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Lee W, Shin MJ, Kim S, Lee CE, Choi J, Koo HJ, Choi MJ, Kim JH, Kim K. Injectable composite hydrogels embedded with gallium-based liquid metal particles for solid breast cancer treatment via chemo-photothermal combination. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:140-153. [PMID: 38604467 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) holds great promise as a cancer treatment modality by generating localized heat at the tumor site. Among various photothermal agents, gallium-based liquid metal (LM) has been widely used as a new photothermal-inducible metallic compound due to its structural transformability. To overcome limitations of random aggregation and dissipation of administrated LM particles into a human body, we developed LM-containing injectable composite hydrogel platforms capable of achieving spatiotemporal PTT and chemotherapy. Eutectic gallium-indium LM particles were first stabilized with 1,2-Distearoyl-sn‑glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) lipids. They were then incorporated into an interpenetrating hydrogel network composed of thiolated gelatin conjugated with 6-mercaptopurine (MP) chemodrug and poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate. The resulted composite hydrogel exhibited sufficient capability to induce MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell death through a multi-step mechanism: (1) hyperthermic cancer cell death due to temperature elevation by near-infrared laser irradiation via LM particles, (2) leakage of glutathione (GSH) and cleavage of disulfide bonds due to destruction of cancer cells. As a consequence, additional chemotherapy was facilitated by GSH, leading to accelerated release of MP within the tumor microenvironment. The effectiveness of our composite hydrogel system was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating significant tumor suppression and killing. These results demonstrate the potential of this injectable composite hydrogel for spatiotemporal cancer treatment. In conclusion, integration of PTT and chemotherapy within our hydrogel platform offers enhanced therapeutic efficacy, suggesting promising prospects for future clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Our research pioneers a breakthrough in cancer treatments by developing an injectable hydrogel platform incorporating liquid metal (LM) particle-mediated photothermal therapy and 6-mercaptopurine (MP)-based chemotherapy. The combination of gallium-based LM and MP achieves synergistic anticancer effects, and our injectable composite hydrogel acts as a localized reservoir for specific delivery of both therapeutic agents. This platform induces a multi-step anticancer mechanism, combining NIR-mediated hyperthermic tumor death and drug release triggered by released glutathione from damaged cancer populations. The synergistic efficacy validated in vitro and in vivo studies highlights significant tumor suppression. This injectable composite hydrogel with synergistic therapeutic efficacy holds immense promise for biomaterial-mediated spatiotemporal treatment of solid tumors, offering a potent targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjeong Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joo Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Chen Z, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wu T, Zhang Y, Peng L, Huang X, Huang S, Lin X, Xie X, Jiang L. Ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing for highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable electronic devices. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae062. [PMID: 38628571 PMCID: PMC11020258 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The limited lifespan of batteries is a challenge in the application of implantable electronic devices. Existing wireless power technologies such as ultrasound, near-infrared light and magnetic fields cannot charge devices implanted in deep tissues, resulting in energy attenuation through tissues and thermal generation. Herein, an ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing (ULFMEF) methodology was developed for the highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable devices. A portable transmitter was used to output the low-frequency magnetic field (<50 Hz), which remotely drives the synchronous rotation of a magnetic core integrated within the pellet-like implantable device, generating an internal rotating magnetic field to induce wireless electricity on the coupled coils of the device. The ULFMEF can achieve energy transfer across thick tissues (up to 20 cm) with excellent transferred power (4-15 mW) and non-heat effects in tissues, which is remarkably superior to existing wireless powering technologies. The ULFMEF is demonstrated to wirelessly power implantable micro-LED devices for optogenetic neuromodulation, and wirelessly charged an implantable battery for programmable electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve. It also bypassed thick and tough protective shells to power the implanted devices. The ULFMEF thus offers a highly advanced methodology for the generation of wireless powered biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lelun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Xu Y, Ye Z, Zhao G, Fei Q, Chen Z, Li J, Yang M, Ren Y, Berigan B, Ling Y, Qian X, Shi L, Ozden I, Xie J, Gao W, Chen PY, Yan Z. Phase-separated porous nanocomposite with ultralow percolation threshold for wireless bioelectronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01658-6. [PMID: 38684805 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of stretchable bioelectronics in wearables, biomedical implants and soft robotics necessitates conductive elastic composites that are intrinsically soft, highly conductive and strain resilient. However, existing composites usually compromise electrical durability and performance due to disrupted conductive paths under strain and rely heavily on a high content of conductive filler. Here we present an in situ phase-separation method that facilitates microscale silver nanowire assembly and creates self-organized percolation networks on pore surfaces. The resultant nanocomposites are highly conductive, strain insensitive and fatigue tolerant, while minimizing filler usage. Their resilience is rooted in multiscale porous polymer matrices that dissipate stress and rigid conductive fillers adapting to strain-induced geometry changes. Notably, the presence of porous microstructures reduces the percolation threshold (Vc = 0.00062) by 48-fold and suppresses electrical degradation even under strains exceeding 600%. Theoretical calculations yield results that are quantitatively consistent with experimental findings. By pairing these nanocomposites with near-field communication technologies, we have demonstrated stretchable wireless power and data transmission solutions that are ideal for both skin-interfaced and implanted bioelectronics. The systems enable battery-free wireless powering and sensing of a range of sweat biomarkers-with less than 10% performance variation even at 50% strain. Ultimately, our strategy offers expansive material options for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhilu Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qihui Fei
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zehua Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jiahong Li
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Minye Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yichong Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benton Berigan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ilker Ozden
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Pai-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Lee CP, Hashimoto M. Prediction of textural properties of 3D-printed food using response surface methodology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27658. [PMID: 38560226 PMCID: PMC10980939 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
3D printing has enabled modifying internal structures of the food affecting textural properties, but predicting desired texture remains challenging. To overcome this challenge, the use of response surface methodology (RSM) was demonstrated to develop empirical models relating 3D printing parameters to textural properties using aqueous inks containing cricket powders as a model system. Regression models were established for our key textural properties (i.e., hardness (H), adhesiveness (A), cohesiveness (C), and springiness (S)) in response to three 3D printing parameters: infill percentage (i), layer height (h), and print speed (s). Our developed model successfully predicted the 3D printing parameters to achieve the intended textural properties using a multi-objective optimization framework. The predicted limits for H, A, C, and S were 0.66-5.39 N, 0.01-12.43 mJ, 0.01-1.05, and 0-19.20 mm, respectively. To validate our models, we simulated the texture of other food using our model ink and achieved high accuracy for H (99%), C (82%), and S (87%). This work highlights a simple way to 3D-print foods with spatially different textures and materials, unlocking the full potential of 3D printing technology for manufacturing a range of customized foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pau Lee
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre (IDC), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre (IDC), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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Sun Y, Cui J, Feng S, Cui J, Guo Y, Liang C, Gao W, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhang B. Projection Stereolithography 3D Printing High-Conductive Hydrogel for Flexible Passive Wireless Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400103. [PMID: 38573809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based electronics have inherent similarities to biological tissues and hold potential for wearable applications. However, low conductivity, poor stretchability, nonpersonalizability, and uncontrollable dehydration during use limit their further development. In this study, projection stereolithography 3D printing high-conductive hydrogel for flexible passive wireless sensing is reported. The prepared photocurable silver-based hydrogel is rapidly planarized into antenna shapes on substrates using surface projection stereolithography. After partial dehydration, silver flakes within the circuits form sufficient conductive pathways to achieve high conductivity (387 S cm-1). By sealing the circuits to prevent further dehydration, the resistance remains stable when tensile strain is less than 100% for at least 30 days. Besides, the sealing materials provide versatile functionalities, such as stretchability and shape memory property. Customized flexible radio frequency identification tags are fabricated by integrating with commercial chips to complete the accurate recognition of eye movement, realizing passive wireless sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongding Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jin Cui
- School of Information and Science Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Street, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Shiwei Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weizi Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fukang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Zhu J, Li J, Tong Y, Hu T, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Gao M, Pan T, Cheng H, Lin Y. Recent progress in multifunctional, reconfigurable, integrated liquid metal-based stretchable sensors and standalone systems. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2024; 142:101228. [PMID: 38745676 PMCID: PMC11090487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Possessing a unique combination of properties that are traditionally contradictory in other natural or synthetical materials, Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) exhibit low mechanical stiffness and flowability like a liquid, with good electrical and thermal conductivity like metal, as well as good biocompatibility and room-temperature phase transformation. These remarkable properties have paved the way for the development of novel reconfigurable or stretchable electronics and devices. Despite these outstanding properties, the easy oxidation, high surface tension, and low rheological viscosity of LMs have presented formidable challenges in high-resolution patterning. To address this challenge, various surface modifications or additives have been employed to tailor the oxidation state, viscosity, and patterning capability of LMs. One effective approach for LM patterning is breaking down LMs into microparticles known as liquid metal particles (LMPs). This facilitates LM patterning using conventional techniques such as stencil, screening, or inkjet printing. Judiciously formulated photo-curable LMP inks or the introduction of an adhesive seed layer combined with a modified lift-off process further provide the micrometer-level LM patterns. Incorporating porous and adhesive substrates in LM-based electronics allows direct interfacing with the skin for robust and long-term monitoring of physiological signals. Combined with self-healing polymers in the form of substrates or composites, LM-based electronics can provide mechanical-robust devices to heal after damage for working in harsh environments. This review provides the latest advances in LM-based composites, fabrication methods, and their novel and unique applications in stretchable or reconfigurable sensors and resulting integrated systems. It is believed that the advancements in LM-based material preparation and high-resolution techniques have opened up opportunities for customized designs of LM-based stretchable sensors, as well as multifunctional, reconfigurable, highly integrated, and even standalone systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jiaying Li
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Taiqi Hu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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8
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Li J, Zhang F, Lyu H, Yin P, Shi L, Li Z, Zhang L, Di CA, Tang P. Evolution of Musculoskeletal Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2303311. [PMID: 38561020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, constituting the largest human physiological system, plays a critical role in providing structural support to the body, facilitating intricate movements, and safeguarding internal organs. By virtue of advancements in revolutionized materials and devices, particularly in the realms of motion capture, health monitoring, and postoperative rehabilitation, "musculoskeletal electronics" has actually emerged as an infancy area, but has not yet been explicitly proposed. In this review, the concept of musculoskeletal electronics is elucidated, and the evolution history, representative progress, and key strategies of the involved materials and state-of-the-art devices are summarized. Therefore, the fundamentals of musculoskeletal electronics and key functionality categories are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in musculoskeletal electronics are presented from the perspectives of "in vitro" to "in vivo" signal detection, interactive modulation, and therapeutic interventions for healing and recovery. Additionally, nine strategy avenues for the development of advanced musculoskeletal electronic materials and devices are proposed. Finally, concise summaries and perspectives are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve focused attention in this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houchen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
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9
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Fan L, Jiang Y, Deng R, Zhu H, Dai X, Liang H, Li N, Qian Z. Mechanical Robustness Enhanced Flexible Antennas Using Ti 3C 2 MXene and Nanocellulose Composites for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38499997 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic sensors with flexible antennas as sensing elements have attracted increasing attention in noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring for diabetic patients. The significant radiation performance loss of flexible antennas during mechanical deformation impairs the reliability of glucose monitoring. Here, we present flexible ultrawideband monopole antennas composed of Ti3C2 MXene and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) composite films for continuous glucose monitoring. The flexible MXene/CNF antenna with 20% CNF content can obtain a gain of up to 3.33 dBi and a radiation efficiency of up to 65.40% at a frequency range from 2.3 to 6.0 GHz. Compared with the pure MXene antenna, this antenna offers a comparable radiation performance and a lower performance loss in mechanical bending deformation. Moreover, the MXene/CNF antenna shows a stable response to fetal bovine serum/glucose, with a correlation of >0.9 at the reference glucose levels, and responds sensitively to the variations in blood glucose levels during human trials. The proposed strategy enhancing the mechanical robustness of MXene-based flexible antennas makes metallic two-dimensional nanomaterials more promising in wearable electromagnetic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Zhengfang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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10
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Qi J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Wang S, Rao Q, Jiang X. Liquid Metal-Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2081-2137. [PMID: 38393351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) exhibits exceptional properties such as high conductivity and biocompatibility, rendering it highly valuable for the development of conformal bioelectronics. When combined with polymers, liquid metal-polymer conductors (MPC) offer a versatile platform for fabricating conformal cyborg devices, enabling functions such as sensing, restoration, and augmentation within the human body. This review focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and application of MPC-based cyborg devices. The synthesis of functional materials based on LM and the fabrication techniques for MPC-based devices are elucidated. The review provides a comprehensive overview of MPC-based cyborg devices, encompassing their applications in sensing diverse signals, therapeutic interventions, and augmentation. The objective of this review is to serve as a valuable resource that bridges the gap between the fabrication of MPC-based conformal devices and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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11
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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12
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Pyun KR, Kwon K, Yoo MJ, Kim KK, Gong D, Yeo WH, Han S, Ko SH. Machine-learned wearable sensors for real-time hand-motion recognition: toward practical applications. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad298. [PMID: 38213520 PMCID: PMC10776364 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft electromechanical sensors have led to a new paradigm of electronic devices for novel motion-based wearable applications in our daily lives. However, the vast amount of random and unidentified signals generated by complex body motions has hindered the precise recognition and practical application of this technology. Recent advancements in artificial-intelligence technology have enabled significant strides in extracting features from massive and intricate data sets, thereby presenting a breakthrough in utilizing wearable sensors for practical applications. Beyond traditional machine-learning techniques for classifying simple gestures, advanced machine-learning algorithms have been developed to handle more complex and nuanced motion-based tasks with restricted training data sets. Machine-learning techniques have improved the ability to perceive, and thus machine-learned wearable soft sensors have enabled accurate and rapid human-gesture recognition, providing real-time feedback to users. This forms a crucial component of future wearable electronics, contributing to a robust human-machine interface. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary covering materials, structures and machine-learning algorithms for hand-gesture recognition and possible practical applications through machine-learned wearable electromechanical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Rok Pyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Kangkyu Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
| | - Myung Jin Yoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Dohyeon Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si16499, South Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
| | - Seungyong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
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13
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Yu A, Zhu M, Chen C, Li Y, Cui H, Liu S, Zhao Q. Implantable Flexible Sensors for Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302460. [PMID: 37816513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors, as a significant component of flexible electronics, have attracted great interest the realms of human-computer interaction and health monitoring due to their high conformability, adjustable sensitivity, and excellent durability. In comparison to wearable sensor-based in vitro health monitoring, the use of implantable flexible sensors (IFSs) for in vivo health monitoring offers more accurate and reliable vital sign information due to their ability to adapt and directly integrate with human tissue. IFSs show tremendous promise in the field of health monitoring, with unique advantages such as robust signal reading capabilities, lightweight design, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Herein, a review of IFSs for vital signs monitoring is detailly provided, highlighting the essential conditions for in vivo applications. As the prerequisites of IFSs, the stretchability and wireless self-powered properties of the sensor are discussed, with a special attention paid to the sensing materials which can maintain prominent biosafety (i.e., biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioresorbability). Furthermore, the applications of IFSs monitoring various parts of the body are described in detail, with a summary in brain monitoring, eye monitoring, and blood monitoring. Finally, the challenges as well as opportunities in the development of next-generation IFSs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxi Yu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mingye Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Congkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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14
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Ai L, Lin W, Cao C, Li P, Wang X, Lv D, Li X, Yang Z, Yao X. Tough soldering for stretchable electronics by small-molecule modulated interfacial assemblies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7723. [PMID: 38001116 PMCID: PMC10673831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid-developing soft robots and wearable devices require flexible conductive materials to maintain electric functions over a large range of deformations. Considerable efforts are made to develop stretchable conductive materials; little attention is paid to the frequent failures of integrated circuits caused by the interface mismatch of soft substrates and rigid silicon-based microelectronics. Here, we present a stretchable solder with good weldability that can strongly bond with electronic components, benefiting from the hierarchical assemblies of liquid metal particles, small-molecule modulators, and non-covalently crosslinked polymer matrix. Our self-solder shows high conductivity (>2×105 S m-1), extreme stretchability (~1000%, and >600% with chip-integrated), and high toughness (~20 MJ m-3). Additionally, the dynamic interactions within our solder's surface and interior enable a range of unique features, including ease of integration, component substitution, and circuit recyclability. With all these features, we demonstrated an application as thermoforming technology for three-dimensional (3D) conformable electronics, showing potential in reducing the complexity of microchip interfacing, as well as scalable fabrication of chip-integrated stretchable circuits and 3D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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15
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Sato T, Iwase E. High-Accuracy Contact Resistance Measurement Method for Liquid Metal by Considering Current-Density Distribution in Transfer Length Method Measurement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44404-44412. [PMID: 37695862 PMCID: PMC10521730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) are used as stretchable conductors in various stretchable electronic devices. Moreover, such devices using Ga-based LMs have attracted considerable attention. Herein, we propose a method for accurately determining the contact resistance (Rc) between galinstan and Cu electrodes by considering the current-density distribution in transfer length method (TLM) measurement. Conventional TLM measurements assume that the sheet resistance of the metal electrode (Rshe) is negligible compared with that of the object (Rsho), such as Si. However, this assumption may be problematic because the Rsho of Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) is close to the Rshe. Therefore, we developed a method of applying current to each measuring electrode and compared it with the conventional method of applying current to the outer electrodes. Simulation results indicated that Rshe cannot be ignored for galinstan, and the measured resistance in the contact area (RcTotal) included <10% of the Rc component when current was applied to the outer electrodes. In contrast, RcTotal included the entire Rc component when current was applied to each electrode. Furthermore, we found that the volume resistances of the object and electrode included in RcTotal cannot be ignored. Therefore, for accurate measurement, current must be applied to each electrode, and Rc must be determined from the intersections of the measured and simulated RcTotal. The obtained contact resistivity (ρc), i.e., the contact resistance per unit contact area, was 0.115 mΩ·mm2. The maximum error was 0.085 mΩ·mm2, which was lower than the ρc of the solders (≥10-1 mΩ·mm2) with the lowest ρc among the electrical interface materials between the electronic components and wiring. This study provides valuable insight into the Rc measurement of LMs, along with new opportunities for the development of stretchable electronics using LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department
of Materials Science, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwase
- Department
of Materials Science, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department
of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami
Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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16
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Motovilova E, Ching T, Vincent J, Shin J, Tan ET, Taracila V, Robb F, Hashimoto M, Sneag DB, Winkler SA. Dual-Channel Stretchable, Self-Tuning, Liquid Metal Coils and Their Fabrication Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7588. [PMID: 37688046 PMCID: PMC10490642 DOI: 10.3390/s23177588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging represent an emerging and rapidly growing field. The main advantage of such coil designs is their conformal nature, enabling a closer anatomical fit, patient comfort, and freedom of movement. Previously, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept single element stretchable coil design with a self-tuning smart geometry. In this work, we evaluate the feasibility of scaling this coil concept to a multi-element coil array and the associated engineering and manufacturing challenges. To this goal, we study a dual-channel coil array using full-wave simulations, bench testing, in vitro, and in vivo imaging in a 3 T scanner. We use three fabrication techniques to manufacture dual-channel receive coil arrays: (1) single-layer casting, (2) double-layer casting, and (3) direct-ink-writing. All fabricated arrays perform equally well on the bench and produce similar sensitivity maps. The direct-ink-writing method is found to be the most advantageous fabrication technique for fabrication speed, accuracy, repeatability, and total coil array thickness (0.6 mm). Bench tests show excellent frequency stability of 128 ± 0.6 MHz (0% to 30% stretch). Compared to a commercial knee coil array, the stretchable coil array is more conformal to anatomy and provides 50% improved signal-to-noise ratio in the region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Motovilova
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Terry Ching
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | | | - James Shin
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ek Tsoon Tan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Darryl B. Sneag
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Zhang Y, Pan C, Liu P, Peng L, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Wu T, Li Z, Majidi C, Jiang L. Coaxially printed magnetic mechanical electrical hybrid structures with actuation and sensing functionalities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4428. [PMID: 37481621 PMCID: PMC10363174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electromagnetic devices have great potential in soft robotics and biomedical applications. However, existing soft-magneto-electrical devices would have limited hybrid functions and suffer from damaging stress concentrations, delamination or material leakage. Here, we report a hybrid magnetic-mechanical-electrical (MME) core-sheath fiber to overcome these challenges. Assisted by the coaxial printing method, the MME fiber can be printed into complex 2D/3D MME structures with integrated magnetoactive and conductive properties, further enabling hybrid functions including programmable magnetization, somatosensory, and magnetic actuation along with simultaneous wireless energy transfer. To demonstrate the great potential of MME devices, precise and minimally invasive electro-ablation was performed with a flexible MME catheter with magnetic control, hybrid actuation-sensing was performed by a durable somatosensory MME gripper, and hybrid wireless energy transmission and magnetic actuation were demonstrated by an untethered soft MME robot. Our work thus provides a material design strategy for soft electromagnetic devices with unexplored hybrid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Lelun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Zhouming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Soft Machines Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
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18
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Murakami K, Isano Y, Asada J, Usami N, Isoda Y, Takano T, Matsuda R, Ueno K, Fuchiwaki O, Ota H. Self-assembling bilayer wiring with highly conductive liquid metal and insulative ion gel layers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5929. [PMID: 37045927 PMCID: PMC10097700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) are expected to be suitable for wiring highly deformable devices because of their high electrical conductivity and stable resistance to extreme deformation. Injection and printed wiring, and wiring using LM-polymer composites are the most popular LM wiring approaches. However, additional processing is required to package the wiring after LM patterning, branch and interrupt wiring shape, and ensure adequate conductivity, which results in unnecessary wiring shape changes and increased complexity of the wiring methods. In this study, we propose an LM-polymer composite comprising LM particles and ion gel as a flexible matrix material with low viscosity and specific gravity before curing. Moreover, the casting method is used for wire patterning, and the material is cured at room temperature to ensure that the upper insulative layer of the ion gel self-assembles simultaneously with the formation of LM wiring in the lower layer. High conductivity and low resistance change rate of the formed wiring during deformation are achieved without an activation process. This ion gel-LM bilayer wiring can be used for three-dimensional wiring by stacking. Furthermore, circuits fabricated using ion gel-LM bilayer wiring exhibit stable operation. Therefore, the proposed method can significantly promote the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Juri Asada
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Natsuka Usami
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Isoda
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tamami Takano
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ohmi Fuchiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
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19
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Lee W, Lee CE, Kim HJ, Kim K. Current Progress in Gallium-based Liquid Metals for Combinatory Phototherapeutic Anticancer Applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113294. [PMID: 37043951 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic approaches using liquid metal (LM) have been intensively investigated, due to its unique physico-chemical properties that include high surface tension, fluidity, shape deformability, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. Among a series of LMs, the relatively lower toxicity and minimal volatility of gallium (Ga)-based LMs (GaLMs) enables their usage in a series of potential biomedical applications, especially implantable platforms, to treat multiple diseases. In addition, the highly efficient conversion of light energy into thermal or chemical energy via GaLMs has led to recent developments in photothermal and photodynamic applications for anticancer treatments. As attractive photothermal agents or photosensitizers, a systematic interpretation of the structural characteristics and photo-responsive behaviors of GaLMs is necessary to develop effective anticancer engineering applications. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of currently suggested GaLM-mediated photo-therapeutic cancer treatments. In particular, the review summarizes (1) surface coating techniques to form stable and multifunctional GaLM particulates, (2) currently investigated GaLM-mediated photothermal and photodynamic anticancer therapies, (3) synergistic efficacies with the aid of additional interventions, and (4) 3D composite gels embedded with GaLMs particles, to convey the potential technological advances of LM in this field.
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20
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Zhang C, Pan C, Chan KF, Gao J, Yang Z, Leung KKC, Jin D, Wang Y, Xia N, Ning Z, Wang X, Jiang S, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Hao B, Chiu PWY, Zhang L. Wirelessly powered deformable electronic stent for noninvasive electrical stimulation of lower esophageal sphincter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8622. [PMID: 36888700 PMCID: PMC9995080 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is a promising method to modulate gastrointestinal disorders. However, conventional stimulators need invasive implantation and removal surgeries associated with risks of infection and secondary injuries. Here, we report a battery-free and deformable electronic esophageal stent for wireless stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in a noninvasive fashion. The stent consists of an elastic receiver antenna infilled with liquid metal (eutectic gallium-indium), a superelastic nitinol stent skeleton, and a stretchable pulse generator that jointly enables 150% axial elongation and 50% radial compression for transoral delivery through the narrow esophagus. The compliant stent adaptive to the dynamic environment of the esophagus can wirelessly harvest energy through deep tissue. Continuous electrical stimulations delivered by the stent in vivo using pig models significantly increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. The electronic stent provides a noninvasive platform for bioelectronic therapies in the gastrointestinal tract without the need for open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kai Fung Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinyang Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengxin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Kai Chung Leung
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhipeng Ning
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Hao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip Wai Yan Chiu
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Ping B, Zhou G, Zhang Z, Guo R. Liquid metal enabled conformal electronics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1118812. [PMID: 36815876 PMCID: PMC9935617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1118812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of three-dimensional common electronics that can be directly pasted on arbitrary surfaces in the fields of human health monitoring, intelligent robots and wearable electronic devices has aroused people's interest, especially in achieving stable adhesion of electronic devices on biological dynamic three-dimensional interfaces and high-quality signal acquisition. In recent years, liquid metal (LM) materials have been widely used in the manufacture of flexible sensors and wearable electronic devices because of their excellent tensile properties and electrical conductivity at room temperature. In addition, LM has good biocompatibility and can be used in a variety of biomedical applications. Here, the recent development of LM flexible electronic printing methods for the fabrication of three-dimensional conformal electronic devices on the surface of human tissue is discussed. These printing methods attach LM to the deformable substrate in the form of bulk or micro-nano particles, so that electronic devices can adapt to the deformation of human tissue and other three-dimensional surfaces, and maintain stable electrical properties. Representative examples of applications such as self-healing devices, degradable devices, flexible hybrid electronic devices, variable stiffness devices and multi-layer large area circuits are reviewed. The current challenges and prospects for further development are also discussed.
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22
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Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
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23
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Yang B, Yang Z, Tang L. Recent progress in fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1178995. [PMID: 37187888 PMCID: PMC10175636 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1178995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electronics can seamlessly integrate with the human skin which will greatly improve the quality of life in the fields of healthcare monitoring, disease treatment, virtual reality, and human-machine interfaces. Currently, the stretchability of most soft electronics is achieved by incorporating stretchable conductors with elastic substrates. Among stretchable conductors, liquid metals stand out for their metal-grade conductivity, liquid-grade deformability, and relatively low cost. However, the elastic substrates usually composed of silicone rubber, polyurethane, and hydrogels have poor air permeability, and long-term exposure can cause skin redness and irritation. The substrates composed of fibers usually have excellent air permeability due to their high porosity, making them ideal substrates for soft electronics in long-term applications. Fibers can be woven directly into various shapes, or formed into various shapes on the mold by spinning techniques such as electrospinning. Here, we provide an overview of fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metals. An introduction to the spinning technology is provided. Typical applications and patterning strategies of liquid metal are presented. We review the latest progress in the design and fabrication of representative liquid metal fibers and their application in soft electronics such as conductors, sensors, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss the challenges of fiber-based soft electronics and provide an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
| | - Lixue Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
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24
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Hamadani BH. 2.11 - Accurate characterization of indoor photovoltaic performance. JPHYS MATERIALS 2023; 6:10.1088/2515-7639/acc550. [PMID: 37965623 PMCID: PMC10644663 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7639/acc550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.
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25
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Niu Y, Tian G, Liang C, Wang T, Ma X, Gong G, Qi D. Thermal-Sinterable EGaIn Nanoparticle Inks for Highly Deformable Bioelectrode Arrays. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202531. [PMID: 36562213 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (especially eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn) nanoparticle inks overcome the poor wettability of high surface tension EGaIn to elastomer substrates and show great potential in soft electronics. Normally, a sintering strategy is required to break the oxide shells of the EGaIn nanoparticles (EGaIn NPs) to achieve conductive paths. Herein, for the first time, thermal-sinterable EGaIn NP inks are prepared by introducing thermal expansion microspheres (TEMs) into EGaIn NP solution. Through the mechanical pressure induced by the expansion of the heated TEMs, the printed EGaIn NPs can be sintered into electrically conductive paths to achieve highly stretchable bioelectrode arrays, which exhibit giant electromechanical performance (up to 680% strain), good cyclic stability (over 2 × 104 cycles), and stable conductivity after high-speed rotation (6000 rpm). Simultaneously, the recording sites are hermetically sealed by ionic elastomer layers, ensuring the complete leakage-free property of EGaIn and reducing the electrochemical impedance of the electrodes (891.16 Ω at 1 kHz). The bioelectrode is successfully applied to monitor dynamic electromyographic signals. The sintering strategy overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional sintering strategies, such as leakage of EGaIn, reformation of large EGaIn droplets, and low throughput, which promotes the application of EGaIn in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Niu
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tianchi Wang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ma
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Gong
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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26
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Montazerian H, Davoodi E, Baidya A, Badv M, Haghniaz R, Dalili A, Milani AS, Hoorfar M, Annabi N, Khademhosseini A, Weiss PS. Bio-macromolecular design roadmap towards tough bioadhesives. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9127-9173. [PMID: 36269075 PMCID: PMC9810209 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging sutureless wound-closure techniques have led to paradigm shifts in wound management. State-of-the-art biomaterials offer biocompatible and biodegradable platforms enabling high cohesion (toughness) and adhesion for rapid bleeding control as well as robust attachment of implantable devices. Tough bioadhesion stems from the synergistic contributions of cohesive and adhesive interactions. This Review provides a biomacromolecular design roadmap for the development of tough adhesive surgical sealants. We discuss a library of materials and methods to introduce toughness and adhesion to biomaterials. Intrinsically tough and elastic polymers are leveraged primarily by introducing strong but dynamic inter- and intramolecular interactions either through polymer chain design or using crosslink regulating additives. In addition, many efforts have been made to promote underwater adhesion via covalent/noncovalent bonds, or through micro/macro-interlock mechanisms at the tissue interfaces. The materials settings and functional additives for this purpose and the related characterization methods are reviewed. Measurements and reporting needs for fair comparisons of different materials and their properties are discussed. Finally, future directions and further research opportunities for developing tough bioadhesive surgical sealants are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Maryam Badv
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
| | - Arash Dalili
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Abbas S Milani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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27
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Gan T, Xiao Q, Handschuh-Wang S, Huang X, Wang H, Deng X, Hu S, Wang B, Wu Q, Zhou X. Conformally Adhesive, Large-Area, Solidlike, yet Transient Liquid Metal Thin Films and Patterns via Gelatin-Regulated Droplet Deposition and Sintering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42744-42756. [PMID: 36068651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion and spreading of liquid metals (LMs) on substrates are essential steps for the generation of flexible electronics and thermal management devices. However, the controlled deposition is limited by the high surface tension and peculiar wetting and adhesion behavior of LMs. Herein, we introduce gelatin-regulated LM droplet deposition and sintering (GLMDDS), for the upscalable production of conformally adhesive, solidlike, yet transient LM thin films and patterns on diverse substrates. This method involves four steps: homogeneous deposition of LM microdroplets, gelation of the LM-gelatin solution, toughening of the gelatin hydrogel by solvent displacement, and peeling-induced sintering of LM microdroplets. The LM thin film exhibits a three-layer structure, comprising an LM microdroplet-embedded tough organohydrogel adhesion layer, a continuous LM layer, and an oxide skin. The composite exhibits high stretchability and mechanical robustness, conformal adhesion to various substrates, high conductivity (4.35 × 105 S·m-1), and transience (86% LM recycled). Large-scale deposition (i.e., 5.6 dm2) and the potential for patterns on diverse substrates demonstrate its upscalability and broad suitability. Finally, the LM thin films and patterns are applied for flexible and wearable devices, i.e., pressure sensors, heaters, human motion tracking devices, and thermal management devices, illustrating the broad applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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28
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Karyappa R, Goh WH, Hashimoto M. Embedded Core-Shell 3D Printing (eCS3DP) with Low-Viscosity Polysiloxanes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41520-41530. [PMID: 36048005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible core-shell 3D structures are essential for the development of soft sensors and actuators. Despite recent advancements in 3D printing, the fabrication of flexible 3D objects with internal architectures (such as channels and void spaces) remains challenging with liquid precursors due to the difficulty to maintain the printed structures. The difficulty of such fabrication is prominent especially when low-viscosity polysiloxane resins are used. This study presents a unique approach to applying direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing in a three-phase system to overcome this limitation. We performed core-shell 3D printing using a low-viscosity commercial polysiloxane resin (Ecoflex 10) as shell inks combined with a coaxially extruded core liquid (Pluronic F127) in Bingham plastic microparticulate gels (ethanol gel). In the process termed embedded core-shell 3D printing (eCS3DP), we highlighted the dependence of the rheological characteristics of the three fluids on the stability of the printed core-shell filament. With the core liquid with a sufficiently high concentration of Pluronic F127 (30 w/w%; σy = 158.5 Pa), the interfacial instability between the shell liquid and core liquid was suppressed; the removal of the core liquid permitted the fabrication of perfusable channels. We identified the printing conditions to ensure lateral attachments of printed core-shell filaments. Interestingly, judicious selection of the rheological properties and flow rates of three phases allowed the formation of droplets consisting of core liquids distributed along the printed filaments. eCS3DP offers a simple route to fabricate 3D structures of a soft elastomeric matrix with embedded channels and should serve as a useful tool for DIW-based fabrication of flexible wearable devices and soft robotic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
| | - Wei Huang Goh
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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29
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Li W, Xu M, Xu HX, Wang X, Huang W. Metamaterial Absorbers: From Tunable Surface to Structural Transformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202509. [PMID: 35604541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration, remarkable progress has been made in the theoretical analysis, structural design, numerical simulation, and potential applications of metamaterial absorbers (MAs). With the continuous advancement of novel materials and creative designs, the absorption of MAs is significantly improved over a wide frequency spectrum from microwaves to the optical regime. Further, the integration of active elements into the MA design allows the dynamical manipulation of electromagnetic waves, opening a new platform to push breakthroughs in metadevices. In the last several years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative approaches for incorporating tunability to MAs, which is highly desirable because of the progressively increasing demand on designing versatile metadevices. Here, a comprehensive and systematical overview of active MAs with adaptive and on-demand manner is presented, highlighting innovative materials and unique strategies to precisely control the electromagnetic response. In addition to the mainstream method by manipulating periodic patterns, two additional approaches, including tailoring dielectric spacer and transforming overall structure are called back. Following this, key parameters, such as operating frequency, relative tuning range, and switching speed are summarized and compared to guide for optimum design. Finally, potential opportunities in the development of active MAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Manzhang Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
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30
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Hao XP, Zhang CW, Zhang XN, Hou LX, Hu J, Dickey MD, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Healable, Recyclable, and Multifunctional Soft Electronics Based on Biopolymer Hydrogel and Patterned Liquid Metal. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201643. [PMID: 35532205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of sustainable materials. Along this line, developing biodegradable or recyclable soft electronics is challenging yet important due to their versatile applications in biomedical devices, soft robots, and wearables. Although some degradable bulk hydrogels are directly used as the soft electronics, the sensing performances are usually limited due to the absence of distributed conducting circuits. Here, sustainable hydrogel-based soft electronics (HSE) are reported that integrate sensing elements and patterned liquid metal (LM) in the gelatin-alginate hybrid hydrogel. The biopolymer hydrogel is transparent, robust, resilient, and recyclable. The HSE is multifunctional; it can sense strain, temperature, heart rate (electrocardiogram), and pH. The strain sensing is sufficiently sensitive to detect a human pulse. In addition, the device serves as a model system for iontophoretic drug delivery by using patterned LM as the soft conductor and electrode. Noncontact detection of nearby objects is also achieved based on electrostatic-field-induced voltage. The LM and biopolymer hydrogel are healable, recyclable, and degradable, favoring sustainable applications and reconstruction of the device with new functions. Such HSE with multiple functions and favorable attributes should open opportunities in next-generation electronic skins and hydrogel machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Peng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuan Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Xin Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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31
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Lin R, Kim HJ, Achavananthadith S, Xiong Z, Lee JKW, Kong YL, Ho JS. Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2190. [PMID: 35449159 PMCID: PMC9023486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic textiles capable of sensing, powering, and communication can be used to non-intrusively monitor human health during daily life. However, achieving these functionalities with clothing is challenging because of limitations in the electronic performance, flexibility and robustness of the underlying materials, which must endure repeated mechanical, thermal and chemical stresses during daily use. Here, we demonstrate electronic textile systems with functionalities in near-field powering and communication created by digital embroidery of liquid metal fibers. Owing to the unique electrical and mechanical properties of the liquid metal fibers, these electronic textiles can conform to body surfaces and establish robust wireless connectivity with nearby wearable or implantable devices, even during strenuous exercise. By transferring optimized electromagnetic patterns onto clothing in this way, we demonstrate a washable electronic shirt that can be wirelessly powered by a smartphone and continuously monitor axillary temperature without interfering with daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhou Lin
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Sippanat Achavananthadith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ze Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119283, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119076, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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32
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Shin G, Lee S, Park YL. Selective Patterning of Conductive Elastomers Embedded With Silver Powders and Carbon Nanotubes for Stretchable Electronics. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3153707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Park Y, Yun I, Chung WG, Park W, Lee DH, Park J. High-Resolution 3D Printing for Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104623. [PMID: 35038249 PMCID: PMC8922115 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form arbitrary 3D structures provides the next level of complexity and a greater degree of freedom in the design of electronic devices. Since recent progress in electronics has expanded their applicability in various fields in which structural conformability and dynamic configuration are required, high-resolution 3D printing technologies can offer significant potential for freeform electronics. Here, the recent progress in novel 3D printing methods for freeform electronics is reviewed, with providing a comprehensive study on 3D-printable functional materials and processes for various device components. The latest advances in 3D-printed electronics are also reviewed to explain representative device components, including interconnects, batteries, antennas, and sensors. Furthermore, the key challenges and prospects for next-generation printed electronics are considered, and the future directions are explored based on research that has emerged recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Geun Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Insik Yun
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Chung
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjung Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jang‐Ung Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03722Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME)Advanced Science InstituteYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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34
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Tian G, Liu Y, Yu M, Liang C, Yang D, Huang J, Zhao Q, Zhang W, Chen J, Wang Y, Xu P, Liu Z, Qi D. Electrostatic Interaction-Based High Tissue Adhesive, Stretchable Microelectrode Arrays for the Electrophysiological Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4852-4861. [PMID: 35051334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The drift or fall of stretchable neural microelectrodes from the surface of wet and dynamic tissues severely hampers the adoption of microelectrodes for electrophysiological signal monitoring. Endowing the stretchable electrodes with adhesive ability is an effective way to overcome these problems. Current adhesives form tough adhesion to tissues by covalent interaction, which decreases the biocompatibility of the adhesives. Here, we fabricate a strong electrostatic adhesive (noncovalent interaction), highly conformal, stretchable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for the electrophysiological interface. This MEA was composed of polypyrrole (PPy) as the electrode material and hydrogel as the stretchable substrate [the cross-linked and copolymerized hydrogel of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), gelatin, chitosan, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid is named PAGMA]. Strong and stable electrostatic adhesion (85 kPa) and high stretchability (100%) allow for the integration of PPy MEAs based on the PAGMA hydrogel substrate (PPy-PAGMA MEAs) on diverse wet dynamic tissues. Additionally, by adjusting the concentration of AMPS in PAGMA, the hydrogel (PAGMA-1) can produce tough adhesion to many inorganic and elastomer materials. Finally, the PPy-PAGMA MEAs were toughly and conformally adhered on the rat's subcutaneous muscle and beating heart, and the rat's electrophysiological signals were successfully recorded. The development of these adhesive MEAs offers a promising strategy to establish stable and compliant electrode-tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Tian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qinyi Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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