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Iqbal Z, Xia J, Murtaza G, Shabbir M, Rehman K, Yujie L, Duan L. Targeting WNT signalling pathways as new therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis. J Drug Target 2023; 31:1027-1049. [PMID: 37969105 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2281861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent chronic joint disease and the leading cause of disability. Currently, no drugs are available to control joint damage or ease the associated pain. The wingless-type (WNT) signalling pathway is vital in OA progression. Excessive activation of the WNT signalling pathway is pertinent to OA progression and severity. Therefore, agonists and antagonists of the WNT pathway are considered potential drug candidates for OA treatment. For example, SM04690, a novel small molecule inhibitor of WNT signalling, has demonstrated its potential in a recent phase III clinical trial as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD). Therefore, targeting the WNT signalling pathway may be a distinctive approach to developing particular agents helpful in treating OA. This review aims to update the most recent progress in OA drug development by targeting the WNT pathway. In this, we introduce WNT pathways and their crosstalk with other signalling pathways in OA development and highlight the role of the WNT signalling pathway as a key regulator in OA development. Several articles have reviewed the Wnt pathway from different aspects. This candid review provides an introduction to WNT pathways and their crosstalk with other signalling pathways in OA development, highlighting the role of the WNT signalling pathway as a key regulator in OA development with the latest research. Particularly, we emphasise the state-of-the-art in targeting the WNT pathway as a promising therapeutic approach for OA and challenges in their development and the nanocarrier-based delivery of WNT modulators for treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Iqbal
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Khurrum Rehman
- Department of Allied health sciences, The University of Agriculture, D.I.Khan, Pakistan
| | - Liang Yujie
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Yu H, Yang J, Chen K, Kang W, Zhu F. Circ_0000396 suppresses the proliferation and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by targeting miR-574-5p/RSPO1 axis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:718. [PMID: 37737195 PMCID: PMC10514958 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators on the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our purpose is to explore the role and underpin mechanism of circ_0000396 in RA progression. METHODS RA patients (n = 39) and healthy volunteers (n = 33) were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine for the present work. Circ_0000396, microRNA-574-5p (miR-574-5p) and R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) RNA levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Protein expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, BCL2-associated × protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and RSPO1 were detected by western blot assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to analyze the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α. The interaction between miR-574-5p and circ_0000396 or RSPO1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA-pull down assay. RESULTS Circ_0000396 expression was notably down-regulated in RA patients compared with healthy controls. Circ_0000396 overexpression suppressed the proliferation and inflammatory response and triggered the apoptosis of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), accompanied by decreases in PCNA, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, Bcl2, IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression and an increase in Bax protein expression. Circ_0000396 acted as a molecular sponge for miR-574-5p, and circ_0000396 overexpression-mediated protective effects on RASFs dysfunction were largely reversed by the introduction of miR-574-5p mimics. miR-574-5p interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of RSPO1, and miR-574-5p negatively regulated RSPO1 expression in RASFs. Circ_0000396 could up-regulate the expression of RSPO1 by sponging miR-574-5p in RASFs. RSPO1 interference largely overturned circ_0000396 overexpression-mediated effects in RASFs. CONCLUSION Circ_0000396 restrained the proliferation and inflammation and induced the apoptosis of RASFs by mediating miR-574-5p/RSPO1 axis, which provided novel potential targets for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Yu
- Department of Bone Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Deputy 2 Weiyang West Road, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Bone Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wulin Kang
- Department of Bone Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- Department of Bone Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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GÜRBÜZ T, GÖKMEN O, AYAR MADENLİ A, DİLBAZ B. R-Spondin1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationships with insulin resistance and other parameters. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1210721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the relationship between R-spondin1 (RSPO1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) levels with insulin resistance (IR) and other parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Material and Method: This case-control prospective observational study was carried out on 84 patients admitted to the University of Health Sciences Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and IVF Clinic and Medistate Hospital Gynecology and IVF Clinic between September 2020 and June 2021. Women aged 18-36 years diagnosed with infertility and PCOS constituted the PCOS group. Women who were diagnosed with infertility but not PCOS formed the control group. Cases were divided according to their body mass index (BMI) values into obese (BMI≥25) and non-obese (BMI
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba GÜRBÜZ
- Medistate Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetric Clinic ,Istanbul/Turkey
| | - Oya GÖKMEN
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine, Medistate Kavacik Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asena AYAR MADENLİ
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liv Hospital Vadistanbul,Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Berna DİLBAZ
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine, University of Health Sciences Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Training and Research Hospital, Ankara,Turkey
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Arteaga JA, Guerrero CA. RANKL interferes with osteoclastogenesis in PEG-fused U937 cells through LGR4. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:40-52. [PMID: 35726900 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RANKL plays an important role in the differentiation and maturation process of preosteoclast cells. The osteoclast is a multinucleated cell that can have various sizes and a variable number of nuclei. However, there are no models that allow us to understand how successive cell fusions have a limit, or how cell fusion is regulated. METHODOLOGY The present investigation was aimed to determine whether fusing U937 cells with PEG to generate osteoclast-like cells expresses LGR4 and whether applying RANKL to these cells modifies osteoclastic activity compared to non-PEG-fused and RANKL-treated cells. RESULTS By fusing U937 cells with PEG, it was found that the LGR4 receptor expression was promoted as early as 24 hours of culture. Applying RANKL before or after fusion inhibits osteoclastic activity. Interfering RANKL interaction with LGR4 in PEG-treated cells recovers and increases cell fusion and osteoclastic activity. PEG-fused U937 cells show osteoclast markers similar to those observed in the classical RANKL-stimulated cell model. CONCLUSION Our model allows us to understand that RANKL has fusogenic activity during the first days of culture and in fused cells modulates fusion, contributing to differentiate the role of RANKL before and after fusion through LGR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Viruses, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
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5
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Nelson AL, Fontana G, Miclau E, Rongstad M, Murphy W, Huard J, Ehrhart N, Bahney C. Therapeutic approaches to activate the canonical Wnt pathway for bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:961-976. [PMID: 36112528 PMCID: PMC9826348 DOI: 10.1002/term.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the canonical Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathway has been shown to increase bone formation and therefore has therapeutic potential for use in orthopedic conditions. However, attempts at developing an effective strategy to achieve Wnt activation has been met with several challenges. The inherent hydrophobicity of Wnt ligands makes isolating and purifying the protein difficult. To circumvent these challenges, many have sought to target extracellular inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, such as Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1, or to use small molecules, ions and proteins to increase target Wnt genes. Here, we review systemic and localized bioactive approaches to enhance bone formation or improve bone repair through antibody-based therapeutics, synthetic Wnt surrogates and scaffold doping to target canonical Wnt. We conclude with a brief review of emerging technologies, such as mRNA therapy and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats technology, which serve as promising approaches for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Nelson
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - GianLuca Fontana
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elizabeth Miclau
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA
| | - Mallory Rongstad
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Nicole Ehrhart
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Chelsea Bahney
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Orthopaedic Trauma InstituteUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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He Z, Liu M, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Wang L, Yan X, Ren D, Yuan X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is activated in the progress of mandibular condylar cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss induced by overloaded functional orthopedic force (OFOF). Heliyon 2022; 8:e10847. [PMID: 36262297 PMCID: PMC9573886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the pathogenesis and progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) caused by overloaded force. Materials and methods We generated a rat model of forward mandibular extension device to induce TMJ OA by overloaded force. Condylar cartilage samples were collected at 2wk, 4wk, and 8wk after appliances were installed. Changes of the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Safranin O and Fast Green staining (SO&FG), micro-CT, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The expression levels of β-catenin, COL-2, MMP3 and sclerostin (SOST) were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR. Results HE, SO&FG, micro-CT, OARSI and Mankin scores showed that the condyle cartilage layer was significantly thinner and proteoglycan loss in the overloded group. TRAP staining exhibited that the number of positive osteoclasts increased and OPG level decreased in the overload group. IHC, PCR showed that the expression of COL2 and SOST decreased, while MMP3 and β-catenin increased in the overload group. Conclusion Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is activated in the progress of mandibular condylar cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss induced by overloaded functional orthopedic force (OFOF)
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Tellman TV, Dede M, Aggarwal VA, Salmon D, Naba A, Farach-Carson MC. Systematic Analysis of Actively Transcribed Core Matrisome Genes Across Tissues and Cell Phenotypes. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:95-107. [PMID: 35714875 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic, well-organized acellular network of tissue-specific biomolecules, that can be divided into structural or core ECM proteins and ECM-associated proteins. The ECM serves as a blueprint for organ development and function and, when structurally altered through mutation, altered expression, or degradation, can lead to debilitating syndromes that often affect one tissue more than another. Cross-referencing the FANTOM5 SSTAR (Semantic catalog of Samples, Transcription initiation And Regulators) and the defined catalog of core matrisome ECM (glyco)proteins, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 511 different human samples to annotate the context-specific transcription of the individual components of the defined matrisome. Relative log expression normalized SSTAR cap analysis gene expression peak data files were downloaded from the FANTOM5 online database and filtered to exclude all cell lines and diseased tissues. Promoter-level expression values were categorized further into eight core tissue systems and three major ECM categories: proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagens. Hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses were conducted to identify complex relationships in promoter-driven gene expression activity. Integration of the core matrisome and curated FANTOM5 SSTAR data creates a unique tool that provides insight into the promoter-level expression of ECM-encoding genes in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. Unbiased clustering of cap analysis gene expression peak data reveals unique ECM signatures within defined tissue systems. Correlation analysis among tissue systems exposes both positive and negative correlation of ECM promoters with varying levels of significance. This tool can be used to provide new insight into the relationships between ECM components and tissues and can inform future research on the ECM in human disease and development. We invite the matrix biology community to continue to explore and discuss this dataset as part of a larger and continuing conversation about the human ECM. An interactive web tool can be found at matrixpromoterome.github.io along with additional resources that can be found at dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19794481 (figures) and https://figshare.com/s/e18ecbc3ae5aaf919b78 (python notebook).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen V Tellman
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS-4220, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Merve Dede
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 301402 Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Vikram A Aggarwal
- Departments of BioSciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Duncan Salmon
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS-4220, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Rm E202 (MC901), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS-4220, Houston, TX 77054, USA.; Departments of BioSciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA.; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA..
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Hashimoto M, Kawai Y, Masutani T, Tanaka K, Ito K, Iddamalgoda A. Effects of a Watercress Extract Fraction on R-spondin 1-Mediated Growth of Human Hair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:154-165. [PMID: 35133683 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hair loss and greying affect men and women of all ages, often causing psychosocial difficulties. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a major hair loss factor secreted from dermal papilla (DP) cells in response to the secretion of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), has been reported to induce and accelerate androgenetic alopecia (AGA). In addition, DKK1 acts as a potent suppressor of melanogenesis and is closely related to hair colour. R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) is a secretory agonist of Wnt signalling known to antagonize the effects of DKK1, including DKK1-mediated hair follicle suppression. In this study, we investigated the effect of watercress extract (WCE) on the secretion of RSPO1 and DKK1 from DP cells as well as its anti-hair loss effect in human hair follicles and patients. METHODS The in vitro secretion of RSPO1 and DKK1 was measured by ELISA. Human hair follicles were collected from the scalp of a female donor and used for ex vivo organ culture to investigate the effects of WCE on human hair loss. Finally, a 6-month human clinical trial was conducted to examine the effect of WCE-containing lotion on hair growth in a male panel. RESULTS WCE significantly upregulated RSPO1 secretion and suppressed DKK1 secretion in a dose-dependent manner, even in the presence of DHT. WCE-treated hair follicles elongated 1.6-fold compared to the control, and the level of RSPO1 production in DP as well as RSPO1 bound to the outer root sheath (ORS) increased. In the clinical trial, the hair lotion containing 2% WCE increased hair thickness and density to improve against hair loss symptoms. CONCLUSION WCE exhibited a strong anti-androgenic effect through its ability to suppress DKK1 secretion and antagonize DKK1 via RSPO1. These findings highlighted the potential use of WCE for the treatment of hair loss. These results also showed that WCE might have an effect on hair colour since DKK1 is a suppressor of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Kawai
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Teruaki Masutani
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tanaka
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ito
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
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Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Spicer LJ. Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site regulation of bovine theca cells. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6309027. [PMID: 34166505 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian paracrine mediation by components of the wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site ligands (WNT1 to 11) and their receptors, frizzled family members (FZD1 to 10), has been proposed. Secreted truncated forms of FZD proteins (e.g., secreted frizzled-related protein 4 [SFRP4]) block the action of WNT ligands. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is another WNT antagonist, and R-spondin-1 (RSPO1) is one of a group of four secreted proteins that enhance WNT/β-catenin signaling. Our hypothesis was that granulosa cells signal theca cells (TCs) via SFRP4, DKK1, RSPO1, and WNT secretion to regulate TC differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, in vitro experiments were conducted to study the effects of WNT family member 3A (WNT3A), WNT5A, RSPO1, DKK1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Indian hedgehog (IHH), and fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) on bovine TC proliferation and steroidogenesis. TCs of large (8 to 20 mm) and small (3 to 6 mm) follicles were collected from bovine ovaries; TC monolayers were established in vitro and treated with various doses of recombinant human WNT3A, WNT5A, RSPO1, DKK1, IGF1, FGF9, BMP7, IHH, and/or ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum-free medium for 48 h. In experiment 1, using LH-treated TC, IGF1, IHH, and WNT3A increased (P < 0.05) cell numbers and androstenedione production, whereas WNT3A and BMP7 inhibited (P < 0.05) progesterone production. In experiment 2, FGF9 blocked (P < 0.05) the WNT3A-induced increase in androstenedione production in LH plus IGF1-treated TC. In experiment 3, RSPO1 further increased (P < 0.05) LH plus IGF1-induced progesterone and androstenedione production. In experiment 4, SFRP4 and DKK1 alone had no significant effect on TC proliferation or progesterone production of large-follicle TC but both blocked the inhibitory effect of WNT5A on androstenedione production. In contrast, DKK1 alone inhibited (P < 0.05) small-follicle TC androstenedione production whereas SFRP4 was without effect. We conclude that the ovarian TC WNT system is functional in cattle, with WNT3A increasing proliferation and androstenedione production of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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11
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Nilsson KH, Henning P, El Shahawy M, Nethander M, Andersen TL, Ejersted C, Wu J, Gustafsson KL, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Souza PPC, Tuckermann J, Lorentzon M, Ruud LE, Lehtimäki T, Tobias JH, Zhou S, Lerner UH, Richards JB, Movérare-Skrtic S, Ohlsson C. RSPO3 is important for trabecular bone and fracture risk in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4923. [PMID: 34389713 PMCID: PMC8363747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing age of the population, countries across the globe are facing a substantial increase in osteoporotic fractures. Genetic association signals for fractures have been reported at the RSPO3 locus, but the causal gene and the underlying mechanism are unknown. Here we show that the fracture reducing allele at the RSPO3 locus associate with increased RSPO3 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels, increased trabecular bone mineral density and reduced risk mainly of distal forearm fractures in humans. We also demonstrate that RSPO3 is expressed in osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts and that osteoblast-derived RSPO3 is the principal source of RSPO3 in bone and an important regulator of vertebral trabecular bone mass and bone strength in adult mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that RSPO3 in a cell-autonomous manner increases osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, RSPO3 regulates vertebral trabecular bone mass and bone strength in mice and fracture risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maha El Shahawy
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Maria Nethander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ejersted
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jianyao Wu
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin L Gustafsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Koskela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pedro P C Souza
- Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiâna, Brazil
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Engström Ruud
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Chen X, Chen L, Tan J, Zhang L, Xia J, Cheng B, Zhang W. Rspo1-LGR4 axis in BMSCs protects bone against radiation-induced injury through the mTOR-dependent autophagy pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4273-4289. [PMID: 33452710 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used to repair radiation-induced bone damage, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of MSCs in the maintenance of bone homeostasis under radiation stress remains largely unknown. In this study, the role and mechanisms of R-spondin 1 (Rspo1)-leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) axis on the initiation of self-defense of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and maintenance of bone homeostasis under radiation stress were investigated. Interestingly, radiation increased levels of Rspo1 and LGR4 in BMSCs. siRNA knockdown of Rspo1 or LGR4 aggravated radiation-induced impairment of self-renewal ability and osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs. However, exogenous Rspo1 significantly attenuated radiation-induced depletion of BMSCs, and promoted the lineage shift towards osteoblasts. This alteration was associated with the reversal of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and autophagy decrement. Pharmacological and genetic blockade of autophagy attenuated the radio-protective effects of Rspo1, rendering BMSCs more vulnerable to radiation-induced injury. Then bone radiation injury was induced in C57BL6J mice to further determine the radio-protective effects of Rspo1. In mice, administration of Rspo1 recombinant protein alleviated radiation-induced bone loss. Our results uncover that Rspo1-LGR4-mTOR-autophagy axis are key mechanisms by which BMSCs initiate self-defense against radiation and maintain bone homeostasis. Targeting Rspo1-LGR4 may provide a novel strategy for the intervention of radiation-induced bone damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Tan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Teufel S, Köckemann P, Fabritius C, Wolff LI, Bertrand J, Pap T, Hartmann C. Loss of the WNT9a ligand aggravates the rheumatoid arthritis-like symptoms in hTNF transgenic mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:494. [PMID: 33990546 PMCID: PMC8121832 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Agonists and antagonists of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway are modulators of pathological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Their activity is primarily modifying bone loss and bone formation, as shown in animal models of RA. More recently, modulation of Wnt signaling by the antagonist Sclerostin has also been shown to influence soft-tissue-associated inflammatory aspects of the disease pointing towards a role of Wnt signaling in soft-tissue inflammation as well. Yet, nothing is known experimentally about the role of Wnt ligands in RA. Here we provide evidence that altering Wnt signaling at the level of a ligand affects all aspects of the rheumatoid arthritic disease. WNT9a levels are increased in the pannus tissue of RA patients, and stimulation of synovial fibroblasts (SFB) with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leads to increased transcription of Wnt9a. Loss of Wnt9a in a chronic TNF-dependent RA mouse model results in an aggravation of disease progression with enhanced pannus formation and joint destruction. Yet, loss of its activity in the acute K/BxN serum-transfer induced arthritis (STIA) mouse model, which is independent of TNF signaling, has no effect on disease severity or progression. Thus, suggesting a specific role for WNT9a in TNF-triggered RA. In synovial fibroblasts, WNT9a can activate the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, but it can also activate P38- and downregulate NFκB signaling. Based on in vitro data, we propose that loss of Wnt9a creates a slight proinflammatory and procatabolic environment that boosts the TNF-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Teufel
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Köckemann
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Fabritius
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena I Wolff
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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14
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Liu X, Li X, Hua B, Yang X, Zheng J, Liu S. WNT16 is upregulated early in mouse TMJ osteoarthritis and protects fibrochondrocytes against IL-1β induced inflammatory response by regulation of RUNX2/MMP13 cascade. Bone 2021; 143:115793. [PMID: 33301961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
WNT16 has been shown to play important roles in joint formation, bone homeostasis and knee joint osteoarthritis. However, whether WNT16 has any effect during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is still unknown. Here, we first established a surgically induced TMJOA model by performing partial discectomy in discs of TMJ in mice. Further, we investigated the role of WNT16 during the initiation and progression of TMJOA. Our results showed that WNT16 expression is upregulated early at 4 weeks after initiation of osteoarthritis by partial discectomy in mouse TMJ cartilage, but decreased after 12 weeks post-surgery. Further cellular and molecular analyses revealed that WNT16 signals via both the canonical WNT/β-catenin and non-canonical WNT/JNK-cJUN pathways, upregulates the expression of Lubricin and SOX9, and protects against IL-1β induced inflammatory response by regulation of RUNX2/MMP13 cascade in fibrochondrocytes. In conclusion, WNT16 may play an important role in the early stage of TMJOA by regulating cartilage anabolic and catabolic factors, and may serve as novel therapeutic targets for TMJOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinping Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqiang Hua
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Yazici Y, McAlindon TE, Gibofsky A, Lane NE, Clauw D, Jones M, Bergfeld J, Swearingen CJ, DiFrancesco A, Simsek I, Tambiah J, Hochberg MC. Lorecivivint, a Novel Intraarticular CDC-like Kinase 2 and Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A Inhibitor and Wnt Pathway Modulator for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase II Randomized Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1694-1706. [PMID: 32432388 PMCID: PMC7589351 DOI: 10.1002/art.41315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Wnt pathway modulator, lorecivivint (SM04690), for treating pain and inhibiting structural progression in moderately to severely symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Subjects in this 52-week, phase IIa, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial received a single 2-ml intraarticular injection of lorecivivint (dose of 0.03 mg, 0.07 mg, or 0.23 mg) or placebo. Efficacy was assessed based on change from baseline on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score subscales for pain and function (scale 0-100 for each) and change from baseline in the radiographic medial joint space width (JSW). Baseline-adjusted analysis of covariance with multiple imputation was performed separately to evaluate efficacy. This proof-of-concept study evaluated the intent-to-treat population as well as a prespecified group of subjects with unilateral symptoms of knee OA (designated UNI) and an additional post hoc subgroup of subjects with unilateral symptoms but without widespread pain (designated UNI WP-). RESULTS In this trial, 455 subjects were randomized to a treatment group. The primary end point, significant improvement in the WOMAC pain score compared with placebo at week 13, was not met by any lorecivivint dose group (mean ± SD change from baseline, -23.3 ± 2.2 in the 0.03 mg group, -23.5 ± 2.1 in the 0.07 mg group, -21.3 ± 2.2 in the 0.23 mg group, and -22.1 ± 2.1 in the placebo group; each P > 0.05 versus placebo). All groups (including placebo) demonstrated clinically meaningful (≥20-point) improvements from baseline in the WOMAC pain score. The durability of response was evaluated through week 52. In the prespecified UNI group and post hoc UNI WP- group at week 52, treatment with 0.07 mg lorecivivint significantly improved the WOMAC pain score (between-group difference versus placebo, -8.73, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -17.44, -0.03 [P = 0.049] and -11.21, 95% CI -20.99, -1.43 [P = 0.025], respectively) and WOMAC function score (between-group difference versus placebo, -10.26, 95% CI -19.82, -0.69 [P = 0.036] and -13.38, 95% CI -24.33, -2.43 [P = 0.017], respectively). Relative to baseline, the mean change in the medial JSW at week 52 was -0.04 mm in the 0.03 mg cohort, -0.09 mm in the 0.07 mg cohort, -0.16 mm in the 0.23 mg cohort, and -0.14 mm in the placebo cohort; no treatment group achieved a significant change in medial JSW compared with placebo at week 52. In both unilateral symptom subgroups, the 0.07 mg lorecivivint dose significantly increased medial JSW compared with placebo at week 52 (medial JSW 0.39 mm, 95% CI 0.06, 0.72 in the UNI group [P = 0.021] and 0.42 mm, 95% CI 0.04, 0.80 in the UNI WP- group [P = 0.032]). Changes observed in the 0.03 mg and 0.23 mg dose groups were not significantly different from those in the placebo group for any of these measures. Lorecivivint appeared safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSION This phase IIa, proof-of-concept trial in patients with symptomatic knee OA did not meet its primary end point. Nevertheless, the study identified a target population in whom to evaluate the potential efficacy of lorecivivint for the treatment of knee OA.
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16
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Li C, Huang Q, Yang R, Guo X, Dai Y, Zeng J, Zeng Y, Tao L, Li X, Zhou H, Wang Q. Targeted next generation sequencing of nine osteoporosis-related genes in the Wnt signaling pathway among Chinese postmenopausal women. Endocrine 2020; 68:669-678. [PMID: 32147773 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the association between low-frequency and rare variants of Wnt signaling genes and postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) by the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. METHODS We performed targeted NGS of nine Wnt signaling genes in 400 Chinese postmenopausal women, including 226 cases with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and 174 controls with normal values. Proxy External Controls Association Test (ProxECAT) and logistic regression analysis were performed by data from internal cases (n = 226) and Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) East Asian controls (n = 9435). RESULTS The genomic region of interest (ROI) of 94 functional low-frequency and rare variants was associated with OP risk (P < 0.05). The LGR6 gene was associated significantly with OP risk and BMD measurements (BMD, T-score and Z-score) (adjusted-P < 0.05) after adjusting for confounders. The allele A of rs199693693 (K82N) in LRP6 and G of novel variant 1: 202287949 (R840G) in LGR6 were associated with higher BMD, T-score, and Z-score (all adjusted-P < 0.05). ProxECAT showed that LGR4 was significantly different between the internal cases and the external controls (all adjusted-P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the allele G of rs765778410 (T645A) (OR = 26.16, 95% CI: 4.36-156.95, adjusted-P value = 0.026) in LGR6 and A of rs61370283 (L987M) (OR = 15.39, 95% CI: 2.98-79.55, adjusted-P value = 0.037) in LRP5 were associated with increased risk of postmenopausal OP. CONCLUSION The LGR4 and LGR6 genes and four potential functional rare variants associate with postmenopausal OP risk. These results highlight the significance of rare functional variants in postmenopausal OP genetics and provide new insights into the potential mutations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Health Checkup, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Junchao Zeng
- Department of Health Checkup, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Lailin Tao
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Haolong Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Müller DIH, Stoll C, Palumbo-Zerr K, Böhm C, Krishnacoumar B, Ipseiz N, Taubmann J, Zimmermann M, Böttcher M, Mougiakakos D, Tuckermann J, Djouad F, Schett G, Scholtysek C, Krönke G. PPARδ-mediated mitochondrial rewiring of osteoblasts determines bone mass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8428. [PMID: 32439961 PMCID: PMC7242479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone turnover, which is determined by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation, represents a highly energy consuming process. The metabolic requirements of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, both essential for regular bone formation, however, remain incompletely understood. Here we identify the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ as key regulator of osteoblast metabolism. Induction of PPARδ was essential for the metabolic adaption and increased rate in mitochondrial respiration necessary for the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. Osteoblast-specific deletion of PPARδ in mice, in turn, resulted in an altered energy homeostasis of osteoblasts, impaired mineralization and reduced bone mass. These data show that PPARδ acts as key regulator of osteoblast metabolism and highlight the relevance of cellular metabolic rewiring during osteoblast-mediated bone formation and bone-turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea I H Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Stoll
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Palumbo-Zerr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brenda Krishnacoumar
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natacha Ipseiz
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jule Taubmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Farida Djouad
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Scholtysek
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. .,Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Lee YH, Sharma AR, Jagga S, Lee SS, Nam JS. Differential Expression Patterns of Rspondin Family and Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Chondrocytes and Osteoblasts. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:437-449. [PMID: 32347037 PMCID: PMC7211279 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Rspondins (RSPOs) are regarded as the significant modulators of WNT signaling pathway and they are expressed dynamically during developmental stages. Since in osteoarthritis (OA) both cartilage and subchondral bone suffer damages and WNT signaling pathway has a crucial role in their maintenance, the objective of the study was to analyze expression profile of RSPO family and its receptors [leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptors (LGRs)] in OA tissue samples as well as in differentiating chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, human early and advanced stage of OA tissue samples were analyzed for the morphological changes of articular cartilage by hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining, safranin-O staining and lubricin immunostaining. RSPOs and LGRs expression were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Human primary chondrocytes and human osteoblast cell line, SaOS-2, were cultured in differentiation medium till day 14 and they were analyzed in terms of expression of RSPOs, LGRs and specific marker for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Advanced stage OA tissue samples showed increased expression of RSPO1 and LGR6 in a region close to subchondral bone. While RSPO2 and LGR5 expression were seen overlapping in the deep region of articular cartilage. Differentiating chondrocytes demonstrated elevated expression of RSPO2 and LGR5 from day 7 to day 14, whereas, osteoblasts undergoing differentiation showed enhanced expression of RSPO1 and LGR6 from day 2 to day 14. Under tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulatory conditions, RSPO2 and RSPO1 recovered the suppressed expression of inflammatory, chondrogenic and osteogenic markers, respectively. A recovery in the stability of β-catenin was also noticed in both cases. Conclusion Spatial expression of RSPOs during progression of OA might be dynamically controlled by cartilage and subchondral bone. Interplay amid chondrocytes and osteoblasts, via RSPOs, might provide probable mechanisms for treating inflammatory pathogenic conditions like OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea. Electronic Address:
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Supriya Jagga
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ju Suk Nam
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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19
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Wang Y, Fan X, Xing L, Tian F. Wnt signaling: a promising target for osteoarthritis therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:97. [PMID: 31420042 PMCID: PMC6697957 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Characterized by degradation of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation, and changes in periarticular and subchondral bone, OA can negatively impact an individual's physical and mental well-being. Recent studies have reported several critical signaling pathways as key regulators and activators of cellular and molecular processes during OA development. Wnt signaling is one such pathway whose signaling molecules and regulators were shown to be abnormally activated or suppressed. As such, agonists and antagonists of those molecules are potential candidates for OA treatment. Notably, a recent phase I clinical trial (NCT02095548) demonstrated the potential of SM04690, a small-molecule inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, as a disease-modifying oseoarthritis drug (DMOAD). This review summarizes the role and mechanism of Wnt signaling and related molecules in regulating OA progression, with a view to accelerating the translation of such evidence into the development of strategies for OA treatment, particularly with respect to potential applications of molecules targeting the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Wang
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Bohai Road 21, Caofeidian Dis, Tangshan, Hebei 063210 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Jianshe South Road 57, Tangshan, Hebei 063000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Bohai Road 21, Caofeidian Dis, Tangshan, Hebei 063210 People’s Republic of China
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Xu CF, Liu YJ, Wang Y, Mao YF, Xu DF, Dong WW, Zhu XY, Jiang L. Downregulation of R-Spondin1 Contributes to Mechanical Stretch-Induced Lung Injury. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:e587-e596. [PMID: 31205087 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The R-spondin family attenuates tissue damage via tightening endothelium and preventing vascular leakage. This study aims to investigate whether R-spondins protect against mechanical stretch-induced endothelial dysfunction and lung injury and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. DESIGN Randomized controlled study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Patients scheduled to undergo surgery with mechanical ventilation support. Adult male Institute of Cancer Research mice. Primary cultured mouse lung vascular endothelial cells. INTERVENTIONS Patients underwent a surgical procedure with mechanical ventilation support of 3 hours or more. Mice were subjected to mechanical ventilation (6 or 30 mL/kg) for 0.5-4 hours. Another group of mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide, and 12 hours later subjected to mechanical ventilation (10 mL/kg) for 4 hours. Mouse lung vascular endothelial cells were subjected to cyclic stretch for 4 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS R-spondin1 were downregulated in both surgical patients and experimental animals exposed to mechanical ventilation. Intratracheal instillation of R-spondin1 attenuated, whereas knockdown of pulmonary R-spondin1 exacerbated ventilator-induced lung injury and mechanical stretch-induced lung vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of R-spondin1 was mediated through the leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 in cyclic stretched mouse lung vascular endothelial cells. We identified apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2 as the intracellular signaling protein interacted with leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5. R-spondin1 treatment decreased the interaction of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2 with p53 while increased the binding of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2 to leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5, therefore resulting in inactivation of p53-mediated proapoptotic pathway in cyclic stretched mouse lung vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical ventilation leads to down-regulation of R-spondin1. R-spondin1 may enhance the interaction of leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 and apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2, thus inactivating p53-mediated proapoptotic pathway in cyclic stretched mouse lung vascular endothelial cells. R-spondin1 may have clinical benefit in alleviating mechanical ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Fei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dun-Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Nagano K. R-spondin signaling as a pivotal regulator of tissue development and homeostasis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:80-87. [PMID: 31049116 PMCID: PMC6479641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
R-spondins (Rspos) are cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins which control a variety of cellular functions and are essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. R-spondins (Rspo1 to 4) have high structural similarity and share 60% sequence homology. It has been shown that their cysteine-rich furin-like (FU) domain and the thrombospondin (TSP) type I repeat domain are essential for initiating downstream signaling cascades and therefore for their biological functions. Although numerous studies have unveiled their pivotal role as critical developmental regulators, the most important finding is that Rspos synergize Wnt signaling. Recent studies have identified novel receptors for Rspos, the Lgr receptors, closely related orphans of the leucin-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptors, and proposed that Rspos potentiate canonical Wnt signaling via these receptors. Given that Wnt signaling is one of the most important developmental signaling pathways that controls cell fate decisions and tissue development, growth and homeostasis, Rspos may function as key players for these processes as well as potential therapeutic targets. Here, I recapitulate the Wnt signaling and then outline the biological role of Rspos in tissue development and homeostasis and explore the possibility that Rspos may be used as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagano
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, REB314, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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23
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Li Z, Liu S, Lou J, Mulholland M, Zhang W. LGR4 protects hepatocytes from injury in mouse. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G123-G131. [PMID: 30406697 PMCID: PMC6383381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00056.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) and their endogenous ligands R-spondin1-4 (Rspo) are critical in embryonic development and in maintenance of stem cells. The functions of the Rspo-LGR system in differentiated cells remain uncharacterized. In this study, the expression profiles of LGRs and Rspos were characterized in mature hepatocytes. A liver-specific knockout of LGR4 in mouse was generated and used to study hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury (HIRI) as well as lipopolysaccharide/ D- galactosamine (LPS/D-Gal)-induced liver injury. We have demonstrated that, in adult liver, LGR4 is expressed in hepatocytes and responds to Rspo1 with internalization. Rspo1 is responsive to various nutritional states and to mTOR signaling. Activation of LGR4 by Rspo1 significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced cell death, and levels of NF-κB-p65 and caspase-3 in cultured hepatocytes. Knockdown of hepatic LGR4 rendered hepatocytes more vulnerable to TNFα-induced damage in cultured primary cells and in the setting of HIRI and LPS/D-Gal-induced liver injury. Rspo1 potentiated both basal and Wnt3a-induced stabilization of β-catenin. Disruption of β-catenin signaling reversed the protective effects of Rspo1 on TNFα-induced hepatocyte toxicity. LGR4 knockdown increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 in response to acute injury. Overexpression of IKKβ attenuated the protective effects of Rspo1 on TNFα-induced cell death. In conclusion, the Rspo1-LGR4 system represents a novel pathway for cytoprotection and modulation of stress-induced tissue damage. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Functional LGR4 is present in mature hepatocytes. R-spodin1 protects hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cell death. Liver-specific knockdown of LGR4 renders liver more susceptible to acute injury. LGR4 protects hepatocytes from injury by inhibition of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shiying Liu
- 2Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Lou
- 3Department of Stomatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Mulholland
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,2Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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24
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Monteagudo S, Lories RJ. Cushioning the cartilage: a canonical Wnt restricting matter. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:670-681. [PMID: 29021569 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling pathways have key roles in joint development, homeostasis and disease, particularly in osteoarthritis. New data is starting to reveal the importance of tightly regulating canonical Wnt signalling pathway activation to maintain homeostasis and health in articular cartilage. In addition to the presence of different Wnt antagonists that limit pathway activation in articular cartilage, the reciprocal crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical cascades and competitive antagonism between different Wnt ligands seem to be critical in restraining excessive Wnt pathway activation. Changes in transcriptional complex assembly upon Wnt pathway activation, epigenetic modulation of target gene transcription, in particular through histone modifications, and complex interactions between the Wnt signalling pathway and other signalling pathways, are also instrumental in adjusting Wnt signalling. In this Review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning canonical Wnt signalling in the joint are updated, with a focus on the articular cartilage. The interventions for preventing or treating osteoarthritis are also discussed, which should aim to limit disease-associated excessive canonical Wnt activity to avoid joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteagudo
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik J Lories
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Fassio A, Idolazzi L, Viapiana O, Benini C, Vantaggiato E, Bertoldo F, Rossini M, Gatti D. In psoriatic arthritis Dkk-1 and PTH are lower than in rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. Clin Rheumatol 2017. [PMID: 28634697 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is characterized by bone erosive damage often associated with exuberant bone formation especially in enthesial sites. Dkk-1 and sclerostin are the main inhibitors of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and play a key role in the regulation of both bone formation and resorption. We performed this study in order to compare the serum levels of the WNT-pathway regulators along with bone turnover markers (BTM) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) between three different groups: one group of female patients affected by PsA, one group of female patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and healthy female controls (HC). This is a cross-sectional study including 33 patients with PsA classified with the CASPAR criteria, 35 HC, and 28 patients with RA classified with the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria. Intact N-propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), Dickkopf-related-protein 1 (Dkk-1), sclerostin, PTH, and 25OH-vitamin D serum levels were dosed. The PsA group showed significantly lower Dkk-1 levels when compared to the HC and RA groups. Dkk-1 in the RA group was significantly higher than HC. A similar trend was documented for PTH. In the PsA group, CTX-I was found to be lower than in both the RA and HC groups. This study demonstrated for the first time that Dkk-1 levels in PsA are lower than HC, in contrast with RA, in which they are increased. These results might contribute to explain the different bone involvement of the two different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fassio
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Luca Idolazzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Ombretta Viapiana
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Benini
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vantaggiato
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoldo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rossini
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gatti
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale A. Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy
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26
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Evidence of the Role of R-Spondin 1 and Its Receptor Lgr4 in the Transmission of Mechanical Stimuli to Biological Signals for Bone Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030564. [PMID: 28272338 PMCID: PMC5372580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone can adjust its mass and architecture to mechanical stimuli via a series of molecular cascades, which have been not yet fully elucidated. Emerging evidence indicated that R-spondins (Rspos), a family of secreted agonists of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, had important roles in osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. However, the role of Rspo proteins in mechanical loading-influenced bone metabolism has never been investigated. In this study, we found that Rspo1 was a mechanosensitive protein for bone formation. Continuous cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS) upregulated the expression of Rspo1 in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), while the expression of Rspo1 in BMSCs in vivo was downregulated in the bones of a mechanical unloading mouse model (tail suspension (TS)). On the other hand, Rspo1 could promote osteogenesis of BMSCs under CMS through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and could rescue the bone loss induced by mechanical unloading in the TS mice. Specifically, our results suggested that Rspo1 and its receptor of leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (Lgr4) should be a novel molecular signal in the transmission of mechanical stimuli to biological signal in the bone, and this signal should be in the upstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling for bone formation. Rspo1/Lgr4 could be a new potential target for the prevention and treatment of disuse osteoporosis in the future.
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27
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The role of R-spondins and their receptors in bone metabolism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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González-Chávez SA, Quiñonez-Flores CM, Pacheco-Tena C. Molecular mechanisms of bone formation in spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Nalesso G, Thomas BL, Sherwood JC, Yu J, Addimanda O, Eldridge SE, Thorup AS, Dale L, Schett G, Zwerina J, Eltawil N, Pitzalis C, Dell'Accio F. WNT16 antagonises excessive canonical WNT activation and protects cartilage in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:218-226. [PMID: 27147711 PMCID: PMC5264226 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both excessive and insufficient activation of WNT signalling results in cartilage breakdown and osteoarthritis. WNT16 is upregulated in the articular cartilage following injury and in osteoarthritis. Here, we investigate the function of WNT16 in osteoarthritis and the downstream molecular mechanisms. METHODS Osteoarthritis was induced by destabilisation of the medial meniscus in wild-type and WNT16-deficient mice. Molecular mechanisms and downstream effects were studied in vitro and in vivo in primary cartilage progenitor cells and primary chondrocytes. The pathway downstream of WNT16 was studied in primary chondrocytes and using the axis duplication assay in Xenopus. RESULTS WNT16-deficient mice developed more severe osteoarthritis with reduced expression of lubricin and increased chondrocyte apoptosis. WNT16 supported the phenotype of cartilage superficial-zone progenitor cells and lubricin expression. Increased osteoarthritis in WNT16-deficient mice was associated with excessive activation of canonical WNT signalling. In vitro, high doses of WNT16 weakly activated canonical WNT signalling, but, in co-stimulation experiments, WNT16 reduced the capacity of WNT3a to activate the canonical WNT pathway. In vivo, WNT16 rescued the WNT8-induced primary axis duplication in Xenopus embryos. CONCLUSIONS In osteoarthritis, WNT16 maintains a balanced canonical WNT signalling and prevents detrimental excessive activation, thereby supporting the homeostasis of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Nalesso
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bethan Lynne Thomas
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Claire Sherwood
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, The Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Olga Addimanda
- Department of Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical & Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Suzanne Elizabeth Eldridge
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Sophie Thorup
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leslie Dale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Zwerina
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noha Eltawil
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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30
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Zhu C, Zheng XF, Yang YH, Li B, Wang YR, Jiang SD, Jiang LS. LGR4 acts as a key receptor for R-spondin 2 to promote osteogenesis through Wnt signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2016; 28:989-1000. [PMID: 27140682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
R-spondin proteins are identified as secreted agonists of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGR) are recognized as R-spondin receptors. The potential role of R-spondin 2 (Rspo2) and LGR4 in mediating osteogenesis remains poorly understood. In our in vitro experiments, we found that Rspo2 could promote osteogenesis through activating the Wnt signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. However, this effect of Rsop2 disappeared in the cells with functional disruption of LGR4. Meanwhile, Rspo2 significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis and this effect of Rspo2 was dependent on the presence of osteoblasts with normal function of LGR4. In our in vivo experiments, we found that application of exogenous Rspo2 rescued the bone loss and improved the microarchitecture of bone in OVX mice. Rspo2 could be a positive regulator of bone metabolism through activating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and LGR4 acted as a key receptor for Rspo2 to promote osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin-Feng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yue-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Ren Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sheng-Dan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lei-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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31
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LGR4 is a receptor for RANKL and negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Nat Med 2016; 22:539-46. [PMID: 27064449 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11, also known as RANKL) regulates multiple physiological or pathological functions, including osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis. TNFRSF11A (also called RANK) is considered to be the sole receptor for RANKL. Herein we report that leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4, also called GPR48) is another receptor for RANKL. LGR4 competes with RANK to bind RANKL and suppresses canonical RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation. RANKL binding to LGR4 activates the Gαq and GSK3-β signaling pathway, an action that suppresses the expression and activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATC1) during osteoclastogenesis. Both whole-body (Lgr4(-/-)) and monocyte conditional knockout mice of Lgr4 (Lgr4 CKO) exhibit osteoclast hyperactivation (including elevation of osteoclast number, surface area, and size) and increased bone erosion. The soluble LGR4 extracellular domain (ECD) binds RANKL and inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vivo. Moreover, LGR4-ECD therapeutically abrogated RANKL-induced bone loss in three mouse models of osteoporosis. Therefore, LGR4 acts as a second RANKL receptor that negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.
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Bloy N, Pol J, Manic G, Vitale I, Eggermont A, Galon J, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Radioimmunotherapy for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e954929. [PMID: 25941606 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.954929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, it has become increasingly clear that the antineoplastic effects of radiation therapy do not simply reflect the ability of X-, β- and γ-rays to damage transformed cells and directly cause their permanent proliferative arrest or demise, but also involve cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Indeed, among other activities, radiotherapy has been shown to favor the establishment of tumor-specific immune responses that operate systemically, underpinning the so-called 'out-of-field' or 'abscopal' effect. Thus, ionizing rays appear to elicit immunogenic cell death, a functionally peculiar variant of apoptosis associated with the emission of a particularly immunostimulatory combination of damage-associated molecular patterns. In line with this notion, radiation therapy fosters, and thus exacerbates, the antineoplastic effects of various treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy and various immunotherapeutic agents. Here, we summarize recent advances in the use of ionizing rays as a means to induce or potentiate therapeutically relevant anticancer immune responses. In addition, we present clinical trials initiated during the past 12 months to test the actual benefit of radioimmunotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI ; Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute ; Rome, Italy
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute ; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; INSERM, U970 ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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Sharma AR, Chakraborty C, Lee SS, Sharma G, Yoon JK, George Priya Doss C, Song DK, Nam JS. Computational biophysical, biochemical, and evolutionary signature of human R-spondin family proteins, the member of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:974316. [PMID: 25276837 PMCID: PMC4172882 DOI: 10.1155/2014/974316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In human, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a significant role in cell growth, cell development, and disease pathogenesis. Four human (Rspo)s are known to activate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Presently, (Rspo)s serve as therapeutic target for several human diseases. Henceforth, basic understanding about the molecular properties of (Rspo)s is essential. We approached this issue by interpreting the biochemical and biophysical properties along with molecular evolution of (Rspo)s thorough computational algorithm methods. Our analysis shows that signal peptide length is roughly similar in (Rspo)s family along with similarity in aa distribution pattern. In Rspo3, four N-glycosylation sites were noted. All members are hydrophilic in nature and showed alike GRAVY values, approximately. Conversely, Rspo3 contains the maximum positively charged residues while Rspo4 includes the lowest. Four highly aligned blocks were recorded through Gblocks. Phylogenetic analysis shows Rspo4 is being rooted with Rspo2 and similarly Rspo3 and Rspo1 have the common point of origin. Through phylogenomics study, we developed a phylogenetic tree of sixty proteins (n = 60) with the orthologs and paralogs seed sequences. Protein-protein network was also illustrated. Results demonstrated in our study may help the future researchers to unfold significant physiological and therapeutic properties of (Rspo)s in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-704, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Computer Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyo Yoon
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medial Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Suk Nam
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 200704, Republic of Korea
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Choi BY, Chang SH, Cho HJ, Kang EH, Shin K, Song YW, Lee YJ. The association of radiographic progression with serum R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) levels or Dickkopf-1 (DKK1)/RSPO1 ratios in rheumatoid arthritis patients: clinical evidence for reciprocal inhibition between DKK1 and RSPO1. Scand J Rheumatol 2014; 43:453-61. [PMID: 25178409 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2014.905629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical implications of serum levels of R-spondin 1 (RSPO1), a natural antagonist for Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), and of DKK1/RSPO1 ratios in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHOD Serum DKK1 and RSPO1 levels were measured in 102 RA patients and 39 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. In addition, DKK1 and RSPO1 levels were determined prior to and 3 months after anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) therapy in 15 RA patients. Clinical and laboratory data and baseline radiographs of the hands and feet were obtained. Serial radiographs were evaluated in 83 RA patients. Radiographic joint damage was assessed by the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS). RESULTS Serum RSPO1 levels were significantly reduced whereas serum DKK1 levels and DKK1/RSPO1 ratios were significantly increased in RA patients compared with controls (all p < 0.0001). Anti-TNF-α treatment significantly suppressed DKK1/RSPO1 ratios (p < 0.01). In contrast to DKK1 or RSPO1 levels, the ratios were significantly associated with erosive disease, elevated acute phase reactants, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) > 3.2, and radiographic progression rate (all p < 0.05). Although the RA patients with radiographic progression exhibited significantly increased DKK1 and reduced RSPO1 levels (p < 0.05), only the DKK1/RSPO1 ratio (log-transformed) was found to be a significant predictor of subsequent radiographic progression [odds ratio (OR) 2.07, p < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the presence of RSPO1 in the circulation was shown for the first time. Our results suggest that the serum DKK1/RSPO1 ratio represents a better predictor of structural progression than either DKK1 or RSPO1 levels alone in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si, Seoul , South Korea
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Knight MN, Hankenson KD. R-spondins: novel matricellular regulators of the skeleton. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:157-61. [PMID: 24980904 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
R-spondins are a family of four matricellular proteins produced by a variety of cell-types. Structurally, R-spondins contain a TSR1 domain that retains the tryptophan structure and a modified cysteine-rich CSVCTG region. In addition, the R-spondins contain two furin repeats implicated in canonical Wnt signaling. R-spondins positively regulate canonical Wnt signaling by reducing Wnt receptor turnover and thereby increasing beta-catenin stabilization. R-spondins are prominently expressed in the developing skeleton and contribute to limb formation, particularly of the distal digit. Additionally, results suggest that R-spondins may contribute to the maintenance of adult bone mass by regulating osteoblastogenesis and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noelle Knight
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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Stock M, Böhm C, Scholtysek C, Englbrecht M, Fürnrohr BG, Klinger P, Gelse K, Gayetskyy S, Engelke K, Billmeier U, Wirtz S, van den Berg W, Schett G. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 deficiency uncouples cartilage and bone destruction in tumor necrosis factor α-mediated experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2310-22. [PMID: 23784913 DOI: 10.1002/art.38054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in skeletal development and in the control of cartilage and bone turnover. We have recently shown that the secreted Wnt antagonist Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF-1) is mainly expressed in the upper layers of epiphyseal and articular cartilage and, to a lesser extent, in bone. Nevertheless, WIF-1(-/-) mice develop normally. In light of these findings, we undertook this study to analyze the role of WIF-1 in arthritis. METHODS Expression analyses for WIF-1 were performed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). WIF-1(-/-) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-transgenic mice were crossbred, and the progression of arthritis in TNF-transgenic WIF-1(-/-) mice and littermate controls was evaluated. Structural joint damage was analyzed by histologic staining, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was investigated by real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence on primary chondrocytes. RESULTS WIF-1 expression was repressed by TNFα in chondrocytes and osteoblasts and down-regulated in experimental arthritis and in articular cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. WIF-1 deficiency partially protected TNF-transgenic mice against bone erosion and loss of trabecular bone, probably as a result of less osteoclast activity. In contrast, arthritis-related cartilage damage was aggravated by WIF-1 deficiency, while overexpression of WIF-1 attenuated cartilage degradation in TNF-transgenic mice. In chondrocytes, TNFα stimulated canonical Wnt signaling, which could be blocked by WIF-1, indicating a direct effect of TNFα and WIF-1 on Wnt signaling in this system. CONCLUSION These data suggest that WIF-1 may take part in the fine-tuning of cartilage and bone turnover, promoting the balance of cartilage versus bone anabolism.
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Boudin E, Fijalkowski I, Piters E, Van Hul W. The role of extracellular modulators of canonical Wnt signaling in bone metabolism and diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:220-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang H, Brennan TA, Russell E, Kim JH, Egan KP, Chen Q, Israelite C, Schultz DC, Johnson FB, Pignolo RJ. R-Spondin 1 promotes vibration-induced bone formation in mouse models of osteoporosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1421-9. [PMID: 23974989 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone tissue adapts to its functional environment by optimizing its morphology for mechanical demand. Among the mechanosensitive cells that recognize and respond to forces in the skeleton are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). Therefore, the ability to use mechanical signals to improve bone health through exercise and devices that deliver mechanical signals is an attractive approach to age-related bone loss; however, the extracellular or circulating mediators of such signals are largely unknown. Using SDS-PAGE separation of proteins secreted by MPCs in response to low-magnitude mechanical signals and in-gel trypsin digestion followed by HPLC and mass spectroscopy, we identified secreted proteins up-regulated by vibratory stimulation. We exploited a cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype screen and reasoned that a subset of vibration-induced proteins with diminished secretion by senescent MPCs will have the capacity to promote bone formation in vivo. We identified one such vibration-induced bone-enhancing (vibe) gene as R-spondin 1, a Wnt pathway modulator, and demonstrated that it has the capacity to promote bone formation in three mouse models of age-related bone loss. By virtue of their secretory status, some vibe proteins may be candidates for pre-clinical development as anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. KEY MESSAGE Mesenchymal stem cells respond to low magnitude mechanical signals (vibration). R-Spondin 1 is upregulated by mechanical signals and secreted. R-Spondin 1 promotes bone formation in three mouse models of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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R-spondin3 prevents mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage by tightening endothelium and preventing vascular leakage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14348-53. [PMID: 23942120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309393110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and vascular injury triggered by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in a number of clinical settings. Wnt and its homolog partners R-spondins, in addition to regulating embryonic development have recently been demonstrated to serve as wound-healing agents in inflammation-associated conditions. Here we ask whether R-spondins could prevent inflammation-associated tissue damage in ischemic disorders and thus investigate the role of R-spondin3 (R-spo3) in a mouse model of mesenteric I/R. We demonstrate that R-spo3 ameliorates mesenteric I/R-induced local intestinal as well as remote lung damage by suppressing local and systemic cytokine response and deposition of IgM and complement in intestinal tissues. We also show that decreased inflammatory response is accompanied by tightening of endothelial cell junctions and reduction in vascular leakage. We conclude that R-spo3 stabilizes endothelial junctions and inhibits vascular leakage during I/R and thereby mitigates the inflammatory events and associated tissue damage. Our findings uniquely demonstrate a protective effect of R-spo3 in I/R-related tissue injury and suggest a mechanism by which it may have these effects.
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Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is well characterized in stem cell biology and plays a critical role in liver development, regeneration, and homeostasis. We hypothesized that pharmacologic activation of Wnt signaling protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through its known proliferative and antiapoptotic properties. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 70% hepatic ischemia by microvascular clamping of the hilum of the left and median lobes of the liver for 90 min, followed by reperfusion. Wnt agonist (2-amino-4-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzylamino]-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine, 5 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle (20% dimethyl sulfoxide in saline) in 0.5 mL was injected i.p. 1 h before ischemia or infused i.v. over 30 min right after ischemia. Blood and tissue samples from the pretreated groups were collected 24 h after reperfusion, and a survival study was performed. Hepatic expression of β-catenin and its downstream target gene Axin2 were decreased after I/R, whereas Wnt agonist restored their expression to sham levels. Wnt agonist blunted I/R-induced elevations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase and significantly improved the microarchitecture of the liver. The cell proliferation determined by Ki67 immunostaining significantly increased with Wnt agonist treatment, and inflammatory cascades were dampened in Wnt agonist-treated animals, as demonstrated by attenuations in interleukin 6, myeloperoxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrotyrosine. Wnt agonist also significantly decreased the amount of apoptosis, as evidenced by decreases in both TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining as well as caspase 3 activity levels. Finally, the 10-day survival rate was increased from 27% in the vehicle group to 73% in the pretreated Wnt agonist group and 55% in the Wnt agonist postischemia treatment group. Thus, we propose that direct Wnt/β-catenin stimulation may represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of hepatic I/R.
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Wang FS, Chung PC, Lin CL, Chen MW, Ke HJ, Chang YH, Chen YS, Wu SL, Ko JY. MicroRNA-29a Protects Against Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss and Fragility in Rats by Orchestrating Bone Acquisition and Resorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1530-40. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Sheng Wang
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chung
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Wen Chen
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jin Ke
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Shin-Long Wu
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Jih-Yang Ko
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
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PPARβ/δ governs Wnt signaling and bone turnover. Nat Med 2013; 19:608-13. [PMID: 23542786 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) act as metabolic sensors and central regulators of fat and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, PPARγ has been implicated as major catabolic regulator of bone mass in mice and humans. However, a potential involvement of other PPAR subtypes in the regulation of bone homeostasis has remained elusive. Here we report a previously unrecognized role of PPARβ/δ as a key regulator of bone turnover and the crosstalk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In contrast to activation of PPARγ, activation of PPARβ/δ amplified Wnt-dependent and β-catenin-dependent signaling and gene expression in osteoblasts, resulting in increased expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and attenuation of osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Accordingly, PPARβ/δ-deficient mice had lower Wnt signaling activity, lower serum concentrations of OPG, higher numbers of osteoclasts and osteopenia. Pharmacological activation of PPARβ/δ in a mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis led to normalization of the altered ratio of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 11 (RANKL, also called TNFSF11) to OPG, a rebalancing of bone turnover and the restoration of normal bone density. Our findings identify PPARβ/δ as a promising target for an alternative approach in the treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases.
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WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: from human mutations to treatments. Nat Med 2013; 19:179-92. [PMID: 23389618 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1413] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare human mutations affecting bone negatively (osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome) or positively (high-bone mass phenotype, sclerosteosis and Van Buchem disease) have been identified and found to all reside in components of the canonical WNT signaling machinery. Mouse genetics confirmed the importance of canonical Wnt signaling in the regulation of bone homeostasis, with activation of the pathway leading to increased, and inhibition leading to decreased, bone mass and strength. The importance of WNT signaling for bone has also been highlighted since then in the general population in numerous genome-wide association studies. The pathway is now the target for therapeutic intervention to restore bone strength in millions of patients at risk for fracture. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which WNT signalng regulates bone homeostasis.
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Weng LH, Ko JY, Wang CJ, Sun YC, Wang FS. Dkk-1 promotes angiogenic responses and cartilage matrix proteinase secretion in synovial fibroblasts from osteoarthritic joints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3267-77. [PMID: 22736200 DOI: 10.1002/art.34602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial hypervascularity is a prominent pathologic feature in osteoarthritic (OA) joints. Wnt inhibitor Dkk-1 contributes to joint remodeling. We undertook this study to investigate whether Dkk-1 regulates cartilage destruction activities in OA synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Synovial tissues were harvested from knees of patients with OA and from injured knees of non-OA patients who underwent arthroscopy. Expression of Dkk-1, angiogenic factors (stromal cell-derived factor 1 and colony-stimulating factor 1), and cartilage proteinases (ADAMTS-5 and matrix metalloproteinase 3 [MMP-3]) as well as vascularity in synovium and synovial fluid were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and histomorphometry. Synovial fibroblasts were treated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), anti-Dkk-1 antibody, and RNA interference to characterize their angiogenic activity. Rats with OA knees were administered Dkk-1 antisense oligonucleotide to verify synovial angiogenesis and cartilage integrity. RESULTS OA synovium exhibited increased vascularity and expression of angiogenic factors and proteinases in association with up-regulated Dkk-1 levels. Neutralizing Dkk-1 reduced the inhibitory effects of OA synovial fluid on aggrecan expression in chondrocyte cultures. IL-1β induction of Dkk-1 increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), angiogenic factors, ADAMTS-5, and MMP-3 in synovial fibroblasts and promoted angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells. Knockdown of HIF-1α decreased Dkk-1 enhancement of angiogenic factor expression. Stabilization of glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylated at Ser(9) , β-catenin, T cell factor 4, and ERK signaling attenuated Dkk-1 up-regulation of angiogenic factor and proteinase expression in synovial fibroblasts. In vivo, Dkk-1 interference reduced the expression of angiogenic factors and proteinases and ameliorated synovial vascularity and cartilage deterioration in knees of rats with OA. CONCLUSION Dkk-1 promoted angiogenic and cartilage degradation activities in synovial fibroblasts, which accelerated synovial angiogenesis and cartilage destruction. Dkk-1 blockade has therapeutic potential for reducing OA-induced synovitis and joint deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hsiu Weng
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kleyer A, Scholtysek C, Bottesch E, Hillienhof U, Beyer C, Distler JH, Tuckermann JP, Schett G, Krönke G. Liver X receptors orchestrate osteoblast/osteoclast crosstalk and counteract pathologic bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2442-51. [PMID: 22806960 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by enhanced differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, resulting in a rapid loss of functional trabecular bone. Bone-forming osteoblasts and osteoblast-derived osteocytes perform a key role in the regulation of osteoclast development by providing both the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its natural decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). By regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio, osteoblasts hence determine the rate of both osteoclast differentiation and bone turnover. Here, we describe a novel role for liver X receptors (LXRs) during the crosstalk of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. By using a system of osteoblast/osteoclast cocultures, we identify LXRs as regulator of RANKL expression and the RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoblasts. Activation of LXRs drastically reduced the RANKL/OPG ratio and interfered with osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation in vitro. During an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, the application of an LXR agonist shifted the RANKL/OPG ratio in vivo, ameliorated the enhanced osteoclast differentiation, and provided complete protection from OVX-induced bone loss. These results reveal an unexpected involvement of LXRs in the regulation of bone turnover and highlight a potential role for LXRs as novel targets in the treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Jin YR, Yoon JK. The R-spondin family of proteins: emerging regulators of WNT signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2278-87. [PMID: 22982762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the R-spondin (RSPO) family of proteins has emerged as important regulators of WNT signaling. Considering the wide spectrum of WNT signaling functions in normal biological processes and disease conditions, there has been a significantly growing interest in understanding the functional roles of RSPOs in multiple biological processes and determining the molecular mechanisms by which RSPOs regulate the WNT signaling pathway. Recent advances in the RSPO research field revealed some of the in vivo functions of RSPOs and provided new information regarding the mechanistic roles of RSPO activity in regulation of WNT signaling. Herein, we review recent progress in RSPO research with an emphasis on signaling mechanisms and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ri Jin
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medial Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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Bibliography Current World Literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e31824bc119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yoon JK, Lee JS. Cellular signaling and biological functions of R-spondins. Cell Signal 2012; 24:369-377. [PMID: 21982879 PMCID: PMC3237830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
R-spondins (RSPOs) are a family of cysteine-rich secreted proteins containing a single thrombospondin type I repeat (TSR) domain. A vast amount of information regarding cellular signaling and biological functions of RSPOs has emerged over the last several years, especially with respect to their roles in the activation of the WNT signaling pathway. The identification of several classes of RSPO receptors may indicate that this family of proteins can affect several signaling cascades. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of RSPO signaling and its biological functions, and discuss its potential therapeutic implications to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyo Yoon
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
| | - Jin-Seon Lee
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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Kwon SR. Animal Models of Spondyloarthritis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2012. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2012.19.5.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ryul Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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