1
|
Joshi SM, Thomas TC, Jadavji NM. Impact of increasing one-carbon metabolites on traumatic brain injury outcome using pre-clinical models. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1728-1733. [PMID: 38103238 PMCID: PMC10960300 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, affecting over 69 million individuals yearly. One-carbon metabolism has been shown to have beneficial effects after brain damage, such as ischemic stroke. However, whether increasing one-carbon metabolite vitamins impacts traumatic brain injury outcomes in patients requires more investigation. The aim of this review is to evaluate how one-carbon metabolites impact outcomes after the onset of traumatic brain injury. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies that examined the impact of B-vitamin supplementation on traumatic brain injury outcomes. The search terms included combinations of the following words: traumatic brain injury, dietary supplementation, one-carbon metabolism, and B-vitamins. The focus of each literature search was basic science data. The year of publication in the literature searches was not limited. Our analysis of the literature has shown that dietary supplementation of B-vitamins has significantly improved the functional and behavioral recovery of animals with traumatic brain injury compared to controls. However, this improvement is dosage-dependent and is contingent upon the onset of supplementation and whether there is a sustained or continuous delivery of vitamin supplementation post-traumatic brain injury. The details of supplementation post-traumatic brain injury need to be further investigated. Overall, we conclude that B-vitamin supplementation improves behavioral outcomes and reduces cognitive impairment post-traumatic brain injury in animal model systems. Further investigation in a clinical setting should be strongly considered in conjunction with current medical treatments for traumatic brain injury-affected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanika M. Joshi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nafisa M. Jadavji
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quds R, Iqbal Z, Arif A, Mahmood R. Mancozeb-induced cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of reactive species, hemoglobin oxidation, diminished antioxidant power, membrane damage and morphological changes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105453. [PMID: 37248021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb is an ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide extensively used in agriculture to safeguard crops from various fungal diseases. The general population is exposed to mancozeb through consumption of contaminated food or water. Here, we have investigated the effect of mancozeb on isolated human erythrocytes under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were treated with different concentrations of mancozeb (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Analysis of biochemical parameters and cell morphology showed dose-dependent toxicity of mancozeb in human erythrocytes. Mancozeb treatment caused hemoglobin oxidation and heme degradation. Protein and lipid oxidation were enhanced, while a significant decrease was seen in reduced glutathione and total sulfhydryl content. A significant increase in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was detected in mancozeb-treated erythrocytes. The antioxidant capacity and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes were greatly diminished, while crucial metabolic pathways were inhibited in erythrocytes. Damage to the erythrocyte membrane on mancozeb treatment was apparent from increased cell lysis and osmotic fragility, along with the impairment of the plasma membrane redox system. Mancozeb also caused morphological alterations and transformed the normal discoid-shaped erythrocytes into echinocytes and stomatocytes. Thus, mancozeb induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, impairs the antioxidant defense system, oxidizes cellular components, that will adversely affect erythrocyte structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhul Quds
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Zarmin Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wolf CJH, Venselaar H, Spoelder M, Beurmanjer H, Schellekens AFA, Homberg JR. An Overview of the Putative Structural and Functional Properties of the GHBh1 Receptor through a Bioinformatics Approach. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040926. [PMID: 37109455 PMCID: PMC10142108 DOI: 10.3390/life13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is suggested to be involved in neuronal energy homeostasis processes, but the substance is also used as a recreational drug and as a prescription medication for narcolepsy. GHB has several high-affinity targets in the brain, commonly generalized as the GHB receptor. However, little is known about the structural and functional properties of GHB receptor subtypes. This opinion article discusses the literature on the putative structural and functional properties of the GHBh1 receptor subtype. GHBh1 contains 11 transmembrane helices and at least one intracellular intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Additionally, GHBh1 shows a 100% overlap in amino acid sequence with the Riboflavin (vitamin B2) transporter, which opens the possibility of a possible dual-function (transceptor) structure. Riboflavin and GHB also share specific neuroprotective properties. Further research into the GHBh1 receptor subtype may pave the way for future therapeutic possibilities for GHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casper J. H. Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboudumc, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen Beurmanjer
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Novadic-Kentron Addiction Care, 5261 LX Vught, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt F. A. Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Aerobic organisms need antioxidant defense systems to deal with free radicals which either are produced during aerobic respiration or may have an external origin. Oxidative stress, which is resulted from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of antioxidant defense mechanism to deactivate them, is involved in the development of many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, CVD and some neurodegenerative diseases. Reinforcing the antioxidant potential of the body has been considered as a strategy that could prevent and manage such conditions. In the previous review article published by British Journal of Nutrition, in 2014, for the first time, we concluded that riboflavin could alleviate oxidative stress. Although riboflavin can serve as a prooxidant when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, the literature is replete with studies that support its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that riboflavin may have a therapeutic potential in many conditions in which oxidative stress is involved, although the therapeutic efficacy of riboflavin as an antioxidant requires further study under conditions of wellness and clinical disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42-16-00-00
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mylnikov SV. Regression of Survival Variance on Cohort Age in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Impact of Geroprotective Effects. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057019020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Janssen JJE, Grefte S, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ. Mito-Nuclear Communication by Mitochondrial Metabolites and Its Regulation by B-Vitamins. Front Physiol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30809153 PMCID: PMC6379835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that control metabolic homeostasis and ATP generation, but also play an important role in other processes, like cell death decisions and immune signaling. Mitochondria produce a diverse array of metabolites that act in the mitochondria itself, but also function as signaling molecules to other parts of the cell. Communication of mitochondria with the nucleus by metabolites that are produced by the mitochondria provides the cells with a dynamic regulatory system that is able to respond to changing metabolic conditions. Dysregulation of the interplay between mitochondrial metabolites and the nucleus has been shown to play a role in disease etiology, such as cancer and type II diabetes. Multiple recent studies emphasize the crucial role of nutritional cofactors in regulating these metabolic networks. Since B-vitamins directly regulate mitochondrial metabolism, understanding the role of B-vitamins in mito-nuclear communication is relevant for therapeutic applications and optimal dietary lifestyle. In this review, we will highlight emerging concepts in mito-nuclear communication and will describe the role of B-vitamins in mitochondrial metabolite-mediated nuclear signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nesbitt NM, Zheng X, Li Z, Manso JA, Yen WY, Malone LE, Ripoll-Rozada J, Pereira PJB, Mantle TJ, Wang J, Bahou WF. In silico and crystallographic studies identify key structural features of biliverdin IXβ reductase inhibitors having nanomolar potency. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5431-5446. [PMID: 29487133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme cytotoxicity is minimized by a two-step catabolic reaction that generates biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) tetrapyrroles. The second step is regulated by two non-redundant biliverdin reductases (IXα (BLVRA) and IXβ (BLVRB)), which retain isomeric specificity and NAD(P)H-dependent redox coupling linked to BR's antioxidant function. Defective BLVRB enzymatic activity with antioxidant mishandling has been implicated in metabolic consequences of hematopoietic lineage fate and enhanced platelet counts in humans. We now outline an integrated platform of in silico and crystallographic studies for the identification of an initial class of compounds inhibiting BLVRB with potencies in the nanomolar range. We found that the most potent BLVRB inhibitors contain a tricyclic hydrocarbon core structure similar to the isoalloxazine ring of flavin mononucleotide and that both xanthene- and acridine-based compounds inhibit BLVRB's flavin and dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) reductase functions. Crystallographic studies of ternary complexes with BLVRB-NADP+-xanthene-based compounds confirmed inhibitor binding adjacent to the cofactor nicotinamide and interactions with the Ser-111 side chain. This residue previously has been identified as critical for maintaining the enzymatic active site and cellular reductase functions in hematopoietic cells. Both acridine- and xanthene-based compounds caused selective and concentration-dependent loss of redox coupling in BLVRB-overexpressing promyelocytic HL-60 cells. These results provide promising chemical scaffolds for the development of enhanced BLVRB inhibitors and identify chemical probes to better dissect the role of biliverdins, alternative substrates, and BLVRB function in physiologically relevant cellular contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiliang Zheng
- the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChangChun, Jilin 130022, China
| | | | - José A Manso
- the IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,the i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal, and
| | | | | | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- the IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,the i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal, and
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- the IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,the i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal, and
| | - Timothy J Mantle
- the Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jin Wang
- Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8151,
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riboflavin in Human Health: A Review of Current Evidences. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 83:57-81. [PMID: 29477226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, which was initially isolated from milk. There are two coenzyme forms of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, in which riboflavin plays important roles in the enzymatic reactions. Riboflavin is found in a wide variety of animal and plant foods. Meat and dairy products are the major contributors of riboflavin dietary intake. In this chapter, the latest evidence on the relationship between riboflavin status and specific health risks will be reviewed. Also, some of the mechanisms by which riboflavin exerts its roles will be discussed. The evidence accrued suggests that riboflavin is an antioxidant nutrient which may prevent lipid peroxidation and reperfusion oxidative injury. Moreover, riboflavin deficiency may increase the risk of some cancers. Riboflavin may also exert a neuroprotective effects in some neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson disease, migraine, and multiple sclerosis) through its role in some pathways that are hypothesized to be impaired in neurological disorders such as antioxidation, myelin formation, mitochondrial function, and iron metabolism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aintablian H, Kabbara S. Carboxyhemoglobinemia and Methemoglobinemia in an Atypical Case of Salicylate Toxicity: A Potentially Hidden Association. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2:1-5. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Hoffman MD, Valentino TR, Stuempfle KJ, Hassid BV. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Riboflavin for Enhancement of Ultramarathon Recovery. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:14. [PMID: 28349501 PMCID: PMC5368102 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Riboflavin is known to protect tissue from oxidative damage but, to our knowledge, has not been explored as a means to control exercise-related muscle soreness. This study investigated whether acute ingestion of riboflavin reduces muscle pain and soreness during and after completion of a 161-km ultramarathon and improves functional recovery after the event. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants of the 2016 161-km Western States Endurance Run were assigned to receive a riboflavin or placebo capsule shortly before the race start and when reaching 90 km. Capsules contained either 100 mg of riboflavin or 95 mg of maltodextrin and 5 mg of 10% ß-carotene. Subjects provided muscle pain and soreness ratings before, during, and immediately after the race and for the 10 subsequent days. Subjects also completed 400-m runs at maximum speed on days 3, 5, and 10 after the race. Results For the 32 (18 in the riboflavin group, 14 in the placebo group) race finishers completing the study, muscle pain and soreness ratings during and immediately after the race were found to be significantly lower (p = .043) for the riboflavin group. Analysis of the 400-m run times also showed significantly faster (p < .05) times for the riboflavin group than the placebo group at post-race days 3 and 5. Both groups showed that muscle pain and soreness had returned to pre-race levels by 5 days after the race and that 400-m run times had returned to pre-race performance levels by 10 days after the race. Conclusions This preliminary work suggests that riboflavin supplementation before and during prolonged running might reduce muscle pain and soreness during and at the completion of the exercise and may enhance early functional recovery after the exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Ultra Sports Science Foundation, El Dorado Hills, CA, USA.
| | - Taylor R Valentino
- Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vonder Haar C, Peterson TC, Martens KM, Hoane MR. Vitamins and nutrients as primary treatments in experimental brain injury: Clinical implications for nutraceutical therapies. Brain Res 2016; 1640:114-129. [PMID: 26723564 PMCID: PMC4870112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the numerous failures of pharmaceuticals to treat traumatic brain injury in humans, more researchers have become interested in combination therapies. This is largely due to the multimodal nature of damage from injury, which causes excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, edema, neuroinflammation and cell death. Polydrug treatments have the potential to target multiple aspects of the secondary injury cascade, while many previous therapies focused on one particular aspect. Of specific note are vitamins, minerals and nutrients that can be utilized to supplement other therapies. Many of these have low toxicity, are already FDA approved and have minimal interactions with other drugs, making them attractive targets for therapeutics. Over the past 20 years, interest in supplementation and supraphysiologic dosing of nutrients for brain injury has increased and indeed many vitamins and nutrients now have a considerable body of the literature backing their use. Here, we review several of the prominent therapies in the category of nutraceutical treatment for brain injury in experimental models, including vitamins (B2, B3, B6, B9, C, D, E), herbs and traditional medicines (ginseng, Gingko biloba), flavonoids, and other nutrients (magnesium, zinc, carnitine, omega-3 fatty acids). While there is still much work to be done, several of these have strong potential for clinical therapies, particularly with regard to polydrug regimens. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
Collapse
|
13
|
Godwin I, Li L, Luijben K, Oelbrandt N, Velazco J, Miller J, Hegarty R. The effects of chronic nitrate supplementation on erythrocytic methaemoglobin reduction in cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium nitrate and urea were fed as a supplement on an isonitrogenous basis to Angus steers and their erythrocytic methaemoglobin concentrations and NADH- and NADPH-methaemoglobin reductase levels were measured over a 54-day period. Methaemoglobin concentrations remained elevated despite increases in NADH-methaemoglobin reductase activity. In a second experiment, Brahman cross steers were fed either calcium nitrate or urea supplements for 111 days. Blood cells were then taken, washed and exposed to sodium nitrite to convert all haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. The rates of glycolysis and methaemoglobin reduction were measured following incubation of these cells in buffers containing 1, 5 or 10 mM inorganic phosphate. Glucose consumption and methaemoglobin reduction were increased by inorganic phosphate and were more rapid in those animals supplemented with nitrate. Lactate production of erythrocytes was reduced in those animals fed nitrate. It is concluded that adaptation to chronic nitrite exposure occurs in the erythron, resulting in greater methaemoglobin reduction potential and that there is competition between NADH-methaemoglobin reductase and lactate dehydrogenase for NADH.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of many chronic diseases. One of the main factors involved in oxidative stress reduction is increased antioxidant potential. Some nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids are known to act as antioxidants; however, riboflavin is one of the neglected antioxidant nutrients that may have an antioxidant action independently or as a component of the glutathione redox cycle. Herein, studies that have examined the antioxidant properties of riboflavin and its effect on oxidative stress reduction are reviewed. The results of the reviewed studies confirm the antioxidant nature of riboflavin and indicate that this vitamin can protect the body against oxidative stress, especially lipid peroxidation and reperfusion oxidative injury. The mechanisms by which riboflavin protects the body against oxidative stress may be attributed to the glutathione redox cycle and also to other possible mechanisms such as the conversion of reduced riboflavin to the oxidised form.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanches SC, Ramalho LNZ, Mendes-Braz M, Terra VA, Cecchini R, Augusto MJ, Ramalho FS. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) reduces hepatocellular injury following liver ischaemia and reperfusion in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 67:65-71. [PMID: 24560968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in the settings of experimental sepsis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated the effect of riboflavin on normothermic liver I/R injury. Mice were submitted to 60 min of ischaemia plus saline or riboflavin treatment (30 μmoles/kg BW) followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Hepatocellular injury was evaluated by aminotransferase levels, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the histological damage score. Hepatic neutrophil accumulation was assessed using the naphthol method and by measuring myeloperoxidase activity. Hepatic oxidative/nitrosative stress was estimated by immunohistochemistry. Liver endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS/iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) amounts were assessed by immunoblotting and a chemiluminescence assay. Riboflavin significantly reduced serum and histological parameters of hepatocellular damage, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Furthermore, riboflavin infusion partially recovered hepatic GSH reserves and decreased the liver contents of eNOS/iNOS and NO. These data indicate that riboflavin exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the ischaemic liver, protecting hepatocytes against I/R injury. The mechanism of these effects appears to be related to the intrinsic antioxidant potential of riboflavin/dihydroriboflavin and to reduced hepatic expression of eNOS/iNOS and reduced NO levels, culminating in attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and the acute inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Cristina Sanches
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandra Naira Z Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mendes-Braz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia Aparecida Terra
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marlei Josiele Augusto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
TAN GY, ZHANG MH, FENG JH, HAN AY, ZHENG SS, XIE P. Effects of Pretreatment by the Flavanol Ampelopsin on Porcine Kidney Epithelial Cell Injury Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Gariballa S, Forster S, Powers H. Riboflavin status in acutely ill patients and response to dietary supplements. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:656-61. [PMID: 19644132 DOI: 10.1177/0148607109336602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of studies have reported riboflavin deficiency in free-living older people, no data are available on riboflavin intake and status in older people during acute illness. METHODS To determine the riboflavin response to dietary supplements during acute illness, 297 hospitalized, acutely ill older patients are randomly assigned to receive a daily oral nutritional supplement containing 1.3 mg of riboflavin or a placebo for 6 weeks. Outcome measures are riboflavin intake and riboflavin biochemical status at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months using the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRAC), a measure of riboflavin tissue saturation. EGRAC values are inversely proportional to riboflavin status. RESULTS Fifty-six percent of patients (167/297) have suboptimal riboflavin status (EGRAC > 1.30). No significant correlation is found between EGRAC and either total energy or riboflavin intakes. Significant correlations are found between total energy intake and riboflavin intakes both in hospital and at home (r = 0.67, P < .0001 and r = 0.57, P < .0001, respectively). Smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have lower riboflavin status (high EGRAC values) compared with nonsmokers and those without COPD. Riboflavin status improves significantly in the supplement group at 6 weeks compared with the placebo group, but status declines between 6 weeks and 6 months, after patients stop taking the supplements. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of acutely ill patients have suboptimal riboflavin status. Supplementation with a physiological amount of riboflavin in a mixed-nutrient supplement significantly improves riboflavin status, but the effect is transient and status deteriorates again after patients stop taking the supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Gariballa
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moges H, Vasconcelos OM, Campbell WW, Borke RC, McCoy JA, Kaczmarczyk L, Feng J, Anders JJ. Light therapy and supplementary Riboflavin in the SOD1 transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:52-9. [PMID: 19143012 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play an important role in motor neuron loss in ALS. Light therapy (LT) has biomodulatory effects on mitochondria. Riboflavin improves energy efficiency in mitochondria and reduces oxidative injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the synergistic effect of LT and riboflavin on the survival of motor neurons in a mouse model of FALS. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS G93A SOD1 transgenic mice were divided into four groups: Control, Riboflavin, Light, and Riboflavin+Light (combination). Mice were treated from 51 days of age until death. A single set of LT parameters was used: 810 nm diode laser, 140-mW output power, 1.4 cm(2) spot area, 120 seconds treatment duration, and 12 J/cm(2) energy density. Behavioral tests and weight monitoring were done weekly. At end stage of the disease, mice were euthanized, survival data was collected and immunohistochemistry and motor neuron counts were performed. RESULTS There was no difference in survival between groups. Motor function was not significantly improved with the exception of the rotarod test which showed significant improvement in the Light group in the early stage of the disease. Immunohistochemical expression of the astrocyte marker, glial fibrilary acidic protein, was significantly reduced in the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord as a result of LT. There was no difference in the number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the lumbar enlargement between groups. CONCLUSIONS The lack of significant improvement in survival and motor performance indicates study interventions were ineffective in altering disease progression in the G93A SOD1 mice. Our findings have potential implications for the conceptual use of light to treat other neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helina Moges
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hasegawa T, Iwanaga K, Hultquist DE, Liao H, Visovatti SH, Pinsky DJ. Suppression of nitrosative and oxidative stress to reduce cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1007-16. [PMID: 19168728 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00498.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant injury occurs when an organ is severed from its native blood supply and then reperfused and continues during subsequent periods of immune attack. Experiments here test the hypothesis that an antioxidant given only in the peri-reperfusion period protects against not only oxidative but also nitrosative stress, leading to reduced vasculopathy long after cardiac allotransplantation. Experiments were performed using a murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model. An antioxidant, in the form of intraperitoneal high-dose riboflavin, was given to recipients during the initial 3 days after transplantation. Antioxidant-treated mice showed significantly longer graft survival than control mice. At 4 h after transplantation, antioxidant treatment significantly reduced graft lipid peroxidation and oxidized DNA and preserved antioxidant enzyme activity. At day 6 posttransplantation, the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly reduced following antioxidant treatment, with concomitant reduction of nitrotyrosine. Despite the limited duration of antioxidant treatment, both acute and chronic rejection were significantly suppressed. In vitro experiments confirmed suppression of nitrosative and oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte damage in antioxidant-treated cardiac allografts. Collectively, antioxidant administration during the initial 3 days after transplantation significantly reduces nitrosative and oxidative stress in cardiac allografts, modulates immune responses, and protects against vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hasegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bareford LM, Phelps MA, Foraker AB, Swaan PW. Intracellular Processing of Riboflavin in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:839-48. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800046m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Bareford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Biophysics Program and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Biophysics Program and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Amy B. Foraker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Biophysics Program and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Peter W. Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Biophysics Program and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iwanaga K, Hasegawa T, Hultquist DE, Harada H, Yoshikawa Y, Yanamadala S, Liao H, Visovatti SH, Pinsky DJ. Riboflavin-Mediated Reduction of Oxidant Injury, Rejection, and Vasculopathy after Cardiac Allotransplantation. Transplantation 2007; 83:747-53. [PMID: 17414708 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000256283.06469.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin is a well-known nutritional supplement that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties and protect tissue from oxidative damage. We hypothesized that riboflavin given during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) might reduce subsequent acute rejection, after allotransplantation, and coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV). METHODS A murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model was used to test whether riboflavin improves I/R injury and acute/chronic rejection. RESULTS Riboflavin significantly reduced oxidant production and inflammatory mediator production induced by I/R injury, as evidenced by decreased levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase activity, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Administration of riboflavin also improved graft survival and suppressed T-cell infiltration and donor-reactive alloantibody formation during the early period after allotransplantation. A murine long-term cardiac allograft model using immunosuppression (preoperative anti-murine CD4 and anti-CD8) was employed to investigate the effect of riboflavin against CAV at 60 days. Riboflavin-treated grafts exhibited a significant decrease in the severity of coronary artery luminal occlusion as compared with saline-treated grafts (17.4+/-1.8% vs. 43.5+/-5.6%, P=0.0012). However, there was no significant effect of riboflavin to reduce donor-reactive alloantibodies in this chronic model. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that riboflavin improves early I/R injury and reduces the development of CAV, most likely due to alloantigen-independent effects such as reduced early graft oxidant stress. Riboflavin administered in the setting of cardiac allograft transplantation appears to be a powerful means to reduce early graft lipid peroxidation, leukocytic infiltration, and cytokine production as well as to suppress the late development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Iwanaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is experimental evidence that riboflavin (vitamin B2) supplementation reduces oxidative damage and cerebral oedema following acute stroke. OBJECTIVE To measure riboflavin levels in acute stroke before and after supplementation with this vitamin. DESIGN Ninety-six acute ischaemic stroke patients had their riboflavin status measured at baseline and then randomly assigned to receive 5 mg of oral riboflavin and other B-group vitamins within 12 h of the stroke onset and then daily or no B-vitamins for 14 days. Non-fasting venous blood was obtained at baseline, days 7 and 14 post-randomization for measurement of riboflavin status using erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC). EGRAC is a measure of riboflavin tissue saturation. This assay has the advantage of being extremely stable and sensitive. EGRAC values are inversely proportional to riboflavin status, so that values greater than 1.3 indicate biochemical deficiency. RESULTS Fifty-one per cent of patients studied were riboflavin deficient at baseline. Fourteen days of riboflavin supplementation significantly improved the measure of B2 status compared with the control group. Seven out of 37 patients in the supplement group (19%) were riboflavin deficient compared with 22 out of 39 patients (56%) in the control group at the end of the treatment period (P=0.035 for the differences in cumulative changes between groups over 2 weeks). CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of acute stroke patients were biochemically deficient of riboflavin immediately post-infarct. Supplementation with 5 mg of riboflavin for 2 weeks significantly improved riboflavin status; however, the clinical significance of these findings is not yet known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gariballa
- Sheffield Institute for Studies on Ageing, Community Sciences Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Włodek L, Kusior D. Oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 34:438-443. [PMID: 21638742 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034062681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This exercise for students will allow them to simultaneously observe lipid peroxidation and consequent hemolysis of rat erythrocytes and the effect of sodium azide, a catalase inhibitor, on these processes. It will also demonstrate a protective action of antioxidants, the therapeutically used N-acetylcysteine and albumins present in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Włodek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barbre AB, Hoane MR. Magnesium and riboflavin combination therapy following cortical contusion injury in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:639-46. [PMID: 16716831 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that magnesium chloride (MgCl(2)) and riboflavin (B(2)) both significantly improve functional recovery when administered shortly after frontal cortical contusion injury (CCI). The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of combination treatments of MgCl(2) and B(2) to improve functional outcome following unilateral CCI. One hour post-injury, rats were administered MgCl(2) (1.0 mmol/kg), B(2) (7.5mg/kg), MgCl(2)+B(2) (1 mmol/kg+7.5mg/kg), 1/2 MgCl(2)+1/2 B(2) (0.5 mmol/kg and 3.75 mg/kg), or saline. Two days following CCI rats were tested on a battery of sensorimotor (vibrissae-->forelimb placing and tactile removal test) and motor (staircase test). A regimen of MgCl(2)+B(2) significantly reduced the initial impairment and facilitated the rate of recovery on the tactile removal test and facilitated the rate of recovery on the forelimb placing test. The half-dose combination did not significantly improve functional recovery on the tactile removal test compared to the individual treatments; however, it did improve performance on the forelimb placing test compared to saline treatment. Administration of MgCl(2) improved performance on the placing and tactile removal tests on 2 post-operative days, as did treatment with B(2) on the tactile removal test. The results indicate that the full combination of MgCl(2)+B(2) significantly improved functional recovery to a greater extent than the individual treatments or the low dose combination group on forelimb placing but not on tactile removal. These findings suggest that administration of MgCl(2)+B(2) may provide better therapeutic action than individual treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne B Barbre
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoane MR, Wolyniak JG, Akstulewicz SL. Administration of riboflavin improves behavioral outcome and reduces edema formation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 22:1112-22. [PMID: 16238487 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that administration of riboflavin, vitamin B2, significantly reduced edema formation following experimental stroke. The present study evaluated the ability of B2 to improve behavioral function, reduce edema formation, and limit glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression following frontal cortex contusion injury. Groups of rats were assigned to B2 (7.5 mg/kg) or saline (1.0 ml/kg) treatment conditions and received contusion injuries or sham procedures. Drug treatment was administered 15 min and 24 h following injury. Rats were examined on a variety of tests to measure sensorimotor performance (bilateral tactile removal test), and cognitive ability (acquisition of reference and working memory) in the Morris water maze. Administration of B2 following injury significantly reduced the behavioral impairments observed on the bilateral tactile removal test and improved the acquisition of both reference and working memory tests compared to saline-treated rats. The lesion analysis showed that B2 reduced the size of the lesion. Examination of GFAP expression around the lesion revealed that B2 significantly reduced the number of GFAP+ astrocytes. Edema formation following injury was also significantly reduced by B2 administration. These findings are the first to show that B2 administration significantly improved behavioral outcome and reduced lesion volume, edema formation, and the expression of GFAP following traumatic brain injury. These findings suggest that B2 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain and Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Araki R, Maruyama C, Igarashi S, Yoshida M, Maruyama T, Satoh T, Yoshida M, Umegaki K. Effects of short-term folic acid and/or riboflavin supplementation on serum folate and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in young Japanese male subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 60:573-9. [PMID: 16391577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of short-term folic acid and/or riboflavin supplementation on serum folate and plasma plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in young Japanese male subjects. DESIGN In a double blind, randomized controlled trial. INTERVENTION Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups and received a placebo (control group), 800 microg/day folic acid (FA group), 8.4 mg/day riboflavin (R group), or both (FAR group) for 2 weeks. SETTING Tokyo, Japan. SUBJECTS In total, 32 healthy male volunteers aged 20-29 years. RESULTS At the end of the 2 week supplementation period, the tHcy concentration decreased significantly in the FA group. Serum folate concentrations had increased between 2.7 and 2.0-fold in the FA and FAR groups, respectively, but the mean within-group changes in serum folate and plasma tHcy concentrations did not differ between these two groups. At the end of the study, alanine amino transferase was decreased in the R and FAR groups, while alanine amino transferase was increased in the FA group. CONCLUSION Supplementation with folic acid, 800 microg/day, for 2 weeks, increased the serum and red blood cell folate concentrations and decreased the plasma tHcy concentrations in healthy young male subjects. Riboflavin supplementation may have blunted the effect of folic acid, which resulted in a diminished reduction of tHcy in our subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Araki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foraker AB, Khantwal CM, Swaan PW. Current perspectives on the cellular uptake and trafficking of riboflavin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003; 55:1467-83. [PMID: 14597141 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of riboflavin in cell maintenance and growth, and the mechanism by which it is absorbed into various human tissues and cell lines has been extensively studied over the past decade. Evidence suggests two absorption mechanisms, a saturable-active component that dominates at near physiological vitamin concentrations and a passive component that is revealed at oversupplemented riboflavin conditions. Various transport modulator studies consistently suggest a highly riboflavin specific, temperature-dependent active transport mechanism that is regulated by the Ca2+/calmodulin pathway. The PKA and PKG pathways have also been implicated in absorption regulation. The long-standing model that riboflavin absorption involves a carrier-mediated transporter has recently been challenged through studies suggesting a receptor-mediated endocytic component. The presence of a soluble, human riboflavin binding protein in the transport stratagem has been shown to play an important role in fetal development. The relationship of this binding protein with the riboflavin specific membrane bound protein, though currently not well defined, may involve a protein-protein interaction that plays a primary role in this proposed receptor-mediated component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Foraker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang SN, Phelps MA, Swaan PW. Involvement of endocytic organelles in the subcellular trafficking and localization of riboflavin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:681-7. [PMID: 12721324 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.051581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our laboratory have suggested the potential role of receptor-mediated endocytosis components in the cellular translocation of riboflavin (vitamin B2). To delineate the intracellular compartments and events involved in the internalization of riboflavin, we synthesized a rhodamine-labeled riboflavin conjugate to monitor its movement via fluorescent microscopy. Cellular uptake studies in BeWo cells show that rhodamine-riboflavin conjugate exhibits similar ligand affinity toward the putative riboflavin transport system as [3H]riboflavin, whereas rhodamine does not significantly interfere with its internalization mechanism. Microscope analysis reveals rapid internalization of the rhodamine-riboflavin conjugate via a riboflavin-specific process into acidic vesicular compartments throughout the cells. The intracellular punctate distribution is comparable with that of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-transferrin, a well characterized receptor-mediated endocytosis substrate. Double-labeling fluorescence microscopy studies further confirm that with 10 min of internalization, rhodamine-riboflavin conjugate substantially concentrates within vesicular structures associated with clathrin, rab5, FITC-transferrin, and the acidotropic marker LysoTracker Blue. In summary, our studies provide, for the first time, direct morphological evidence of the involvement of endocytosis machinery in the intracellular trafficking of riboflavin. The subcellular localization of rhodamine-riboflavin conjugate suggests that, under the experimental conditions in this study, the internalization of riboflavin follows a classical receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ne Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Riboflavin is unique among the water-soluble vitamins in that milk and dairy products make the greatest contribution to its intake in Western diets. Meat and fish are also good sources of riboflavin, and certain fruit and vegetables, especially dark-green vegetables, contain reasonably high concentrations. Biochemical signs of depletion arise within only a few days of dietary deprivation. Poor riboflavin status in Western countries seems to be of most concern for the elderly and adolescents, despite the diversity of riboflavin-rich foods available. However, discrepancies between dietary intake data and biochemical data suggest either that requirements are higher than hitherto thought or that biochemical thresholds for deficiency are inappropriate. This article reviews current evidence that diets low in riboflavin present specific health risks. There is reasonably good evidence that poor riboflavin status interferes with iron handling and contributes to the etiology of anemia when iron intakes are low. Various mechanisms for this have been proposed, including effects on the gastrointestinal tract that might compromise the handling of other nutrients. Riboflavin deficiency has been implicated as a risk factor for cancer, although this has not been satisfactorily established in humans. Current interest is focused on the role that riboflavin plays in determining circulating concentrations of homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Other mechanisms have been proposed for a protective role of riboflavin in ischemia reperfusion injury; this requires further study. Riboflavin deficiency may exert some of its effects by reducing the metabolism of other B vitamins, notably folate and vitamin B-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Powers
- Centre for Human Nutrition, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Laclau M, Lu F, MacDonald MJ. Enzymes in pancreatic islets that use NADP(H) as a cofactor including evidence for a plasma membrane aldehyde reductase. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 225:151-60. [PMID: 11716357 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012238709063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence of a pyruvate malate shuttle capable of transporting a large amount of NADPH equivalents out of mitochondria in pancreatic islets suggests that cytosolic NADP(H) plays a role in beta cell metabolism. To obtain clues about these processes the activities of several NADPH-utilizing enzymes were estimated in pancreatic islets. Low levels of pyrroquinolone quinone (PQQ) and low levels of enzyme activity that reduce PQQ were found in islets. Low activities of palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA desaturases were also detected. Significant activities of glutathione reductase, aldose reductase (EC.1.1.1.21) and aldehyde reductase (EC.1.1.1.2) were present in islets. Potent inhibitors of aldehyde and aldose reductases inhibited neither glucose-induced insulin release nor glucose metabolism in islets indicating that these reductases are not directly involved in glucose-induced insulin reaction. Over 90% of aldose reductase plus aldehyde reductase enzyme activity was present in the cytosol. Kinetic and chromatographic studies indicated that 60-70% of this activity in cytosol was due to aldehyde reductase and the remainder due to aldose reductase. Aldehyde reductase-like enzyme activity, as well as aldose reductase immunoreactivity, was detected in rat islet plasma membrane fractions purified by a polyethylene glycol-Dextran gradient or by a sucrose gradient. This is interesting in view of the fact that voltage-gated potassium channel beta subunits that contain aldehyde and aldose reductase-like NADPH-binding motifs have been detected in plasma membrane fractions of islets [Receptors and Channels 7: 237-243, 2000] and suggests that NADPH might have a yet unknown function in regulating activity of these potassium channels. Reductases may be present in cytosol to protect the insulin cell from molecules that cause oxidative injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Laclau
- University of Wisconsin Childrens Diabetes Center, Madison, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Ingestion of strong oxidant substances may result in acquired methemoglobinemia, a clinical condition in which the oxidized blood hemoglobin is incapable of delivering oxygen to the tissues, and the patient becomes cyanotic. Traditional first-line therapy consists of infusion of methylene blue, whose action depends on the availability of reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate (NADPH) within the red blood cell (RBC). Some patients, particularly those who are deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), will not benefit from methylene blue. In these patients, and in some patients who have ingested very strong oxidants, methylene blue may also precipitate Heinz body hemolytic anemia. We present a case of severe, acquired methemoglobinemia in a 26-month-old, 9.8-kg boy with G6PD deficiency. He was cyanotic, in respiratory failure, intubated in a pediatric intensive care unit. In typical fashion, he did not respond to methylene blue. Manual exchange of two whole blood volumes, performed over 4 1/2 hr, also failed to resolve his severe methemoglobinemia. An automated RBC exchange (1.3 RBC volume), lowered his methemoglobin content from 31.8% to 7% in a single 40-min procedure. Thereafter his methemoglobin level continued to decrease rapidly and spontaneously. He was discharged home 2 days later, with 0.4% methemoglobin. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the (potentially superior) effectiveness of automated RBC exchange for treatment of patients with high-risk acquired methemoglobinemia, that is, those with G6PD deficiency or who have ingested strong oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Golden
- Therapeutic Apheresis Section, Kidney Disease and Critical Care Associates, PA, Golden Valley, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stites TE, Mitchell AE, Rucker RB. Physiological importance of quinoenzymes and the O-quinone family of cofactors. J Nutr 2000; 130:719-27. [PMID: 10736320 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.4.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
O-quinone cofactors derived from tyrosine and tryptophan are involved in novel biological reactions that range from oxidative deaminations to free-radical redox reactions. The formation of each of these cofactors appears to involve post-translational modifications of either tyrosine or tryptophan residues. The modifications result in cofactors, such as topaquinone (TPQ), tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) or the copper-complexed cysteinyl-tyrosyl radical from metal-catalyzed reactions. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) appears to be formed from the annulation of peptidyl glutamic acid and tyrosine residues stemming from their modification as components of a precursor peptide substrate. PQQ, a primary focus of this review, has invoked considerable interest because of its presence in foods, antioxidant properties and role as a growth-promoting factor. Although no enzymes in animals have been identified that exclusively utilize PQQ, oral supplementation of PQQ in nanomolar amounts increases the responsiveness of B- and T-cells to mitogens and improves neurologic function and reproductive outcome in rodents. Regarding TPQ and LTQ, a case may be made that the formation of TPQ and LTQ is also influenced by nutritional status, specifically dietary copper. For at least one of the amine oxidases, lysyl oxidase, enzymatic activity correlates directly with copper intake. TPQ and LTQ are generated following the incorporation of copper by a process that involves the two-step oxidation of a specified tyrosyl residue to first peptidyl dopa and then peptidyl topaquinone to generate active enzymes, generally classed as "quinoenzymes." Limited attention is also paid to TTQ and the copper-complexed cysteinyl-tyrosyl radical, cofactors important to fungal and bacterial redox processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Stites
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Correction of consequences of postischemic reperfusion brain damages with cytoflavin. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02434788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
Seekamp A, Hultquist DE, Till GO. Protection by vitamin B2 against oxidant-mediated acute lung injury. Inflammation 1999; 23:449-60. [PMID: 10466581 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021965026580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) on oxidant-mediated acute lung injury has been examined in three different rat models. Pulmonary injury was induced by intravenous injection of cobra venom factor (CVF), by the intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes, or by hind limb ischemia-reperfusion. In each of the three models, injury was characterized by increases in vascular permeability (leakage of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin), alveolar hemorrhage (extravasation of 51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes), and neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity). Intraperitoneal administration of riboflavin at a dose of 6 micromoles/kg body weight reduced vascular leakage by 56% in the CVF model, by 31% in the immune complex model, and by 53% in the lung injury model following ischemia-reperfusion of the hind limbs. Similar treatment reduced hemorrhage by 76%, 51%, and 70% in the three models of lung injury. In the CVF model, riboflavin was also shown to decrease products of lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes) in lungs (by 45%) and in plasma (by 74%). Neutrophil accumulation in the lungs was not influenced by riboflavin administration in any of the three models. The studies demonstrate that riboflavin can mount a significant protection against oxidant-mediated inflammatory organ injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Seekamp
- Unfallchirugische Klinik Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nivière V, Fieschi F, Dećout JL, Fontecave M. The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli. Evidence for a new mode of binding for reduced pyridine nucleotides. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18252-60. [PMID: 10373427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli, named Fre, is a monomer of 26.2 kDa that catalyzes the reduction of free flavins using NADPH or NADH as electron donor. The enzyme does not contain any prosthetic group but accommodates both the reduced pyridine nucleotide and the flavin in a ternary complex prior to oxidoreduction. The specificity of the flavin reductase for the pyridine nucleotide was studied by steady-state kinetics using a variety of NADP analogs. Both the nicotinamide ring and the adenosine part of the substrate molecule have been found to be important for binding to the polypeptide chain. However, in the case of NADPH, the 2'-phosphate group destabilized almost completely the interaction with the adenosine moiety. Moreover, NADPH and NMNH are very good substrates for the flavin reductase, and we have shown that both these molecules bind to the enzyme almost exclusively by the nicotinamide ring. This provides evidence that the flavin reductase exhibits a unique mode for recognition of the reduced pyridine nucleotide. In addition, we have shown that the flavin reductase selectively transfers the pro-R hydrogen from the C-4 position of the nicotinamide ring and is therefore classified as an A-side-specific enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Nivière
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Centres Rédox Biologiques, DBMS-CEA/CNRS/Université J. Fourier, Batiment K, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Billiards SS, King JM, Agar NS. Comparative erythrocyte metabolism in three species of marsupials from Western Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02585542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Faivre B, Menu P, Labrude P, Vigneron C. Hemoglobin autooxidation/oxidation mechanisms and methemoglobin prevention or reduction processes in the bloodstream. Literature review and outline of autooxidation reaction. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1998; 26:17-26. [PMID: 9507753 DOI: 10.3109/10731199809118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The amount of circulating methemoglobin in healthy humans is the result of a balance between methemoglobin production (from autooxidation and oxidation) and hemoglobin reduction. Hemoglobin autooxidation and oxidation are very complex and are not well understood. This article analyses the literature on hemoglobin autooxidation, oxidation and reduction and sets out a sequence of reactions for the oxidation of hemoglobin and the ways in which the percentage of methemoglobin is regulated or methemoglobin production prevented. Most of the information concerns erythrocyte hemoglobin, but plasma extracellular hemoglobin (from hemolysis or hemoglobin-based blood substitutes) is also considered where possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Faivre
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie-Physiologie, Faculty of Pharmacie, University Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Riboflavin inhibited binding of both agonist and antagonist radioligands to rat brain A(1)-adenosine receptors with K(i) values of approximately 10 µM. In an adenylate cyclase assay with membrane preparations from either rat adipocytes or DDT MF-2 cells, both of which contain A(1)-adenosine receptors, riboflavin inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cyclase activity with an IC(50) of approximately 20 µM. However, the inhibition of cyclase by riboflavin was not reversed by an A(1)-selective antagonist, nor by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Thus, neither A(1)-receptors nor G(i)-proteins appear critically involved in the inhibition of cyclase by riboflavin. Riboflavin did block the stimulation by an adenosine analog of [(35)S]GTPγS binding in rat cerebral cortical membranes. However, riboflavin also inhibited the stimulation by fMLP of [(35)S]GTPγS binding in HL-60 cell membranes. Riboflavin inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclase in membranes from DDT MF-2 cells > rat adipocytes > PC12 cells, hamster CHO M2 cells, and wild-type S49 cells. There was virtually no inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclase in membranes of human platelets, rat cerebral cortex, or cyc(-)S49 cells lacking G(s)-proteins. The calcium-stimulated cyclase in rat cerebral cortical membranes was inhibited by riboflavin. A preincubation of membranes with riboflavin markedly enhanced the inhibition for DDT MF-2 and wild-type and cyc(-)S49 membranes. The extent of inhibition in the different cell lines was dependent on the agent used to stimulate cyclase. Riboflavin, like the P-site inhibitor 2´,5´-dideoxyadenosine, was more potent and efficacious when manganese instead of forskolin was used as the stimulant. However, unlike the P-site inhibitor, riboflavin did not markedly inhibit GppNHp- or fluoride-stimulated cyclase. Riboflavin at low micromolar concentrations appears to have three possibly interrelated effects on second messenger systems subserved by G-proteins. These are antagonism at A(1)-adenosine receptors, inhibition of turnover of guanyl nucleotides at G-proteins, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Daly
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William L. Padgett
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Duo Ji
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maxwell SR, Lip GY. Reperfusion injury: a review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and therapeutic options. Int J Cardiol 1997; 58:95-117. [PMID: 9049675 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(96)02854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of blood supply or ischaemia underlies many of the most important cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases faced by clinicians in their daily practice. Many of these ischaemic episodes can be reversed at an early stage by surgical or pharmacological means with the ultimate aim of preventing infarction and cell necrosis in the ischaemic tissues. However, reperfusion of ischaemic areas, in particular the readmission of oxygen, may contribute to further tissue damage (reperfusion injury). For example, the use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction and other revascularisation procedures, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery, may be associated with reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium. Such ischaemia and reperfusion may result in injury to one of more of the biochemical, cellular and microvascular components of the heart. Our understanding of the significance of reperfusion injury is however restricted by the profuse literature in animal models and limited literature in the clinical situation. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of reperfusion injury to the heart and discusses the possible therapeutic approaches to avoiding any adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Maxwell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14:71-9. [PMID: 7706615 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1995.10718476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our specific aim in the prospective, longitudinal assessment of 8,251 subjects in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES I, followup study was to assess the important roles of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS Using NHANES I prospective 10 year followup data, we studied 8,251 subjects; 492 with cardiovascular events and 7,759 without events during the followup period (1971-75 to 1982-84). Using general linear models and logistic regression, we assessed the relationships of CHD risk factors to CHD morbidity and mortality. RESULTS By logistic regression, the following factors were independently, significantly, and inversely associated with coronary heart and vascular disease deaths and hospitalizations: alcohol intake, dietary riboflavin, dietary iron, serum magnesium, leisure time exercise, habitual physical activity, and female gender. Positive significant independent determinants of CHD events included cigarette smoking, sedimentation rate, Quetelet index, maximum body weight, and age. CONCLUSIONS These associations emphasize the important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Gartside
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schoenen J, Lenaerts M, Bastings E. High-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic treatment of migraine: results of an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 1994; 14:328-9. [PMID: 7828189 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1405328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
If the brain of migraineurs is characterized between attacks by a reduction of mitochondrial phosphorylation potential, riboflavin, which has the potential of increasing mitochondrial energy efficiency, might have prophylactic effects in migraine. In this preliminary open pilot study, 49 patients suffering from migraine (45 without aura, 4 with aura) were treated with 400 mg of riboflavin as a single oral dose for at least 3 months. Twenty-three patients received in addition 75 mg of aspirin. Mean global improvement after therapy was 68.2% and there was no difference between the two groups of patients. With the exception of one patient in the riboflavin plus aspirin group who withdrew because of gastric intolerance, no drug-related side effects were reported. High-dose riboflavin could thus be an effective, low-cost prophylactic treatment of migraine devoid of short-term side effects. A placebo-controlled trial of its efficacy seems worthwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schoenen
- University Department of Neurology, CHR de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Quandt KS, Hultquist DE. Flavin reductase: sequence of cDNA from bovine liver and tissue distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:9322-6. [PMID: 7937764 PMCID: PMC44804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.20.9322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin reductase catalyzes electron transfer from reduced pyridine nucleotides to methylene blue or riboflavin, and this catalysis is the basis of the therapeutic use of methylene blue or riboflavin in the treatment of methemoglobinemia. A cDNA for a mammalian flavin reductase has been isolated and sequenced. Degenerate oligonucleotides, with sequences based on amino acid sequences of peptides derived from bovine erythrocyte flavin reductase, were used as primers in PCR to selectively amplify a partial cDNA that encodes the bovine reductase. The template used in the PCR was first strand cDNA synthesized from bovine liver total RNA using oligo(dT) primers. A PCR product was used as a specific probe to screen a bovine liver cDNA library. The sequence determined from two overlapping clones contains an open reading frame of 621 nucleotides and encodes 206 amino acids. The amino acid sequence deduced from the bovine liver flavin reductase cDNA matches the amino acid sequences determined for erythrocyte reductase-derived peptides, and the predicted molecular mass of 22,001 Da for the liver reductase agrees well with the molecular mass of 21,994 Da determined for the erythrocyte reductase by electrospray mass spectrometry. The amino acid sequence at the N terminus of the reductase has homology to sequences of pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes, and the predicted secondary structure, beta alpha beta, resembles the common nucleotide-binding structural motif. RNA blot analysis indicates a single 1-kilobase reductase transcript in human heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, placenta, and skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Quandt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0606
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jensen FE, Gardner GJ, Williams AP, Gallop PM, Aizenman E, Rosenberg PA. The putative essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone is neuroprotective in a rodent model of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Neuroscience 1994; 62:399-406. [PMID: 7830887 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a ubiquitous redox cofactor and putative essential nutrient in mammals. Pyrroloquinoline quinone has recently been demonstrated to depress N-methyl-D-asparate induced electrical responses and is neuroprotective in vitro. In addition, pyrroloquinoline quinone has been demonstrated to act as a free radical scavenger in mammalian tissues. In this study, we demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone in an in vivo cerebral hypoxia/ischemia model in the rodent. Significant reduction in infarct size resulted from pyrroloquinoline quinone pretreatment and also when pyrroloquinoline quinone was administered following induction of hypoxia/ischemia. The neuroprotective effect was not dependent on change in core or cranial temperatures, as there was no difference between temperature measurements in pyrroloquinoline quinone-treated and vehicle-treated controls. No changes in electroencephalographic activity were observed at neuroprotective doses. These findings suggest that pyrroloquinoline quinone may represent a novel class of quinoid reagents of potential use in the treatment of neurological disorders that involve excitotoxicity. This study demonstrates a protective effect of the novel essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone on brain injury in a rodent model of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. Pyrroloquinoline quinone was neuroprotective when administered before and even after the insult, and did not appear to have significant neurobehavioral side effects. Pyrroloquinoline quinone represents a new class of agents with potential use in the therapy of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Betz AL, Ren XD, Ennis SR, Hultquist DE. Riboflavin reduces edema in focal cerebral ischemia. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1994; 60:314-7. [PMID: 7976577 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized irwN has been proposed as a mediator of the free radical-induced damage that occurs during cerebral ischemia. Dihydroriboflavin, a compound produced from riboflavin (B2) by NADPH-dependent flavin reductase, rapidly reduces oxidized iron. Since treatment with riboflavin offers protection from ischemic injury in other tissues, we tested the effect of pretreatment with B2 on brain edema formation during focal ischemia. Two different models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats were tested: transcranial electrocautery and intracarotid occlusion with a nylon thread. Groups of 6-8 animals were treated with 7.5 mg of B2/kg or saline vehicle 1 h before MCAO and brain water content was determined after 4 h of ischemia. Pretreatment with B2 reduced total hemisphere edema formation from 0.37 +/- 0.05 to 0.19 +/- 0.05 mg/g dry wt. (48% protection, p < 0.01) following transcranial MCAO. Edema was greater following MCAO with the intra-carotid thread (0.54 +/- 0.05 ml/g) but protection by B2 was less (21%). We conclude that pretreatment with B2 reduces ischemic brain injury, perhaps by reacting with oxidized iron. However, the larger stroke produced by the thread MCAO method makes it more difficult to observe protection following brief ischemia in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Betz
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Christensen HN. Is PQQ a significant nutrient in addition to its role as a therapeutic agent in the higher animal? Nutr Rev 1994; 52:24-5. [PMID: 8139798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The controversy as to the nutritional status of pyroloquinoline (PQQ) has now been broadened to include various animal tissues by evidence of its vitamin status in mice, a mammalian PQQ reductase, and evidence that this enzyme participates in mechanisms protecting tissues against oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H N Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego 92093
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Elevated riboflavin levels have been reported to provide protection against oxidative damage caused by oxidized forms of hemeproteins. This effect of riboflavin may be mediated by an NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H N Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92037
| |
Collapse
|