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Galloway R, Owens S, Kim H, Bass M, Kang M, Loftin M. Comparison of different VO2max scaling models in male and female non-obese and obese adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:560-566. [PMID: 38411045 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper was to identify the most appropriate allometric scaling model for expressing aerobic fitness, determined by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), that would allow comparisons across differing body types. METHODS VO2max and body composition data were collected from untrained non-obese and obese participants (N.=126). Allometric models were created using body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), and leg FFM (LFFM) to determine the goodness-of-fit using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). RESULTS Allometric scaled exponents adjusted for BM, FFM and LFFM were 0.67, 0.68 and 0.55, respectively. VO2max scaled to BM was 22% higher in non-obese individuals. Scaled to LFFM, V VO2max was only 7.5% higher in non-obese individuals as compared to obese individuals. Data showed a positive correlation (r=0.28; P=0.009) between VO2max and BM for non-obese participants and a negative correlation (r=-0.39; P=0.014) for obese participants. AIC values showed the LFFM model as the best fit (AICc = 0 "substantial support) and the AIC differences for FFM and BM were both >10 "no support" for the model (12.1 and 28.2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Interpretation of aerobic power and comparisons would be most appropriate when allometrically scaled to the metabolically active tissue (LFFM). Bias is introduced when scaling to BM and comparing individuals of various body compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Galloway
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA -
| | - Scott Owens
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Heontae Kim
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Martha Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Mark Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Donthula R, Li W, Duvvada A, Dyer D, Uppu SC. Normative Computed Tomography Angiography Values of the Aortic Root, Aorta and Aortic arch in Children. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4406785. [PMID: 38798643 PMCID: PMC11118707 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4406785/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Normative values for intracardiac and extracardiac vascular structures help in understanding normal growth and changes over time in children; this normative data are not currently available for ECG-gated Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). We sought to establish ECG-gated CTA derived normative values for the aortic root, aorta and aortic arch in children. Methods and Results Aortic root, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta were measured in systole and diastole in 100 subjects who had ECG-gated CTA at our center between January 2015 through December 2020 and met our inclusion criteria. The allometric exponent (AE) for each parameter was derived, and the parameter/body surface area AE (BSA AE ) was established using the previously described methods. Using this data, normalized mean, cross-sectional area, and standard deviation were calculated. Z-score curves were plotted in relation to the BSA for all measurements. Conclusion Our study reports systolic and diastolic ECG-gated CTA Z-scores along with normative curves in relation to BSA for the aortic root, aorta and aortic arch in children.
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Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA. The Effect of Sex, Maturity, and Training Status on Maximal Sprint Performance Kinetics. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:98-105. [PMID: 37890835 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of sprint running during youth has received renewed interest, but questions remain regarding the development of speed in youth, especially the influences of sex, training, and maturity status. METHODS One hundred and forty-seven team sport trained (69 girls; 14.3 [2.1] y) and 113 untrained (64 girls; 13.8 [2.7] y) youth completed two 30-m sprints separated by 2-minute active rest. Velocity was measured using a radar gun at >46 Hz, with power and force variables derived from a force-velocity-power profile. RESULTS Boys produced a significantly higher absolute peak power (741 [272] vs 645 [229] W; P < .01) and force (431 [124] vs 398 [125] N; P < .01) than girls, irrespective of maturity and training status. However, there was a greater sex difference in relative mean power and peak velocity in circa peak height velocity adolescents (46.9% and 19.8%, respectively) compared with prepeak height velocity (5.4% and 3.2%) or postpeak height velocity youth (11.6% and 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS Sprint development in youth is sexually dimorphic which needs considering when devising long-term training plans. Further research is needed to explore the independent, and combined, effects of sex, training, and maturity status on sprint performance kinetics in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Runacres
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Donthula R, Li W, Kaur H, Adebo DA, Uppu SC. Normative computed tomography angiography values of the main and branch pulmonary arteries in children. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1183-1193. [PMID: 38078969 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive cardiac imaging like echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and computed tomography angiography (CTA) play a key role in the diagnosis, aid in management and follow-up of congenital heart disease patients. Normative data for intracardiac and extracardiac vascular structures in children are currently available for echocardiogram, CMR, and non-gated CTA. We sought to establish systolic and diastolic normative data for main and branch pulmonary arteries in children using electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated CTA. Diameters and cross-sectional areas of the main and branch pulmonary arteries were measured in systole and diastole based on the aortic valve position (open versus closed) in 100 subjects who had ECG-gated cardiac CTA at our center between January 2015 through December 2020 and met our inclusion criteria. The allometric exponent (AE) for each parameter was derived, and the parameter/body surface area (BSAAE) was established using the previously described methods. A total of 100 children aged 0-18 years were analyzed; mean age was 5.3 years (SD, 6.1 years). Z-score curves were plotted in relation to the BSA for the mean, maximum, and minimum diameters and cross-sectional area of the main and branch pulmonary arteries for systole and diastole. Conclusion: We report systolic and diastolic mean, maximum, and minimum diameters and cross-sectional areas along with Z-scores and normative curves for the main and branch pulmonary arteries in children derived using ECG-gated cardiac CTA. We believe our results can help identify abnormally sized main and branch pulmonary arteries. What is Known: • Normative data for intracardiac and extracardiac vascular structures in the pediatric population are available for echocardiography, cardiac MRI and non-ECG gated CTA. • Z-scores with standard deviations are commonly used in children, but SDs are not constant across body sizes due to heteroscedasticity. What is New: • Allometric exponent was derived for each parameter and the parameter/body surface area (BSA) was established. • This is the first ECG-gated CTA study to provide normative en face systolic, diastolic diameters and cross-sectional areas along with Z-scores and normative curves for the main and branch pulmonary arteries in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Donthula
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harmanpreet Kaur
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dilachew A Adebo
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Santosh C Uppu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Taylor HCM, Chaturvedi N, Davey Smith G, Ferreira DLS, Fraser A, Howe LD, Hughes AD, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ, Park CM. Is Height 2.7 Appropriate for Indexation of Left Ventricular Mass in Healthy Adolescents? The Importance of Sex Differences. Hypertension 2023; 80:2033-2042. [PMID: 37548044 PMCID: PMC10510825 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an important predictor of cardiovascular risk. In adolescence, LVM is commonly indexed to height2.7, although some evidence suggests that this may not fully account for sex differences. METHODS We investigated appropriate allometric scaling of LVM to height, total lean mass, and body surface area, in a UK birth cohort of 2039 healthy adolescents (17±1 years). Allometric relationships were determined by linear regression stratified by sex, following log transformation of x and y variables [log(y)=a+b×log(x)], b is the allometric exponent. RESULTS Log (LVM) showed linear relationships with log(height) and log(lean mass). Biased estimates of slope resulted when the sexes were pooled. The exponents were lower than the conventional estimate of 2.7 for males (mean [95% CI]=1.66 [1.30-2.03]) and females (1.58 [1.27-1.90]). When LVM was indexed to lean mass, the exponent was 1.16 (1.05-1.26) for males and 1.07 (0.97-1.16) for females. When LVM was indexed to estimated body surface area, the exponent was 1.53 (1.40-1.66) for males and 1.34 (1.24-1.45) for females. CONCLUSIONS Allometric exponents derived from pooled data, including men and women without adjustment for sex were biased, possibly due to sex differences in body composition. We suggest that when assessing LVM, clinicians should consider body size, body composition, sex, and age. Our observations may also have implications for the identification of young individuals with cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C M Taylor
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T., N.C., A.D.H., C.M.P.)
- Oxford Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T.)
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T., N.C., A.D.H., C.M.P.)
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Diana L S Ferreira
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T., N.C., A.D.H., C.M.P.)
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Nic J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
- Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S., D.L.S.F., A.F., L.D.H., D.A.L., N.J.T.)
| | - Chloe M Park
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, United Kingdom (H.C.M.T., N.C., A.D.H., C.M.P.)
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Sawers A, Fatone S. After scaling to body size hip strength of the residual limb exceeds that of the intact limb among unilateral lower limb prosthesis users. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:50. [PMID: 37098570 PMCID: PMC10131313 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip muscles play a prominent role in compensating for the loss of ankle and/or knee muscle function after lower limb amputation. Despite contributions to walking and balance, there is no consensus regarding hip strength deficits in lower limb prosthesis (LLP) users. Identifying patterns of hip muscle weakness in LLP users may increase the specificity of physical therapy interventions (i.e., which muscle group(s) to target), and expedite the search for modifiable factors associated with deficits in hip muscle function among LLP users. The purpose of this study was to test whether hip strength, estimated by maximum voluntary isometric peak torque, differed between the residual and intact limbs of LLP users, and age- and gender-matched controls. METHODS Twenty-eight LLP users (14 transtibial, 14 transfemoral, 7 dysvascular, 13.5 years since amputation), and 28 age- and gender-matched controls participated in a cross-sectional study. Maximum voluntary isometric hip extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction torque were measured with a motorized dynamometer. Participants completed 15 five-second trials with 10-s rest between trials. Peak isometric hip torque was normalized to body mass × thigh length. A 2-way mixed-ANOVA with a between-subject factor of leg (intact, residual, control) and a within-subject factor of muscle group (extensors, flexors, abductors, adductors) tested for differences in strength among combinations of leg and muscle group (α = 0.05). Multiple comparisons were adjusted using Tukey's Honest-Difference. RESULTS A significant 2-way interaction between leg and muscle group indicated normalized peak torque differed among combinations of muscle group and leg (p < 0.001). A significant simple main effect of leg (p = 0.001) indicated peak torque differed between two or more legs per muscle group. Post-hoc comparisons revealed hip extensor, flexor, and abductor peak torque was not significantly different between the residual and control legs (p ≥ 0.067) but torques in both legs were significantly greater than in the intact leg (p < 0.001). Peak hip abductor torque was significantly greater in the control and residual legs than the intact leg (p < 0.001), and significantly greater in the residual than control leg (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that it is the intact, rather than the residual limb, that is weaker. These findings may be due to methodological choices (e.g., normalization), or biomechanical demands placed on residual limb hip muscles. Further research is warranted to both confirm, expand upon, and elucidate possible mechanisms for the present findings; and clarify contributions of intact and residual limb hip muscles to walking and balance in LLP users. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sawers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Rm. 646, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Stefania Fatone
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Galantine P, Sudlow A, Peyrot N, Vercruyssen F, Bélard C, Dalleau G, Duché P. Force-velocity profile in sprinting: sex effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:911-921. [PMID: 36595048 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F0; velocity, v0 and maximal power output, Pmax) profile between men and women has attracted little attention. Most studies of sex differences have failed to apply a scaling ratio when reporting data. The present study investigated the sex effect on the F-v profile using an allometric model applied with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass of the lower limb (FFMLL), cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg length (LL) to mechanical parameters. Thirty students (15 men, 15 women) participated. Raw velocity-time data for three maximal 35 m sprints were measured with a radar. Mechanical parameters of the F-v relationship were calculated from the modelling of the velocity-time curve. When F0 and Pmax were allometrically scaled with BM (p = 0.538; ES = 0.23) and FFM (p = 0.176; ES = 0.51), there were no significant differences between men and women. However, when the allometric model was applied to Pmax with FFMLL (p = 0.015; ES = 0.52), F0 with CSA (p = 0.016; ES = 0.93) and v0 with LL (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.98) differences between men and women persisted. FFM explained 83% of the sex differences in the F-v profile (p ≤ 0.001). After applying an allometric model, sex differences in the F-v profile are explained by other factors than body dimensions (i.e., physiological qualitative differences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anthony Sudlow
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Université Le Mans, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Chrystal Bélard
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE-EA4075, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.
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A Revision of the Traditional Analysis Method of Allometry to Allow Extension of the Normality-Borne Complexity of Error Structure: Examining the Adequacy of a Normal-Mixture Distribution-Driven Error Term. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8310213. [PMID: 36172489 PMCID: PMC9512611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8310213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huxley’s model of simple allometry provides a parsimonious scheme for examining scaling relationships in scientific research, resource management, and species conservation endeavors. Factors including biological error, analysis method, sample size, and overall data quality can undermine the reliability of a fit of Huxley’s model. Customary amendments enhance the complexity of the power function-conveyed systematic term while keeping the usual normality-borne error structure. The resulting protocols bear multiple-parameter complex allometry forms that could pose interpretative shortcomings and parameter estimation difficulties, and even being empirically pertinent, they could potentially bear overfitting. A subsequent heavy-tailed Q-Q normal spread often remains undetected since the adequacy of a normally distributed error term remains unexplored. Previously, we promoted the advantages of keeping Huxley’s model-driven systematic part while switching to a logistically distributed error term to improve fit quality. Here, we analyzed eelgrass leaf biomass and area data exhibiting a marked size-related heterogeneity, perhaps explaining a lack of systematization at data gathering. Overdispersion precluded adequacy of the logistically adapted protocol, thereby suggesting processing data through a median absolute deviation scheme aimed to remove unduly replicates. Nevertheless, achieving regularity to Huxley’s power function-like trend required the removal of many replicates, thereby questioning the integrity of a data cleaning approach. But, we managed to adapt the complexity of the error term to reliably identify Huxley’s model-like systematic part masked by variability in data. Achieving this relied on an error term conforming to a normal mixture distribution which successfully managed overdispersion in data. Compared to normal-complex allometry and data cleaning composites present arrangement delivered a coherent Q-Q normal mixture spread and a remarkable reproducibility strength of derived proxies. By keeping the analysis within Huxley’s original theory, the present approach enables substantiating nondestructive allometric proxies aimed at eelgrass conservation. The viewpoint endorsed here could also make data cleaning unnecessary.
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Sawers A, Fatone S. Normalization alters the interpretation of hip strength in established unilateral lower limb prosthesis users. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 97:105702. [PMID: 35714413 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valid comparisons of muscle strength between individuals or legs that differ in size requires normalization, often by simple anthropometric variables. Few studies of muscle strength in lower-limb prosthesis users have normalized strength data by any anthropometric variable, potentially confounding our understanding of strength deficits in lower-limb prosthesis users. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the need for as well as effectiveness and impact of normalizing hip strength in lower-limb prosthesis users. METHODS Peak isometric hip extension and abduction torques were collected from 28 lower-limb prosthesis users. Allometric scaling was used to determine if hip torque values were significantly associated with, and therefore needed to be adjusted for, body mass, thigh length, or body mass x thigh length, and whether normalization was effective in reducing any associations. Between limb differences in peak hip torque, and correlations with balance ability, were inspected pre- and post-normalization. FINDINGS Hip torques were consistently and significantly associated with body-mass x thigh length. Associations between peak hip torque and body-mass x thigh length were reduced by normalization. After normalization by body-mass x thigh length, between limb differences in hip extension torque, as well as the correlation between hip abduction torque and balance ability, changed from non-significant to significant. INTERPRETATION In the absence of normalization, hip strength (i.e., peak torque) in lower-limb prosthesis users remains dependent on basic anthropometric variables, masking relationships between hip strength and balance ability, as well as between limb differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sawers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Stefania Fatone
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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Cross-sectional associations of body size indicators and lifestyle behaviors with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents: an allometric approach. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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What is the optimal anthropometric index/ratio associated with two key measures of cardio-metabolic risk associated with hypertension and diabetes? Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1304-1310. [PMID: 35379906 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the optimal anthropometric index associated with potential cardio-metabolic risk. Using direct measures of standing height, body mass, and waist circumference, we sought to identify the optimal index for detecting cardio-metabolic risk associated with diabetes and hypertension in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS Complete (non-missing) cross-sectional data from 8375 US adults aged 18-80+ years were obtained from the 2015-16 and 2017-March 2020 (pre-pandemic) cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The cardio-metabolic risk was identified using blood pressure and glycohemoglobin (A1c). Allometric models were used to identify the optimal anthropometric indices associated with cardio-metabolic risk. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to verify the discriminatory ability of the identified index in comparison with other anthropometric measures. RESULTS The optimal anthropometric index associated with cardio-metabolic risk was waist circumference divided by body mass to the power of 0.333 (WC/M0.333). The ability for this new index to discriminate those with diabetes (area under the ROC curve: 0.73 [95%CI: 0.71-0.74]) and hypertension (area under the curve: 0.70 [95%CI: 0.69-0.72]) was superior to all other anthropometric measure/indices investigated in this study (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and waist/height0.5). CONCLUSIONS We identified WC/M0.333 as the optimal anthropometric index for identifying US adults with hypertension and diabetes. Instead of using body mass index (kg/m2), we recommend using WC/M0.333 in clinical and public health practice to better identify US adults at potential cardio-metabolic risk associated with hypertension and diabetes.
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Waterworth SP, Kerr CJ, McManus CJ, Costello R, Sandercock GRH. Obese individuals do not underreport dietary intake to a greater extent than nonobese individuals when data are allometrically‐scaled. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23743. [PMID: 35257435 PMCID: PMC9286371 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the extent of misreporting in obese and nonobese adults on an absolute, ratio‐scaled, and allometrically‐scaled basis. Method Self‐reported daily energy intake (EI) was compared with total energy expenditure (TEE) in 221 adults (106 male, 115 female; age 53 ± 17 years, stature 1.68 ± 0.09 m, mass 79.8 ± 17.2 kg) who participated in a doubly‐labeled water (DLW) subsection of 2013–2015 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Data were log transformed and expressed as absolute values, according to simple ratio‐standards (per kg body mass) and adjusted for body mass allometrically. Absolute and ratio‐scaled misreporting were examined using full‐factorial General Linear Models with repeated measures of the natural logarithms of TEE or EI as the within‐subjects factor. The natural logarithm of body mass was included as a covariate in the allometric method. The categorical variables of gender, age, obesity, and physical activity level (PAL) were the between‐factor variables. Results On an absolute‐basis, self‐reported EI (2759 ± 590 kcal·d−1) was significantly lower than TEE measured by DLW (2759 ± 590 kcal·d−1: F1,205 = 598.81, p < .001, ηp2 =0.75). We identified significantly greater underreporting in individuals with an obese BMI (F1,205 = 29.01, p <.001, ηp2 =0.12), in more active individuals (PAL > 1.75; F1,205 = 34.15, p <.001, ηp2 =0.14) and in younger individuals (≤55 years; F1,205 = 14.82, p < .001, ηp2 =0.07), which are all categories with higher energy needs. Ratio‐scaling data reduced the effect sizes. Allometric‐scaling removed the effect of body mass (F1,205 =0.02, p = 0.887, ηp2 =0.00). Conclusion In weight‐stable adults, obese individuals do not underreport dietary intake to a greater extent than nonobese individuals. These results contradict previous research demonstrating that obesity is associated with a greater degree of underreporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P. Waterworth
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences University of Essex Essex UK
| | - Catherine J. Kerr
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences University of Essex Essex UK
| | | | - Rianne Costello
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
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Külkamp W, Ache-Dias J, Dal Pupo J. Handgrip strength adjusted for body mass and stratified by age and sex: normative data for healthy Brazilian adults based on a systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Assessment of aerobic exercise capacity in obesity, which expression of oxygen uptake is the best? SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:138-147. [PMID: 35784518 PMCID: PMC9219259 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Baseball performance via the lens of anthropometric testing, fitness metrics, and statistics: a longitudinal cross-sectional study. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salier Eriksson J, Ekblom B, Andersson G, Wallin P, Ekblom-Bak E. Scaling VO 2max to body size differences to evaluate associations to CVD incidence and all-cause mortality risk. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000854. [PMID: 33537151 PMCID: PMC7849897 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate and compare ratio and allometric scaling models of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for different body size measurements in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and all-cause mortality. Methods 316 116 individuals participating in occupational health screenings, initially free from CVD, were included. VO2max was estimated using submaximal cycle test. Height, body mass and waist circumference (WC) were assessed, and eight different scaling models (two evaluated in a restricted sample with WC data) were derived. Participants were followed in national registers for first-time CVD event or all-cause mortality from their health screening to first CVD event, death or 31 December 2015. Results Increasing deciles of VO2max showed lower CVD risk and all-cause mortality for all six models in the full sample (p<0.001) as well as with increasing quintiles in the restricted sample (eight models) (p<0.001). For CVD risk and all-cause mortality, significantly weaker associations with increasing deciles for models 1 (L·min−1) and 5 (mL·min−1·height−2) were seen compared with model 2 (mL·min−1·kg−1), (CVD, p<0.00001; p<0.00001: all-cause mortality, p=0.008; p=0.001) and in some subgroups. For CVD, model 6 (mL·min−1·(kg1·height−1)−1) had a stronger association compared with model 2 (p<0.00001) and in some subgroups. In the restricted sample, trends for significantly stronger associations for models including WC compared with model 2 were seen in women for both CVD and all-cause mortality, and those under 50 for CVD. Conclusion In association to CVD and all-cause mortality, only small differences were found between ratio scaling and allometric scaling models where body dimensions were added, with some stronger associations when adding WC in the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Salier Eriksson
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Andersson
- Research Department, HPI Health Profile Institute, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Peter Wallin
- Research Department, HPI Health Profile Institute, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Elin Ekblom-Bak
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Armstrong N, Welsman J. Influence of sex-specific concurrent changes in age, maturity status, and morphological covariates on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10-17-year-olds. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:783-792. [PMID: 33289062 PMCID: PMC7892727 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purposes (i) To investigate the influence of concurrent changes in age, maturity status, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10–17-year-olds; and, (ii) to evaluate the interpretation of paediatric norm tables of peak ventilatory variables. Methods Multiplicative multilevel modelling which allows both the number of observations per individual and the temporal spacing of the observations to vary was used to analyze the expired ventilation (peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$\end{document}V˙E) and tidal volume (peak VT) at peak oxygen uptake of 420 (217 boys) 10–17-year-olds. Models were founded on 1053 (550 from boys) determinations of peak ventilatory variables supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. Results In sex-specific, multiplicative allometric models, concurrent changes in body mass and skinfold thicknesses (as a surrogate of FFM) and age were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$\end{document}V˙E, once these covariates had been controlled for stature had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$\end{document}V˙E. Concurrent changes in age, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak VT. Maturity status had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on either peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$\end{document}V˙E or peak VT once age and morphological covariates had been controlled for. Conclusions Elucidation of the sex-specific development of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$\end{document}V˙E requires studies which address concurrent changes in body mass, skinfold thicknesses, and age. Stature is an additional explanatory variable in the development of peak VT, in both sexes. Paediatric norms based solely on age or stature or body mass are untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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Cardinal MP, Blais S, Dumas A, Hamilton V, Larose E, LeBlanc S, Déry J, Grotenhuis H, Leiner T, Mawad W, Têtu C, Greenway SC, Dahl N, Patton D, Hussain A, Drolet C, Gahide G, Farand P, Schantz D, Dallaire F. Novel Z Scores to Correct Biases Due to Ventricular Volume Indexing to Body Surface Area in Adolescents and Young Adults. Can J Cardiol 2020; 37:417-424. [PMID: 32585324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference values for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) in children and young adults are scarce. This leads to risk stratification of patients with congenital heart diseases being based on volumes indexed to body surface area (BSA). We aimed to produce cMRI Z score equations for ventricular volumes in children and young adults and to test whether indexing to BSA resulted in an incorrect assessment of ventricular dilation according to sex, body composition, and growth. METHODS We retrospectively included 372 subjects aged < 26 years with either normal hearts or conditions with no impact on ventricular volumes (reference group), and 205 subjects with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) aged < 26 years. We generated Z score equations by means of multivariable regression modelling. Right ventricular dilation was assessed with the use of Z scores and compared with indexing to BSA in TOF subjects. RESULTS Ventricular volume Z scores were independent from age, sex, and anthropometric measurements, although volumes indexed to BSA showed significant residual association with sex and body size. In TOF subjects, indexing overestimated dilation in growing children and underestimated dilation in female compared with male subjects, and in overweight compared with lean subjects. CONCLUSIONS Indexed ventricular volumes measured with cMRI did not completely adjust for body size and resulted in a differential error in the assessment of ventricular dilation according to sex and body size. Our proposed Z score equations solved this problem. Future studies should evaluate if ventricular volumes expressed as Z scores have a better prognostic value than volumes indexed to BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail-Paul Cardinal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Blais
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Dumas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Eric Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie LeBlanc
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Déry
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Heynric Grotenhuis
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Leiner
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wadi Mawad
- Montréal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cassandre Têtu
- Montréal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven C Greenway
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Dahl
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Patton
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arif Hussain
- IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christian Drolet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gérald Gahide
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Farand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Daryl Schantz
- Children's Hospital of Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Frederic Dallaire
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Comparison of anthropometric profile and handgrip strength between inter-university volleyball players and a reference group. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: In a volleyball game, multiple elements can influence competitive success, e.g. height, arm span and other anthropometric variables. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out whether any differences exist between Indian inter-university male and female volleyball players as well as between players and a reference group in terms of anthropometry and handgrip strength.
Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 114 randomly selected Indian inter-university male (n = 50) and female (n = 64) volleyball players aged 18–25 years. An equal number of reference group individuals who did not participate in any exercise or training programme were also taken. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), hand length, hand breadth, second digit length, fourth digit length, second and fourth digit ratio (2D/4D ratio), upper arm length, forearm length, total arm length, upper arm circumference, hip circumference; humerus and femur biepicondylar diameters, handgrip strength (dominant/non-dominant), arm muscle area, arm area, arm fat area, arm fat index, % body fat, and % lean body mass were measured with equipment including an anthropometer, sliding caliper, handgrip dynamometer and skinfold caliper using standard techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Student’s t-test was applied for the comparison of data between players and the reference group. Differences between the groups were analysed using the oneway ANOVA test. Bonferroni post hoc test was applied after application of the ANOVA test. Effect size was also calculated. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was indicated using a 5% level of probability.
Results: Male volleyball players had higher mean values in height, body weight, hand length, hand breadth, second and fourth digit length, dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength, humerus and femur biepicondylar diameter, upper arm length, forearm length and total arm length, arm muscle area, arm area and percent lean body mass than the reference group. Similar findings were observed between female players and the reference group also. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05–0.001) were also observed between male and female players except BMI, 2D/4D ratio, and arm fat area. These findings were supported by the effect size (η) calculations.
Conclusion: Volleyball players had better height, weight, hand and arm anthropometrics, handgrip strength and % lean body mass as compared to the reference group. Significant differences were found in anthropometry and handgrip strength between players and reference group individuals, suggesting that these findings could be very useful for player selection and talent identification in sports.
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Echavarria-Heras HA, Castro-Rodriguez JR, Leal-Ramirez C, Villa-Diharce E. Assessment of a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy model assembly for examination of polyphasic loglinear allometry. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8173. [PMID: 31934498 PMCID: PMC6951296 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional allometric analysis relies on log- transformation to contemplate linear regression in geometrical space then retransforming to get Huxley’s model of simple allometry. Views assert this induces bias endorsing multi-parameter complex allometry forms and nonlinear regression in arithmetical scales. Defenders of traditional approach deem it necessary since generally organismal growth is essentially multiplicative. Then keeping allometry as originally envisioned by Huxley requires a paradigm of polyphasic loglinear allometry. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy model assembles a mixture of weighted sub models. This allows direct identification of break points for transition between phases. Then, this paradigm is seamlessly appropriate for efficient allometric examination of polyphasic loglinear allometry patterns. Here, we explore its suitability. Methods Present fuzzy model embraces firing strength weights from Gaussian membership functions and linear consequents. Weights are identified by subtractive clustering and consequents through recursive least squares or maximum likelihood. Intersection of firing strength factors set criterion to estimate breakpoints. A multi-parameter complex allometry model follows by adapting firing strengths by composite membership functions and linear consequents in arithmetical space. Results Takagi-Sugeno-Kang surrogates adapted complexity depending on analyzed data set. Retransformation results conveyed reproducibility strength of similar proxies identified in arithmetical space. Breakpoints were straightforwardly identified. Retransformed form implies complex allometry as a generalization of Huxley’s power model involving covariate depending parameters. Huxley reported a breakpoint in the log–log plot of chela mass vs. body mass of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), attributed to a sudden change in relative growth of the chela approximately when crabs reach sexual maturity. G.C. Packard implied this breakpoint as putative. However, according to present fuzzy methods existence of a break point in Huxley’s data could be validated. Conclusions Offered scheme bears reliable analysis of zero intercept allometries based on geometrical space protocols. Endorsed affine structure accommodates either polyphasic or simple allometry if whatever turns required. Interpretation of break points characterizing heterogeneity is intuitive. Analysis can be achieved in an interactive way. This could not have been obtained by relying on customary approaches. Besides, identification of break points in arithmetical scale is straightforward. Present Takagi-Sugeno-Kang arrangement offers a way to overcome the controversy between a school considering a log-transformation necessary and their critics claiming that consistent results can be only obtained through complex allometry models fitted by direct nonlinear regression in the original scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A Echavarria-Heras
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Juan R Castro-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México
| | - Cecilia Leal-Ramirez
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Enrique Villa-Diharce
- Departamento de Estadística Aplicada, Centro de Investigacion en Matematicas, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
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Interpreting Youth Aerobic Fitness: Promoting Evidence-Based Discussion–A Response to Dotan (2019). Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:382-385. [PMID: 31315164 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We welcome Raffy Dotan’s Letter to the Editor (14) as it gives us another opportunity to promote evidence-based discussion of the development of youth aerobic fitness. Readers of our contributions to the 2019 Special Issue of Pediatric Exercise Science (6,27,28) will recall that we concluded with, “The authors encourage all pediatric exercise scientists to engage with this discussion, to share ideas and methods, and be willing to explore alternatives. There are many issues to resolve and constructive, collaborative debate will speed our collective aim toward a better understanding of pediatric aerobic fitness in health and disease” (27, p. 256). Not the words of authors preaching a “gospel” with “evangelistic persistence” as Dotan (14) suggests, but of scientists genuinely seeking to stimulate evidence-based discussion of the development of youth aerobic fitness and its relationship with health and well-being.
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Sousa LA, Soares ALA, Lima AB, Paes RR, Nakamura LR, Carvalho HM. Modeling the Angle-Specific Isokinetic Hamstring to Quadriceps Ratio Using Multilevel Generalized Additive Models. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2019; 55:medicina55080411. [PMID: 31357518 PMCID: PMC6722624 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study considered the use of a generalized additive multilevel model to describe the joint-angle-specific functional hamstring to quadriceps ratio (H:Q ratio) in the knee, using all of the available truly isokinetic data within the range. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male basketball players aged 15.0 (1.4) years (average stature = 180.0 cm, SD = 11.1 cm; average body mass = 71.2, SD = 14.9 kg) years were considered. All players considered had no history of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury at the time of testing or during the 6 months before testing, and had been engaged in formal basketball training and competition for 5.9 (2.4) years. Moments of force of the reciprocal concentric and eccentric muscular actions for the knee extensors and flexors assessed by isokinetic dynamometry at 60°∙s−1 were used. Results: Maximum moments of force were attained at different angle positions for knee extension. For knee flexion, it was apparent that there was an ability to maintain high levels of moment of force between 30° and 60° in the concentric muscular action, corresponding to the concentric action of the hamstrings. However, for the eccentric knee flexion, corresponding to the quadriceps action, there was a marked peak of moment of force at about 55°. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee extension was non-linear, remaining higher than 1.0 (i.e., point of equality) from the beginning of the extension until approximately 40° of the knee extension, leveling off below the point of equality thereafter. On average, the functional H:Q ratio for the knee flexion did not attain 1.0 across the range of motion. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee in the present sample peaked at 20° and 80°, declining between these angle positions to below 0.50 at about 0.54. Conclusions: Estimating the form of the non-linear relationship on-the-fly using a generalized additive multilevel model provides joint-angle-specific curves and joint-angle-specific functional H:Q ratio patterns, allowing the identification and monitoring of strength development, with potential implications for injury and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Sousa
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-851, Brazil
| | - André L A Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ahlan B Lima
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Nakamura
- Department of Informatics and Statistics, School of Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Examination of the Effects of Curvature in Geometrical Space on Accuracy of Scaling Derived Projections of Plant Biomass Units: Applications to the Assessment of Average Leaf Biomass in Eelgrass Shoots. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3613679. [PMID: 31179319 PMCID: PMC6507111 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3613679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conservation of eelgrass relies on transplants and evaluation of success depends on nondestructive measurements of average leaf biomass in shoots among other variables. Allometric proxies offer a convenient way to assessments. Identifying surrogates via log transformation and linear regression can set biased results. Views conceive this approach to be meaningful, asserting that curvature in geometrical space explains bias. Inappropriateness of correction factor of retransformation bias could also explain inconsistencies. Accounting for nonlinearity of the log transformed response relied on a generalized allometric model. Scaling parameters depend continuously on the descriptor. Joining correction factor is conceived as the partial sum of series expansion of mean retransformed residuals leading to highest reproducibility strength. Fits of particular characterizations of the generalized curvature model conveyed outstanding reproducibility of average eelgrass leaf biomass in shoots. Although nonlinear heteroscedastic regression resulted also to be suitable, only log transformation approaches can unmask a size related differentiation in growth form of the leaf. Generally, whenever structure of regression error is undetermined, choosing a suitable form of retransformation correction factor becomes elusive. Compared to customary nonparametric characterizations of this correction factor, present form proved more efficient. We expect that offered generalized allometric model along with proposed correction factor form provides a suitable analytical arrangement for the general settings of allometric examination.
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Werneck AO, Conde J, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Pereira A, Costa DC, Martinho D, Duarte JP, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Fernandes RA, Batista MB, Ohara D, Cyrino ES, Ronque ERV. Allometric scaling of aerobic fitness outputs in school-aged pubertal girls. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:96. [PMID: 30961568 PMCID: PMC6452511 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the allometric exponents for concurrent size descriptors (stature, body mass and fat-free mass) and also to examine the contribution of chronological age and pubertal status combined with above mentioned size descriptors to explain inter-individual variability in the peak of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) among girls during circumpubertal years. Methods The final sample included 51 girls (10.7–13.5 years). VO2peak was derived from an incremental progressive maximal protocol using a motorized treadmill. Anthropometry included body mass, stature and skinfolds. Measurements were performed by a single trained observer. Sexual maturation was assessed as self-reported stage of pubic hair (PH) development. Static allometric models were explored as an alternative to physiological output per unit of size descriptors. Allometry also considered chronological age and sexual maturation as dummy variable (PH2 vs. PH3 and PH3 vs. PH4). Results Scaling coefficients for stature, body mass and fat-free mass were 1.463 (95%CI: 0.476 to 2.449), 0.516 (95%CI: 0.367 to 0.666) and 0.723 (95%CI: 0.494 to 0.951), respectively. The inclusion of sexual maturation increased explained variance for VO2peak (55% for PH2 vs. PH3 and 47% for PH3 vs. PH4). Body mass was identified as the most prominent body size descriptor in the PH2 vs. PH3 while fat-free mass was the most relevant predictor combined with PH3 vs. PH4. Conclusions Body mass and fat-free mass seemed to establish a non-linear relationship with VO2peak. Across puberty, inter-individual variability in VO2peak is explained by sexual maturation combined with whole body during early puberty and by sexual maturation and fat-free mass during late puberty. Additional studies need to confirm ontogenetic allometric models during years of maximal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O Werneck
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Universidade de Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, 3040-156, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur Pereira
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela C Costa
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRF/BD/136193/2018), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Martinho
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/121441/2016), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Batista
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Pantanal Campus, Corumbá, Brazil
| | - David Ohara
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Enio R V Ronque
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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25
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Ndabi J, Nevill AM, Sandercock GRH. Cross-cultural comparisons of aerobic and muscular fitness in Tanzanian and English youth: An allometric approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211414. [PMID: 30768600 PMCID: PMC6377088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of physical fitness measures between children or within group measures over time are potentially confounded by differences in body size. We compared measures of strength (handgrip) and aerobic fitness (running-speed [20m shuttle-run]) of 10.0–15.9 year-olds from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (n = 977) with schoolchildren from England (n = 1014) matched for age and sex. Differences in fitness were analyzed using general linear models, with allometric scaling for body size (mass and stature) and further adjustments for physical activity. Mean handgrip of Tanzanians was lower than English youth (F = 165.0, P<0.001, ηp2 = .079). The difference became trivial when run-speed was scaled for body size (ηp2 = .008). Running-speed of the English children was higher than in Tanzanians (F = 16.0, P<0.001, ηp2 = .014). Allometric scaling for accentuated this between-county difference in running-speed (ηp2 = .019) but when adjusted for physical activity between-country differences in running-speed were trivial (ηp2 = .008). These data contradict those studies showing poor muscular fitness in African youth and highlight the need for appropriate scaling techniques to avoid confounding by differences in body size. In contrast to those from rural areas, our sample of contemporary urban Tanzanians were less aerobically fit than European youth. Differences were independent of body size. Lower aerobic fitness of urban Tanzanian youth may be due to reported physical activity levels lower than those of English youth and lower still than previously reported in rural Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Ndabi
- Department of Physical education and Sports Sciences. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alan M. Nevill
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin R. H. Sandercock
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Agbaje AO, Haapala EA, Lintu N, Viitasalo A, Barker AR, Takken T, Tompuri T, Lindi V, Lakka TA. Peak oxygen uptake cut-points to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk - The PANIC Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:16-24. [PMID: 30230064 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop cut-points for directly measured peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 peak ) to identify boys and girls at increased cardiometabolic risk using different scaling methods to control for body size and composition. Altogether 352 children (186 boys, 166 girls) aged 9-11 years were included in the analyses. We measured V̇O2peak directly during a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and lean body mass (LM) by bioelectrical impedance. We computed a sex- and age-specific cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) by summing important cardiometabolic risk factors and defined increased cardiometabolic risk as >1 standard deviation above the mean of CRS. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to detect V̇O2peak cut-points for increased cardiometabolic risk. Boys with V̇O2peak <45.8 mL kg body mass (BM)-1 min-1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45.1 to 54.6, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86, P < 0.001) and <63.2 mL kg LM-1 min-1 (95% CI =52.4 to 67.5, AUC = 0.65, P = 0.006) had an increased CRS. Girls with V̇O2peak <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 (95% CI = 44.0 to 58.6, AUC = 0.67, P = 0.013) had an increased CRS. V̇O2peak scaled by BM-0.49 and LM-0.77 derived from log-linear allometric modeling poorly predicted increased cardiometabolic risk in boys and girls. In conclusion, directly measured V ˙ O 2 peak <45.8 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among boys and <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among girls were cut-points to identify those at increased cardiometabolic risk. Appropriately controlling for body size and composition reduced the ability of cardiorespiratory fitness to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Agbaje
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tim Takken
- Child Development and Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. Scaling isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength in division I Athletes: are we meeting the assumptions? Sports Biomech 2018; 19:532-546. [PMID: 30102119 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1498910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the validity of various scaling methods, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force using various scaling methods, and the relationships between IMTP peak force and countermovement jump height. Fifty-one collegiate baseball and soccer athletes performed two maximal IMTPs. Absolute peak force was compared between teams and when data were scaled using ratio (RS), traditional allometric (ALLOTrad), and fitted allometric (ALLOFit) scaling. ALLOTrad and ALLOFit validity was violated because different derived exponents existed for baseball (b = 0.20) and soccer (b = 1.20). Soccer athletes produced greater RS peak force compared to baseball (p = 0.012), while no difference existed with absolute, ALLOTrad or ALLOFit (all p > 0.05) peak force. Moderate relationships existed between body mass and absolute (r = 0.402, p = 0.003) and RS (r = -0.328, p = 0.019) peak force, while trivial relationships existed with ALLOTrad and ALLOFit (both r < -0.10, p > 0.05). Trivial relationships existed between countermovement jump height and absolute, RS, ALLOTrad, and ALLOFit (all r < 0.20, p > 0.05) peak force. The current dataset violated allometric scaling assumptions, making it inappropriate to use ALLOTrad and ALLOFit scaling. Practitioners must understand the assumptions, limitations, and purpose of scaling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University , Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University , Johnson City, TN, USA
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28
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Sandercock GRH, Cohen DD. Temporal trends in muscular fitness of English 10-year-olds 1998-2014: An allometric approach. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:201-205. [PMID: 30098974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify temporal trends in muscular fitness of English children using allometric scaling for height and weight to adjust for the influence of body size. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional study. METHODS We measured; height, weight, standing broad-jump, handgrip, sit-ups and bent-arm hang in 10-year-old boys and girls from Chelmsford, England in: 2014 (n=306), 2008 (n=304) and 1998 (n=310). Physical activity was (PAQ-C) was assessed in 2008 and 2014. Muscular fitness was allometrically scaled for height and weight. We assessed temporal trends using General Linear Models (fixed factors: wave and sex) and reported effect sizes using partial eta squared (ηP2). We compared percentage change per year 1998-2008 with 2008-2014. RESULTS Ten-year-olds in 2014 were taller and heavier than in 2008 and 1998 but there were no differences in BMI. Compared with 2008, physical activity was lower in boys (ηP2=0.012) and girls (ηP2=0.27) assessed in 2014. There were significant main effects of wave for handgrip (ηP2=0.060), sit-ups (ηP2=0.120) and bent-arm hang (ηP2=0.204). Pairwise comparisons showed muscular fitness of both sexes was significantly lower in 2014 than in 1998. From 2008 to 2014 percent change per year in handgrip (1.6%) and sit-ups (3.9%) were greater than for the preceding decade (handgrip 0.6%, sit-ups 2.6%). CONCLUSIONS Downward temporal trends in muscular fitness appear independent of secular changes in body size. We found a decrease in self-reported physical activity concurrent with the accelerated declines in fitness from 2008 to 2014. These findings suggest the declines in children are not engaging in physical activities which support development of muscular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- MASIRA Institute, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Colombia
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29
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van der Zwaard S, Weide G, Levels K, Eikelboom MRI, Noordhof DA, Hofmijster MJ, van der Laarse WJ, de Koning JJ, de Ruiter CJ, Jaspers RT. Muscle morphology of the vastus lateralis is strongly related to ergometer performance, sprint capacity and endurance capacity in Olympic rowers. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2111-2120. [PMID: 29473785 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1439434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rowers need to combine high sprint and endurance capacities. Muscle morphology largely explains muscle power generating capacity, however, little is known on how muscle morphology relates to rowing performance measures. The aim was to determine how muscle morphology of the vastus lateralis relates to rowing ergometer performance, sprint and endurance capacity of Olympic rowers. Eighteen rowers (12♂, 6♀, who competed at 2016 Olympics) performed an incremental rowing test to obtain maximal oxygen consumption, reflecting endurance capacity. Sprint capacity was assessed by Wingate cycling peak power. M. vastus lateralis morphology (volume, physiological cross-sectional area, fascicle length and pennation angle) was derived from 3-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Thirteen rowers (7♂, 6♀) completed a 2000-m rowing ergometer time trial. Muscle volume largely explained variance in 2000-m rowing performance (R2 = 0.85), maximal oxygen consumption (R2 = 0.65), and Wingate peak power (R2 = 0.82). When normalized for differences in body size, maximal oxygen consumption and Wingate peak power were negatively related in males (r = -0.94). Fascicle length, not physiological cross-sectional area, attributed to normalized peak power. In conclusion, vastus lateralis volume largely explains variance in rowing ergometer performance, sprint and endurance capacity. For a high normalized sprint capacity, athletes may benefit from long fascicles rather than a large physiological cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R I Eikelboom
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs J Hofmijster
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van der Laarse
- c Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research , VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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30
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Sex- and Age-Related Reference Values in Cardiology, with Annotations and Guidelines for Interpretation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1065:677-706. [PMID: 30051414 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The definition of "abnormal" in clinical sciences is often based on so-called reference values which point to a range that experts by some sort of consensus consider as normal when looking at biological variables. Such a level is commonly calculated by taking (twice) the standard deviation from the mean, or considering certain percentiles. The suspicion or even confirmation of a disease is then established by demonstrating that the value measured exceeds the upper or lower reference value. As is often the case, the measurement accuracy may depend on the conditions and specific method employed to collect and analyze data. This implies that, for example, data assessed by 2D echocardiography possibly differ from those obtained by MRI and therefore require modality-specific reference values. In this review we summarize reference values for the electrocardiogram, cardiac compartmental volumes, and arterial vessel size in males and females for various age groups. These values may further depend on other variables such as body size, physical training status, and ethnicity. Additional variables relevant for cardiology such as those referring to the microcirculation and biomarkers are only mentioned with reference to the pertinent literature. In general, the sex- and age-specific differences observed are often remarkable and warrant consideration in clinical practice and basic biomedical sciences.
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31
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Dallaire F, Sarkola T. Growth of Cardiovascular Structures from the Fetus to the Young Adult. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1065:347-360. [PMID: 30051395 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The size, hemodynamics, and function of cardiovascular structures change dramatically from the early fetal life to late adolescence. The principal determinants of cardiovascular dimensions are related to the blood flow needed to meet metabolic demands. This demand is in turn tightly related to body size and body composition, keeping in mind that various tissues may have different metabolic rates. There is no simple model that links cardiac dimensions with a single body size measurement. Consequently, despite abundant scientific literature, few studies have proposed pediatric reference values that efficiently and completely account for the effect of body size. Other factors influence cardiovascular size and function in children, including sex. The influence of sex is multifactorial and not fully understood, but differences in body size and body composition play an important role. We will first review the determinants of cardiovascular size and function in children. We then explore the evaluation and normalization of cardiovascular size and function in pediatric cardiology in relation to the growth of cardiovascular structures during childhood, with a particular focus on sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taisto Sarkola
- University of Helsinki, the Helsinki University Central Hospital/Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Ferreira I, Gbatu PT, Boreham CA. Gestational Age and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals Born At Term: A Life Course Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006467. [PMID: 28954725 PMCID: PMC5721855 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In contrast to the effects of preterm birth, the extent to which shorter gestational age affects the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of individuals who were born at term (ie, between 37 and 42 weeks) is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether life‐course CRF levels varied across different gestational ages within the at‐term range. Methods and Results The association between gestational age (in weeks) obtained from Child Health Services records and CRF, estimated from field and laboratory tests and expressed by maximal oxygen uptake level through adolescence to young adulthood, was examined in 791 participants in the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study, all singletons born at term. Longitudinal data were analyzed with generalized estimating equations, accounting for important potential confounders. Mean levels of CRF were 45.6, 43.7, and 33.0 mL/kg per minute when participants were aged 12, 15, and 22 years, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, each week increase in gestational age was associated with 0.46 mL/kg per minute (95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.79) in CRF. Compared with individuals born full term (39–40 weeks, n=533) or late term (41–42 weeks, n=148), those who were born early term (37–38 weeks, n=110) had a higher incidence of poor CRF (risk ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.16). The changes in CRF through adolescence to young adulthood were similar across groups, with those born early term consistently displaying the lowest CRF. Conclusions These findings suggest that early‐term births within the at‐term range are linked to poorer CRF through adolescence to young adulthood, and may have important clinical and public health implications for policies about (avoidable) early‐term deliveries given their recent increasing trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferreira
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pei T Gbatu
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colin A Boreham
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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33
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Packard GC. Misconceptions about logarithmic transformation and the traditional allometric method. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:115-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Barbosa ACB, Sperandio EF, Gonze BDB, Spina GD, Arantes RL, Gagliardi ARDT, Romiti M, Dourado VZ. A new equation to predict peak VO 2 in obese patients during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:462-467. [PMID: 28707733 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop an equation to predict peak VO2 in obese subjects undergoing CPET. In addition, we evaluated and compared three published equations. We randomized 346 obese subjects undergoing CPET into a group for developing the equation (n = 272) and a group for cross-validation (n = 74), compared through the Bland and Altman method. Height, sex and age were responsible for 85·5% of total variability of the peak VO2. Additional 1% and 0·7% of the variability were, respectively, explained by physical inactivity and diabetes. The equation devised was as follows: peakVO2mlmin-1=-677·8+(2135·9×heightm)+(706·8×sexmales=1;females=0)-(15·5×ageyears)-(161·1×physicalinactivityyes=1;no=0)-(176·3×diabetesyes=1;no=0). The mean difference between the estimated and measured peak VO2 was 7 ml min-1 , with a 23·9% bias. Published equations overestimated the peak VO2 by 35·3%, 49·1% and 46·2% bias. The equation developed in this study performed better in predicting peak VO2 in obese adults improving ramp protocol design and CRF evaluations in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Carlos Brisola Barbosa
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement (EPIMOV), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Evandro Fornias Sperandio
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement (EPIMOV), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara de Barros Gonze
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement (EPIMOV), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Domingues Spina
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement (EPIMOV), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcello Romiti
- Angiocorpore Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Zuniga Dourado
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement (EPIMOV), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
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35
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Majonga ED, Rehman AM, McHugh G, Mujuru HA, Nathoo K, Patel MS, Munyati S, Odland JO, Kranzer K, Kaski JP, Ferrand RA. Echocardiographic reference ranges in older children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Cardiol 2017; 248:409-413. [PMID: 28711335 PMCID: PMC5627581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic reference ranges are important to identify abnormalities of cardiac dimensions. Reference ranges for children in sub-Saharan Africa have not been established. The aim of this study was to establish echocardiographic z-score references for Black children in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods 282 healthy subjects aged 6–16 years (143 [51%] males) with no known history of cardiac disease were enrolled in the study in Harare, Zimbabwe between 2014 and 2016. Standard M-mode echocardiography was performed and nine cardiac chamber dimensions were obtained. Two non-linear statistical models (gamma weighted model and cubic polynomial model) were tested on the data and the best fitting model was used to calculate z-scores of these cardiac chamber measures. The reference ranges are presented on scatter plots against BSA. Results Normative data for the following cardiac measures were obtained and z-scores calculated: right ventricular diameter at end diastole (RVEDD); left ventricular diameter at end diastole (LVEDD) and systole (LVESD); interventricular septal wall thickness at end diastole (IVSd) and systole (IVSs); left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole (LVPWd) and systole (LVPWs); left atrium diameter at end systole (LA) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Girls had higher values for BMI and heart rate than boys (p = 0.048 and p = 0.001, respectively). Mean interventricular septal and left ventricular posterior walls thickness was higher than published normal values in predominantly Caucasian populations. Conclusion These are the first echocardiographic reference ranges for children from sub Saharan Africa and will allow accurate assessment of cardiac dimensions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith D Majonga
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Andrea M Rehman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace McHugh
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jon O Odland
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P Kaski
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Cunha GS, Cumming SP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Duarte JP, Silva G, Dourado AC, Leites GT, Gaya AC, Reischak-Oliveira Á, Coelho-e-Silva M. Interrelationships among Jumping Power, Sprinting Power and Pubertal Status after Controlling for Size in Young Male Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:329-350. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516686720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12–18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusofona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P. Duarte
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Farley ORL, Abbiss CR, Sheppard JM. Testing Protocols for Profiling of Surfers' Anaerobic and Aerobic Fitness: A Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Foppa M, Arora G, Gona P, Ashrafi A, Salton CJ, Yeon SB, Blease SJ, Levy D, O'Donnell CJ, Manning WJ, Chuang ML. Right Ventricular Volumes and Systolic Function by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and the Impact of Sex, Age, and Obesity in a Longitudinally Followed Cohort Free of Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:e003810. [PMID: 26962126 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.115.003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac magnetic resonance is uniquely well suited for noninvasive imaging of the right ventricle. We sought to define normal cardiac magnetic resonance reference values and to identify the main determinants of right ventricular (RV) volumes and systolic function using a modern imaging sequence in a community-dwelling, longitudinally followed cohort free of clinical cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort has been followed since 1971. We scanned 1794 Offspring cohort members using steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance and identified a reference group of 1336 adults (64±9 years, 576 men) free of prevalent cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. RV trabeculations and papillary muscles were considered cavity volume. Men had greater RV volumes and cardiac output before and after indexation to body size (all P<0.001). Women had higher RV ejection fraction than men (68±6% versus 64±7%; P<0.0001). RV volumes and cardiac output decreased with advancing age. There was an increase in raw and height-indexed RV measurements with increasing body mass index, but this trend was weakly inverted after indexation of RV volumes to body surface area. Sex, age, height, body mass index, and heart rate account for most of the variability in RV volumes and function in this community-dwelling population. CONCLUSIONS We report sex-specific normative values for RV measurements among principally middle-aged and older adults. RV ejection fraction is greater in women. RV volumes increase with body size, are greater in men, and are smaller in older people. Body surface area seems to be appropriate for indexation of cardiac magnetic resonance-derived RV volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Foppa
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (M.F., A.A., C.J.S., W.J.M., M.L.C.) and Department of Radiology (W.J.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (M.F.); Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (G.A., D.L.); The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (P.G., S.J.B., D.L., C.J.O., M.L.C.); College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (P.G.); UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer Health, Waltham, MA (S.B.Y.); Cardiology Section, Boston Veteran's Administration Healthcare, MA (C.J.O.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.O., W.J.M.)
| | - Garima Arora
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (M.F., A.A., C.J.S., W.J.M., M.L.C.) and Department of Radiology (W.J.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (M.F.); Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (G.A., D.L.); The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (P.G., S.J.B., D.L., C.J.O., M.L.C.); College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston (P.G.); UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer Health, Waltham, MA (S.B.Y.); Cardiology Section, Boston Veteran's Administration Healthcare, MA (C.J.O.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.O., W.J.M.)
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Loftin M, Sothern M, Abe T, Bonis M. Expression of VO2peak in Children and Youth, with Special Reference to Allometric Scaling. Sports Med 2016; 46:1451-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Blais S, Berbari J, Counil FP, Dallaire F. A Systematic Review of Reference Values in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1553-64. [PMID: 26036349 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions in children and adolescents. Several authors have published reference values for pediatric CPET, but evaluation of their validity is lacking. The aim of this study was to review pediatric CPET references values published between 1980 and 2014. We specifically assessed the adequacy of the normalization methods used to adjust for body size. Articles that proposed references values were reviewed. We abstracted information on exercise protocols, CPET measurements and normalization methods. We then evaluated the studies' methodological quality and assessed them for potential biases. Thirty-four studies were included. We found important heterogeneity in the choice of exercise protocols and in the approach to adjustment for body size or other relevant confounding factors. Adjustment for body size was principally done using linear regression for age or weight. Assessment of potential biases (residual association, heteroscedasticity and departure from the normal distribution) was mentioned in only a minority of studies. Our study shows that contemporary pediatric reference values for CPET have been developed based on heterogeneous exercise protocols and variable normalization strategies. Furthermore, assessment of potential bias has been inconsistent and insufficiently described. High-quality reference values with adequate adjustment for confounding variables are needed in order to optimize CPET's specificity and sensitivity to detect abnormal cardiopulmonary response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Blais
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jade Berbari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Francois-Pierre Counil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Frederic Dallaire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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42
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Dos Santos FK, Nevill A, Gomes TNQF, Chaves R, Daca T, Madeira A, Katzmarzyk PT, Prista A, Maia JAR. Differences in motor performance between children and adolescents in Mozambique and Portugal: impact of allometric scaling. Ann Hum Biol 2015. [PMID: 26207594 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1024738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from developed and developing countries have different anthropometric characteristics which may affect their motor performance (MP). AIM To use the allometric approach to model the relationship between body size and MP in youth from two countries differing in socio-economic status-Portugal and Mozambique. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 2946 subjects, 1280 Mozambicans (688 girls) and 1666 Portuguese (826 girls), aged 10-15 years were sampled. Height and weight were measured and the reciprocal ponderal index (RPI) was computed. MP included handgrip strength, 1-mile run/walk, curl-ups and standing long jump tests. A multiplicative allometric model was adopted to adjust for body size differences across countries. RESULTS Differences in MP between Mozambican and Portuguese children exist, invariably favouring the latter. The allometric models used to adjust MP for differences in body size identified the optimal body shape to be either the RPI or even more linear, i.e. approximately (height/mass(0.25)). Having adjusted the MP variables for differences in body size, the differences between Mozambican and Portuguese children were invariably reduced and, in the case of grip strength, reversed. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the notion that significant differences exist in MP across countries, even after adjusting for differences in body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karina Dos Santos
- a CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .,b CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil , Brasília - DF , Brazil
| | - Allan Nevill
- c School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton , Walsall , UK
| | | | - Raquel Chaves
- d Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UFTFPR), Campus Curitiba , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Timóteo Daca
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - Aspacia Madeira
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- f Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - António Prista
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - José A R Maia
- a CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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43
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McMurray RG, Butte NF, Crouter SE, Trost SG, Pfeiffer KA, Bassett DR, Puyau MR, Berrigan D, Watson KB, Fulton JE. Exploring Metrics to Express Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity in Youth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130869. [PMID: 26102204 PMCID: PMC4477976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several approaches have been used to express energy expenditure in youth, but no consensus exists as to which best normalizes data for the wide range of ages and body sizes across a range of physical activities. This study examined several common metrics for expressing energy expenditure to determine whether one metric can be used for all healthy children. Such a metric could improve our ability to further advance the Compendium of Physical Activities for Youth. Methods A secondary analysis of oxygen uptake (VO2) data obtained from five sites was completed, that included 947 children ages 5 to 18 years, who engaged in 14 different activities. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was computed based on Schofield Equations [Hum Nutr Clin Nut. 39(Suppl 1), 1985]. Absolute oxygen uptake (ml.min-1), oxygen uptake per kilogram body mass (VO2 in ml.kg-1.min-1), net oxygen uptake (VO2 – resting metabolic rate), allometric scaled oxygen uptake (VO2 in ml.kg-0.75.min-1) and YOUTH-MET (VO2.[resting VO2] -1) were calculated. These metrics were regressed with age, sex, height, and body mass. Results Net and allometric-scaled VO2, and YOUTH-MET were least associated with age, sex and physical characteristics. For moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities, allometric scaling was least related to age and sex. For sedentary and low-intensity activities, YOUTH-MET was least related to age and sex. Conclusions No energy expenditure metric completely eliminated the influence of age, physical characteristics, and sex. The Adult MET consistently overestimated EE. YOUTH-MET was better for expressing energy expenditure for sedentary and light activities, whereas allometric scaling was better for moderate and vigorous intensity activities. From a practical perspective, The YOUTH-MET may be the more feasible metric for improving of the Compendium of Physical Activities for Youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. McMurray
- Exercise and Sport Science and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nancy F. Butte
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Stewart G. Trost
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karin A. Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - David R. Bassett
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Maurice R. Puyau
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David Berrigan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Cancer Institute/National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kathleen B. Watson
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Janet E. Fulton
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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44
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Scaling considerations in the cardiovascular pathophysiology of obese patients. Int J Cardiol 2015; 191:312-3. [PMID: 26002139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Dallaire F, Bigras JL, Prsa M, Dahdah N. Bias related to body mass index in pediatric echocardiographic Z scores. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:667-76. [PMID: 25388631 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-1063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In pediatric echocardiography, cardiac dimensions are often normalized for weight, height, or body surface area (BSA). The combined influence of height and weight on cardiac size is complex and likely varies with age. We hypothesized that increasing weight for height, as represented by body mass index (BMI) adjusted for age, is poorly accounted for in Z scores normalized for weight, height, or BSA. We aimed to evaluate whether a bias related to BMI was introduced when proximal aorta diameter Z scores are derived from bivariate models (only one normalizing variable), and whether such a bias was reduced when multivariable models are used. We analyzed 1,422 echocardiograms read as normal in children ≤18 years. We computed Z scores of the proximal aorta using allometric, polynomial, and multivariable models with four body size variables. We then assessed the level of residual association of Z scores and BMI adjusted for age and sex. In children ≥6 years, we found a significant residual linear association with BMI-for-age and Z scores for most regression models. Only a multivariable model including weight and height as independent predictors produced a Z score free of linear association with BMI. We concluded that a bias related to BMI was present in Z scores of proximal aorta diameter when normalization was done using bivariate models, regardless of the regression model or the normalizing variable. The use of multivariable models with weight and height as independent predictors should be explored to reduce this potential pitfall when pediatric echocardiography reference values are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dallaire
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada,
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46
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Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Tavares ÓM, Brito J, Seabra A, Rebelo A, Sherar LB, Elferink-Gemser MT, Malina RM. Allometric modelling of peak oxygen uptake in male soccer players of 8–18 years of age. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 42:125-33. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.932007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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47
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Aerobic Fitness, Maturation, and Training Experience in Youth Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:428-34. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.4.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Relationships among chronological age (CA), maturation, training experience, and body dimensions with peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) were considered in male basketball players 14–16 y of age. Data for all players included maturity status estimated as percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of the study (Khamis-Roche protocol), years of training, body dimensions, and VO2max (incremental maximal test on a treadmill). Proportional allometric models derived from stepwise regressions were used to incorporate either CA or maturity status and to incorporate years of formal training in basketball. Estimates for size exponents (95% CI) from the separate allometric models for VO2max were height 2.16 (1.23–3.09), body mass 0.65 (0.37–0.93), and fat-free mass 0.73 (0.46–1.02). Body dimensions explained 39% to 44% of variance. The independent variables in the proportional allometric models explained 47% to 60% of variance in VO2max. Estimated maturity status (11–16% of explained variance) and training experience (7–11% of explained variance) were significant predictors with either body mass or estimated fat-free mass (P ≤ .01) but not with height. Biological maturity status and training experience in basketball had a significant contribution to VO2max via body mass and fat-free fat mass and also had an independent positive relation with aerobic performance. The results highlight the importance of considering variation associated with biological maturation in aerobic performance of late-adolescent boys.
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Meier J, Roberts C, Avent K, Hazlett A, Berrie J, Payne K, Hamm D, Desmarais C, Sanders C, Hogan KT, Archer KJ, Manjili MH, Toor AA. Fractal organization of the human T cell repertoire in health and after stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:366-77. [PMID: 23313705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell repertoire diversity is generated in part by recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments in the T cell receptor β (TCR) locus. T cell clonal frequency distribution determined by high-throughput sequencing of TCR β in 10 stem cell transplantation (SCT) donors revealed a fractal, self-similar frequency distribution of unique TCR bearing clones with respect to V, D, and J segment usage in the T cell repertoire of these individuals. Further, ranking of T cell clones by frequency of gene segment usage in the observed sequences revealed an ordered distribution of dominant clones conforming to a power law, with a fractal dimension of 1.6 and 1.8 in TCR β DJ and VDJ containing clones in healthy stem cell donors. This self-similar distribution was perturbed in the recipients after SCT, with patients demonstrating a lower level of complexity in their TCR repertoire at day 100 followed by a modest improvement by 1 year post-SCT. A large shift was observed in the frequency distribution of the dominant T cell clones compared to the donor, with fewer than one third of the VDJ-containing clones shared in the top 4 ranks. In conclusion, the normal T cell repertoire is highly ordered with a TCR gene segment usage that results in a fractal self-similar motif of pattern repetition across levels of organization. Fractal analysis of high-throughput TCR β sequencing data provides a comprehensive measure of immune reconstitution after SCT.
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MESH Headings
- Antilymphocyte Serum/pharmacology
- Antilymphocyte Serum/therapeutic use
- Clone Cells
- Fractals
- Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Myeloablative Agonists/pharmacology
- Myeloablative Agonists/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation Conditioning
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Meier
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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A Review and Critique of the Statistical Methods Used to Generate Reference Values in Pediatric Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bhatla P, Nielsen JC, Ko HH, Doucette J, Lytrivi ID, Srivastava S. Normal Values of Left Atrial Volume in Pediatric Age Group Using a Validated Allometric Model. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:791-6. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.112.974428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Left atrial volume (LAV) increase is an indicator of diastolic dysfunction and a surrogate marker of significant left to right shunts. Normalization of LAV is currently performed by indexing to body surface area
1
(BSA
1
). The indexed LAV thus derived does not account for the nonlinear relationship of physiologic variables to BSA and has not been tested for independence to body size. Our objective was to identify a valid allometric model for indexing LAV and use it to develop Z-scores in children.
Methods and Results—
LAV was measured in 300 normal subjects by echocardiography using the biplane area length method. LAV/BSA
1
had a residual relationship to BSA (r=0.52,
P
<0.0001). The allometric exponent (AE) derived for the entire cohort (1.27) using the least squares regression analysis also failed to eliminate the residual relationship to BSA (r=−0.15,
P
=0.01). Dividing the cohort in two groups with a BSA cut-off of 1 m
2
provided the best-fit allometric model. The AE for each group was 1.48 and 1.08 for BSA≤1 m
2
and >1 m
2
, respectively, and was validated against an independent sample. The mean indexed LAV±SD for BSA≤1 m
2
and >1 m
2
is 31.5±5.5 mL and 26.0±4.2 mL, respectively, and was used to derive Z-scores.
Conclusions—
This study demonstrates the fallacy of using “per-BSA
1
standards” for normalization of LAV in pediatrics. LAV/BSA
1.48
for children with BSA≤1 m
2
and LAV/BSA
1.08
for those with BSA>1 m
2
is accurate and can be used to derive Z-scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen H. Ko
- From the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | |
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