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Fidanovski K, Gu M, Travaglini L, Lauto A, Mawad D. Self-Doping and Self-Acid-Doping of Conjugated Polymer Bioelectronics: The Case for Accuracy in Nomenclature. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302354. [PMID: 37883783 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are enabling the development of flexible bioelectronics, largely driven by their organic nature which facilitates modification and tuning to suit a variety of applications. As organic semiconductors, conjugated polymers require a dopant to exhibit electrical conductivity, which in physiological conditions can result in dopant loss and thereby deterioration in electronic properties. To overcome this challenge, "self-doped" and self-acid-doped conjugated polymers having ionized pendant groups covalently bound to their backbone are being developed. The ionized group in a "self-doped" polymer behaves as the counterion that maintains electroneutrality, while an external dopant is required to induce charge transfer. The ionized group in a self-acid-doped polymer induces charge transfer and behaves as the counterion balancing the charges. Despite their doping processes being different, the two terms, self-doped and self-acid-doped, are often used interchangeably in the literature. Here, the differences are highlighted in the doping mechanisms of self-doped and self-acid-doped polymers, and it is proposed that the term "self-doped" should be replaced by "self-compensated," while reserving the term self-acid-doped for polymers that are intrinsically doped without the need of an external dopant. This is followed by a summary of examples of self-acid-doping in bioelectronics, highlighting their stability in the conductive state under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fidanovski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Modi Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Travaglini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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2
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Tang H, Liang Y, Yang CY, Luo X, Yu J, Zhang K, Fabiano S, Huang F. Polyethylene glycol-decorated n-type conducting polymers with improved ion accessibility for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39188189 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00979g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are essential for advancing complementary circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Despite significant progress, current n-type OMIECs often exhibit lower transconductance and slower response times compared to their p-type counterparts, limiting the development of OECT-based complementary circuits. Optimizing the conjugated backbone and side chain structures of OMIECs is critical for enhancing both ion and electron transport efficiencies while maintaining a delicate balance between the two. In this study, hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains were incorporated into the highly conductive n-type polymer poly(3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6-dione) (PBFDO) backbone to achieve this goal. The incorporation of PEG chains improved ion accessibility, and by adjusting the PEG content, the electronic and ionic transport properties were fine-tuned, ultimately enhancing the performance of OECTs and related p-n complementary circuits. The n-type OECTs based on PBFDO-PEG50wt% demonstrated exceptional transfer characteristics, including a transient response time (τON) as low as 72 μs, a high geometry-normalized transconductance exceeding 400 S cm-1, and an impressive μC* value surpassing 720 F cm-1 V-1 s-1. Notably, the use of PBFDO-PEG50wt% in a complementary inverter resulted in a voltage gain of 20 V/V, more than five times higher than that achieved with unmodified PBFDO (<4 V/V). These findings highlight the importance of balancing electron and ion transport characteristics in OMIECs to achieve high performance in OECTs and their associated circuits, and they validate PEG decoration as an effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510335, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Xi Luo
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiangkai Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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3
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Nguyen-Dang T, Bao ST, Kaiyasuan C, Li K, Chae S, Yi A, Joy S, Harrison K, Kim JY, Pallini F, Beverina L, Graham KR, Nuckolls C, Nguyen TQ. Air-Stable Perylene Diimide Trimer Material for N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312254. [PMID: 38521992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
A new method is reported to make air-stable n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor (OMIEC) films for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) using a solution-processable small molecule helical perylene diimide trimer, hPDI[3]-C11. Alkyl side chains are attached to the conjugated core for processability and film making, which are then cleaved via thermal annealing. After the sidechains are removed, the hPDI[3] film becomes less hydrophobic, more ordered, and has a deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). These features provide improved ionic transport, greater electronic mobility, and increased stability in air and in aqueous solution. Subsequently, hPDI[3]-H is used as the active material in OECTs and a device with a transconductance of 44 mS, volumetric capacitance of ≈250 F cm-3, µC* value of 1 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, and excellent stability (> 5 weeks) is demonstrated. As proof of their practical applications, a hPDI[3]-H-based OECTs as a glucose sensor and electrochemical inverter is utilized. The approach of side chain removal after film formation charts a path to a wide range of molecular semiconductors to be used as stable, mixed ionic-electronic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
- College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS) and Center for Environmental Intelligence, VinUniversity, Gia-Lam, Hanoi, 12400, Vietnam
| | - Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chokchai Kaiyasuan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Kunyu Li
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Ahra Yi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Francesca Pallini
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
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4
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Sun Z, Khau B, Dong H, Takacs CJ, Yuan S, Sun M, Mosevitzky Lis B, Nguyen D, Reichmanis E. Carboxyl-Alkyl Functionalized Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for High Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9299-9312. [PMID: 38027548 PMCID: PMC10653087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary design principles for organic mixed ionic electronic conductors (OMIECs) are mostly based on the ethylene glycol moiety, which may not be representative of the OMIEC class as a whole. Furthermore, glycolated polymers can be difficult to synthesize and process effectively. As an emerging alternative, we present a series of polythiophenes functionalized with a hybrid carboxyl-alkyl side chain. By variation of the alkyl spacer length, a comprehensive evaluation of both the impact of carboxylic acid functionalization and alkyl spacer length was conducted. COOH-functionalization endows the polymer with preferential intrinsic low-swelling behavior and water processability to yield solvent-resistant conjugated polyelectrolytes while retaining substantial electroactivity in aqueous environments. Advanced in situ techniques, including time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy, are used to interrogate the materials' microstructure, ionic-electronic coupling, and operational stability in devices. To compare these materials' performance to state-of-the-art technology for the design of OMIECs, we benchmarked the materials and demonstrated significant application potential in both planar and interdigitated organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The polythiophene bearing carboxyl-butyl side chains exhibits greater electrochemical performance and faster doping kinetics within the polymer series, with a record-high OECT performance among conjugated polyelectrolytes ([μC*]pOECT = 107 ± 4 F cm-1 V-1 s-1). The results provide an enhanced understanding of structure-property relationships for conjugated polyelectrolytes operating in aqueous media and expand the materials options for future OMIEC development. Further, this work demonstrates the potential for conjugated polymers bearing alkyl-COOH side chains as a path toward robust OMIEC designs that may facilitate further facile (bio)chemical functionalization for a range of (bio)sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Brian Khau
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hao Dong
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Shuhan Yuan
- Department
of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Bar Mosevitzky Lis
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Dang Nguyen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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5
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Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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6
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DiTullio BT, Savagian LR, Bardagot O, De Keersmaecker M, Österholm AM, Banerji N, Reynolds JR. Effects of Side-Chain Length and Functionality on Polar Poly(dioxythiophene)s for Saline-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:122-134. [PMID: 36563183 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of side chains on the aqueous redox properties of conjugated polymers is crucial to unlocking their potential in bioelectrochemical devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Here, we report a series of polar propylenedioxythiophene-based copolymers functionalized with glyme side chains of varying lengths as well as an analogue with short hydroxyl side chains. We show that long polar side chains are not required for achieving high volumetric capacitance (C*), as short hydroxy substituents can afford facile doping and high C* in saline-based electrolytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that varying the length of the polar glyme chains leads to subtle changes in material properties. Increasing the length of glyme side chain is generally associated with an enhancement in OECT performance, doping kinetics, and stability, with the polymer bearing the longest side chains exhibiting the highest performance ([μC*]OECT = 200 ± 8 F cm-1 V-1 s-1). The origin of this performance enhancement is investigated in different device configurations using in situ techniques (e.g., time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry and chronoamperometry). These studies suggest that the performance improvement is not due to significant changes in C* but rather due to variations in the inferred mobility. Through a thorough comparison of two different architectures, we demonstrate that device geometry can obfuscate the benchmarking of OECT active channel materials, likely due to contact resistance effects. By complementing all electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments with in situ measurements performed within a planar OECT device configuration, this work seeks to unambiguously assign material design principles to fine-tune the properties of poly(dioxythiophene)s relevant for application in OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T DiTullio
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Olivier Bardagot
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
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7
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Wu X, Tam TLD, Chen S, Salim T, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Lin M, Xu J, Loo YL, Leong WL. All-Polymer Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Balanced Ionic and Electronic Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206118. [PMID: 36008368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistor (OECTs)-based circuits brings new opportunities for next-generation integrated bioelectronics. The all-polymer bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) offers an attractive, inexpensive alternative to achieve efficient ambipolar OECTs, and building blocks of logic circuits constructed from them, but have not been investigated to date. Here, the first all-polymer BHJ-based OECTs are reported, consisting of a blend of new p-type ladder conjugated polymer and a state-of-the-art n-type ladder polymer. The whole ladder-type polymer BHJ also proves that side chains are not necessary for good ion transport. Instead, the polymer nanostructures play a critical role in the ion penetration and transportation and thus in the device performance. It also provides a facile strategy and simplifies the fabrication process, forgoing the need to pattern multiple active layers. In addition, the development of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-like OECTs allows the pursuit of advanced functional logic circuitry, including inverters and NAND gates, as well as for amplifying electrophysiology signals. This work opens a new approach to the design of new materials for OECTs and will contribute to the development of organic heterojunctions for ambipolar OECTs toward high-performing logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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8
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Granelli R, Alessandri I, Gkoupidenis P, Vassalini I, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. High-Performance Bioelectronic Circuits Integrated on Biodegradable and Compostable Substrates with Fully Printed Mask-Less Organic Electrochemical Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108077. [PMID: 35642950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on volumetric ion-modulation of the electronic current to provide low-voltage operation, large signal amplification, enhanced sensing capabilities, and seamless integration with biology. The majority of current OECT technologies require multistep photolithographic microfabrication methods on glass or plastic substrates, which do not provide an ideal path toward ultralow cost ubiquitous and sustainable electronics and bioelectronics. At the same time, the development of advanced bioelectronic circuits combining bio-detection, amplification, and local processing functionalities urgently demand for OECT technology platforms with a monolithic integration of high-performance iontronic circuits and sensors. Here, fully printed mask-less OECTs fabricated on thin-film biodegradable and compostable substrates are proposed. The dispensing and capillary printing methods are used for depositing both high- and low-viscosity OECT materials. Fully printed OECT unipolar inverter circuits with a gain normalized to the supply voltage as high as 136.6 V-1 , and current-driven sensors for ion detection and real-time monitoring with a sensitivity of up to 506 mV dec-1 , are integrated on biodegradable and compostable substrates. These universal building blocks with the top-performance ever reported demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and can open opportunities for next-generation high-performance sustainable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Granelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Ivano Alessandri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Irene Vassalini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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9
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Quek G, Roehrich B, Su Y, Sepunaru L, Bazan GC. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Underexplored Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104206. [PMID: 34626021 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are characterized by an electronically delocalized backbone bearing ionic functionalities. These features lead to properties relevant for use in energy-storing pseudocapacitor devices, including ionic conductivity, water processability, gel-formation, and formation of polaronic species stabilized by electrostatic interactions. In this Perspective, the basis for evaluating the figures of merit for pseudocapacitors is provided, together with the techniques used for their evaluation. The general utility and challenges encountered with neutral conjugated polymers are then discussed. Finally, recent advances on the use of CPEs in pseudocapacitor devices are reviewed. The article is concluded by discussing how their miscibility in aqueous media permits the incorporation of CPEs in living materials that are capable of switching function from extraction of energy from bacterial metabolic pathways to pseudocapacitor energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Quek
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yude Su
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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10
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Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Chatsirisupachai J, Wakidi H, Promarak V, Visell Y, Nguyen TQ. Dual-Mode Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on Self-Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Reconfigurable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200274. [PMID: 35362210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable organic logic devices are promising candidates for next generations of efficient computing systems and adaptive electronics. Ideally, such devices would be of simple structure and design, be power efficient, and compatible with high-throughput microfabrication techniques. This work reports an organic reconfigurable logic gate based on novel dual-mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which employ a self-doped conjugated polyelectrolyte as the active material, which then allows the transistors to operate in both depletion mode and enhancement mode. Furthermore, mode switching is accomplished by simply altering the polarity of the applied gate and drain voltages, which can be done on the fly. In contrast, achieving similar mode-switching functionality with other organic transistors typically requires complex molecular design or multi-device engineering. It in shown that dual-mode functionality is enabled by the concurrent existence of anion doping and cation dedoping of the films. A device physics model that accurately describes the behavior of these transistors is developed. Finally, the utility of these dual-mode transistors for implementing reconfigurable logic by fabricating a logic gate that may be switched between logic gates AND to NOR, and OR to NAND on the fly is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Hiba Wakidi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Yon Visell
- RE Touch Lab, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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11
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Yu C, Zheng Q, Wang L, Wang T, Zheng X, Gao G. A prototype of benzobis(imidazolium)-embedded conjugated polyelectrolyte: Synthesis by direct C‒H arylation and fluorescent responses to anions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Danielsen SPO, Thompson BJ, Fredrickson GH, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC, Segalman RA. Ionic Tunability of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brittany J. Thompson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Harrison K, Llanes LC, Yi A, Kim HJ, Biswas S, Visell Y, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Efficient Fabrication of Organic Electrochemical Transistors via Wet Chemical Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12469-12478. [PMID: 35230814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wet processing method to fabricate high-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is reported. Wet chemical processing enables a simple and reliable patterning step, substituting several complex and expensive cleanroom procedures in the fabrication of OECTs. We fabricate depletion-mode OECTs based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and enhancement-mode OECTs based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO3K on rigid and flexible substrates using this wet processing method. We show that the wet chemical processing step can also serve as a chemical treatment to enhance the electrical properties of the active material in OECTs. To highlight the potential of the fabrication process in applications, a transistor-based chemical sensor is demonstrated, capable of detecting methylene blue, a popular redox reporter in biodetection and immunoassays, with good detectivity. Given the tremendous potential of OECTs in emerging technologies such as biosensing and neuromorphic computing, this simple fabrication process established herein will render the OECT platform more accessible for research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luana C Llanes
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ahra Yi
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Shantonu Biswas
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yon Visell
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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14
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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16
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Wang K, Wang X, El-Khouly ME, Che Q, Zhao Z, Zhang B, Chen Y. Cyanospirobifluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes: Synthesis and tunable nonvolatile information storage performance. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Feng K, Shan W, Ma S, Wu Z, Chen J, Guo H, Liu B, Wang J, Li B, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Huang W, Guo X. Fused Bithiophene Imide Dimer-Based n-Type Polymers for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24198-24205. [PMID: 34467624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) lags far behind their p-type counterparts. In order to address this dilemma, we report here two new fused bithiophene imide dimer (f-BTI2)-based n-type polymers with a branched methyl end-capped glycol side chain, which exhibit good solubility, low-lying LUMO energy levels, favorable polymer chain orientation, and efficient ion transport property, thus yielding a remarkable OECT electron mobility (μe ) of up to ≈10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and volumetric capacitance (C*) as high as 443 F cm-3 , simultaneously. As a result, the f-BTI2TEG-FT-based OECTs deliver a record-high maximum geometry-normalized transconductance of 4.60 S cm-1 and a maximum μC* product of 15.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 . The μC* figure of merit is more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the state-of-the-art n-type OECTs. The emergence of f-BTI2TEG-FT brings a new paradigm for developing high-performance n-type polymers for low-power OECT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wentao Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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18
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McCuskey SR, Chatsirisupachai J, Zeglio E, Parlak O, Panoy P, Herland A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Current Progress of Interfacing Organic Semiconducting Materials with Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4791-4825. [PMID: 34714064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial bioelectronics require interfacing microorganisms with electrodes. The resulting abiotic/biotic platforms provide the basis of a range of technologies, including energy conversion and diagnostic assays. Organic semiconductors (OSCs) provide a unique strategy to modulate the interfaces between microbial systems and external electrodes, thereby improving the performance of these incipient technologies. In this review, we explore recent progress in the field on how OSCs, and related materials capable of charge transport, are being used within the context of microbial systems, and more specifically bacteria. We begin by examining the electrochemical communication modes in bacteria and the biological basis for charge transport. Different types of synthetic organic materials that have been designed and synthesized for interfacing and interrogating bacteria are discussed next, followed by the most commonly used characterization techniques for evaluating transport in microbial, synthetic, and hybrid systems. A range of applications is subsequently examined, including biological sensors and energy conversion systems. The review concludes by summarizing what has been accomplished so far and suggests future design approaches for OSC bioelectronics materials and technologies that hybridize characteristic properties of microbial and OSC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R McCuskey
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Onur Parlak
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine(Solna), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Patchareepond Panoy
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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19
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Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:66. [PMID: 35475166 PMCID: PMC9037952 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z. Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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20
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Feng K, Shan W, Ma S, Wu Z, Chen J, Guo H, Liu B, Wang J, Li B, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Huang W, Guo X. Fused Bithiophene Imide Dimer‐Based n‐Type Polymers for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Wentao Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 136-713 South Korea
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 136-713 South Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Chengdu Sichuan 611731 China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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22
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Li P, Lei T. Molecular design strategies for
high‐performance
organic electrochemical transistors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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23
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Lee H, Won Y, Oh JH. Neuromorphic bioelectronics based on semiconducting polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HaeRang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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Unraveling the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of neutral and negatively charged perylene tetraethylesters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16097. [PMID: 34373513 PMCID: PMC8352899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the energy levels of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic tetraethylester as a representative compound for the whole family of perylene esters was performed. It was revealed via electrochemical measurements that one oxidation and two reductions take place. The bandgaps determined via the electrochemical approach are in good agreement with the optical bandgap obtained from the absorption spectra via a Tauc plot. In addition, absorption spectra in dependence of the electrochemical potential were the basis for extensive quantum-chemical calculations of the neutral, monoanionic, and dianionic molecules. For this purpose, calculations based on density functional theory were compared with post-Hartree–Fock methods and the CAM-B3LYP functional proved to be the most reliable choice for the calculation of absorption spectra. Furthermore, spectral features found experimentally could be reproduced with vibronic calculations and allowed to understand their origins. In particular, the two lowest energy absorption bands of the anion are not caused by absorption of two distinct electronic states, which might have been expected from vertical excitation calculations, but both states exhibit a strong vibronic progression resulting in contributions to both bands.
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Effects of Recombination Order on Open-Circuit Voltage Decay Measurements of Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14164800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-geminate recombination, as one of the most relevant loss mechanisms in organic and perovskite solar cells, deserves special attention in research efforts to further increase device performance. It can be subdivided into first, second, and third order processes, which can be elucidated by the effects that they have on the time-dependent open-circuit voltage decay. In this study, analytical expressions for the open-circuit voltage decay exhibiting one of the aforementioned recombination mechanisms were derived. It was possible to support the analytical models with experimental examples of three different solar cells, each of them dominated either by first (PBDBT:CETIC-4F), second (PM6:Y6), or third (irradiated CH3NH3PbI3) order recombination. Furthermore, a simple approach to estimate the dominant recombination process was also introduced and tested on these examples. Moreover, limitations of the analytical models and the measurement technique itself were discussed.
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Huang L, Wang Z, Chen J, Wang B, Chen Y, Huang W, Chi L, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Porous Semiconducting Polymers Enable High-Performance Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007041. [PMID: 33655643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic polymer electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are of great interest for flexible electronics and bioelectronics applications owing to their high transconductance and low operating voltage. However, efficient OECT operation must delicately balance the seemingly incompatible materials optimizations of redox chemistry, active layer electronic transport, and ion penetration/transport. The latter characteristics are particularly challenging since most high-mobility semiconducting polymers are hydrophobic, which hinders efficient ion penetration, hence limiting OECT performance. Here, the properties and OECT response of a series of dense and porous semiconducting polymer films are compared, the latter fabricated via a facile breath figure approach. This methodology enables fast ion doping, high transconductance (up to 364 S cm-1 ), and a low subthreshold swing for the hydrophobic polymers DPPDTT and P3HT, rivalling or exceeding the metrics of the relatively hydrophilic polymer, Pg2T-T. Furthermore, the porous morphology also enhances the transconductance of hydrophilic polymers, offering a general strategy for fabricating high-performance electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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