophobic surface with the embedded concentric electrodes. Constant electrode potential is enforced by a rigorous account of the metal polarization. We demonstrate that the reduction of the equilibrium contact angle is commensurate to, and adjusts reversibly with, the voltage change. For a droplet with O(10) nm diameter, a typical response time to the imposition of the field is of O(10(2)) ps. Drop relaxation is about twice as fast when the field is switched off. The friction coefficient obtained from the rate of the drop relaxation on the nonuniform surface, decreases when the droplet approaches equilibrium from either direction, that is, by spreading or receding. The strong dependence of the friction on the surface hydrophilicity points to the dominance of the liquid-surface friction at the drop's perimeter as described in the molecular kinetic theory. This approach enables correct predictions of trends in dynamic responses associated with varied voltage or substrate material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy Choudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Davide Vanzo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Paul Anthony Madden
- Department of Material Science, Oxford University , Park Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8234 PHENIX , 75005 Paris, France
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dusan Bratko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Alenka Luzar
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a droplet-based liquid-handling technology that has recently become popular for cell culture and analysis. In DMF, picoliter- to microliter-sized droplets are manipulated on a planar surface using electric fields, thus enabling software-reconfigurable operations on individual droplets, such as move, merge, split, and dispense from reservoirs. Using this technique, multistep cell-based processes can be carried out using simple and compact instrumentation, making DMF an attractive platform for eventual integration into routine biology workflows. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art in DMF cell culture, and describe design considerations, types of DMF cell culture, and cell-based applications of DMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alphonsus H C Ng
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Bingyu Betty Li
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Samiei E, Tabrizian M, Hoorfar M. A review of digital microfluidics as portable platforms for lab-on a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2376-96. [PMID: 27272540 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of microfluidic systems, there has been a high tendency towards developing lab-on-a-chip devices for biochemical applications. A great deal of effort has been devoted to improve and advance these devices with the goal of performing complete sets of biochemical assays on the device and possibly developing portable platforms for point of care applications. Among the different microfluidic systems used for such a purpose, digital microfluidics (DMF) shows high flexibility and capability of performing multiplex and parallel biochemical operations, and hence, has been considered as a suitable candidate for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the DMF platforms, and evaluate the feasibility of developing multifunctional packages for performing complete sets of processes of biochemical assays, particularly for point-of-care applications. The progress in the development of DMF systems is reviewed from eight different aspects, including device fabrication, basic fluidic operations, automation, manipulation of biological samples, advanced operations, detection, biological applications, and finally, packaging and portability of the DMF devices. Success in developing the lab-on-a-chip DMF devices will be concluded based on the advances achieved in each of these aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Samiei
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|