1
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Morzy J, Dose WM, Vullum PE, Lai MC, Mahadevegowda A, De Volder MFL, Ducati C. Origins and Importance of Intragranular Cracking in Layered Lithium Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:3945-3956. [PMID: 38756866 PMCID: PMC11094680 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries have a pivotal role in the transition toward electric transportation. Ni-rich layered transition metal oxide (LTMO) cathode materials promise high specific capacity and lower cost but exhibit faster degradation compared with lower Ni alternatives. Here, we employ high-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the nanoscale origins and impact on performance of intragranular cracking (within primary crystals) in Ni-rich LTMOs. We find that intragranular cracking is widespread in charged specimens early in cycle life but uncommon in discharged samples even after cycling. The distribution of intragranular cracking is highly inhomogeneous. We conclude that intragranular cracking is caused by local stresses that can have several independent sources: neighboring particle anisotropic expansion/contraction, Li- and TM-inhomogeneities at the primary and secondary particle levels, and interfacing of electrochemically active and inactive phases. Our results suggest that intragranular cracks can manifest at different points of life of the cathode and can potentially lead to capacity fade and impedance rise of LTMO cathodes through plane gliding and particle detachment that lead to exposure of additional surfaces to the electrolyte and loss of electrical contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej
K. Morzy
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley M. Dose
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Per Erik Vullum
- Department
of Physics, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Ho̷gskoleringen 1, Trondheim 7034, Norway
- Sintef
Industry, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - May Ching Lai
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Amoghavarsha Mahadevegowda
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. L. De Volder
- Institute
for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Faraday
Institution, Quad One,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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2
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Gao Z, Zhao C, Zhou K, Wu J, Tian Y, Deng X, Zhang L, Lin K, Kang F, Peng L, Wagemaker M, Li B. Kirkendall effect-induced uniform stress distribution stabilizes nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1503. [PMID: 38374176 PMCID: PMC10876981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes promise ultrahigh energy density but is plagued by the mechanical failure of the secondary particle upon (de)lithiation. Existing approaches for alleviating the structural degradation could retard pulverization, yet fail to tune the stress distribution and root out the formation of cracks. Herein, we report a unique strategy to uniformize the stress distribution in secondary particle via Kirkendall effect to stabilize the core region during electrochemical cycling. Exotic metal/metalloid oxides (such as Al2O3 or SiO2) is introduced as the heterogeneous nucleation seeds for the preferential growth of the precursor. The calcination treatment afterwards generates a dopant-rich interior structure with central Kirkendall void, due to the different diffusivity between the exotic element and nickel atom. The resulting cathode material exhibits superior structural and electrochemical reversibility, thus contributing to a high specific energy density (based on cathode) of 660 Wh kg-1 after 500 cycles with a retention rate of 86%. This study suggests that uniformizing stress distribution represents a promising pathway to tackle the structural instability facing nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Gao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Kai Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kui Lin
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lele Peng
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Baohua Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Xue Z, Sharma N, Wu F, Pianetta P, Lin F, Li L, Zhao K, Liu Y. Asynchronous domain dynamics and equilibration in layered oxide battery cathode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8394. [PMID: 38110430 PMCID: PMC10728132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve lithium-ion battery technology, it is essential to probe and comprehend the microscopic dynamic processes that occur in a real-world composite electrode under operating conditions. The primary and secondary particles are the structural building blocks of battery cathode electrodes. Their dynamic inconsistency has profound but not well-understood impacts. In this research, we combine operando coherent multi-crystal diffraction and optical microscopy to examine the chemical dynamics in local domains of layered oxide cathode. Our results not only pinpoint the asynchronicity of the lithium (de)intercalation at the sub-particle level, but also reveal sophisticated diffusion kinetics and reaction patterns, involving various localized processes, e.g., chemical onset, reaction front propagation, domains equilibration, particle deformation and motion. These observations shed new lights onto the activation and degradation mechanisms of state-of-the-art battery cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Xue
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Feixiang Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China.
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Luxi Li
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Yijin Liu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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4
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Maisuradze M, Li M, Mullaliu A, Sorrentino A, Tonti D, Passerini S, Giorgetti M. Mapping Heterogeneity of Pristine and Aged Li- and Na-Mnhcf Cathode by Synchrotron-Based Energy-Dependent Full Field Transmission X-ray Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300718. [PMID: 37608445 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Manganese hexacyanoferrate is a promising cathode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries, however, it suffers of capacity fading during the cycling process. To access the structural and functional characteristics at the nanometer scale, fresh and cycled electrodes are extracted and investigated by transmission soft X-ray microscopy, which allows chemical characterization with spatial resolution from position-dependent x-ray spectra at the Mn L-, Fe L- and N K-edges. Furthermore, soft X-rays prove to show superior sensitivity toward Fe, compare to hard X-rays. Inhomogeneities within the samples are identified, increasing in the aged electrodes, more dramatically in the Li-ion system, which explains the poorer cycle life as Li-ion cathode material. Local spectra, revealing different oxidation states over the sample with strong correlation between the Fe L-edge, Mn L-edge, and N K-edge, imply a coupling between redox centers and an electron delocalization over the host framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Maisuradze
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Min Li
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Angelo Mullaliu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08290, Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgetti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
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5
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Pandya R, Valzania L, Dorchies F, Xia F, Mc Hugh J, Mathieson A, Tan HJ, Parton TG, Godeffroy L, Mazloomian K, Miller TS, Kanoufi F, De Volder M, Tarascon JM, Gigan S, de Aguiar HB, Grimaud A. Three-dimensional operando optical imaging of particle and electrolyte heterogeneities inside Li-ion batteries. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1185-1194. [PMID: 37591934 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding (de)lithiation heterogeneities in battery materials is key to ensure optimal electrochemical performance. However, this remains challenging due to the three-dimensional morphology of electrode particles, the involvement of both solid- and liquid-phase reactants and a range of relevant timescales (seconds to hours). Here we overcome this problem and demonstrate the use of confocal microscopy for the simultaneous three-dimensional operando measurement of lithium-ion dynamics in individual agglomerate particles, and the electrolyte in batteries. We examine two technologically important cathode materials: LixCoO2 and LixNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2. The surface-to-core transport velocity of Li-phase fronts and volume changes are captured as a function of cycling rate. Additionally, we visualize heterogeneities in the bulk and at agglomerate surfaces during cycling, and image microscopic liquid electrolyte concentration gradients. We discover that surface-limited reactions and intra-agglomerate competing rates control (de)lithiation and structural heterogeneities in agglomerate-based electrodes. Importantly, the conditions under which optical imaging can be performed inside the complex environments of battery electrodes are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pandya
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France.
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Lorenzo Valzania
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Florian Dorchies
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), Amiens, France
| | - Fei Xia
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey Mc Hugh
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology and Pathologies, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Angus Mathieson
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hwee Jien Tan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Katrina Mazloomian
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Miller
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), Amiens, France
| | - Sylvain Gigan
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France.
| | - Hilton B de Aguiar
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France.
| | - Alexis Grimaud
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France.
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), Amiens, France.
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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6
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Vahnstiege M, Winter M, Nowak S, Wiemers-Meyer S. State-of-charge of individual active material particles in lithium ion batteries: a perspective of analytical techniques and their capabilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24278-24286. [PMID: 37681262 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-charge (SOC) is an essential parameter for battery management systems to reflect and monitor the remaining capacity of individual battery cells. In addition to its application at the cell level, the SOC also plays an important role in the investigation of redox processes of cathode active materials (CAMs) in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) during electrochemical cycling. These processes can be influenced by a large variety of factors such as active material properties, inhomogeneities of the electrode, degradation phenomena and the charge/discharge protocol during cycling. Consequently, non-uniform redox reactions can occur, resulting in charge heterogeneities of the active material. This heterogeneity can translate into accelerated aging of the CAM and a reduction in reversible capacity of the battery cell, since the active material is not fully utilized. To understand and monitor the SOC heterogeneity at the mesoscale, a wide range of techniques have been implemented in the past. In this perspective an overview of current state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate charge heterogeneities of CAMs in LIBs is presented. Therefore, techniques which utilize synchrotron radiation like X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and transmission X-ray spectroscopy (TXM) are presented as well as Raman spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Next to these established techniques, classification single particle inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (CL-SP-ICP-OES) as a new approach is also discussed in this perspective. For these techniques, the areas of application, advantages as well as drawbacks are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vahnstiege
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, FZ Jülich, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Simon Wiemers-Meyer
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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7
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Wang L, Shen Y, Liu Y, Zeng P, Meng J, Liu T, Zhang L. Electrochemical Restoration of Battery Materials Guided by Synchrotron Radiation Technology for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201658. [PMID: 37199184 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been ubiquitous in modern society, especially in the fields of electronic devices, electric vehicles and grid storage, while raising concerns about a tremendous number of spent batteries in the next five to ten years. As environmental awareness and resource security is gaining increasingly extensive attention, how to effectively deal with spent LIBs has become a challenging issue academically and industrially. Accordingly, the development of battery recycling has surfaced as a highly researched topic in the battery community. Recently, the structural and electrochemical restoration of recycled electrode materials have been proposed as a non-destructive method to save more energy and chemical agents compared with mature metallurgical methods. Such a refurbishment process of electrode materials is also regarded as a reverse process of their degradation in the working condition. Notably, synchrotron radiation technology, which is previously applied to diagnose battery degrade, has started to play major roles in gaining more insight into the structural restoration of electrode materials. Here, the contribution of synchrotron radiation technology to reveal the underlying degradation and regeneration mechanisms of LIBs cathodes is highlighted, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the direct recycling and reuse of degraded cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yihao Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yuanlong Liu
- Zhejiang Tianneng New Materials Co. Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313103, China
| | - Pan Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Junxia Meng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Kim JC, Song HW, Lee S. Recent achievements toward the development of Ni-based layered oxide cathodes for fast-charging Li-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4195-4218. [PMID: 36757735 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The driving mileage of electric vehicles (EVs) has been substantially improved in recent years with the adoption of Ni-based layered oxide materials as the battery cathode. The average charging period of EVs is still time-consuming, compared with the short refueling time of an internal combustion engine vehicle. With the guidance from the United States Department of Energy, the charging time of refilling 60% of the battery capacity should be less than 6 min for EVs, indicating that the corresponding charging rate for the cathode materials is to be greater than 6C. However, the sluggish kinetic conditions and insufficient thermal stability of the Ni-based layered oxide materials hinder further application in fast-charging operations. Most of the recent review articles regarding Ni-based layered oxide materials as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) only touch degradation mechanisms under slow charging conditions. Of note, the fading mechanisms of the cathode materials for fast-charging, of which the importance abruptly increases due to the development of electric vehicles, may be significantly different from those of slow charging conditions. There are a few review articles regarding fast-charging; however, their perspectives are limited mostly to battery thermal management simulations, lacking experimental validations such as microscale structure degradations of Ni-based layered oxide cathode materials. In this review, a general and fundamental definition of fast-charging is discussed at first, and then we summarize the rate capability required in EVs and the electrochemical and kinetic properties of Ni-based layered oxide cathode materials. Next, the degradation mechanisms of LIBs leveraging Ni-based cathodes under fast-charging operation are systematically discussed from the electrode scale to the particle scale and finally the atom scale (lattice oxygen-level investigation). Then, various strategies to achieve higher rate capability, such as optimizing the synthesis process of cathode particles, fabricating single-crystalline particles, employing electrolyte additives, doping foreign ions, coating protective layers, and engineering the cathode architecture, are detailed. All these strategies need to be considered to enhance the electrochemical performance of Ni-based oxide cathode materials under fast-charging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jae Chul Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Han Wook Song
- Center for Mass and Related Quantities, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Sunghwan Lee
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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9
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Jo S, Han J, Seo S, Kwon OS, Choi S, Zhang J, Hyun H, Oh J, Kim J, Chung J, Kim H, Wang J, Bae J, Moon J, Park YC, Hong MH, Kim M, Liu Y, Sohn I, Jung K, Lim J. Solid-State Reaction Heterogeneity During Calcination of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207076. [PMID: 36583605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During solid-state calcination, with increasing temperature, materials undergo complex phase transitions with heterogeneous solid-state reactions and mass transport. Precise control of the calcination chemistry is therefore crucial for synthesizing state-of-the-art Ni-rich layered oxides (LiNi1-x-y Cox Mny O2 , NRNCM) as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Although the battery performance depends on the chemical heterogeneity during NRNCM calcination, it has not yet been elucidated. Herein, through synchrotron-based X-ray, mass spectrometry microscopy, and structural analyses, it is revealed that the temperature-dependent reaction kinetics, the diffusivity of solid-state lithium sources, and the ambient oxygen control the local chemical compositions of the reaction intermediates within a calcined particle. Additionally, it is found that the variations in the reducing power of the transition metals (i.e., Ni, Co, and Mn) determine the local structures at the nanoscale. The investigation of the reaction mechanism via imaging analysis provides valuable information for tuning the calcination chemistry and developing high-energy/power density lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugeun Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Sung Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hyejeong Hyun
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwiho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junho Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeob Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Cheol Park
- Materials Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hi Hong
- Materials Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Il Sohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Keeyoung Jung
- Materials Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Huang Z, Zhou Y, Deng Z, Huang K, Xu M, Shen Y, Huang Y. Precise State-of-Charge Mapping via Deep Learning on Ultrasonic Transmission Signals for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8217-8223. [PMID: 36735828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The uneven distribution of state of charge (SoC) in the lithium-ion battery is a key factor to cause fast decay of local electrochemical performance. Here, we report an acoustic method to realize SoC mapping in a pouch cell. A focused ultrasound beam is used to scan the cell, and the transmitted ultrasonic wave is analyzed with a deep learning algorithm based on the feedforward neural network. The deep learning algorithm effectively suppresses the disturbance of structural variation in different cells. As a result, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the estimated local SoC is reduced to 3.02% when applying to different positions on different pouch cells, which is 11.07% of the RMSE by direct fitting SoC with acoustic time of flight. Combining with the progressive scanning technique, our method can realize non-destructive in situ SoC mapping with 1 mm in-plane resolution on pouch cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
- Wuxi Topsound Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu214000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Wuxi Topsound Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu214000, China
| | - Zhe Deng
- Wuxi Topsound Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu214000, China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Mingkang Xu
- Wuxi Topsound Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu214000, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
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11
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Lu SJ, Tang LB, Wei HX, Huang YD, Yan C, He ZJ, Li YJ, Mao J, Dai K, Zheng JC. Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Cathodes: Fundamentals and Recent Advances. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent the most promising choice for meeting the ever-growing demand of society for various electric applications, such as electric transportation, portable electronics, and grid storage. Nickel-rich layered oxides have largely replaced LiCoO2 in commercial batteries because of their low cost, high energy density, and good reliability. Traditional nickel-based oxide particles, usually called polycrystal materials, are composed of microsized primary particles. However, polycrystal particles tend to suffer from pulverization and severe side reactions along grain boundaries during cycling. These phenomena accelerate cell degradation. Single-crystal materials, which exhibit robust mechanical strength and a high surface area, have great potential to address the challenges that hinder their polycrystal counterparts. A comprehensive understanding of the growing body of research related to single-crystal materials is imperative to improve the performance of cathodes in LIBs. This review highlights origins, recent developments, challenges, and opportunities for single-crystal layered oxide cathodes. The synthesis science behind single-crystal materials and comparative studies between single-crystal and polycrystal materials are discussed in detail. Industrial techniques and facilities are also reviewed in combination with our group’s experiences in single-crystal research. Future development should focus on facile production with strong control of the particle size and distribution, structural defects, and impurities to fully reap the benefits of single-crystal materials.
Graphical abstract
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12
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Non-flammable fluorobenzene-diluted highly concentrated electrolytes enable high-performance Li-metal and Li-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 619:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Enhanced rate capability and high-voltage cycling stability of single-crystal nickel-rich cathode by surface anchoring dielectric BaTiO3. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 619:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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de Vasconcelos LS, Xu R, Xu Z, Zhang J, Sharma N, Shah SR, Han J, He X, Wu X, Sun H, Hu S, Perrin M, Wang X, Liu Y, Lin F, Cui Y, Zhao K. Chemomechanics of Rechargeable Batteries: Status, Theories, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13043-13107. [PMID: 35839290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemomechanics is an old subject, yet its importance has been revived in rechargeable batteries where the mechanical energy and damage associated with redox reactions can significantly affect both the thermodynamics and rates of key electrochemical processes. Thanks to the push for clean energy and advances in characterization capabilities, significant research efforts in the last two decades have brought about a leap forward in understanding the intricate chemomechanical interactions regulating battery performance. Going forward, it is necessary to consolidate scattered ideas in the literature into a structured framework for future efforts across multidisciplinary fields. This review sets out to distill and structure what the authors consider to be significant recent developments on the study of chemomechanics of rechargeable batteries in a concise and accessible format to the audiences of different backgrounds in electrochemistry, materials, and mechanics. Importantly, we review the significance of chemomechanics in the context of battery performance, as well as its mechanistic understanding by combining electrochemical, materials, and mechanical perspectives. We discuss the coupling between the elements of electrochemistry and mechanics, key experimental and modeling tools from the small to large scales, and design considerations. Lastly, we provide our perspective on ongoing challenges and opportunities ranging from quantifying mechanical degradation in batteries to manufacturing battery materials and developing cyclic protocols to improve the mechanical resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sameep Rajubhai Shah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jiaxiu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaomei He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xianyang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shan Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Madison Perrin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Scharf J, Chouchane M, Finegan DP, Lu B, Redquest C, Kim MC, Yao W, Franco AA, Gostovic D, Liu Z, Riccio M, Zelenka F, Doux JM, Meng YS. Bridging nano- and microscale X-ray tomography for battery research by leveraging artificial intelligence. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:446-459. [PMID: 35414116 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a non-destructive imaging technique in which contrast originates from the materials' absorption coefficient. The recent development of laboratory nanoscale CT (nano-CT) systems has pushed the spatial resolution for battery material imaging to voxel sizes of 50 nm, a limit previously achievable only with synchrotron facilities. Given the non-destructive nature of CT, in situ and operando studies have emerged as powerful methods to quantify morphological parameters, such as tortuosity factor, porosity, surface area and volume expansion, during battery operation or cycling. Combined with artificial intelligence and machine learning analysis techniques, nano-CT has enabled the development of predictive models to analyse the impact of the electrode microstructure on cell performances or the influence of material heterogeneities on electrochemical responses. In this Review, we discuss the role of X-ray CT and nano-CT experimentation in the battery field, discuss the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning analyses and provide a perspective on how the combination of multiscale CT imaging techniques can expand the development of predictive multiscale battery behavioural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Scharf
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mehdi Chouchane
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR CNRS 7314, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
| | | | - Bingyu Lu
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Redquest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min-Cheol Kim
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weiliang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro A Franco
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR CNRS 7314, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Zhao Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Doux
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center (SPEC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Li J, Sharma N, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Monaco F, Xu Z, Hou D, Ratner D, Pianetta P, Cloetens P, Lin F, Zhao K, Liu Y. Dynamics of particle network in composite battery cathodes. Science 2022; 376:517-521. [PMID: 35482882 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Improving composite battery electrodes requires a delicate control of active materials and electrode formulation. The electrochemically active particles fulfill their role as energy exchange reservoirs through interacting with the surrounding conductive network. We formulate a network evolution model to interpret the regulation and equilibration between electrochemical activity and mechanical damage of these particles. Through statistical analysis of thousands of particles using x-ray phase contrast holotomography in a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2-based cathode, we found that the local network heterogeneity results in asynchronous activities in the early cycles, and subsequently the particle assemblies move toward a synchronous behavior. Our study pinpoints the chemomechanical behavior of individual particles and enables better designs of the conductive network to optimize the utility of all the particles during operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Federico Monaco
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Ratner
- Machine Learning Initiative, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Peter Cloetens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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17
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Chen CC, Yin Y, Kang SD, Cai W, Chueh WC. Electro-chemo-mechanical charge carrier equilibrium at interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23730-23740. [PMID: 34643199 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces involving solids enable charge transfer, electrical transport, and mass storage in energy devices. One central concept that determines the interfacial charge carrier concentration is the space-charge field. The classical theory accounts for electrochemical equilibrium in the absence of mechanical effects; such effects have recently been found critical in many solids, such as materials for lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, perovskite solar cells, and fuel cells. Towards elucidating the interplay between charge carriers and mechanics, we establish a generalized electro-chemo-mechanical space-charge model and categorize the carriers into physically-meaningful four types, based on the signs of the charge number (i.e., polarity) and the partial molar volume (i.e., expansion coefficient). Beyond the electrostatic effects discussed in the literature, our work reveals the importance of elastic effects, as demonstrated by simulations of a composite beam bending experiment. The analysis highlights opportunities to systematically tune the interfacial electrical conductivity and the reaction kinetics of solids through mechanics. Our treatment provides a rational basis for understanding stress-driven phenomena at interfaces in a wide range of solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yikai Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen Dongmin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Spence S, Lee WK, Lin F, Xiao X. Transmission x-ray microscopy and its applications in battery material research-a short review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:442003. [PMID: 34315146 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac17ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM), which can provide morphological and chemical structural information inside of battery component materials at tens of nanometer scale, has become a powerful tool in battery research. This article presents a short review of the TXM, including its instrumentation, battery research applications, and the practical sample preparation and data analysis in the TXM applications. A brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the TXM applications is presented at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - Wah-Keat Lee
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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19
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Park J, Zhao H, Kang SD, Lim K, Chen CC, Yu YS, Braatz RD, Shapiro DA, Hong J, Toney MF, Bazant MZ, Chueh WC. Fictitious phase separation in Li layered oxides driven by electro-autocatalysis. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:991-999. [PMID: 33686277 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered oxides widely used as lithium-ion battery electrodes are designed to be cycled under conditions that avoid phase transitions. Although the desired single-phase composition ranges are well established near equilibrium, operando diffraction studies on many-particle porous electrodes have suggested phase separation during delithiation. Notably, the separation is not always observed, and never during lithiation. These anomalies have been attributed to irreversible processes during the first delithiation or reversible concentration-dependent diffusion. However, these explanations are not consistent with all experimental observations such as rate and path dependencies and particle-by-particle lithium concentration changes. Here, we show that the apparent phase separation is a dynamical artefact occurring in a many-particle system driven by autocatalytic electrochemical reactions, that is, an interfacial exchange current that increases with the extent of delithiation. We experimentally validate this population-dynamics model using the single-phase material Lix(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (0.5 < x < 1) and demonstrate generality with other transition-metal compositions. Operando diffraction and nanoscale oxidation-state mapping unambiguously prove that this fictitious phase separation is a repeatable non-equilibrium effect. We quantitatively confirm the theory with multiple-datastream-driven model extraction. More generally, our study experimentally demonstrates the control of ensemble stability by electro-autocatalysis, highlighting the importance of population dynamics in battery electrodes (even non-phase-separating ones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Dongmin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jihyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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20
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Yang Y, Zhao J. Wadsley-Roth Crystallographic Shear Structure Niobium-Based Oxides: Promising Anode Materials for High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004855. [PMID: 34165894 PMCID: PMC8224428 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wadsley-Roth crystallographic shear structure niobium-based oxides are of great interest in fast Li+ storage due to their unique 3D open tunnel structures that offer facile Li+ diffusion paths. Their moderate lithiation potential and reversible redox couples hold the great promise in the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that are characterized by high power density, long lifespan, and high safety. Despite these outstanding merits, there is still extensive advancement space for further enhancing their electrochemical kinetics. And the industrial feasibility of Wadsley-Roth crystallographic shear structure niobium-based oxides as anode materials for LIBs requires more systematic research. In this review, recent progress in this field is summarized with the aim of realizing the practical applications of Wadsley-Roth phase anode materials in commercial LIBs. The review focuses on research toward the crystalline structure analyses, electrochemical reaction mechanisms, modification strategies, and full cell performance. In addition to highlighting the current research advances, the outlook and perspective on Wadsley-Roth anode materials is also concisely provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Zhao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesState‐Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy VehicleCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
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21
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Lin R, Bak SM, Shin Y, Zhang R, Wang C, Kisslinger K, Ge M, Huang X, Shadike Z, Pattammattel A, Yan H, Chu Y, Wu J, Yang W, Whittingham MS, Xin HL, Yang XQ. Hierarchical nickel valence gradient stabilizes high-nickel content layered cathode materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2350. [PMID: 33879789 PMCID: PMC8058063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-nickel content cathode materials offer high energy density. However, the structural and surface instability may cause poor capacity retention and thermal stability of them. To circumvent this problem, nickel concentration-gradient materials have been developed to enhance high-nickel content cathode materials' thermal and cycling stability. Even though promising, the fundamental mechanism of the nickel concentration gradient's stabilization effect remains elusive because it is inseparable from nickel's valence gradient effect. To isolate nickel's valence gradient effect and understand its fundamental stabilization mechanism, we design and synthesize a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 material that is compositionally uniform and has a hierarchical valence gradient. The nickel valence gradient material shows superior cycling and thermal stability than the conventional one. The result suggests creating an oxidation state gradient that hides the more capacitive but less stable Ni3+ away from the secondary particle surfaces is a viable principle towards the optimization of high-nickel content cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqian Lin
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Seong-Min Bak
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Present Address: National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Youngho Shin
- grid.187073.a0000 0001 1939 4845Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Chunyang Wang
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Mingyuan Ge
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Ajith Pattammattel
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Hanfei Yan
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Yong Chu
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - M. Stanley Whittingham
- grid.264260.40000 0001 2164 4508Materials Science and Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY USA
| | - Huolin L. Xin
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
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22
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Zhang J, Wang Q, Li S, Jiang Z, Tan S, Wang X, Zhang K, Yuan Q, Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Irwin KD, Nordlund D, Lee JS, Pianetta P, Yu X, Xiao X, Yang XQ, Hu E, Liu Y. Depth-dependent valence stratification driven by oxygen redox in lithium-rich layered oxide. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6342. [PMID: 33311507 PMCID: PMC7733467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-rich nickel-manganese-cobalt (LirNMC) layered material is a promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries thanks to its large energy density enabled by coexisting cation and anion redox activities. It however suffers from a voltage decay upon cycling, urging for an in-depth understanding of the particle-level structure and chemical complexity. In this work, we investigate the Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 particles morphologically, compositionally, and chemically in three-dimensions. While the composition is generally uniform throughout the particle, the charging induces a strong depth dependency in transition metal valence. Such a valence stratification phenomenon is attributed to the nature of oxygen redox which is very likely mostly associated with Mn. The depth-dependent chemistry could be modulated by the particles' core-multi-shell morphology, suggesting a structural-chemical interplay. These findings highlight the possibility of introducing a chemical gradient to address the oxygen-loss-induced voltage fade in LirNMC layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, China
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qinchao Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxi Yuan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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23
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Li S, Jiang Z, Han J, Xu Z, Wang C, Huang H, Yu C, Lee SJ, Pianetta P, Ohldag H, Qiu J, Lee JS, Lin F, Zhao K, Liu Y. Mutual modulation between surface chemistry and bulk microstructure within secondary particles of nickel-rich layered oxides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4433. [PMID: 32895388 PMCID: PMC7477569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface lattice reconstruction is commonly observed in nickel-rich layered oxide battery cathode materials, causing unsatisfactory high-voltage cycling performance. However, the interplay of the surface chemistry and the bulk microstructure remains largely unexplored due to the intrinsic structural complexity and the lack of integrated diagnostic tools for a thorough investigation at complementary length scales. Herein, by combining nano-resolution X-ray probes in both soft and hard X-ray regimes, we demonstrate correlative surface chemical mapping and bulk microstructure imaging over a single charged LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) secondary particle. We reveal that the sub-particle regions with more micro cracks are associated with more severe surface degradation. A mechanism of mutual modulation between the surface chemistry and the bulk microstructure is formulated based on our experimental observations and finite element modeling. Such a surface-to-bulk reaction coupling effect is fundamentally important for the design of the next generation battery cathode materials. The interplay of surface chemistry and bulk microstructure in layered oxides is critical to battery performance. Here, the authors demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of such a reaction mechanism within an individual cathode particle using integrated synchrotron imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jiaxiu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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24
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Fraggedakis D, Bazant MZ. Tuning the stability of electrochemical interfaces by electron transfer reactions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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25
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Machine-learning-revealed statistics of the particle-carbon/binder detachment in lithium-ion battery cathodes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2310. [PMID: 32385347 PMCID: PMC7210251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microstructure of a composite electrode determines how individual battery particles are charged and discharged in a lithium-ion battery. It is a frontier challenge to experimentally visualize and, subsequently, to understand the electrochemical consequences of battery particles’ evolving (de)attachment with the conductive matrix. Herein, we tackle this issue with a unique combination of multiscale experimental approaches, machine-learning-assisted statistical analysis, and experiment-informed mathematical modeling. Our results suggest that the degree of particle detachment is positively correlated with the charging rate and that smaller particles exhibit a higher degree of uncertainty in their detachment from the carbon/binder matrix. We further explore the feasibility and limitation of utilizing the reconstructed electron density as a proxy for the state-of-charge. Our findings highlight the importance of precisely quantifying the evolving nature of the battery electrode’s microstructure with statistical confidence, which is a key to maximize the utility of active particles towards higher battery capacity. Developing understanding of degradation phenomena in nickel rich cathodes is under intense investigation. Here the authors use learning-assisted statistical analysis and experiment-informed mathematical modelling to resolve the microstructure of a Ni-rich NMC composite cathode.
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26
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Wei C, Hong Y, Tian Y, Yu X, Liu Y, Pianetta P. Quantifying redox heterogeneity in single-crystalline LiCoO 2 cathode particles. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:713-719. [PMID: 32381772 PMCID: PMC7285691 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active cathode particles are fundamental architectural units for the composite electrode of Li-ion batteries. The microstructure of the particles has a profound impact on their behavior and, consequently, on the cell-level electrochemical performance. LiCoO2 (LCO, a dominant cathode material) is often in the form of well-shaped particles, a few micrometres in size, with good crystallinity. In contrast to secondary particles (an agglomeration of many fine primary grains), which are the other common form of battery particles populated with structural and chemical defects, it is often anticipated that good particle crystallinity leads to superior mechanical robustness and suppressed charge heterogeneity. Yet, sub-particle level charge inhomogeneity in LCO particles has been widely reported in the literature, posing a frontier challenge in this field. Herein, this topic is revisited and it is demonstrated that X-ray absorption spectra on single-crystalline particles with highly anisotropic lattice structures are sensitive to the polarization configuration of the incident X-rays, causing some degree of ambiguity in analyzing the local spectroscopic fingerprint. To tackle this issue, a methodology is developed that extracts the white-line peak energy in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra as a key data attribute for representing the local state of charge in the LCO crystal. This method demonstrates significantly improved accuracy and reveals the mesoscale chemical complexity in LCO particles with better fidelity. In addition to the implications on the importance of particle engineering for LCO cathodes, the method developed herein also has significant impact on spectro-microscopic studies of single-crystalline materials at synchrotron facilities, which is broadly applicable to a wide range of scientific disciplines well beyond battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yanshuai Hong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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27
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Peng H, Zhao SX, Huang C, Yu LQ, Fang ZQ, Wei GD. In Situ Construction of Spinel Coating on the Surface of a Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Single Crystal for Inhibiting Voltage Fade. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11579-11588. [PMID: 32057232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Layered lithium-rich transition-metal oxides (LRMs) have been considered as the most promising next-generation cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, capacity fading, poor rate performance, and large voltage decays during cycles hinder their commercial application. Herein, a spinel membrane (SM) was first in situ constructed on the surface of the octahedral single crystal Li1.22Mn0.55Ni0.115Co0.115O2 (O-LRM) to form the O-LRM@SM composite with superior structural stability. The synergetic effects between the single crystal and spinel membrane are the origins of the enhancement of performance. On the one hand, the single crystal avoids the generation of inactive Li2MnO3-like phase domains, which is the main reason for capacity fading. On the other hand, the spinel membrane not only prevents the side reactions between the electrolyte and cathode materials but also increases the diffusion kinetics of lithium ions and inhibits the phase transformation on the electrode surface. Based on the beneficial structure, the O-LRM@SM electrode delivers a high discharge specific capacity and energy density (245.6 mA h g-1 and 852.1 W h kg-1 at 0.5 C), low voltage decay (0.38 V for 200 cycle), excellent rate performance, and cycle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Peng
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shi-Xi Zhao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lü-Qaing Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zou-Qiang Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Dan Wei
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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28
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Tian C, Xu Y, Kan WH, Sokaras D, Nordlund D, Shen H, Chen K, Liu Y, Doeff M. Distinct Surface and Bulk Thermal Behaviors of LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 Cathode Materials as a Function of State of Charge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11643-11656. [PMID: 32057227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how structural and chemical transformations take place in particles under thermal conditions can inform designing thermally robust electrode materials. Such a study necessitates the use of diagnostic techniques that are capable of probing the transformations at multiple length scales and at different states of charge (SOC). In this study, the thermal behavior of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC-622) was examined as a function of SOC, using an array of bulk and surface-sensitive techniques. In general, thermal stability decreases as lithium content is lowered and conversion in the bulk to progressively reduced metal oxides (spinels, rock salt) occurs as the temperature is raised. Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) experiments, which probe the bulk, reveal that Ni and Co are eventually reduced when partially delithiated samples (regardless of the SOC) are heated, although Mn is not. Surface-sensitive synchrotron techniques, such as soft XAS and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), however, reveal that for 50% delithiated samples, apparent oxidation of nickel occurs at particle surfaces under some circumstances. This is partially compensated by reduction of cobalt but may also be a consequence of redistribution of lithium ions upon heating. TXM results indicate the movement of reduced nickel ions into particle interiors or oxidized nickel ions to the surface or both. These experiments illustrate the complexity of the thermal behavior of NMC cathode materials. The study also informs the importance of investigating the surface and bulk difference as a function of SOC when studying the thermal behaviors of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chixia Tian
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Academy of Integrated Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523803, China
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hao Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Marca Doeff
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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Su Y, Zhang Q, Chen L, Bao L, Lu Y, Shi Q, Wang J, Chen S, Wu F. Improved Stability of Layered and Porous Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials by Relieving the Accumulation of Inner Stress. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:426-433. [PMID: 31609092 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The commercial application of high-capacity LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 is impeded by its inferior cycling stability, which has been attributed to structural instability caused by stress accumulation during both calcination and cycling. A porous structure was deliberately introduced into nickel-rich material particles to relieve such stress. Cross-sectional SEM and mercury penetration tests confirmed the successful construction of a porous structure. Ex situ TEM and powder XRD confirmed that the porous structure reduced the stress concentration regions in uncycled nickel-rich material by providing a buffer space. In addition, the porous structure helps the permeation of the electrolyte and alleviates the stress accumulation during cycling, endowing the nickel-rich cathode materials with enhanced rate capability and suppressed phase transition. This strategy can be extended for the synthesis of diverse nickel-rich cathode materials to improve their cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Su
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Lai Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Liying Bao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shi
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shi Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
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30
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Xu Z, Jiang Z, Kuai C, Xu R, Qin C, Zhang Y, Rahman MM, Wei C, Nordlund D, Sun CJ, Xiao X, Du XW, Zhao K, Yan P, Liu Y, Lin F. Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials. Nat Commun 2020; 11:83. [PMID: 31913275 PMCID: PMC6949258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Architecting grain crystallographic orientation can modulate charge distribution and chemomechanical properties for enhancing the performance of polycrystalline battery materials. However, probing the interplay between charge distribution, grain crystallographic orientation, and performance remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we elucidate the spatially resolved charge distribution in lithium layered oxides with different grain crystallographic arrangements and establish a model to quantify their charge distributions. While the holistic “surface-to-bulk” charge distribution prevails in polycrystalline particles, the crystallographic orientation-guided redox reaction governs the charge distribution in the local charged nanodomains. Compared to the randomly oriented grains, the radially aligned grains exhibit a lower cell polarization and higher capacity retention upon battery cycling. The radially aligned grains create less tortuous lithium ion pathways, thus improving the charge homogeneity as statistically quantified from over 20 million nanodomains in polycrystalline particles. This study provides an improved understanding of the charge distribution and chemomechanical properties of polycrystalline battery materials. The authors here report on the influence of grain orientation on the charge distribution in polycrystalline materials for batteries. The quantitative characterization provides mechanistic insight into the way the grain orientation can be engineered to mitigate the charge heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chunguang Kuai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Institute of New-Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rong Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Changdong Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Institute of New-Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | | | - Chenxi Wei
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xi-Wen Du
- Institute of New-Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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31
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Zheng J, Ye Y, Liu T, Xiao Y, Wang C, Wang F, Pan F. Ni/Li Disordering in Layered Transition Metal Oxide: Electrochemical Impact, Origin, and Control. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2201-2209. [PMID: 31180201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) not only power most of today's hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV) but also are considered as a promising system for grid-level storage. Large-scale applications for LIBs require substantial improvement in energy density, cost, and lifetime. Layered lithium transition metal (TM) oxides, in particular, Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 (NMC, x + y + z = 1) are the most promising candidates as cathode materials with the potential to increase energy densities and lifetime, reduce costs, and improve safety. In order to further boost Li storage capacity, a great deal of attention has been directed toward developing Ni-rich layered TM oxides. However, structural disorder as a result of Ni/Li exchange in octahedral sites becomes a critical issue when Ni content increases to high values, as it leads to a detrimental effect on Li diffusivity, cycling stability, first-cycle efficiency, and overall electrode performance. Increasing effort has been dedicated to improving the electrochemical performance of layered TM oxides via reduction of cationic mixing. Therefore, it is important to summarize this research field and provide in-depth insight into the impact of Ni/Li disordering on electrochemical characteristics in layered TM oxides and its origin to accelerate the future development of layered TM oxides with high performance. In this Account, we start by introducing the Ni/Li disordering in LiNiO2, the experimental characterization of Ni/Li disordering, and analyzing the impact of Ni/Li disordering on electrochemical characteristics of layered TM oxides. The antisite Ni in the Li layer can limit the rate performance by impeding the Li ion transport. It will also degrade the cycling stability by inducing anisotropic stress in the bulk structure. Nevertheless, the antisite Ni ions do not always bring drawbacks to the electrochemical performance; some studies including our works found that it can improve the thermal stability and the cycling structure stability of Ni-rich NMC materials. We next discuss the driving forces and the kinetic advantages accounting for the Ni/Li exchange and conclude that the steric effect of cation size and the magnetic interactions between TM cations are the two main driving forces to promote the Ni/Li exchange during synthesis and the electrochemical cycling, and the low energy barrier of Ni2+ migration from the 3a site in the TM layer to the 3b site in the Li layer further provides a kinetic advantage. Based on this understanding, we then review the progress made to control the Ni/Li disordering through three main ways: (i) suppressing the driving force from the steric effect by ion exchange; (ii) tuning the magnetic interaction by cationic substitution; (iii) kinetically controlling Ni migration. Finally, our brief outlook on the future development of layered TM oxides with controlled Ni/Li disordering is provided. It is believed that this Account will provide significant understanding and inspirations toward developing high-performance layered TM oxide cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaokun Ye
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Zhai H, Gong T, Xu B, Cheng Q, Paley D, Qie B, Jin T, Fu Z, Tan L, Lin YH, Nan CW, Yang Y. Stabilizing Polyether Electrolyte with a 4 V Metal Oxide Cathode by Nanoscale Interfacial Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28774-28780. [PMID: 31314493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Safety is critical to developing next-generation batteries with high-energy density. Polyether-based electrolytes, such as poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are attractive alternatives to the current flammable liquid organic electrolyte, since they are much more thermally stable and compatible with high-capacity lithium anode. Unfortunately, they are not stable with 4 V Li(NixMnyCo1-x-y)O2 (NMC) cathodes, hindering them from application in batteries with high-energy density. Here, we report that the compatibility between PEG electrolyte and NMC cathodes can be significantly improved by forming a 2 nm Al2O3 coating on the NMC surface. This nanoscale coating dramatically changes the composition of the cathode electrolyte interphase and thus stabilizes the PEG electrolyte with the NMC cathode. With Al2O3, the capacity remains at 84.7% after 80 cycles and 70.3% after 180 cycles. In contrast, the capacity fades to less than 50% after only 20 cycles in bare NMC electrodes. This study opens a new opportunity to develop safe electrolyte for lithium batteries with high-energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bingqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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33
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Xiao B, Wang K, Xu GL, Song J, Chen Z, Amine K, Reed D, Sui M, Sprenkle V, Ren Y, Yan P, Li X. Revealing the Atomic Origin of Heterogeneous Li-Ion Diffusion by Probing Na. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805889. [PMID: 31148266 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tracing the dynamic process of Li-ion transport at the atomic scale has long been attempted in solid state ionics and is essential for battery material engineering. Approaches via phase change, strain, and valence states of redox species have been developed to circumvent the technical challenge of direct imaging Li; however, all are limited by poor spatial resolution and weak correlation with state-of-charge (SOC). An ion-exchange approach is adopted by sodiating the delithiated cathode and probing Na distribution to trace the Li deintercalation, which enables the visualization of heterogeneous Li-ion diffusion down to the atomic level. In a model LiNi1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 O2 cathode, dislocation-mediated ion diffusion is kinetically favorable at low SOC and planar diffusion along (003) layers dominates at high SOC. These processes work synergistically to determine the overall ion-diffusion dynamics. The heterogeneous nature of ion diffusion in battery materials is unveiled and the role of defect engineering in tailoring ion-transport kinetics is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwei Xiao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Kuan Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Junhua Song
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Zonghai Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Reed
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Manling Sui
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | | | - Yang Ren
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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34
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de Biasi L, Schwarz B, Brezesinski T, Hartmann P, Janek J, Ehrenberg H. Chemical, Structural, and Electronic Aspects of Formation and Degradation Behavior on Different Length Scales of Ni-Rich NCM and Li-Rich HE-NCM Cathode Materials in Li-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900985. [PMID: 31012176 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to satisfy the energy demands of the electromobility market, both Ni-rich and Li-rich layered oxides of NCM type are receiving much attention as high-energy-density cathode materials for application in Li-ion batteries. However, due to different stability issues, their longevity is limited. During formation and continuous cycling, especially the electronic and crystal structure suffers from various changes, eventually leading to fatigue and mechanical degradation. In recent years, comprehensive battery research has been conducted at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, mainly aiming at better understanding the primary degradation processes occurring in these layered transition metal oxides. The characteristic process of formation and mechanisms of fatigue are fundamentally characterized and the effect of chemical composition on cell chemistry, electrochemistry, and cycling stability is addressed on different length scales by use of state-of-the-art analytical techniques, ranging from "standard" characterization tools to combinations of advanced in situ and operando methods. Here, the results are presented and discussed within a broader scientific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea de Biasi
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Björn Schwarz
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pascal Hartmann
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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35
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Tsai EHR, Billaud J, Sanchez DF, Ihli J, Odstrčil M, Holler M, Grolimund D, Villevieille C, Guizar-Sicairos M. Correlated X-Ray 3D Ptychography and Diffraction Microscopy Visualize Links between Morphology and Crystal Structure of Lithium-Rich Cathode Materials. iScience 2019; 11:356-365. [PMID: 30654322 PMCID: PMC6348281 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for higher performance, improved safety, and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries relies on the understanding of degradation mechanisms. Complementary to methods and studies on primary particles or crystalline structure on bulk materials, here we use spatially correlated ptychographic X-ray computed nanotomography with a 35 nm resolution and scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy with 1 μm resolution to visualize in 3D the hidden morphological and structural degradation processes in individual secondary particles of lithium-rich nickel, cobalt, and manganese oxides. From comparative examination of pristine and cycled particles, we suggest that morphological degradation could have radial dependency and secondary particle size dependency. The same particles were examined to correlate the degradation to crystallinity, which shows surprising core-shell structures. This study reveals the inner 3D structure of the secondary particles while opening up questions on the unexpected crystalline structural distributions, which could offer clues for future studies on this promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H R Tsai
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Juliette Billaud
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dario F Sanchez
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michal Odstrčil
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claire Villevieille
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Min K, Cho E. Mechanistic understanding of intergranular cracking in NCM cathode material: mesoscale simulation with three-dimensional microstructure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27115-27124. [PMID: 30334023 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04927k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intergranular cracking in the agglomerated form of secondary particles has been regarded as a major cause for mechanical degradation in layered oxide cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, but its detailed mechanistic origin linked to the mechanical properties of these materials is still unknown. In this study, a mesoscale simulation based on the description of the interaction between primary particles is established by combining the model of the shifted-force Lennard-Jones potential and granular Hertzian model to construct the microstructure of secondary particles of cathode materials. The optimized parameters for each model are developed to compute the mechanical properties based on the response from nano-indentation and uniaxial tensile tests. Furthermore, the adhesion between the primary particles is modified to examine their sensitivity to different modes of deformations. The results show that under tension, an increase in adhesion can significantly strengthen the structure along with increase in brittleness, whereas the response from the localized compression (nano-indentation) is shown to be much less sensitive. In addition, the structural changes during repeated volume expansion/contraction induced from electrochemical cycling are investigated. The results indicate that enhancing particle adhesion can prevent the propagation of intergranular cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Min
- Platform Technology Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Wei C, Xia S, Huang H, Mao Y, Pianetta P, Liu Y. Mesoscale Battery Science: The Behavior of Electrode Particles Caught on a Multispectral X-ray Camera. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2484-2492. [PMID: 29889493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional materials and devices are usually morphologically complex and chemically heterogeneous. Their structures are often designed to be hierarchical because of the desired functionalities, which usually require many different components to work together in a coherent manner. The lithium ion battery, as an energy storage device, is a very typical example of this kind of structure. In a lithium ion battery, the cathode, anode, and separator are soaked in a liquid electrolyte, facilitating the back and forward shuttling of the lithium ions for energy storage and release. The desired performance of a lithium ion battery has many different aspects that need to be engineered and balanced depending on the targeted applications. In most cases, the cathode material has become the limiting factor for further improvements and, thus, has attracted intense attention from the research community. While the improvement in the overall performance of the lithium ion battery is the ultimate goal of the research in this field, understanding the relationship between the microscopic properties and the macroscopic behaviors of the materials/devices can inform the design of better battery chemistries for practical applications. As a result, it is of great fundamental and practical importance to investigate the electrode materials using experimental probes that can provide good chemical sensitivity and sufficient spatial resolution, ideally, under operating conditions. With this motivation, our group has been focusing on the development of the nanoscale full-field X-ray spectro-microscopy, which has now become a well-recognized tool for imaging battery electrode materials at the particle level. With nanoscale spatial resolution, this technique can effectively and efficiently tackle the intrinsically complicated mesoscale chemistry. It allows us to monitor the particles' morphological and chemical evolution upon battery operation, providing valuable insights that can be incorporated into the design of new battery chemistries. In this Account, we review a series of our recent studies of battery electrode materials using nanoscale full-field X-ray spectro-microscopy. The materials that are the subjects of our studies, including layer-structured and spinel-structured oxide cathodes, are technically very important as they not only play an important role in today's devices but also possess promising potential for future developments. We discuss how the subparticle level compositional and state-of-charge heterogeneity can be visualized and linked to the bulk performance through systematic quantification of the imaging data. Subsequently, we highlight recent ex situ and in situ observations of the cathode particles' response to different reaction conditions, including the spontaneously adjusted reaction pathways and the morphological changes for the mechanical strain release. The important role of surface chemistry in the system is also discussed. While the microscopic investigation at the particle level provides useful insights, the degree to which this represents the overall properties of the battery is always a question for further generalizing the conclusions. In order to address this concern, we finally discuss a high throughput experimental approach, in which a large number of cathode particles are scanned. We discuss a case study that demonstrates the identification and analysis of functionally important minority phases in an operating battery cell through big data mining methods. With an emphasis on the data/information mining aspect of the nanoscale X-ray spectro-microscopic study of battery cathode particles, we anticipate that this Account will attract more research to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wei
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Sihao Xia
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210094 , China
| | - Hai Huang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Yuwei Mao
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- School of Computer Science and Technology , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211100 , China
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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38
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Kan WH, Deng B, Xu Y, Shukla AK, Bo T, Zhang S, Liu J, Pianetta P, Wang BT, Liu Y, Chen G. Understanding the Effect of Local Short-Range Ordering on Lithium Diffusion in Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 Single-Crystal Cathode. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Propagation topography of redox phase transformations in heterogeneous layered oxide cathode materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2810. [PMID: 30022082 PMCID: PMC6052144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox phase transformations are relevant to a number of metrics pertaining to the electrochemical performance of batteries. These phase transformations deviate from and are more complicated than the conventional theory of phase nucleation and propagation, owing to simultaneous changes of cationic and anionic valence states as well as the polycrystalline nature of battery materials. Herein, we propose an integrative approach of mapping valence states and constructing chemical topographies to investigate the redox phase transformation in polycrystalline layered oxide cathode materials under thermal abuse conditions. We discover that, in addition to the three-dimensional heterogeneous phase transformation, there is a mesoscale evolution of local valence curvatures in valence state topographies. The relative probability of negative and positive local valence curvatures alternates during the layered-to-spinel/rocksalt phase transformation. The implementation of our method can potentially provide a universal approach to study phase transformation behaviors in battery materials and beyond.
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40
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Min K, Jung C, Ko DS, Kim K, Jang J, Park K, Cho E. High-Performance and Industrially Feasible Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials by Integrating Coherent Interphase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20599-20610. [PMID: 29889496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For developing the industrially feasible Ni-rich layered oxide cathode with extended cycle life, it is necessary to mitigate both the mechanical degradation due to intergranular cracking between primary particles and gas generation from the reaction between the electrolyte and residual Li in the cathode. To simultaneously resolve these two issues, we herein propose a simple but novel method to reinforce the primary particles in LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 by providing a Li-reactive material, whose spinel interphase is coherent with the surface of the cathode. The modified structure significantly outperforms analogous bare samples: they conserve more than 90% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles and also exhibit a greater rate capability. By tracking the same particle location during cycling, we confirmed that the current method significantly reduces crack generation because the provided coating material can penetrate inside the grain boundary of the secondary particle and help maintain the volume of the primary particle. Finally, first-principles calculations were implemented to determine the role of this spinel material, i.e., having intrinsically isotropic lattice parameters, superior mechanical properties, and only a small volume change during delithiation. We believe that the proposed method is straightforward and cost-effective; hence, it is directly applicable for the mass production of Ni-rich cathode material to enable its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Min
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Jung
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Su Ko
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Kim
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeduck Jang
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Gachon University , 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseog Cho
- Platform Technology Lab , Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , 130 Samsung-ro , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16678 , Republic of Korea
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41
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Min K, Cho E. Intrinsic origin of intra-granular cracking in Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9045-9052. [PMID: 29308461 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical degradation phenomena in layered oxide cathode materials during electrochemical cycling have limited their long-term usage because they deteriorate the structural stability and result in a poor capacity retention rate. Among them, intra-granular cracking inside primary particles progressively degrades the performance of the cathode but comprehensive understanding of its intrinsic origin is still lacking. In this study, the mechanical properties of the primary particle in a Ni-rich layered oxide cathode material (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) are investigated under tensile and compressive deformation towards both in-plane and out-of-plane directions within the density functional theory framework. The Young's modulus and maximum strength values indicate that the pristine structure is more vulnerable to tensile deformation than compression. In addition, delithiation significantly deteriorates the mechanical properties regardless of the direction of deformation. In particular, a substantial degree of anisotropy is observed, indicating that the mechanical properties in the out-of-plane direction are much weaker than those in the in-plane direction. Particular weakness in that direction is further confirmed using heterogeneously delithiated structures as well as by calculating the accumulated mechanical stress values inside during delithiation. A comparison of the mechanical properties of the structure with a lower Ni content (Ni = 33%) demonstrates that the Ni-rich material is slightly weaker and hence its intra-granular cracking could become accelerated during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Min
- Platform Technology Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Zhang K, Ren F, Wang X, Hu E, Xu Y, Yang XQ, Li H, Chen L, Pianetta P, Mehta A, Yu X, Liu Y. Finding a Needle in the Haystack: Identification of Functionally Important Minority Phases in an Operating Battery. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7782-7788. [PMID: 29116799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of the minority phases' roles in functional materials, e.g., batteries, is critical for optimizing the system performance and the operational efficiency. Although the visualization of battery electrode under operating conditions has been demonstrated, the development of advanced data-mining approaches is still needed in order to identify minority phases and to understand their functionalities. The present study uses nanoscale X-ray spectromicroscopy to study a functional LiCoO2/Li battery pouch cell. The data-mining approaches developed herein were used to search through over 10 million X-ray absorption spectra that cover more than 100 active cathode particles. Two particles with unanticipated chemical fingerprints were identified and further analyzed, providing direct evidence and valuable insight into the undesired side reactions involving the cation dissolution and precipitation as well as the local overlithiation-caused subparticle domain deactivation. The data-mining approach described in this work is widely applicable to many other structurally complex and chemically heterogeneous systems, in which the secondary/minority phases could critically affect the overall performance of the system, well beyond battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Fang Ren
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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43
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Liu H, Wolfman M, Karki K, Yu YS, Stach EA, Cabana J, Chapman KW, Chupas PJ. Intergranular Cracking as a Major Cause of Long-Term Capacity Fading of Layered Cathodes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3452-3457. [PMID: 28548836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Capacity fading has limited commercial layered Li-ion battery electrodes to <70% of their theoretical capacity. Higher capacities can be achieved initially by charging to higher voltages, however, these gains are eroded by a faster fade in capacity. Increasing lifetimes and reversible capacity are contingent on identifying the origin of this capacity fade to inform electrode design and synthesis. We used operando X-ray diffraction to observe how the lithiation-delithiation reactions within a LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) electrode change after capacity fade following months of slow charge-discharge. The changes in the reactions that underpin energy storage after long-term cycling directly correlate to the capacity loss; heterogeneous reaction kinetics observed during extended cycles quantitatively account for the capacity loss. This reaction heterogeneity is ultimately attributed to intergranular fracturing that degrades the connectivity of subsurface grains within the polycrystalline NCA aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mark Wolfman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Khim Karki
- Center for Function Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Function Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter J Chupas
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Science Award Electrochemistry: W. C. Chueh / Ernst-Haage-Preis: A. S. Bandarenka / Max-Bergmann-Medaille: H. Suga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Science Award Electrochemistry: W. C. Chueh / Ernst Haage Prize: A. S. Bandarenka / Max Bergmann Medal: H. Suga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1701. [PMID: 28102929 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Phase transformation mechanism in lithium manganese nickel oxide revealed by single-crystal hard X-ray microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14309. [PMID: 28145406 PMCID: PMC5296648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reaction pathway and kinetics of solid-state phase transformation is critical in designing advanced electrode materials with better performance and stability. Despite the first-order phase transition with a large lattice mismatch between the involved phases, spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 is capable of fast rate even at large particle size, presenting an enigma yet to be understood. The present study uses advanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional nano-tomography on a series of well-formed LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (0≤x≤1) crystals to visualize the mesoscale phase distribution, as a function of Li content at the sub-particle level. Inhomogeneity along with the coexistence of Li-rich and Li-poor phases are broadly observed on partially delithiated crystals, providing direct evidence for a concurrent nucleation and growth process instead of a shrinking-core or a particle-by-particle process. Superior kinetics of (100) facets at the vertices of truncated octahedral particles promote preferential delithiation, whereas the observation of strain-induced cracking suggests mechanical degradation in the material. As an intercalation electrode material for lithium ion batteries, spinel LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 possesses a metastable nature during the electrochemical operation. Here the authors reveal the phase transformation mechanism by using single-crystal hard X-ray microscopy to detect the local phase distribution.
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Duan X, Yang F, Antono E, Yang W, Pianetta P, Ermon S, Mehta A, Liu Y. Unsupervised Data Mining in nanoscale X-ray Spectro-Microscopic Study of NdFeB Magnet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34406. [PMID: 27680388 PMCID: PMC5041149 DOI: 10.1038/srep34406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel developments in X-ray based spectro-microscopic characterization techniques have increased the rate of acquisition of spatially resolved spectroscopic data by several orders of magnitude over what was possible a few years ago. This accelerated data acquisition, with high spatial resolution at nanoscale and sensitivity to subtle differences in chemistry and atomic structure, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hierarchically complex and structurally heterogeneous systems found in functional devices and materials systems. However, handling and analyzing the large volume data generated poses significant challenges. Here we apply an unsupervised data-mining algorithm known as DBSCAN to study a rare-earth element based permanent magnet material, Nd2Fe14B. We are able to reduce a large spectro-microscopic dataset of over 300,000 spectra to 3, preserving much of the underlying information. Scientists can easily and quickly analyze in detail three characteristic spectra. Our approach can rapidly provide a concise representation of a large and complex dataset to materials scientists and chemists. For example, it shows that the surface of common Nd2Fe14B magnet is chemically and structurally very different from the bulk, suggesting a possible surface alteration effect possibly due to the corrosion, which could affect the material’s overall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Duan
- School of computer, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA
| | - Erin Antono
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2205, USA
| | - Wenge Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stefano Ermon
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2205, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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