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Zhang T, Mu X, Li Y, Cong S, Zheng S, Huang R, Geng F, Zhao Z. Optical-Cavity-Incorporated Colorful All-Solid-State Electrochromic Devices for Dual Anti-Counterfeiting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402670. [PMID: 38663415 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The fusion of electrochromic technology with optical resonant cavities presents an intriguing innovation in the electrochromic field. However, this fusion is mainly achieved in liquid electrolyte-based or sol-gel electrolyte-based electrochromic devices, but not in all-solid-state electrochromic devices, which have broader industrial applications. Here, a new all-solid-state electrochromic device is demonstrated with a metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) resonant cavity, which can achieve strong thin-film interference effects through resonance, enabling the device to achieve unique structural colors that have rarely appeared in reported all-solid-state electrochromic devices, such as yellow green, purple, and light red. The color gamut of the device can be further expanded due to the adjustable optical constants of the electrochromic layer. What is more, this device exhibits remarkable cycling stability (maintaining 84% modulation capability after 7200 cycles), rapid switching time (coloration in 2.6 s and bleaching in 2.8 s), and excellent optical memory effect (only increasing by 13.8% after almost 36 000 s). In addition, this exquisite structural design has dual-responsive anti-counterfeiting effects based on voltage and angle, further demonstrating the powerful color modulation capability of this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyang Zhang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinyang Mu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yaowu Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shunan Zheng
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Geng
- College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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2
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Tan P, Ren D, Han Y. Full-Color-Adjustable Nanophotonic Device Adopting Electrochromic Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2614-2623. [PMID: 38178791 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Intercalation-based organic polymers that shift their colors during ion insertion and extraction provide a significant basis for existing electrochromic technology. Nevertheless, the complexity of modifying the structure in the skeleton or combining several diverse polymers to produce a full-color range has restricted the practical applications of electrochromic materials. Herein, we demonstrate two configurations of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Fabry-Perot (F-P) nanocavity-type electrochromic devices fabricated by spray coating lossless PEDOT on the F-P metasurfaces (Cr/ITO/Ag/Cr), which allows full-color response by simply controlling the thickness of dielectric layer indium tin oxide (ITO). However, the reflected light from the PEDOT F-P nanocavity-type electrode can be modulated by electrically controllable optical absorption of PEDOT. Besides, the subtle brightness regulation could be obtained in our F-P nanocavity electrochromic devices via altering the PEDOT thickness. Overall, our results offer a novel perspective for versatile color control of PEDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Tan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Dengfeng Ren
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yuge Han
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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3
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Li J, Cui J, Lv X, Zhang L, Xia M, Dong J, Ouyang M, Zhang C. Dual Polymer Complementarity Induced Truly Black Electrochromic Film and the Construction of Intelligent Eye-Protection Filters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53984-53995. [PMID: 37934922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new strategy to achieve a truly black electrochromic film and develop available intelligent eye-protection filters with "day mode" and "night mode", promising to minimize the harmful effects of light on eyes. The soluble red-to-transparent electrochromic polymer P1 was constructed using quinacridone as the basic unit and introduced dual-donor proDOT and DTC units with similar electron-donating capabilities. The beneficial broader absorption associated with the dual-donor in P1 results in ideal spectrum complementarity with P2 (cyan-to-transparent) in the visible region (380-780 nm). In addition to complementary colors, both polymers exhibit good compatibility with respect to electrochemical and electrochromic properties. Therefore, a P1/P2 film with a mass ratio of 1:1.5 for blending is preferred to obtain truly black color with fast switching time and good cyclic stability. Furthermore, an electrochromic device for intelligent eye-protection filters was designed and assembled with the P1/P2 film as the electrochromic layer and P3 featuring a yellow (antiblue ray)-to-dark gray color change as the ion storage layer. The assembled prototype electrochromic device demonstrated promising applications in intelligent day-night optical adjustment for eye-protection filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Cui
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Minao Xia
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Dong
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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4
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Mizuno A, Shibata Y, Fujikake H, Ono A. Plasmonic Color Switching by a Combination Device with Nematic Liquid Crystals and a Silver Nanocube Monolayer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41579-41585. [PMID: 37970021 PMCID: PMC10634223 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated electrical plasmonic color modulation by combining a nematic-phase liquid crystal (LC) layer and a silver nanocube (AgNC) monolayer. The color modulation LC/AgNC device was fabricated by filling LCs with negative dielectric anisotropy onto a densely assembled AgNC monolayer. The transmitted light color through the LC/AgNC device was modulated between green and magenta by applying voltages of 0-15 V. The peaks and dips in the transmission spectrum of the LC/AgNC device at wavelengths of 500-600 nm were switched with voltage. The switching effect of light transmission in the green region was achieved by overlapping the plasmon resonance of the AgNC monolayer and multiple transmittance peaks caused by the birefringence of the LC layer. In addition, the color inversion appeared at cross-Nicole and parallel-Nicole because the LC layer functioned like a half-wave plate due to birefringence. The electrical modulation of the plasmonic color with LCs has a high implementation capability in microdevices and is anticipated to be applied in display devices or color filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Mizuno
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka
University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yosei Shibata
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hideo Fujikake
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka
University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Research
Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
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5
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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6
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Li DY, Wang W, Chu LY, Deng NN. Tunable Structural Coloration in Eccentric Water-in-Oil-in-Water Droplets. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9657-9663. [PMID: 37548909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors show diverse advantages such as fade resistance, eco-friendliness, iridescence, and high saturation in comparison with chemical pigments. In this paper, we show tunable structural coloration in colorless water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion droplets via total internal reflection and interference at the microscale concave interfaces. Through experimental work and simulations, we demonstrate that the shell thickness and the eccentricity of the core-shell structures are key to the successful formation of iridescent structural colors. Only eccentric thin-shell water-in-oil-in-water droplets show structural colors. Importantly, structural colors based on water-oil interfaces are readily responsive to a variety of environmental stimuli, such as osmotic pressure, temperature, magnetic fields, and light composition. This work highlights an alternative structural coloration that expands the applications of droplet-based structural colors to aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Nan-Nan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China
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7
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Li Y, Sun P, Chen J, Zha X, Tang X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Cong S, Geng F, Zhao Z. Colorful Electrochromic Displays with High Visual Quality Based on Porous Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300116. [PMID: 36921294 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of metamaterials into electrochromic (EC) displays has recently inspired a great breakthrough in the EC field, as this can offer a variety of new attractive features, from a very wide gamut of colors to very fast switching times. However, such metamaterial-based EC displays still face significant constraints when developing from single electrodes to full devices, because other supportive components in devices, such as counter electrodes and electrolytes, significantly affect light propagation and the subsequent perceived color quality in metamaterial-based EC devices. Herein, a new, cost-effective device design structured around a new type of porous metamaterial is reported to circumvent the critical problem in metamaterial-based EC displays. Owing to its unique design, the metamaterial-based EC device achieves good color quality with no drop in brightness or shift in color chromaticity when compared with a single electrode. Moreover, the porous-metamaterial-based EC device can exhibit non-iridescence and be viewed from a wide range of angles (5°-85°) and has fast switching response (2.4 and 2.5 s for coloration and bleaching, respectively), excellent cycling performance (at least 2000 cycles), and extremely low power consumption (4.0 mW cm-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowu Li
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Zha
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Tang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Shan Cong
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Geng
- College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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8
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Zhao Q, Pan Z, Liu B, Bao C, Liu X, Sun J, Xie S, Wang Q, Wang J, Gao Y. Electrochromic-Induced Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries: An Integrated Multifunctional System for Cross-Domain Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:87. [PMID: 37029252 PMCID: PMC10082149 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries (MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources. Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However, MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review, the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Changyuan Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Ximeng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
| | - Shaorong Xie
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*Star, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zubritskaya I, Cichelero R, Faniayeu I, Martella D, Nocentini S, Rudquist P, Wiersma DS, Brongersma ML. Dynamically Tunable Optical Cavities with Embedded Nematic Liquid Crystalline Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209152. [PMID: 36683324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that can dynamically control light enable novel sensing, imaging and display applications. However, the realization of dynamic cavities incorporating stimuli-responsive materials poses a significant engineering challenge. Current approaches rely on refractive index modulation and suffer from low dynamic tunability, high losses, and limited spectral ranges, and require liquid and hazardous materials for operation. To overcome these challenges, a new tuning mechanism employing reversible mechanical adaptations of a polymer network is proposed, and dynamic tuning of optical resonances is demonstrated. Solid-state temperature-responsive optical coatings are developed by preparing a monodomain nematic liquid crystalline network (LCN) and are incorporated between metallic mirrors to form active optical microcavities. LCN microcavities offer large, reversible and highly linear spectral tuning of FP resonances reaching wavelength-shifts up to 40 nm via thermomechanical actuation while featuring outstanding repeatability and precision over more than 100 heating-cooling cycles. This degree of tunability allows for reversible switching between the reflective and the absorbing states of the device over the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, reaching large changes in reflectance with modulation efficiency ΔR = 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zubritskaya
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Diederik Sybolt Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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10
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Zhang X, Hou Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Liang X, He Q, Xu Y, Sun X, Ma H, Liang J, Liu Y, Wu W, Yu H, Guo H, Xiong R. Stamp-Like Energy Harvester and Programmable Information Encrypted Display Based on Fully Printable Thermoelectric Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207723. [PMID: 36445020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) devices exhibit considerable application potential in Internet of Things and personal health monitoring systems. However, TE self-powered devices are expensive and their fabrication process is complex. Therefore, large-scale preparation of the TE devices remains challenging. In this work, simple screen-printing technology is used to fabricate a user-friendly and high-performance paper-based TE device, which can be used in both stamp-like paper-based TE generators and infrared displays. When used as a paper-based TE generator, an output power of 940.8 µW is achieved with a temperature difference of 40 K. The programmable infrared pattern based on the TE array display could be used to realize encryption and anti-counterfeiting properties. Moreover, a visual extraction algorithm is used to develop a mobile application for processing and decoding the infrared quick response code information. These findings offer an exciting approach to using paper-based TEGs in applications such as energy harvesting devices, optical encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and dynamic infrared display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Ziyu Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaosa Liang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qingqing He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Yufeng Xu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Haizhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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11
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Hopmann E, Zhang W, Li H, Elezzabi AY. Advances in electrochromic device technology through the exploitation of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic effects. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:637-657. [PMID: 36844468 PMCID: PMC9945060 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding electrochromic (EC) materials, such materials that change their color upon application of an electrochemical stimulus, has been conducted for centuries. However, most recently, increasing efforts have been put into developing novel solutions to utilize these on-off switching materials in advanced nanoplasmonic and nanophotonic devices. Due to the significant change in dielectric properties of oxides such as WO3, NiO, Mn2O3 and conducting polymers like PEDOT:PSS and PANI, EC materials have transcended beyond simple smart window applications and are now found in plasmonic devices for full-color displays and enhanced modulation transmission and photonic devices with ultra-high on-off ratios and sensing abilities. Advancements in nanophotonic ECDs have further decreased EC switching speed by several orders of magnitude, allowing integration in real-time measurement and lab-on-chip applications. The EC nature of such nanoscale devices promises low energy consumption with low operating voltages paired with bistability and long lifetimes. We summarize these novel approaches to EC device design, lay out the current short comings and draw a path forward for future utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhang
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Haizeng Li
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266273, China
| | - Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
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12
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Peng J, Lin Q, Földes T, Jeong HH, Xiong Y, Pitsalidis C, Malliaras GG, Rosta E, Baumberg JJ. In-Situ Spectro-Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers Using Plasmonics to Reveal Doping Mechanisms. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21120-21128. [PMID: 36468680 PMCID: PMC9798863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are a key component for developing wearable organic electronics, but tracking their redox processes at the nanoscale to understand their doping mechanism remains challenging. Here we present an in-situ spectro-electrochemical technique to observe redox dynamics of conductive polymers in an extremely localized volume (<100 nm3). Plasmonic nanoparticles encapsulated by thin shells of different conductive polymers provide actively tuned scattering color through switching their refractive index. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in combination with cyclic voltammetry enables detailed studies of the redox/doping process. Our data intriguingly show that the doping mechanism varies with polymer conductivity: a disproportionation mechanism dominates in more conductive polymers, while sequential electron transfer prevails in less conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Tamás Földes
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30AS, U.K.
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical
Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30FA, U.K.
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30HE, U.K.
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13
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Yu C, He JH, Lu JM. Ion-in-Conjugation: A Promising Concept for Multifunctional Organic Semiconductors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204023. [PMID: 36285771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most organic semiconductors (OSCs) consist of conjugated skeletons with flexible peripheral chains. Their weak intermolecular interactions from dispersion and induction forces result in environmental susceptibilities and are unsuitable for many multifunctional applications where direct exposure to external environments is unavoidable, such as gas absorption, chemical sensing, and catalysis. To exploit the advantages of inorganic semiconductors in OSCs, ion-in-conjugation (IIC) materials are proposed. An IIC material refers to any conjugated material (molecules, polymers, and crystals) in Kekule's structural formula containing stoichiometric ionic states in its conjugated backbone in the electronic ground state. In this review, the definitions, structures, synthesis, properties, and applications of IIC materials are described briefly. Four types of IIC material, including zwitterionic conjugated molecules/polymers, conjugated ionic dyes, π-d conjugated molecules and polymers, and coordinatively doped polymers, are reported. Their applications in gas sensing, humidity sensing, resistive memory devices, and thermal/photo-/electro-catalysis are demonstrated. The challenges and opportunities for future research are also discussed. It is expected that this work will inspire the design of new organic electronic information materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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14
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Huang C, Hu Z, Yi YQQ, Chen X, Wu X, Su W, Cui Z. High performance printed organic electrochromic devices based on an optimized UV curable solid-state electrolyte. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14122-14128. [PMID: 36102055 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing cost is a major concern for electrochromic device (ECD) applications in smart windows for energy saving and low-carbon economy. Fully printing instead of a vacuum-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is favored for large-scale fabrication of ECDs. To adapt to the screen printing process, a UV curable solid-state electrolyte based on lithium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) was specially formulated. It contains poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA), LiTFSI, water, and ethyl acetate. The optimized ECDs have achieved a 0.6 s bleaching time at 0.6 V and a 1.4 s coloring time at -0.5 V. The ECDs also exhibited excellent stability, which could endure 100 000 cycles of color switching while still maintaining 35% of transmittance change at a 550 nm wavelength. A demo ECD has been fabricated with a screen printed electrolyte, exhibiting stable switching between the clear state and patterned color state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchao Huang
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zishou Hu
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Qiu-Qiang Yi
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Nano Devices and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Wang P, Krasavin AV, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Tong L, Zayats AV. Molecular Plasmonics with Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15031-15081. [PMID: 36194441 PMCID: PMC9562285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Alexey V Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
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16
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Abstract
![]()
With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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17
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The rise of electrochromics through dynamic QR codes and grayscale images in screen printed passive matrix addressed displays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10959. [PMID: 35803951 PMCID: PMC9270494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic matrix addressed displays capable of presenting arbitrary grayscale images typically require complex device architectures including switching components to provide unique pixel addressability. Here, we demonstrate high-yield manufacturing of passive matrix addressed electrochromic displays on flexible substrates by solely using screen printing. The simple pixel architecture, obtained by printing only three active layers on top of each other, concurrently provides both the electrochromic functionality and the critical non-linear pixel switching response that enables presentation of arbitrary grayscale images in the resulting passive matrix addressed displays. The all-printed display technology exhibits unprecedented performance and is further verified by dynamic QR codes, to exemplify utilization within authentication, packaging, or other emerging Internet of Things applications requiring a low-cost display for data visualization.
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18
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Liang J, Jin Y, Yu H, Chen X, Zhou L, Huo P, Zhang Y, Ma H, Jiang Y, Zhu B, Xu T, Liu H, Zhu S, Zhu J. Lithium-plasmon-based low-powered dynamic color display. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac120. [PMID: 36825119 PMCID: PMC9942666 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Display and power supply have been two essential and independent cornerstones of modern electronics. Here, we report a lithium-plasmon-based low-powered dynamic color display with intrinsic dual functionality (plasmonic display and energy recycling unit) which is a result of the electric-field-driven transformation of nanostructured lithium metals. Dynamic color displays are enabled by plasmonic transformation through electrodeposition (electrostripping) of lithium metals during the charging (discharging) process, while the consumed energy for coloring can be retrieved in the inverse process respectively. Energy recycling of lithium metals brings energy consumption down to 0.390 mW cm-2 (0.105 mW cm-2) for the active (static) coloration state of a proof-of-concept display/battery device, which approaches nearly-zero-energy-consumption in the near-100%-energy-efficiency limit of commercial lithium batteries. Combining the subwavelength feature of plasmonics with effective energy recycling, the lithium-plasmon-based dynamic display offers a promising route towards next-generation integrated photonic devices, with the intriguing advantages of low energy consumption, a small footprint and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huiling Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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19
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Badloe T, Kim J, Kim I, Kim WS, Kim WS, Kim YK, Rho J. Liquid crystal-powered Mie resonators for electrically tunable photorealistic color gradients and dark blacks. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35487908 PMCID: PMC9054757 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from beautiful colors in nature, structural colors produced from nanostructured metasurfaces have shown great promise as a platform for bright, highly saturated, and high-resolution colors. Both plasmonic and dielectric materials have been employed to produce static colors that fulfil the required criteria for high-performance color printing, however, for practical applications in dynamic situations, a form of tunability is desirable. Combinations of the additive color palette of red, green, and blue enable the expression of further colors beyond the three primary colors, while the simultaneous intensity modulation allows access to the full color gamut. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface that can represent saturated red, green, and blue pixels that can be dynamically and continuously controlled between on and off states using liquid crystals. We use this to experimentally realize ultrahigh-resolution color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels toward high-performance full-color reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Karki A, Cincotti G, Chen S, Stanishev V, Darakchieva V, Wang C, Fahlman M, Jonsson MP. Electrical Tuning of Plasmonic Conducting Polymer Nanoantennas. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107172. [PMID: 35064601 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures of conventional metals offer manipulation of light at the nanoscale but are largely limited to static behavior due to fixed material properties. To develop the next frontier of dynamic nano-optics and metasurfaces, this study utilizes the redox-tunable optical properties of conducting polymers, as recently shown to be capable of sustaining plasmons in their most conducting oxidized state. Electrically tunable conducting polymer nano-optical antennas are presented, using nanodisks of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:sulfate) (PEDOT:Sulf) as a model system. In addition to repeated on/off switching of the polymeric nanoantennas, the concept enables gradual electrical tuning of the nano-optical response, which was found to be related to the modulation of both density and mobility of the mobile polaronic charge carriers in the polymer. The resonance position of the PEDOT:Sulf nanoantennas can be conveniently controlled by disk size, here reported down to a wavelength of around 1270 nm. The presented concept may be used for electrically tunable metasurfaces, with tunable farfield as well as nearfield. The work thereby opens for applications ranging from tunable flat meta-optics to adaptable smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akchheta Karki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Giancarlo Cincotti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Vallery Stanishev
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
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21
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Liu C, Wang G, Zhang L, Fan F, Zhang X, Fu Y, Wang T. Dynamic Color Display with Viewing-Angle Tolerance Based on the Responsive Asymmetric Fabry-Perot Cavity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7200-7207. [PMID: 35089686 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
At present, it remains challenging and desirable to prepare dynamic color-changing materials with wide viewing angles for practical applications. Herein, we proposed a responsive asymmetric metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Perot resonance cavity to achieve dynamic color display with high viewing-angle tolerance. The responsive asymmetric MIM cavity is constructed with thermal-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) brush as the mid-insulator layer sandwiched by two different metallic layers (Sn and Ag). The as-prepared MIM cavity shows both improved viewing-angle tolerance owing to the asymmetric architecture of the cavity and a wide tunable color gamut because of the thermal responsiveness of the mid PNIPAm layer. Remarkably, the as-prepared asymmetric MIM resonance cavity also possesses a relatively fast response rate and good repeatability. Together, with all these advantages, the proposed responsive asymmetric MIM cavity may open a new pathway to prepare high-performance color display material for future practical optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Guangrong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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22
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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23
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Xiong K, Olsson O, Svirelis J, Palasingh C, Baumberg J, Dahlin A. Video Speed Switching of Plasmonic Structural Colors with High Contrast and Superior Lifetime. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103217. [PMID: 34448507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reflective displays or "electronic paper" technologies provide a solution to the high energy consumption of emissive displays by simply utilizing ambient light. However, it has proven challenging to develop electronic paper with competitive image quality and video speed capabilities. Here, the first technology that provides video speed switching of structural colors with high contrast over the whole visible is shown. Importantly, this is achieved with a broadband-absorbing polarization-insensitive electrochromic polymer instead of liquid crystals, which makes it possible to maintain high reflectivity. It is shown that promoting electrophoretic ion transport (drift motion) improves the switch speed. In combination with new nanostructures that have high surface curvature, this enables video speed switching (20 ms) at high contrast (50% reflectivity change). A detailed analysis of the optical signal during switching shows that the polaron formation starts to obey first order reaction kinetics in the video speed regime. Additionally, the system still operates at ultralow power consumption during video speed switching (<1 mW cm-2 ) and has negligible power consumption (<1 µW cm-2 ) in bistability mode. Finally, the fast switching increases device lifetime to at least 107 cycles, an order of magnitude more than state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Justas Svirelis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Chonnipa Palasingh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Andreas Dahlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
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24
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Palinski TJ, Tadimety A, Trase I, Vyhnalek BE, Hunter GW, Garmire E, Zhang JXJ. Vibrant reflective sensors with percolation film Fabry-Pérot nanocavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:25000-25010. [PMID: 34614841 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically reconfigurable structural colors are promising materials for new smart optical systems. However, improved reflected color quality (e.g., saturation, optical contrast, angular invariance) and larger tuning range/sensitivity are needed. Here, we demonstrate a vibrant, actively tunable system which meets these needs via coupling broadband plasmonic resonators to a responsive polymer film. Our structure consists of near-percolation gold nanoislands deposited on a poly[methyl methacrylate] (PMMA) spacer above a gold mirror, forming a Fabry-Pérot nanocavity. Broadband absorption in this system creates vivid reflected colors, while the polymer spacer enables continuous tuning over a wide color space. By exploiting swelling effects in PMMA, we show fast, reversible color switching in response to organic vapors. Our sensitive optical structure amplifies small vapor-induced changes in the spacer thickness, enabling naked-eye detection of changes as small as 10 nm. Additionally, optical absorption >99% yields modulation contrasts up to 80:1, opening the door to ultra-sensitive on-chip signal measurements, complementing the visual colorimetric readout. This structure has immediate implications for colorimetric bio/chemical sensing and may also find application to reflective displays and flexible/adaptive optical coatings.
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25
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Chen S, Rossi S, Shanker R, Cincotti G, Gamage S, Kühne P, Stanishev V, Engquist I, Berggren M, Edberg J, Darakchieva V, Jonsson MP. Tunable Structural Color Images by UV-Patterned Conducting Polymer Nanofilms on Metal Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102451. [PMID: 34219300 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precise manipulation of light-matter interactions has enabled a wide variety of approaches to create bright and vivid structural colors. Techniques utilizing photonic crystals, Fabry-Pérot cavities, plasmonics, or high-refractive-index dielectric metasurfaces have been studied for applications ranging from optical coatings to reflective displays. However, complicated fabrication procedures for sub-wavelength nanostructures, limited active areas, and inherent absence of tunability of these approaches impede their further development toward flexible, large-scale, and switchable devices compatible with facile and cost-effective production. Here, a novel method is presented to generate structural color images based on monochromic conducting polymer films prepared on metallic surfaces via vapor phase polymerization and ultraviolet (UV) light patterning. Varying the UV dose enables synergistic control of both nanoscale film thickness and polymer permittivity, which generates controllable structural colors from violet to red. Together with grayscale photomasks this enables facile fabrication of high-resolution structural color images. Dynamic tuning of colored surfaces and images via electrochemical modulation of the polymer redox state is further demonstrated. The simple structure, facile fabrication, wide color gamut, and dynamic color tuning make this concept competitive for applications like multifunctional displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Ravi Shanker
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Giancarlo Cincotti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Sampath Gamage
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kühne
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Vallery Stanishev
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bio- and Organic Electronics, Bredgatan 35, Norrköping, SE-602 21, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
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26
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Zhao J, Zhou Y, Huo Y, Gao B, Ma Y, Yu Y. Flexible dynamic structural color based on an ultrathin asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity with phase-change material for temperature perception. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23273-23281. [PMID: 34614594 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic structural color has attracted considerable attentions due to its good tunable characteristics. Here, an ultrathin asymmetric Fabry-Perot (FP)-type structural color with phase-change material VO2 cavity is proposed. The color-switching performance can be realized by temperature regulation due to the reversible monoclinic-rutile phase transition of VO2. The various, vivid structural color can be generated by simply changing the thickness of VO2 and Ag layers. Moreover, the simple structural configuration enables a large-scale, low-cost preparation on both rigid and flexible substrates. Accordingly, a flexible dynamic structural color membrane is adhered on a cup with a curved surface to be used for temperature perception. The proposed dynamic structural color has potential applications in anti-counterfeiting, temperature perception, camouflage coatings among other flexible optoelectronic devices.
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27
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Gugole M, Olsson O, Rossi S, Jonsson MP, Dahlin A. Electrochromic Inorganic Nanostructures with High Chromaticity and Superior Brightness. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4343-4350. [PMID: 33969987 PMCID: PMC8289301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of actively controlling structural colors has recently attracted a lot of attention, in particular for new types of reflective displays (electronic paper). However, it has proven challenging to achieve good image quality in such devices, mainly because many subpixels are necessary and the semitransparent counter electrodes lower the total reflectance. Here we present an inorganic electrochromic nanostructure based on tungsten trioxide, gold, and a thin platinum mirror. The platinum reflector provides a wide color range and makes it possible to "reverse" the device design so that electrolyte and counter electrode can be placed behind the nanostructures with respect to the viewer. Importantly, this makes it possible to maintain high reflectance regardless of how the electrochemical cell is constructed. We show that our nanostructures clearly outperform the latest commercial color e-reader in terms of both color range and brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Gugole
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P. Jonsson
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Dahlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Hu Q, Lin KT, Lin H, Zhang Y, Jia B. Graphene Metapixels for Dynamically Switchable Structural Color. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8930-8939. [PMID: 33988983 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural coloration providing vibrant and tailored colors enables broad applications. Existing strategies of structural coloration either use resonances or diffraction induced by arrayed nanostructures with element sizes at a wavelength scale or are based on interference from vacuum-deposited large-area thin films. It is extremely challenging to achieve full color pixels with diffraction-limited resolution without sophisticated multiple-step nanostructure fabrication or externally applied field control. Realization of dynamically switchable full color displays with diffraction-limited resolution is even harder. This work demonstrates a structural color strategy with developed anisotropic graphene metapixels. The anisotropic optical property is given by the intrinsic birefringence of the layered structure of graphene metamaterials, and each metapixel is spatially encoded by direct laser printing with diffraction-limited resolution (250 nm). The colors can be dynamically and instantly switched by controlling the scattering of the light source to excite different modes based on the strong anisotropic optical properties of the graphene metapixels. The low-cost large-scale fabrication method allows experimental demonstration of a large-area (4 in.) flexible full color optical switchable display. Such a simple, effective and flexible method promises broad practical applications in color display and color image sensing related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Hu
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Han Lin
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yongyou Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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29
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Park J, In S, Park N. Dispersion-Controlled Gold-Aluminum-Silicon Dioxide-Aluminum Nanopawn Structures for Visible to NIR Light Modulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007831. [PMID: 33599009 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient patterning method for nanostructures, nanocolloidal lithography (NCL) presents a controllable and scalable means for achieving a uniform and good sidewall profile, and a high aspect ratio. While high selectivity between the etching mask and targeted materials is also essential for NCL-based precision nanophotonic structures, its realization in multi-material nanophotonic structures still remains a challenge due to the dielectric- or metallic-material-dependent etching selectivity. Here, dispersion-controlled Au-NCL is proposed, which enables high selectivity for Al and SiO2 over a Au nanoparticle (Au-NP) mask. Utilizing the proposed process, wafer-scale, uniformly dispersed multi-material nanopawn structures (Au-NPs/Al-SiO2 cylinders) on an Al ultrathin film are realized, obtaining excellent vertical sidewall (≈90°) and aspect ratio (>1). The high sidewall verticality and aspect ratio of the nanopawn structures support optical modes highly sensitive to the excitation direction of incident waves through the mixing of the interface-gap-assisted localized surface plasmons (GLSPs) formed in between the Au-NP and Al-disk interface, and plasmonic Fabry-Pérot (FP) modes formed in between the Al-disk and Al substrate; complementary spectral responses between reflected and scattered light are also demonstrated. As an application example, information encryption based on the triple-channel (i.e., reflection, scattering, and transmission) angle-dependent complementary-color responses is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungjun In
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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30
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Lu R, Ni J, Yin S, Ji Y. Responsive Plasmonic Nanomaterials for Advanced Cancer Diagnostics. Front Chem 2021; 9:652287. [PMID: 33816441 PMCID: PMC8014002 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.652287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures, particularly of noble-metal Au and Ag, have attracted long-lasting research interests because of their intriguing physical and chemical properties. Under light excitation, their conduction electrons can form collective oscillation with the electromagnetic fields at particular wavelength, leading to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The remarkable characteristic of LSPR is the absorption and scattering of light at the resonant wavelength and greatly enhanced electric fields in localized areas. In response to the chemical and physical changes, these optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures will exhibit drastic color changes and highly sensitive peak shifts, which has been extensively used for biological imaging and disease treatments. In this mini review, we aim to briefly summarize recent progress of preparing responsive plasmonic nanostructures for biodiagnostics, with specific focus on cancer imaging and treatment. We start with typical synthetic approaches to various plasmonic nanostructures and elucidate practical strategies and working mechanism in tuning their LSPR properties. Current achievements in using responsive plasmonic nanostructures for advanced cancer diagnostics will be further discussed. Concise perspectives on existing challenges in developing plasmonic platforms for clinic diagnostics is also provided at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiding Ji
- Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
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31
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Wang W, Guan Z, Xu H. A high speed electrically switching reflective structural color display with large color gamut. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1164-1171. [PMID: 33403380 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors, which originate from the interactions between light and nanometer-scale structured materials, have the advantages of durability and environmentally friendly display compared with pigments and dyes. A large color gamut, high-speed, electrically-switching reflective structural color display is critical to dynamically tunable reflective structural color devices. Here, we report a theoretical design of an electrically switching reflective structural color display device with a large color gamut (∼157% sRGB, standard red green blue) and high speed (>10 MHz). Benefiting from the electric-switchable Epsilon-Near-Zero material and 1D dielectric grating with guided-mode resonance, the reflective display device can be electrically turned on or turned off by switching between a narrow band reflector and a transparent film. This design provides a promising solution towards reflective color displays, optical switches, spatial light modulators and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Guan
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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32
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Shen Y, Zou Q, Wan B, She X, You R, Luo Y, Jin C. High-Contrast Dynamic Reflecting System Based on Pneumatic Micro/Nanoscale Surface Morphing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1988-1999. [PMID: 33378615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods offer a fascinating dynamic reflecting system to create desired colors and patterns through contracting and releasing their soft skins in response to environmental stimuli. Inspired by this natural display strategy, we designed a novel dynamic reflecting system based on pneumatic micro/nanoscale surface morphing. This system consists of a thin metal skin/elastomer bilayer modulated by a microfluidic-based gas injector. Benefited from the "wrinkled-specular" transition of the metal's surface under a small pneumatic actuation (4 kPa), an unprecedented reflectance contrast of 93 for broad-band (500-750 nm) modulation is achieved. This remarkable response also has excellent cycle stability (>2500 times) and fast response time (∼0.2 s). These advantages enable a robust and ultrasensitive optical gas pressure sensor with a sensitivity of 178 kPa-1, which is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional optical gas pressure sensors based on either a Fabry-Pérot interferometer or a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Moreover, as proof-of-concept applications, we also experimentally demonstrated a curvature-variable convex mirror and noniridescent dynamic display, suggesting that our pneumatically dynamic reflecting system will potentially broaden the applications in adaptive optical devices, sensors, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiushun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Runzhi You
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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33
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Peng J, Jeong H, Smith M, Chikkaraddy R, Lin Q, Liang H, De Volder MFL, Vignolini S, Kar‐Narayan S, Baumberg JJ. FullyPrinted Flexible Plasmonic Metafilms with Directional Color Dynamics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002419. [PMID: 33511008 PMCID: PMC7816707 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metafilms have been widely utilized to generate vivid colors, but making them both active and flexible simultaneously remains a great challenge. Here flexible active plasmonic metafilms constructed by printing electrochromic nanoparticles onto ultrathin metal films (<15 nm) are presented, offering low-power electricallydriven color switching. In conjunction with commercially available printing techniques, such flexible devices can be patterned using lithography-free approaches, opening up potential for fullyprinted electrochromic devices. Directional optical effects and dynamics show perceived upward and downward colorations can differ, arising from the dissimilar plasmonic mode excitation between nanoparticles and ultrathin metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Hyeon‐Ho Jeong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Present address:
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Materials Science & MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Hsin‐Ling Liang
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Institute for ManufacturingDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Michael F. L. De Volder
- Institute for ManufacturingDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Sohini Kar‐Narayan
- Department of Materials Science & MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
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34
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Liang L, Lam SH, Ma L, Lu W, Wang SB, Chen A, Wang J, Shao L, Jiang N. (Gold nanorod core)/(poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) shell) nanostructures and their monolayer arrays for plasmonic switching. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20684-20692. [PMID: 33047771 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
(Gold nanorod core)/(poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) shell) nanostructures are prepared by the surfactant-assisted oxidative polymerization of 3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene on the surface of gold nanorods (NRs). The PEDOT shell exhibits distinct dielectric properties at doped and undoped states, which allows the manipulation of plasmonic responses of the Au nanorod core. The shift in plasmon resonance induced by the dedoping of PEDOT is found to be associated with the overlap between the plasmon resonance band of the core/shell nanostructure and the spectral region where the largest refractive index variation of PEDOT occurs, as well as with the type of the dedopant. Macroscopic two-dimensional (2D) monolayer arrays of core/shell nanostructures with controlled particle number densities are fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates by electrophoretic deposition. A reversible plasmonic shift of about 70 nm is obtained on the core/shell nanostructure monolayer array with a number density of around 18 particles per μm2. Our design of colloidal (Au nanorod core)/(PEDOT shell) nanostructures and their 2D monolayer arrays paves the way for the fabrication of high-performance plasmonic switches in large-scale practical usages as well as for the preparation of advanced, programmable chromic materials for a broad range of applications, such as smart windows, anti-counterfeiting tags, and medical and environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shiu Hei Lam
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Wenzheng Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China. and Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Nina Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Neubrech F, Duan X, Liu N. Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabc2709. [PMID: 32917622 PMCID: PMC7473667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Displays are an indispensable medium to visually convey information in our daily life. Although conventional dye-based color displays have been rigorously advanced by world leading companies, critical issues still remain. For instance, color fading and wavelength-limited resolution restrict further developments. Plasmonic colors emerging from resonant interactions between light and metallic nanostructures can overcome these restrictions. With dynamic characteristics enabled by functional materials, dynamic plasmonic coloration may find a variety of applications in display technologies. In this review, we elucidate basic concepts for dynamic plasmonic color generation and highlight recent advances. In particular, we devote our review to a selection of dynamic controls endowed by functional materials, including magnesium, liquid crystals, electrochromic polymers, and phase change materials. We also discuss their performance in view of potential applications in current display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neubrech
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Zhang W, Zhang YM, Xie F, Jin X, Li J, Yang G, Gu C, Wang Y, Zhang SXA. A Single-Pixel RGB Device in a Colorful Alphanumeric Electrofluorochromic Display. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003121. [PMID: 32743918 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of human society, consumer electronics have brought marvelous changes to human daily life, but they are accompanied by the much higher demand of display quality and visual experience. Therefore, ideal conversion among the three primary colors-red (R), green (G), and blue (B)-in a single pixel has been a better way to avoid the insurmountable technical barrier of subpixel technology of modern displays. Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials capable of a novel luminescent switching, open a powerful way to design optoelectronic devices for displays and information storage etc. Colorful EFC devices, especially emitting the ideal three primary colors without subpixel technology, have been a challenge for years. Herein, a long-awaited single-pixel device with RGB color is fabricated successfully based on proton-coupled electron transfer. The RGB EFC device exhibits outstanding EFC properties, such as low turn-on voltage (+1.0 and -1.0 V), large color gamut, and good stability (500 cycles for each color). Prototypes of colorful alphanumeric displays are well demonstrated in a facile way. The success of this new exploration of single-pixel RGB EFC device not only provides the possibility of full-color emission in EFC devices, but also will widely broaden the EFC system and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Fuli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xuchao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guojian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Lee Y, Yun J, Seo M, Kim SJ, Oh J, Kang CM, Sun HJ, Chung TD, Lee B. Full-Color-Tunable Nanophotonic Device Using Electrochromic Tungsten Trioxide Thin Film. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6084-6090. [PMID: 32603122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Color generation based on strategically designed plasmonic nanostructures is a promising approach for display applications with unprecedented high-resolution. However, it is disadvantageous in that the optical response is fixed once the structure is determined. Therefore, obtaining high modulation depth with reversible optical properties while maintaining its fixed nanostructure is a great challenge in nanophotonics. In this work, dynamic color tuning and switching using tungsten trioxide (WO3), a representative electrochromic material, are demonstrated with reflection-type and transmission-type optical devices. Thin WO3 films incorporated in simple stacked configurations undergo dynamic color change by the adjustment of their dielectric constant through the electrochromic principle. A large resonance wavelength shift up to 107 nm under an electrochemical bias of 3.2 V could be achieved by the reflection-type device. For the transmission-type device, on/off switchable color pixels with improved purity are demonstrated of which transmittance is modulated by up to 4.04:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Lee
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeongse Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minjee Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sun-Je Kim
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Oh
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54151, South Korea
| | - Chung Mu Kang
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Sun
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54151, South Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, South Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Eh AL, Chen J, Yu SH, Thangavel G, Zhou X, Cai G, Li S, Chua DHC, Lee PS. A Quasi-Solid-State Tristate Reversible Electrochemical Mirror Device with Enhanced Stability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903198. [PMID: 32670746 PMCID: PMC7341104 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) electrochromic devices with electrochemical tunability in multiple optical states are exciting alternatives to conventional electrochromic smart windows. Electrochromic devices are studied extensively, yet widespread adoptions have not been achieved due to problems associated with durability, switching speed, limited options on optical states, and cost. In this study, a REM electrochromic device based on CuSn alloy is developed, which offers highly reversible switching between transparent, greyish-blue, and mirror states via reversible electrodeposition and dissolution. The alloying element, Sn acts as an electrochemical mediator, which facilitates the electrodeposition and dissolution of Cu. The CuSn-based REM device shows superior cycling stability for 2400 cycles (transmittance mode) and 1000 cycles (reflectance mode). The electrodeposited CuSn alloy film is resistant to surface oxidation in ambient air, with a 2.9% difference in reflectance at 2000 nm after 3 days. In addition, the alloy film exhibits excellent NIR reflectance property with thermal modulation of 18.5 °C at a high temperature of 180 °C. The REM device with zero power consumption maintains its mirror state for at least 100 min, making it a promising candidate for energy-efficient applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee‐Sie Eh
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE)Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy Water Nexus (NEW)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
| | - Jingwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE)Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy Water Nexus (NEW)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
| | - Shu Hearn Yu
- Material Sciences and Engineering DepartmentNational University of SingaporeSingapore117575Singapore
| | - Gurunathan Thangavel
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE)Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy Water Nexus (NEW)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
| | - Guofa Cai
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Daniel H. C. Chua
- Material Sciences and Engineering DepartmentNational University of SingaporeSingapore117575Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE)Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy Water Nexus (NEW)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
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Self-assembled plasmonics for angle-independent structural color displays with actively addressed black states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13350-13358. [PMID: 32493745 PMCID: PMC7306820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001435117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials will enable the next generation of displays, detectors, and photovoltaic devices by interacting with light at subwavelength length scales. However, performance and practical integration with current electronic systems remain a scientific and engineering challenge. Here, we report the wafer-scale self-assembly/growth of nanoparticles which reproduce the cyan, magenta, and yellow color space. We explore the physics of the optical resonances and the advantageous properties they manifest for color filter technology, such as angle insensitivity and high saturation. The versatile formation process then enables integration with commercial devices to realize a hybrid, nanoparticle–liquid crystal reflective display. Nanostructured plasmonic materials can lead to the extremely compact pixels and color filters needed for next-generation displays by interacting with light at fundamentally small length scales. However, previous demonstrations suffer from severe angle sensitivity, lack of saturated color, and absence of black/gray states and/or are impractical to integrate with actively addressed electronics. Here, we report a vivid self-assembled nanostructured system which overcomes these challenges via the multidimensional hybridization of plasmonic resonances. By exploiting the thin-film growth mechanisms of aluminum during ultrahigh vacuum physical vapor deposition, dense arrays of particles are created in near-field proximity to a mirror. The sub-10-nm gaps between adjacent particles and mirror lead to strong multidimensional coupling of localized plasmonic modes, resulting in a singular resonance with negligible angular dispersion and ∼98% absorption of incident light at a desired wavelength. The process is compatible with arbitrarily structured substrates and can produce wafer-scale, diffusive, angle-independent, and flexible plasmonic materials. We then demonstrate the unique capabilities of the strongly coupled plasmonic system via integration with an actively addressed reflective liquid crystal display with control over black states. The hybrid display is readily programmed to display images and video.
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Ahmed R, Ozen MO, Karaaslan MG, Prator CA, Thanh C, Kumar S, Torres L, Iyer N, Munter S, Southern S, Henrich TJ, Inci F, Demirci U. Tunable Fano-Resonant Metasurfaces on a Disposable Plastic-Template for Multimodal and Multiplex Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907160. [PMID: 32201997 PMCID: PMC8713081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are engineered nanostructured interfaces that extend the photonic behavior of natural materials, and they spur many breakthroughs in multiple fields, including quantum optics, optoelectronics, and biosensing. Recent advances in metasurface nanofabrication enable precise manipulation of light-matter interactions at subwavelength scales. However, current fabrication methods are costly and time-consuming and have a small active area with low reproducibility due to limitations in lithography, where sensing nanosized rare biotargets requires a wide active surface area for efficient binding and detection. Here, a plastic-templated tunable metasurface with a large active area and periodic metal-dielectric layers to excite plasmonic Fano resonance transitions providing multimodal and multiplex sensing of small biotargets, such as proteins and viruses, is introduced. The tunable Fano resonance feature of the metasurface is enabled via chemical etching steps to manage nanoperiodicity of the plastic template decorated with plasmonic layers and surrounding dielectric medium. This metasurface integrated with microfluidics further enhances the light-matter interactions over a wide sensing area, extending data collection from 3D to 4D by tracking real-time biomolecular binding events. Overall, this work resolves cost- and complexity-related large-scale fabrication challenges and improves multilayer sensitivity of detection in biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ahmed
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Mehmet Ozgun Ozen
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Merve Goksin Karaaslan
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Cecilia A. Prator
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Shreya Kumar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Nikita Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Sadie Munter
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Sarka Southern
- Gaia Medical Institute, 505 Coast Boulevard South, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Fatih Inci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
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41
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Lu W, Chow TH, Lai SN, Zheng B, Wang J. Electrochemical Switching of Plasmonic Colors Based on Polyaniline-Coated Plasmonic Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17733-17744. [PMID: 32195574 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic color generation has attracted much research interest because of the unique optical properties of plasmonic nanocrystals that are promising for chromatic applications, such as flat-panel displays, smart windows, and wearable devices. Low-cost, monodisperse plasmonic nanocrystals supporting strong localized surface plasmon resonances are favorable for the generation of plasmonic colors. However, many implementations so far have either a single static state or complexities in the particle alignment and switching mechanism for generating multiple displaying states. Herein, we report on a facile and robust approach for realizing the electrochemical switching of plasmonic colors out of colloidal plasmonic nanocrystals. The metal nanocrystals are coated with a layer of polyaniline, whose refractive index and optical absorption are reversibly switched through the variation of an applied electrochemical potential. The change in refractive index and optical absorption results in the modulation of the plasmonic scattering intensity with a depth of 11 dB. The electrochemical switching process is fast (∼5 ms) and stable (over 1000 switching cycles). A device configuration is further demonstrated for switching plasmonic color patterns in a transparent electrochemical device, which is made from indium tin oxide electrodes and a polyvinyl alcohol solid electrolyte. Our control of plasmonic colors provides a favorable platform for engineering low-cost and high-performance miniaturized optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Him Chow
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze Nga Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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42
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Song L, Huang Y, Nie Z, Chen T. Macroscopic two-dimensional monolayer films of gold nanoparticles: fabrication strategies, surface engineering and functional applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7433-7460. [PMID: 32219290 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09420b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, two-dimensional monolayer films of gold nanoparticles (2D MFGS) have attracted increasing attention in various fields, due to their superior attributes of macroscopic size and accessible fabrication, controllable electromagnetic enhancement, distinctive optical harvesting and electron transport capabilities. This review will focus on the recent progress of 2D monolayer films of gold nanoparticles in construction approaches, surface engineering strategies and functional applications in the optical and electric fields. The research challenges and prospective directions of 2D MFGS are also discussed. This review would promote a better understanding of 2D MFGS and establish a necessary bridge among the multidisciplinary research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
| | - Youju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China. and College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China and National Engineering Research Centre for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
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Hopmann E, Elezzabi AY. Plasmochromic Nanocavity Dynamic Light Color Switching. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1876-1882. [PMID: 32049542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Static plasmonic metal-insulator-nanohole (MIN) cavities have been shown to create high chromaticity spectral colors for display applications. While on-off switching of said devices has been demonstrated, introducing active control over the spectral color of a single cavity is an ongoing challenge. Electrochromic oxides such as tungsten oxide (WO3) offer the possibility to tune their refractive index (2.1-1.8) and extinction (0-0.5) upon ion insertion, allowing active control over resonance conditions for MIN based devices. In combination with the dynamic change in the WO3 layer, the utilization of a plasmonic superstructure allows creation of well-defined spectral reflection of the nanocavity. Here, we employ inorganic, electrochromic WO3 as the tunable dielectric in a MIN nanocavity, resulting in a theoretically achievable resonance wavelength modulation from 601 to 505 nm, while maintaining 35% of reflectance intensity. Experimental values for the spectral modulation result in a 64 nm shift of peak wavelength with high reproducibility and fast switching speed. Remarkably, the introduced device shows electrochemical stability over 100 switching cycles while most of the intercalated charge can be regained (91.1%), leading to low power consumption (5.6 mW/cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Abdulhakem Y Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
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Bi J, Wu Y, Li L, Zhang S, Wu S. Asymmetric structural colors based on monodisperse single-crystal Cu 2O spheres. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3220-3226. [PMID: 31967165 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09472e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors have attracted broad attention owing to their anti-photobleaching capability and brilliant metallic color. In particular, the asymmetric structural colors generated by a simple material will have great practical significance in the fields of biomimetic materials, double-side display and anti-counterfeiting. The asymmetric optical effects were usually achieved by the plasmonic effects of Ag or Au nanocrystals. Here, for the first time, we realized the asymmetric structural colors based on the asymmetric scattering of Cu2O single-crystal spheres. By spray-coating Cu2O spheres on a glass slide, different structural colors were viewed from the Cu2O film side and the glass slide side. The FDTD simulations confirmed that the asymmetric colors were ascribed to the inhomogeneous distribution of the electric field intensity. The film built by 200 nm Cu2O spheres on a glass slide shows green and cyan structural colors from the front and back sides, respectively. The colors on both sides of the Cu2O films were proved to be tuned by changing the diameters of the Cu2O single-crystal spheres. Different substrates were used to examine the influence of substrates on the asymmetric colors. Finally, inspired by different brilliant colors from the front and back of natural creatures, the patterns of butterfly and petals were fabricated by Cu2O spheres. Impressively, similar to nature, the patterns show completely different colors viewed from the front and back sides. The asymmetric structural colors of Cu2O single-crystal spheres will open up new avenues to realize multi-mode color output and pave their applications in display, biomimetic materials and anti-counterfeiting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Lu Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
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Chen D, Wang T, Song G, Du Y, Lv J, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang L, Hu J, Fu Y, Jordan R. Dynamic Tunable Color Display Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Resonator with Polymer Brush Insulator Layer as Signal Transducer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41668-41675. [PMID: 31623430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic color-changing nanomaterials have been widely investigated for applications in fields like optical sensors, wearable activity monitors, smart electronic devices, and anticounterfeiting materials due to the excellent ability to change their optical properties with external variation. Here, a simple metal-insulator-metal (MIM) trilayer Fabry-Perot resonance cavity with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) brush layer as a responsive element is reported as a thermal-induced colorimetric response platform. The dynamic changes of conformation and physical properties of PNIPAm brush layer in response to external signals give rise to a significant color change of the MIM Fabry-Perot resonance cavity. This MIM Fabry-Perot resonance cavity shows the advantages of dynamic color change, rapid response, good repeatability, and simple construction. Additionally, the as-prepared MIM cavity shows great potential in various applications such as color printing, multicolor indicator, and information anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden 01069 , Germany
| | - Guoshuai Song
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Du
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden 01069 , Germany
| | - Jinqiu Lv
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Yunong Li
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden 01069 , Germany
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Wilson K, Marocico CA, Pedrueza-Villalmanzo E, Smith C, Hrelescu C, Bradley AL. Plasmonic Colour Printing by Light Trapping in Two-Metal Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070963. [PMID: 31266205 PMCID: PMC6669635 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural colour generation by nanoscale plasmonic structures is of major interest for non-bleaching colour printing, anti-counterfeit measures and decoration applications. We explore the physics of a two-metal plasmonic nanostructure consisting of metallic nanodiscs separated from a metallic back-reflector by a uniform thin polymer film and investigate the potential for vibrant structural colour in reflection. We demonstrate that light trapping within the nanostructures is the primary mechanism for colour generation. The use of planar back-reflector and polymer layers allows for less complex fabrication requirements and robust structures, but most significantly allows for the easy incorporation of two different metals for the back-reflector and the nanodiscs. The simplicity of the structure is also suitable for scalability. Combinations of gold, silver, aluminium and copper are considered, with wide colour gamuts observed as a function of the polymer layer thickness. The structural colours are also shown to be insensitive to the viewing angle. Structures of copper nanodiscs with an aluminium back-reflector produce the widest colour gamut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wilson
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Christopher Smith
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Calin Hrelescu
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - A Louise Bradley
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland.
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47
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Ma Y, Sikdar D, Fedosyuk A, Velleman L, Zhao M, Tang L, Kornyshev AA, Edel JB. Auxetic Thermoresponsive Nanoplasmonic Optical Switch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22754-22760. [PMID: 31134791 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Development and use of metamaterials have been gaining prominence in large part due to the possibility of creating platforms with "disruptive" and unique optical properties. However, to date, the majority of such systems produced using micro or nanotechnology are static and can only perform certain target functions. Next-generation multifunctional smart optical metamaterials are expected to have tunable elements with the possibility of controlling the optical properties in real time via variation in parameters such as pressure, mechanical stress, and voltage or through nonlinear optical effects. Here, we address this challenge by developing a thermally controlled optical switch, based on the self-assembly of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-functionalized gold nanoparticles on a planar macroscale gold substrate. We show that such meta-surfaces can be tuned to exhibit substantial changes in the optical properties in terms of both wavelength and intensity, through the temperature-controlled variation of the interparticle distance within the nanoparticle monolayer as well as its separation from the substrate. This change is based on temperature-induced auxetic expansion and contraction of the functional ligands. Such a system has potential for numerous applications, ranging from thermal sensors to regulated light harnessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Debabrata Sikdar
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
| | - Aleksandra Fedosyuk
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Leonora Velleman
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Minggang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , P. R. China
| | - Longhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, School of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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48
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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49
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Peng J, Jeong HH, Lin Q, Cormier S, Liang HL, De Volder MFL, Vignolini S, Baumberg JJ. Scalable electrochromic nanopixels using plasmonics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw2205. [PMID: 31093530 PMCID: PMC6510554 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces are a promising route for flat panel display applications due to their full color gamut and high spatial resolution. However, this plasmonic coloration cannot be readily tuned and requires expensive lithographic techniques. Here, we present scalable electrically driven color-changing metasurfaces constructed using a bottom-up solution process that controls the crucial plasmonic gaps and fills them with an active medium. Electrochromic nanoparticles are coated onto a metallic mirror, providing the smallest-area active plasmonic pixels to date. These nanopixels show strong scattering colors and are electrically tunable across >100-nm wavelength ranges. Their bistable behavior (with persistence times exceeding hundreds of seconds) and ultralow energy consumption (9 fJ per pixel) offer vivid, uniform, nonfading color that can be tuned at high refresh rates (>50 Hz) and optical contrast (>50%). These dynamics scale from the single nanoparticle level to multicentimeter scale films in subwavelength thickness devices, which are a hundredfold thinner than current displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sean Cormier
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hsin-Ling Liang
- NanoManufacturing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Michael F. L. De Volder
- NanoManufacturing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Khan AU, Guo Y, Chen X, Liu G. Spectral-Selective Plasmonic Polymer Nanocomposites Across the Visible and Near-Infrared. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4255-4266. [PMID: 30908010 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art commercial light-reflecting glass is coated with a metalized film to decrease the transmittance of electromagnetic waves. In addition to the cost of the metalized film, one major limitation of such light-reflecting glass is the lack of spectral selectivity over the entire visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. To address this challenge, we herein effectively harness the transmittance, reflectance, and filtration of any wavelength across the visible and NIR, by judiciously controlling the planar orientation of two-dimensional plasmonic silver nanoplates (AgNPs) in polymer nanocomposites. In contrast to conventional bulk polymer nanocomposites where plasmonic nanoparticles are randomly mixed within a polymer matrix, our thin-film polymer nanocomposites comprise a single layer, or any desired number of multiple layers, of planarly oriented AgNPs separated by tunable spacings. This design employs a minimal amount of metal and yet efficiently manages light across the visible and NIR. The thin-film plasmonic polymer nanocomposites are expected to have a significant impact on spectral-selective light modulation, sensing, optics, optoelectronics, and photonics.
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