1
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Rejman S, Meirer F, Gurinov A, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Unravelling potential reaction intermediates during catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene with microscopy and spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2024; 14:894-902. [PMID: 38379714 PMCID: PMC10876043 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy01473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
While plastics-to-plastics recycling via melting and re-extrusion is often the preferred option due to a relatively low CO2 footprint, this technique requires a highly sorted waste stream and plastic properties can often not be maintained. Obtaining aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX), via catalytic pyrolysis of polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, offers another attractive recycling technology. In this process, a discarded crude oil refinery catalyst (ECAT) was previously shown to lower the unwanted formation of deactivating coke species compared to a fresh crude oil refinery catalyst (FCC-cat), while yielding 20 wt% aromatics from polypropylene. In this work, we study the underlying reaction mechanism for this chemical recycling process over the fresh and used refinery catalyst as well as a model system, not containing any zeolite material, using a combination of microscopy and spectroscopy. More specifically, by using in situ fluorescence microscopy, in situ infrared spectroscopy, in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy as well as ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, we observe highly fluorescent methylated aromatic intermediates that differ for the three catalyst materials under study both in their fluorescence, IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopy features. This detailed micro-spectroscopic comparison informs which potential reaction intermediates lead to increased coke formation. Our results suggests that a next generation of catalyst materials for this process would profit from a higher accessibility and a milder acidity compared to an FCC-cat and shows the great potential of using ECAT to reduce coking and obtain a BTX stream, which could be become the chemical building blocks for the manufacturing of e.g., plastics and coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Michael J F Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Rejman
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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2
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Bian J, Wang B, Niu X, Zhao H, Ling H, Ju F. Migration and emission characteristics of metal pollutants in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132778. [PMID: 37844495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the core unit for heavy oil conversion in refineries. In the FCC process, the metal contaminants from the feedstock are deposited on the catalysts, causing catalyst deactivation and metal particulate matter (PM) emission. However, the migration and emission characteristics of metal pollutants in FCC units are still unclear. Here, the stack tests of three FCC units were carried out to monitor metal PM emissions, and the metal contents of the feedstock oil and spent catalyst were detected. For the metal migration from the feedstock to the catalysts, Ni, Fe, and V have high concentrations and migration rates while other metals perform much lower. The metal distribution on the spent catalysts profoundly determines the metal mobility to the flue gas and the regeneration process affects the catalyst attrition, leading to metal PM emissions discrepancy. The migration rate and emission concentration of V in the deeper layers of the catalysts are much lower than those of Ni at the particle's exterior. Finally, the stack data was used to calculate the emission factors and ratio factors of the metal PM. This work is expected to advance metal migration cognition and metal pollutants emissions estimation in FCC units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ximing Niu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Shanghai 200333, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Gao M, Zhang G, Zhao L, Gao J, Xu C. Research Progress of Basic Catalyst Used in Catalytic Cracking for Olefin Production and Heavy Oil Utilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, P. R. China,
| | - Guohao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, P. R. China,
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, P. R. China,
| | - Jinsen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, P. R. China,
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, P. R. China,
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4
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Das S, Pashminehazar R, Sharma S, Weber S, Sheppard TL. New Dimensions in Catalysis Research with Hard X‐Ray Tomography. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srashtasrita Das
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Reihaneh Pashminehazar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sebastian Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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5
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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Research Institute of Petrochem Processing, SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low Carbon Energy Conversion Center Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- Shanghai Low Carbon Technology Innovation Platform Shanghai 210620 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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6
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Liu Q, Peng B, Zhou Q, Zheng A, Gao X, Qi Y, Yuan S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Song H, Da Z. Role of iron contaminants in the pathway of ultra-stable Y zeolite degradation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00672c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron promotes the chemical equilibrium of the dealumination process by inducing the mobility and agglomeration of extra-framework aluminum, and further facilitates the formation of sillimanite at a lower temperature of 1000 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Aiguo Zheng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuzhi Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuxia Zhu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Haitao Song
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhijian Da
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
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7
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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling Towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112835. [PMID: 34919305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Green carbon science is defined as "Study and optimization of the transformation of carbon containing compounds and the relevant processes involved in the entire carbon cycle from carbon resource processing, carbon energy utilization, and carbon recycling to use carbon resources efficiently and minimize the net CO2 emission." [1] Green carbon science is related closely to carbon neutrality, and the relevant fields have developed quickly in the last decade. In this Minireview, we proposed the concept of carbon energy index, and the recent progresses in petroleum refining, production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and materials using coal, methane, CO2, biomass, and waste plastics are highlighted in combination with green carbon science, and an outlook for these important fields is provided in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- East China Normal University, Department of Chemistry, 200062, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Buxing Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beiyijie number 2, Zhongguancun, 100190, Beijing, CHINA
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8
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Kostyniuk A, Bajec D, Prašnikar A, Likozar B. Catalytic hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and isomerization reactions of model biomass tar over (W/Ni)-zeolites. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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10
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16101-16108. [PMID: 33974734 PMCID: PMC8362022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) makes up a large share of our plastic waste. We investigated the conversion of PP over the industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking catalyst (FCC-cat) used to produce gasoline from crude oil fractions. We studied transport limitations arising from the larger size of polymers compared to the crude oil-based feedstock by testing the components of this catalyst separately. Infrared spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the role of the FCC matrix in aromatization, and the zeolite Y domains in coking. An equilibrium catalyst (ECAT), discarded during FCC operation as waste, produced the same aromatics content as a fresh FCC-cat, while coking decreased significantly, likely due to the reduced accessibility and activity of the zeolite domains and an enhanced cracking activity of the matrix due to metal deposits present in ECAT. This mechanistic understanding provides handles for further improving the catalyst composition towards higher aromatics selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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11
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Taheri P, Lang JC, Kenvin J, Kroll P. Differential hysteresis scanning of non-templated monomodal amorphous aerogels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5422-5430. [PMID: 33646208 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We perform Differential Hysteresis Scanning (DHS) Porosimetry of amorphous silicon oxycarbide aerogels to quantify hierarchical connectivity in these porous materials. We contrast high-resolution argon sorption scanning isotherms of samples obtained through a non-templated synthesis using different solvents, and characterize respective changes after calcination at 1000 °C. The multi-scan DHS data sets are analyzed through non-negative least-squares deconvolution using a kernel of theoretically derived isotherms for a selection of hierarchical geometries using non-local density functional theory (NL-DFT). We obtain two-dimensional contour plots that characterize mesopores according to the ratio between pore diameter and its connecting window. Combined information from DHS and complementary BET and BJH approaches reveals one system with monomodal distribution both in pore diameters and in window diameters. Hence, this amorphous material exhibits a uniformity usually only observed for crystalline systems. We demonstrate that DHS analysis provides quantitative data analyzing the hierarchical structure of mesoporous materials and unlocks pathways towards tailored materials with control of surface heterogeneity, localization, and sequential accessibility - even for amorphous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poroshat Taheri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - John C Lang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Kenvin
- Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, 4356 Communications Drive, Norcross, Georgia 30093, USA
| | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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12
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Stoica M, Sarac B, Spieckermann F, Wright J, Gammer C, Han J, Gostin PF, Eckert J, Löffler JF. X-ray Diffraction Computed Nanotomography Applied to Solve the Structure of Hierarchically Phase-Separated Metallic Glass. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2386-2398. [PMID: 33512138 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structure of matter at the nanoscale, in particular that of amorphous metallic alloys, is of vital importance for functionalization. With the availability of synchrotron radiation, it is now possible to visualize the internal features of metallic samples without physically destroying them. Methods based on computed tomography have recently been employed to explore the local features. Tomographic reconstruction, while it is relatively uncomplicated for crystalline materials, may generate undesired artifacts when applied to featureless amorphous or nanostructured metallic alloys. In this study we show that X-ray diffraction computed nanotomography can provide accurate details of the internal structure of a metallic glass. We demonstrate the power of the method by applying it to a hierarchically phase-separated amorphous sample with a small volume fraction of crystalline inclusions, focusing the X-ray beam to 500 nm and ensuring a sub-micrometer 2D resolution via the number of scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Stoica
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baran Sarac
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Florian Spieckermann
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jonathan Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Gammer
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Junhee Han
- Korea Institute for Rare Metals (KIRAM), Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Yeonsu-Gu, 21999 Incheon, South Korea
| | - Petre F Gostin
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Yang K, Zhang D, Zou M, Yu L, Huang S. The Known and Overlooked Sides of Zeolite‐Extrudate Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Yang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zou
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Lili Yu
- Division of catalysis Zhejiang New Harmony Union (NHU) Co. Ltd Xinchang, Zhejiang 312500 P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Huang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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14
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Vamvakeros A, Coelho AA, Matras D, Dong H, Odarchenko Y, Price SWT, Butler KT, Gutowski O, Dippel AC, Zimmermann M, Martens I, Drnec J, Beale AM, Jacques SDM. DLSR: a solution to the parallax artefact in X-ray diffraction computed tomography data. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A new tomographic reconstruction algorithm is presented, termed direct least-squares reconstruction (DLSR), which solves the well known parallax problem in X-ray-scattering-based experiments. The parallax artefact arises from relatively large samples where X-rays, scattered from a scattering angle 2θ, arrive at multiple detector elements. This phenomenon leads to loss of physico-chemical information associated with diffraction peak shape and position (i.e. altering the calculated crystallite size and lattice parameter values, respectively) and is currently the major barrier to investigating samples and devices at the centimetre level (scale-up problem). The accuracy of the DLSR algorithm has been tested against simulated and experimental X-ray diffraction computed tomography data using the TOPAS software.
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15
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Velthoen MEZ, Lucini Paioni A, Teune IE, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Matrix Effects in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Particle: Influence on Structure, Acidity, and Accessibility. Chemistry 2020; 26:11995-12009. [PMID: 32125038 PMCID: PMC7539955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst have been studied in terms of structure, accessibility, and acidity. An extensive characterization study into the structural and acidic properties of a FCC catalyst, its individual components (i.e., zeolite H‐Y, binder (boehmite/silica) and kaolin clay), and two model FCC catalyst samples containing only two components (i.e., zeolite‐binder and binder‐clay) was performed at relevant conditions. This allowed the drawing of conclusions about the role of each individual component, describing their mutual physicochemical interactions, establishing structure‐acidity relationships, and determining matrix effects in FCC catalyst materials. This has been made possible by using a wide variety of characterization techniques, including temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, infrared spectroscopy in combination with CO as probe molecule, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Ar physisorption, and advanced nuclear magnetic resonance. By doing so it was, for example, revealed that a freshly prepared spray‐dried FCC catalyst appears as a physical mixture of its individual components, but under typical riser reactor conditions, the interaction between zeolite H‐Y and binder material is significant and mobile aluminum migrates and inserts from the binder into the defects of the zeolite framework, thereby creating additional Brønsted acid sites and restoring the framework structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E Z Velthoen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E Teune
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Verkleij SP, Whiting GT, Parres Esclapez S, Li S, Mertens MM, Janssen M, Bons A, Burgers M, Weckhuysen BM. High‐Pressure Operando UV‐Vis Micro‐Spectroscopy of Coke Formation in Zeolite‐based Catalyst Extrudates during the Transalkylation of Aromatics. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna P. Verkleij
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Parres Esclapez
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Shiwen Li
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Machteld M. Mertens
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Marcel Janssen
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Anton‐Jan Bons
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Martijn Burgers
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre Hermeslaan 2 B 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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17
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single‐Particle X‐ray Fluorescence‐Diffraction‐Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27 76700 Harfleur France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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18
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single-Particle X-ray Fluorescence-Diffraction-Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3922-3927. [PMID: 31889397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation-hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single-particle X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF-μXRD-μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni-lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni-rich one, exposed to non-hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co-localization with Fe, with the γ-Al2 O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel-type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni-rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville, Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Bai P, Etim UJ, Yan Z, Mintova S, Zhang Z, Zhong Z, Gao X. Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and recent discoveries on catalyst contamination. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2018.1549011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Ubong Jerome Etim
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Zifeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectrochemistry, ENSICAEN, Normandy University, CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, PetroChina Petrochemical Institute, CNPC, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- College of Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, China
| | - Xionghou Gao
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, PetroChina Petrochemical Institute, CNPC, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Characterization of iron contamination on equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Hoffman AS, Azzam S, Zhang K, Xu Y, Liu Y, Bare SR, Simonetti DA. Direct observation of the kinetics of gas–solid reactions using in situ kinetic and spectroscopic techniques. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In situ spectroscopic techniques provide kinetic and chemical structure data for elucidation of reaction mechanisms and pathways during reactive separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - Sara Azzam
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department
- University of California-Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - Simon R. Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - Dante A. Simonetti
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department
- University of California-Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
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22
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Sanchez DF, Simionovici AS, Lemelle L, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Pascarelli S, Bonnin A, Shapiro R, Konhauser K, Grolimund D, Bleuet P. 2D/3D Microanalysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16453. [PMID: 29184091 PMCID: PMC5705590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopic techniques have proven to be particularly useful in elucidating the molecular and electronic structural information of chemically heterogeneous and complex micro- and nano-structured materials. However, spatially resolved chemical characterization at the micrometre scale remains a challenge. Here, we report the novel hyperspectral technique of micro Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (μED-XAS) tomography which can resolve in both 2D and 3D the spatial distribution of chemical species through the reconstruction of XANES spectra. To document the capability of the technique in resolving chemical species, we first analyse a sample containing 2-30 μm grains of various ferrous- and ferric-iron containing minerals, including hypersthene, magnetite and hematite, distributed in a light matrix of a resin. We accurately obtain the XANES spectra at the Fe K-edge of these four standards, with spatial resolution of 3 μm. Subsequently, a sample of ~1.9 billion-year-old microfossil from the Gunflint Formation in Canada is investigated, and for the first time ever, we are able to locally identify the oxidation state of iron compounds encrusting the 5 to 10 μm microfossils. Our results highlight the potential for attaining new insights into Precambrian ecosystems and the composition of Earth's earliest life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre S Simionovici
- ISTerre, UGA, CNRS, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lemelle
- LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5276, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vera Cuartero
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Russell Shapiro
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Department, CSU Chico, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Bleuet
- University Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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23
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A three-dimensional view of structural changes caused by deactivation of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:809. [PMID: 28993649 PMCID: PMC5634498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its commercial introduction three-quarters of a century ago, fluid catalytic cracking has been one of the most important conversion processes in the petroleum industry. In this process, porous composites composed of zeolite and clay crack the heavy fractions in crude oil into transportation fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Yet, over time the catalytic activity of these composite particles decreases. Here, we report on ptychographic tomography, diffraction, and fluorescence tomography, as well as electron microscopy measurements, which elucidate the structural changes that lead to catalyst deactivation. In combination, these measurements reveal zeolite amorphization and distinct structural changes on the particle exterior as the driving forces behind catalyst deactivation. Amorphization of zeolites, in particular, close to the particle exterior, results in a reduction of catalytic capacity. A concretion of the outermost particle layer into a dense amorphous silica-alumina shell further reduces the mass transport to the active sites within the composite.Catalyst deactivation in fluid catalytic cracking processes is unavoidably associated with structural changes. Here, the authors visualize the deactivation of zeolite catalysts by ptychography and other imaging techniques, showing pronounced amorphization of the outer layer of the catalyst particles.
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24
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Ihli J, Ferreira Sanchez D, Jacob RR, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Krumeich F, Borca C, Huthwelker T, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Pascarelli S, Grolimund D, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Localization and Speciation of Iron Impurities within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14031-14035. [PMID: 28981203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking is a chemical conversion process of industrial scale. This process, utilizing porous catalysts composed of clay and zeolite, converts heavy crude-oil fractions into transportation fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Among other factors iron-rich reactor and feedstream impurities cause these catalyst particles to permanently deactivate. Herein, we report tomographic X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements that reveal the presence of dissimilar iron impurities of specific localization within a single deactivated particle. Whereas the iron natural to clay in the composite seems to be unaffected by operation, exterior-facing and feedstream-introduced iron was found in two forms. Those being minute quantities of ferrous oxide, located near regions of increased porosity, and impurities rich in Fe3+ , preferentially located in the outer dense part of the particle and suggested to contribute to the formation of an isolating amorphous silica alumina envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Rosh R Jacob
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vera Cuartero
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camelia Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA
| | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Ihli J, Ferreira Sanchez D, Jacob RR, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Krumeich F, Borca C, Huthwelker T, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Pascarelli S, Grolimund D, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Localization and Speciation of Iron Impurities within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | - Rosh R. Jacob
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Vera Cuartero
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- ETH Zürich; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Camelia Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies; Columbia MD 21044 USA
| | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies; Columbia MD 21044 USA
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | | | | | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- ETH Zürich; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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26
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27
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Chen T, Dong B, Chen K, Zhao F, Cheng X, Ma C, Lee S, Zhang P, Kang SH, Ha JW, Xu W, Fang N. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Surface Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7510-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Changbei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Dahak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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28
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Price SWT, Martin DJ, Parsons AD, Sławiński WA, Vamvakeros A, Keylock SJ, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. Chemical imaging of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts under operating conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602838. [PMID: 28345057 PMCID: PMC5357128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although we often understand empirically what constitutes an active catalyst, there is still much to be understood fundamentally about how catalytic performance is influenced by formulation. Catalysts are often designed to have a microstructure and nanostructure that can influence performance but that is rarely considered when correlating structure with function. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a well-known and potentially sustainable technology for converting synthetic natural gas ("syngas": CO + H2) into functional hydrocarbons, such as sulfur- and aromatic-free fuel and high-value wax products. FTS catalysts typically contain Co or Fe nanoparticles, which are often optimized in terms of size/composition for a particular catalytic performance. We use a novel, "multimodal" tomographic approach to studying active Co-based catalysts under operando conditions, revealing how a simple parameter, such as the order of addition of metal precursors and promoters, affects the spatial distribution of the elements as well as their physicochemical properties, that is, crystalline phase and crystallite size during catalyst activation and operation. We show in particular how the order of addition affects the crystallinity of the TiO2 anatase phase, which in turn leads to the formation of highly intergrown cubic close-packed/hexagonal close-packed Co nanoparticles that are very reactive, exhibiting high CO conversion. This work highlights the importance of operando microtomography to understand the evolution of chemical species and their spatial distribution before any concrete understanding of impact on catalytic performance can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. T. Price
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
- Corresponding author. (S.W.T.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - David J. Martin
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Aaron D. Parsons
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Wojciech A. Sławiński
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Antonios Vamvakeros
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Keylock
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Finden Limited, The Workstation Merchant House, 5 East St. Helen Street, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 5EG, U.K
- Corresponding author. (S.W.T.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - J. Frederick W. Mosselmans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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29
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Parsons AD, Price SWT, Wadeson N, Basham M, Beale AM, Ashton AW, Mosselmans JFW, Quinn PD. Automatic processing of multimodal tomography datasets. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:248-256. [PMID: 28009564 PMCID: PMC5182025 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516017756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of fourth-generation high-brightness synchrotrons on the horizon, the already large volume of data that will be collected on imaging and mapping beamlines is set to increase by orders of magnitude. As such, an easy and accessible way of dealing with such large datasets as quickly as possible is required in order to be able to address the core scientific problems during the experimental data collection. Savu is an accessible and flexible big data processing framework that is able to deal with both the variety and the volume of data of multimodal and multidimensional scientific datasets output such as those from chemical tomography experiments on the I18 microfocus scanning beamline at Diamond Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew M. Beale
- Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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30
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Kalirai S, Paalanen PP, Wang J, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing Dealumination of a Single Zeolite Domain in a Real-Life Catalytic Cracking Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11134-8. [PMID: 27380827 PMCID: PMC6680356 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts play a central role in the chemical conversion of crude oil fractions. Using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) we investigate the chemistry of one fresh and two industrially deactivated (ECAT) FCC catalysts at the single zeolite domain level. Spectro-microscopic data at the Fe L3 , La M5 , and Al K X-ray absorption edges reveal differing levels of deposited Fe on the ECAT catalysts corresponding with an overall loss in tetrahedral Al within the zeolite domains. Using La as a localization marker, we have developed a novel methodology to map the changing Al distribution of single zeolite domains within real-life FCC catalysts. It was found that significant changes in the zeolite domain size distributions as well as the loss of Al from the zeolite framework occur. Furthermore, inter- and intraparticle heterogeneities in the dealumination process were observed, revealing the complex interplay between metal-mediated pore accessibility loss and zeolite dealumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pasi P Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Liu Y, Meirer F, Krest CM, Webb S, Weckhuysen BM. Relating structure and composition with accessibility of a single catalyst particle using correlative 3-dimensional micro-spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12634. [PMID: 27572475 PMCID: PMC5013607 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how hierarchically structured functional materials operate, analytical tools are needed that can reveal small structural and chemical details in large sample volumes. Often, a single method alone is not sufficient to get a complete picture of processes happening at multiple length scales. Here we present a correlative approach combining three-dimensional X-ray imaging techniques at different length scales for the analysis of metal poisoning of an individual catalyst particle. The correlative nature of the data allowed establishing a macro-pore network model that interprets metal accumulations as a resistance to mass transport and can, by tuning the effect of metal deposition, simulate the response of the network to a virtual ageing of the catalyst particle. The developed approach is generally applicable and provides an unprecedented view on dynamic changes in a material's pore space, which is an essential factor in the rational design of functional porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney M. Krest
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Samuel Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Kalirai S, Paalanen PP, Wang J, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing Dealumination of a Single Zeolite Domain in a Real-Life Catalytic Cracking Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pasi P. Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc.; University of Saskatchewan; 44 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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33
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de Winter DA, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle. ACS Catal 2016; 6:3158-3167. [PMID: 27453799 PMCID: PMC4954740 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The overall performance of a catalyst particle strongly depends on the ability of mass transport through its pore space. Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of the macro- and mesopore space of a catalyst particle and establishing a correlation with transport efficiency is an essential step toward designing highly effective catalyst particles. In this work, a generally applicable workflow is presented to characterize the transport efficiency of individual catalyst particles. The developed workflow involves a multiscale characterization approach making use of a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). SEM imaging is performed on cross sections of 10.000 μm2, visualizing a set of catalyst particles, while FIB-SEM tomography visualized the pore space of a large number of 8 μm3 cubes (subvolumes) of individual catalyst particles. Geometrical parameters (porosity, pore connectivity, and heterogeneity) of the material were used to generate large numbers of virtual 3D volumes resembling the sample's pore space characteristics, while being suitable for computationally demanding transport simulations. The transport ability, defined as the ratio of unhindered flow over hindered flow, is then determined via transport simulations through the virtual volumes. The simulation results are used as input for an upscaling routine based on an analogy with electrical networks, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space over greater length scales. This novel approach is demonstrated for two distinct types of industrially manufactured fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles with zeolite Y as the active cracking component. Differences in physicochemical and catalytic properties were found to relate to differences in heterogeneities in the spatial porosity distribution. In addition to the characterization of existing FCC particles, our method of correlating pore space with transport efficiency does also allow for an up-front evaluation of the transport efficiency of new designs of FCC catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A.
Matthijs de Winter
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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34
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Vamvakeros A, Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Senecal P, Middelkoop V, Cernik RJ, Beale AM. Interlaced X-ray diffraction computed tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:485-496. [PMID: 27047305 PMCID: PMC4815873 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An X-ray diffraction computed tomography data-collection strategy that allows, post experiment, a choice between temporal and spatial resolution is reported. This strategy enables time-resolved studies on comparatively short timescales, or alternatively allows for improved spatial resolution if the system under study, or components within it, appear to be unchanging. The application of the method for studying an Mn-Na-W/SiO2 fixed-bed reactor in situ is demonstrated. Additionally, the opportunities to improve the data-collection strategy further, enabling post-collection tuning between statistical, temporal and spatial resolutions, are discussed. In principle, the interlaced scanning approach can also be applied to other pencil-beam tomographic techniques, like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography, X-ray absorption fine structure computed tomography, pair distribution function computed tomography and tomographic scanning transmission X-ray microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Vamvakeros
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Simon D. M. Jacques
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | | | - Pierre Senecal
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Vesna Middelkoop
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Cernik
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
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35
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Kerssens MM, Wilbers A, Kramer J, de Peinder P, Mesu G, Nelissen BJ, Vogt ETC, Weckhuysen BM. Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type. Faraday Discuss 2016; 188:69-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed with e.g. UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control of e.g. FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Kerssens
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - G. Mesu
- Albemarle Corporation
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - B. J. Nelissen
- Albemarle Catalysts Company BV
- 1022 AB Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - E. T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - B. M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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36
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Whiting GT, Chowdhury AD, Oord R, Paalanen P, Weckhuysen BM. The curious case of zeolite–clay/binder interactions and their consequences for catalyst preparation. Faraday Discuss 2016; 188:369-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zeolite-based catalyst bodies are commonly employed in a range of important industrial processes. Depending on the binder and shaping method chosen, vast differences in the reactivity, selectivity and stability are obtained. Here, three highly complementary micro-spectroscopic techniques were employed to study zeolite ZSM-5–binder interactions in SiO2-, Al2O3-, SiO2 : Al2O3- (2 : 1 mix) and kaolinite-bound catalyst pellets. We establish how their preparation influences the zeolite–clay/binder interactions. Using thiophene as an acid-catalyzed staining reaction, light absorbing oligomers produced in each sample were followed. To our surprise, kaolinite decreased the overall reactivity of the sample due to the phase change of the binder, creating a hard impenetrable outer layer. Aluminum migration to the zeolite was observed when Al2O3 was selected as a binder, creating additional Brønsted acid sites, which favored the formation of ring-opened thiophene oligomers compared to the larger oligomer species produced when SiO2 was used as a binder. In the latter case, the interaction of the Si–OH groups in the binder with thiophene was revealed to have a large impact in creating such large oligomer species. Furthermore, the combination of a SiO2 : Al2O3 mix as a binder enhanced the reactivity, possibly due to the creation of additional Brønsted acid sites between the two binder components during pellet preparation. It is evident that, independent of the shaping method, the intimate contact between the zeolite and binder heavily impacts the reactivity and product selectivity, with the type of binder playing a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Pasi Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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37
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Vogt ETC, Weckhuysen BM. Fluid catalytic cracking: recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7342-70. [PMID: 26382875 PMCID: PMC4594121 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry, and the largest commercial catalytic process that uses zeolite materials.
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry. FCC currently produces the majority of the world's gasoline, as well as an important fraction of propylene for the polymer industry. In this critical review, we give an overview of the latest trends in this field of research. These trends include ways to make it possible to process either very heavy or very light crude oil fractions as well as to co-process biomass-based oxygenates with regular crude oil fractions, and convert these more complex feedstocks in an increasing amount of propylene and diesel-range fuels. After providing some general background of the FCC process, including a short history as well as details on the process, reactor design, chemical reactions involved and catalyst material, we will discuss several trends in FCC catalysis research by focusing on ways to improve the zeolite structure stability, propylene selectivity and the overall catalyst accessibility by (a) the addition of rare earth elements and phosphorus, (b) constructing hierarchical pores systems and (c) the introduction of new zeolite structures. In addition, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art micro-spectroscopy methods for characterizing FCC catalysts at the single particle level. These new characterization tools are able to explain the influence of the harsh FCC processing conditions (e.g. steam) and the presence of various metal poisons (e.g. V, Fe and Ni) in the crude oil feedstocks on the 3-D structure and accessibility of FCC catalyst materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Kalirai S, Boesenberg U, Falkenberg G, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. X-ray Fluorescence Tomography of Aged Fluid-Catalytic-Cracking Catalyst Particles Reveals Insight into Metal Deposition Processes. ChemCatChem 2015; 7:3674-3682. [PMID: 26613011 PMCID: PMC4648052 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microprobe X-ray fluorescence tomography was used to investigate metal poison deposition in individual, intact and industrially deactivated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles at two differing catalytic life-stages. 3 D multi-element imaging, at submicron resolution was achieved by using a large-array Maia fluorescence detector. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Ca have significant concentration at the exterior of the FCC catalyst particle and are highly co-localized. As concentrations increase as a function of catalytic life-stage, the deposition profiles of Fe, Ni, and Ca do not change significantly. V has been shown to penetrate deeper into the particle with increasing catalytic age. Although it has been previously suggested that V is responsible for damaging the zeolite components of FCC particles, no spatial correlation was found for V and La, which was used as a marker for the embedded zeolite domains. This suggests that although V is known to be detrimental to zeolites in FCC particles, a preferential interaction does not exist between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
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39
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Price SWT, Geraki K, Ignatyev K, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. In Situ Microfocus Chemical Computed Tomography of the Composition of a Single Catalyst Particle During Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene in the Liquid Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9886-9. [PMID: 26140613 PMCID: PMC4600245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis performed in the liquid phase is an important type of catalytic process which is rarely studied in situ. Using microfocus X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction computed tomography (μ-XRF-CT, μ-XRD-CT) in combination with X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), we have determined the active state of a Mo-promoted Pt/C catalyst (NanoSelect) for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene under standard operating conditions. First, μ-XRF-CT and μ-XRD-CT reveal the active state of Pt catalyst to be reduced, noncrystalline, and evenly dispersed across the support surface. Second, imaging of the Pt and Mo distribution reveals they are highly stable on the support and not prone to leaching during the reaction. This study demonstrates the ability of chemical computed tomography to image the nature and spatial distribution of catalysts under reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W T Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK).
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Konstantin Ignatyev
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Peter T Witte
- Catalysis Research GCC/PB, BASF Nederland B.V. Strijkviertel 67, 3454 ZG, De Meern (The Netherlands)
| | - Andrew M Beale
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0FA (UK).
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK).
| | - J Fred W Mosselmans
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
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40
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Gross E, Somorjai GA. Molecular catalysis science: Nanoparticle synthesis and instrument development for studies under reaction conditions. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Price SWT, Geraki K, Ignatyev K, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. In Situ Microfocus Chemical Computed Tomography of the Composition of a Single Catalyst Particle During Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene in the Liquid Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Price SWT, Ignatyev K, Geraki K, Basham M, Filik J, Vo NT, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. Chemical imaging of single catalyst particles with scanning μ-XANES-CT and μ-XRF-CT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:521-9. [PMID: 25407850 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical state of a catalyst is a key factor in determining both activity and selectivity; however these materials are often not structurally or compositionally homogeneous. Here we report on the 3-dimensional imaging of an industrial catalyst, Mo-promoted colloidal Pt supported on carbon. The distribution of both the active Pt species and Mo promoter have been mapped over a single particle of catalyst using microfocus X-ray fluorescence computed tomography. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure revealed a mixed local coordination environment, including the presence of both metallic Pt clusters and Pt chloride species, but also no direct interaction between the catalyst and Mo promoter. We also report on the benefits of scanning μ-XANES computed tomography for chemical imaging, allowing for 2- and 3-dimensional mapping of the local electronic and geometric environment, in this instance for both the Pt catalyst and Mo promoter throughout the catalyst particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W T Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK.
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43
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Whiting GT, Meirer F, Mertens MM, Bons A, Weiss BM, Stevens PA, de Smit E, Weckhuysen BM. Binder Effects in SiO 2- and Al 2O 3-Bound Zeolite ZSM-5-Based Extrudates as Studied by Microspectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2015; 7:1312-1321. [PMID: 27158274 PMCID: PMC4834610 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microspectroscopic methods were explored to investigate binder effects occurring in ZSM-5-containing SiO2- and Al2O3-bound millimetre-sized extrudates. Using thiophene as a selective probe for Brønsted acidity, coupled with time-resolved in situ UV/Vis and confocal fluorescence microspectroscopy, variations in reactivity and selectivity between the two distinct binder types were established. It was found that aluminium migration occurs in ZSM-5-containing Al2O3-bound extrudates, forming additional Brønsted acid sites. These sites strongly influence the oligomer selectivity, favouring the formation of thiol-like species (i.e., ring-opened species) in contrast to higher oligomers, predominantly formed on SiO2-bound ZSM-5-containing extrudates. Not only were the location and distribution of these oligomers visualised by 3 D analysis, it was also observed that more conjugated species appeared to grow off the surface of the zeolite ZSM-5 crystals (containing less conjugated species) into the surrounding binder material. Furthermore, a higher binder content resulted in an increasing overall reactivity owing to the greater number of stored thiophene monomers available per Brønsted acid site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Machteld M. Mertens
- ExxonMobil Process Technology, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Anton‐Jan Bons
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre, Hermeslaan 2, B‐1831, Machelen (Belgium)
| | - Brian M. Weiss
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Paul A. Stevens
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Emiel de Smit
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre, Hermeslaan 2, B‐1831, Machelen (Belgium)
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
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44
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Catlow CRA. Synchrotron radiation techniques in materials and environmental science. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2013.0162. [PMID: 25624522 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Richard A Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 21 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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45
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Prieto G, Schüth F. The Yin and Yang in the Development of Catalytic Processes: Catalysis Research and Reaction Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3222-39. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Prieto G, Schüth F. Das Yin und Yang in der Entwicklung von katalytischen Prozessen: Katalyseforschung und Reaktionstechnik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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48
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Rhodes CJ. The Diamond Light Source. Sci Prog 2015; 98:192-200. [PMID: 26288921 PMCID: PMC10365351 DOI: 10.3184/003685015x14309150946424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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da Silva JC, Mader K, Holler M, Haberthür D, Diaz A, Guizar-Sicairos M, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Raabe J, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Assessment of the 3 D Pore Structure and Individual Components of Preshaped Catalyst Bodies by X-Ray Imaging. ChemCatChem 2014; 7:413-416. [PMID: 26191088 PMCID: PMC4498493 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porosity in catalyst particles is essential because it enables reactants to reach the active sites and it enables products to leave the catalyst. The engineering of composite-particle catalysts through the tuning of pore-size distribution and connectivity is hampered by the inability to visualize structure and porosity at critical-length scales. Herein, it is shown that the combination of phase-contrast X-ray microtomography and high-resolution ptychographic X-ray tomography allows the visualization and characterization of the interparticle pores at micro- and nanometer-length scales. Furthermore, individual components in preshaped catalyst bodies used in fluid catalytic cracking, one of the most used catalysts, could be visualized and identified. The distribution of pore sizes, as well as enclosed pores, which cannot be probed by traditional methods, such as nitrogen physisorption and isotherm analysis, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Mader
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - David Haberthür
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- Grace Catalysts Technologies 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 (USA)
| | - Yuying Shu
- Grace Catalysts Technologies 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 (USA)
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Andreas Menzel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail: ; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Zurich, 8093 (Switzerland) E-mail:
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Ristanović Z, Kerssens MM, Kubarev AV, Hendriks FC, Dedecker P, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. High-Resolution Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Zeolite Aggregates within Real-Life Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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