1
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Guo X, Sun W, Wei L, Wang X, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Wang N, Jiang M, Zhao H, Qu E, Pang Y, Yin J, Ren G. Development and evaluation of a recombinant VP2 neutralizing epitope antigen vaccine candidate for infectious bursal disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3658-3675. [PMID: 33406318 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases. Currently, vaccination is the most effective method to prevent IBD. Medium-virulence vaccines can damage the bursa of Fabricius and result in immunosuppression. Therefore, it is essential to develop a safe and effective vaccine against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In this study, the five neutralizing epitopes of the IBDV VP2 protein were confirmed by neutralizing single chain variable fragment antibodies. Then, the neutralizing epitopes antigen (NEA) protein was constructed with five neutralizing epitopes and expressed by pET-27b. Furthermore, the immune effect and protective immunity of the NEA protein with the following adjuvants were evaluated in specific-pathogen-free chickens: oil emulsion adjuvant (OEA), double emulsion adjuvant (DEA), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) adjuvant and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The experimental results demonstrated that chickens immunized with NEA vaccines elicited stronger humoral and/or cellular immune responses and inflammatory responses than those in the NEA protein group. Chickens were protected in OEA, CFA and GM-CSF adjuvant groups, which were challenged with virulent IBDV BC6/85. Furthermore, IBDV RNA was not measured, and there appeared to be little apoptosis in the bursa of Fabricius based on TUNEL histology and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in the OEA, CFA and GM-CSF adjuvant groups. Based on the experimental results, the advantages and disadvantages of adjuvants and industrial production methods, GM-CSF was found to be the optimal adjuvant. Therefore, NEA with GM-CSF adjuvant is a promising vaccine candidate against IBDV, and it provides a framework for developing other vaccines against infectious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenying Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangxiang Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yimeng Zou
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Enbo Qu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqing Pang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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2
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New insights into affinity proteins for HER2-targeted therapy: Beyond trastuzumab. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188448. [PMID: 33039514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is known as a potential target for both cancer treatment and diagnosis. One of the most interesting HER2-targeted therapeutics is an affinity protein which selectively recognizes and binds to a defined target. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody which has been approved as the first affinity proteins for treatment of some HER2-positive cancers including breast cancer. Despite initial response to trastuzumab, the majority of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer still show resistance to the therapy. Recently, various anti-HER2 affinity proteins, including antibodies, antibody fragments (e.g., Fab and scFv) and other protein scaffolds (e.g., affibody and DARPin), alone or fused/conjugated with therapeutic agents (e.g., proteins, drugs and radioisotopes) have been developed to overcome the trastuzumab resistance. Here, we review these engineered affinity proteins which are either clinically approved or under evaluation. Modern technologies and future prospects for their clinical applications in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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3
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Bogen JP, Storka J, Yanakieva D, Fiebig D, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Isolation of Common Light Chain Antibodies from Immunized Chickens Using Yeast Biopanning and Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000240. [PMID: 32914549 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic distance between chickens and humans accounts for a strong immune response and a broader epitope coverage compared to rodent immunization approaches. Here the authors report the isolation of common light chain (cLC)-based chicken monoclonal antibodies from an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immune library utilizing yeast surface display in combination with yeast biopanning and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For the selection of high-affinity antibodies, a yeast cell library presenting cLC-comprising fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragments is panned against hEGFR-overexpressing A431 cells. The resulting cell-cell-complexes are sorted by FACS resulting in gradual enrichment of EGFR-binding Fabs in three sorting rounds. The isolated antibodies share the same light chain and show high specificity for EGFR, resulting in selective binding to A431 cells with notable EC50 values. All identified antibodies show very good aggregation propensity profiles and thermostabilities. Additionally, epitope binning demonstrates that these cLC antibodies cover a broad epitope space. Isolation of antibodies from immunized chickens by yeast cell biopanning makes an addition to the repertoire of methods for antibody library screening, paving the way for the generation of cLC-based bispecific antibodies against native mammalian receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Juliana Storka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, Saint-Prex, CH-1162, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
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4
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Jo M, Hwang B, Yoon HW, Jung ST. Escherichia coli inner membrane display system for high-throughput screening of dimeric proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2849-2858. [PMID: 30171695 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multimer formation is indispensable to the intrinsicbiologicalfunctions of many natural proteins. For example, the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody has two variable regions (heavy chain variable domain [VH] and light chain variable domain [VL]) that must be assembled for specific antigen binding, and homodimerization of the antibody's Fc domain is essential for eliciting therapeutic effector functions. For the more efficient high-throughput directed evolution of multimeric proteins with ease of cultivation and handling, here we report a membrane protein drift and assembly (MPDA) system, in which a multimeric protein is displayed on a bacterial inner membrane by drifting and auto-assembling membrane-anchored subunit polypeptides. This system enabled the auto-assembly of membrane-tethered Fv domains (VH and VL) or the monomeric Fc domain into a functional hetero- or homodimeric protein complex on the bacterial inner membrane. This system could also be used to enrich a desired engineered Fc variant from a mixture containing a million-fold excess of wild-type Fc domain, indicating the applicability of the MPDA system for the high-throughput directed evolution of a variety of multimeric proteins, such as cytokines, enzymes, or structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migyeong Jo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bora Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woung Yoon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Jeong GM, Seong H, Im SG, Sung BH, Kim SC, Jeong KJ. Coating of an antimicrobial peptide on solid substrate via initiated chemical vapor deposition. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Jo M, Kwon HS, Lee KH, Lee JC, Jung ST. Engineered aglycosylated full-length IgG Fc variants exhibiting improved FcγRIIIa binding and tumor cell clearance. MAbs 2017; 10:278-289. [PMID: 29173039 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1402995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIIa, which is predominantly expressed on the surface of natural killer cells, plays a key role in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), a major effector function of therapeutic IgG antibodies that results in the death of aberrant cells. Despite the potential uses of aglycosylated IgG antibodies, which can be easily produced in bacteria and do not have complicated glycan heterogeneity issues, they show negligible binding to FcγRIIIa and abolish the activation of immune leukocytes for tumor cell clearance, in sharp contrast to most glycosylated IgG antibodies used in the clinical setting. For directed evolution of aglycosylated Fc variants that bind to FcγRIIIa and, in turn, exert potent ADCC effector function, we randomized the aglycosylated Fc region of full-length IgG expressed on the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. Multiple rounds of high-throughput screening using flow cytometry facilitated the isolation of aglycosylated IgG Fc variants that exhibited higher binding affinity to FcγRIIIa-158V and FcγRIIIa-158F compared with clinical-grade trastuzumab (Herceptin®). The resulting aglycosylated trastuzumab IgG antibody Fc variants could elicit strong peripheral blood mononuclear cell-mediated ADCC without glycosylation in the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migyeong Jo
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , Kookmin University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyeong Sun Kwon
- b SG Medical , 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Lee
- c New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , Cheongju , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - Ji Chul Lee
- b SG Medical , 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , Kookmin University , Seoul , Korea
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7
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Zhang Y, Yin J, Li T, Zhou B, Xu P, Che R, Liu Y, Cao H, Ye X, Yang Y, Qi X, Zheng S, Ding G, Ren G, Yang H, Wang X, Li D. A recombinant avian antibody against VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus protects chicken from viral infection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:194-201. [PMID: 28482266 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A stable cell-line was established that expressed the recombinant avian antibody (rAb) against the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). rAb exhibited neutralization activity to IBDV-B87 strain in DF1 cells. The minimum rAb concentration required for inhibition of the cytopathic effect (CPE) was 1.563μg/mL. To test the efficacy of rAb, a 168-h cohabitation challenge experiment was performed to transmit the disease from the chickens challenged with vvIBDV (HLJ0504 strain) to three test groups of chickens, i.e. (1) chickens treated with rAb, (2) chickens treated with yolk antibody, and (3) non-treatment chickens. The survival rates of chickens treated with rAb, yolk antibody and without treatment were 73%, 67% and 20%, respectively. Another batch of chickens was challenged with IBDV (BC6/85 strain) and then injected with rAb (1.0mg/kg) 6, 24 and 36h post-challenge. Non-treatment chickens had 100% morbidity, whereas those administered with rAb exhibited only 20% morbidity. Morbidity was evaluated using clinical indicators and bursal histopathological section. This study provides a new approach to treating IBDV and the rAb represents a promising candidate for this IBDV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tianhe Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Pengfei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ruixiang Che
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yunye Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hongxue Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yongbi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guojie Ding
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd., Harbin, PR China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China.
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8
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Chen Y, Bai Y, Guo X, Wang W, Zheng Q, Wang F, Sun D, Li D, Ren G, Yin J. Selection of affinity-improved neutralizing human scFv against HBV PreS1 from CDR3 VH/VL mutant library. Biologicals 2016; 44:271-275. [PMID: 27255707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A CDR3 mutant library was constructed from a previously isolated anti-HBV neutralizing Homo sapiens scFv-31 template by random mutant primers PCR. Then the library was displayed on the inner membrane surface in Escherichia coli periplasmic space. Seven scFv clones were isolated from the mutant library through three rounds of screening by flow cytometry. Competition ELISA assay indicates that isolated scFv fragments show more efficient binding ability to HBV PreS1 compared with parental scFv-31. HBV neutralization assay indicated that two clones (scFv-3 and 59) show higher neutralizing activity by blocking the HBV infection to Chang liver cells. Our method provides a new strategy for rapid screening of mutant antibody library for affinity-enhanced scFv clones and the neutralizing scFvs obtained from this study provide a potential alternative of Hepatitis B immune globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanMin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yin Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; The 211th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China.
| | - XiaoChen Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - WenFei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - FuXiang Wang
- Harbin Medical University, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dejun Sun
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150000, People's Republic of China.
| | - DeShan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - GuiPing Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - JieChao Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Lee YJ, Lee R, Lee SH, Yim SS, Jeong KJ. Enhanced secretion of recombinant proteins via signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent secretion pathway by deletion of rrsE in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2453-61. [PMID: 27111103 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent secretion pathway, which is characterized by co-translational translocation, helps prevent cytoplasmic aggregation of proteins before secretion, its limited capacity for the protein secretion is a major hurdle for utilizing the pathway as an attractive route for secretory production of recombinant proteins. Therefore, we developed an Escherichia coli mutant, whose efficiency of secretion via the SRP pathway was dramatically increased. First, we developed a novel FACS-based screening system by combining a periplasmic display system (PECS) and direct fluorescent labeling with the organoarsenic compound, FlAsH-EDT2 . With this screening system, transposon-insertion library of E. coli was screened, and then we isolated mutants which exhibited higher protein production through the SRP pathway than the parental strain. From the genetic analysis, we found that all isolated mutants had the same mutation-disruption of the 16S rRNA gene (rrsE). The positive effect of rrsE deficiency on protein secretion via the SRP pathway was successfully demonstrated using various model proteins including endogenous SRP-dependent proteins, antibodies, and G protein-coupled receptor. For the large-scale production of IgG and GPCR, we performed fed-batch cultivation with the rrsE-deficient mutant, and very high yields of IgG (0.4 g/L) and GPCR (1.4 g/L) were obtained. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2453-2461. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Roojin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwa Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sun Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Thompson M. Aptamers, antibody scFv, and antibody Fab' fragments: An overview and comparison of three of the most versatile biosensor biorecognition elements. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:32-45. [PMID: 27155114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The choice of biosensing elements is crucial for the development of the optimal biosensor. Three of the most versatile biosensing elements are antibody single-chain Fv fragments (scFv), antibody fragment-antigen binding (Fab') units, and aptamers. This article provides an overview of these three biorecognition elements with respects to their synthesis/engineering, various immobilization techniques, and examples of their use in biosensors. Furthermore, the final section of the review compares and contrasts their characteristics (time/cost of development, ease and variability of immobilization, affinity, stability) illustrating their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, scFv fragments are found to display the highest customizability (i.e. addition of functional groups, immobilizing peptides, etc.) due to recombinant synthesis techniques. If time and cost are an issue in the development of the biosensor, Fab' fragments should be chosen as they are relatively cheap and can be developed quickly from whole antibodies (several days). However, if there are sufficient funds and time is not a factor, aptamers should be utilized as they display the greatest affinity towards their target analytes and are extremely stable (excellent biosensor regenerability).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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11
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Development of high-affinity single chain Fv against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 84:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Son YJ, Ryu AJ, Li L, Han NS, Jeong KJ. Development of a high-copy plasmid for enhanced production of recombinant proteins in Leuconostoc citreum. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:12. [PMID: 26767787 PMCID: PMC4714500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leuconostoc is a hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria, and its importance is widely recognized in the dairy industry. However, due to limited genetic tools including plasmids for Leuconostoc, there has not been much extensive research on the genetics and engineering of Leuconostoc yet. Thus, there is a big demand for high-copy-number plasmids for useful gene manipulation and overproduction of recombinant proteins in Leuconostoc. Results Using an existing low-copy plasmid, the copy number of plasmid was increased by random mutagenesis followed by FACS-based high-throughput screening. First, a random library of plasmids was constructed by randomizing the region responsible for replication in Leuconostoc citreum; additionally, a superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) was used as a reporter protein. With a high-speed FACS sorter, highly fluorescent cells were enriched, and after two rounds of sorting, single clone exhibiting the highest level of sfGFP was isolated. The copy number of the isolated plasmid (pCB4270) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). It was found that the isolated plasmid has approximately a 30-fold higher copy number (approx. 70 copies per cell) than that of the original plasmid. From the sequence analysis, a single mutation (C→T) at position 4690 was found, and we confirmed that this single mutation was responsible for the increased plasmid copy number. The effectiveness of the isolated high-copy-number plasmid for the overproduction of recombinant proteins was successfully demonstrated with two protein models Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and α–amylase. Conclusions The high-copy number plasmid was successfully isolated by FACS-based high-throughput screening of a plasmid library in L. citreum. The isolated plasmid could be a useful genetic tool for high-level gene expression in Leuconostoc, and for extending the applications of this useful bacteria to various areas in the dairy and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jeong Son
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus PROGRAM, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ae Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus PROGRAM, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Soo Han
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus PROGRAM, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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13
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In Vitro Selection of Cancer Cell-Specific Molecular Recognition Elements from Amino Acid Libraries. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:186586. [PMID: 26436100 PMCID: PMC4576012 DOI: 10.1155/2015/186586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is an in vitro selection method for obtaining molecular recognition elements (MREs) that specifically bind to individual cell types with high affinity. MREs are selected from initial large libraries of different nucleic or amino acids. This review outlines the construction of peptide and antibody fragment libraries as well as their different host types. Common methods of selection are also reviewed. Additionally, examples of cancer cell MREs are discussed, as well as their potential applications.
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High throughput screening of scFv antibodies against viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus by flow cytometry. J Virol Methods 2015; 219:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Zhou Y, Xie ZG. A neutralizing scFv antibody against infectious bursal disease virus screened by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:80-4. [PMID: 26003676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is considered a vital viral disease that threatens the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, a recombinant single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library derived from chickens immunized with VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was constructed. The library was subjected to three rounds of screening by flow cytometry (FCM) against VP2/IBDV through a bacteria display technology, resulting in the enrichment of scFvs. Three scFv clones with different fluorescence intensity were obtained by colony pick up at random. The obtained scFv antibodies were expressed and purified. Relative affinity assay showed the three clones had different sensitivity to VP2, in accordance with fluorescence activity cell sorting analysis (FACS). The potential use of the isolated IBDV-specific scFv antibodies was demonstrated by the successful application of these antibodies in Western blotting and ELISA assay. What's more, in vitro neutralization measurement showed that one of the three isolated antibodies possessed the neutralization function against IBDV. This study provides new strategies for screening of antibody library, and scFv antibodies isolated in this study may be utilized as lead candidates for further development of diagnostic or therapeutic antibodies for detection and treatment of IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Agro-forest, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xie
- College of Life Sciences and Agro-forest, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, PR China.
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16
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Park JP, Park CY, Park AY, Ryu MY. Evolutionary identification of affinity peptides for the detection of sepsis biomarker procalcitonin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the use of phage display for the discovery of unique peptide motifs which are capable of binding to procalcitonin. The best peptide specific for procalcitonin was found to be 1.9 ± 0.001 nanomolar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Daegu Haany University
- Gyeongsan 38610
- Republic of Korea
| | - C. Y. Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Daegu Haany University
- Gyeongsan 38610
- Republic of Korea
| | - A. Y. Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Daegu Haany University
- Gyeongsan 38610
- Republic of Korea
| | - M. Y. Ryu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Daegu Haany University
- Gyeongsan 38610
- Republic of Korea
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17
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Bi-specific antibodies with high antigen-binding affinity identified by flow cytometry. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:463-473. [PMID: 25526913 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using conventional approaches, the antigen-binding affinity of a novel format of bi-specific antibody (BsAb) cannot be determined until purified BsAb is obtained. Here, we show that new lipoprotein A (NlpA)-based bacteria display technology, combined with flow cytometry (FCM), can be used to detect antigen-binding affinity of BsAbs, in the absence of expression and purification work. Two formats of BsAb, scFv2-CH/CL and Diabody-CH/CL, specific for human interleukin 1β (hIL-1β) and human interleukin 17A (hIL-17A), were constructed and displayed in Escherichia coli using NlpA-based bacteria display technology. Conversion of these cells to spheroplasts, and their incubation with fluorescently conjugated antigens resulted in the selective labeling of spheroplasts expressing BsAb; enabling their antigen-binding affinity to be analyzed with FCM. The association and dissociation of BsAbs for binding to hIL-1β and hIL-17A were analyzed using FCM-based assays. The results showed that antigen-binding affinity of Diabody-CH/CL was significantly higher than that of scFv2-CH/CL. To confirm these results of FCM-based assays, BsAbs were expressed, purified and subjected to relative affinity measurements, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity analysis. The results showed that Diabody-CH/CL had greater relative affinities for both antigens, resulting in better blocking bioactivities on cellular level and effects on alleviating joint inflammation, and cartilage destruction and bone damage in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) mice model. These results indicate that BsAbs with good antigen-binding affinity can be identified by FCM-based assays without expression and purification work, and the indentified BsAb can serve as a lead compound for further drug development.
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18
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Williams RM, Hajiran CJ, Nayeem S, Sooter LJ. Identification of an antibody fragment specific for androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:81. [PMID: 25186190 PMCID: PMC4158339 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the most-diagnosed non-skin cancer among males in the US, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Current methods of treatment and diagnosis are not specific for the disease. This work identified an antibody fragment that binds selectively to a molecule on the surface of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells but not benign prostatic cells. Results Antibody fragment identification was achieved using a library screening and enrichment strategy. A library of 109 yeast-displayed human non-immune antibody fragments was enriched for those that bind to androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, but not to benign prostatic cells or purified prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Seven rounds of panning and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) screening yielded one antibody fragment identified from the enriched library. This molecule, termed HiR7.8, has a low-nanomolar equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and high specificity for androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Conclusions Antibody fragment screening from a yeast-displayed library has yielded one molecule with high affinity and specificity. With further pre-clinical development, it is hoped that the antibody fragment identified using this screening strategy will be useful in the specific detection of prostate cancer and in targeted delivery of therapeutic agents for increased efficacy and reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Letha J Sooter
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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19
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Jeong GM, Kim YS, Jeong KJ. A human kringle domain-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay system. Anal Biochem 2014; 451:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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scFv antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus isolated from a combinatorial antibody library by flow cytometry. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1029-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Yang C, Xie H, Zhang JK, Su BL. Anchoring proteins to Escherichia coli cell membranes using hydrophobic anchors derived from a Bacillus subtilis integral membrane protein. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 85:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Wang H, Liu R. Advantages of mRNA display selections over other selection techniques for investigation of protein-protein interactions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 8:335-46. [PMID: 21679115 PMCID: PMC7103729 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
mRNA display is a genotype–phenotype conjugation method that allows for amplification-based, iterative rounds of in vitro selection to be applied to peptides and proteins. mRNA display can be used to display both long natural protein and short synthetic peptide libraries with unusually high diversities for the investigation of protein–protein interactions. Here, we summarize the advantages of mRNA display by comparing it with other widely used peptide or protein-selection techniques, and discuss various applications of this technique in studying protein–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA
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23
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Löfblom J. Bacterial display in combinatorial protein engineering. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1115-29. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Cotten SW, Zou J, Valencia CA, Liu R. Selection of proteins with desired properties from natural proteome libraries using mRNA display. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1163-82. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Enrichment of Escherichia coli spheroplasts displaying scFv antibodies specific for antigens expressed on the human cell surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:1385-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Ackerman M, Levary D, Tobon G, Hackel B, Orcutt KD, Wittrup KD. Highly avid magnetic bead capture: an efficient selection method for de novo protein engineering utilizing yeast surface display. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:774-83. [PMID: 19363813 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering relies on the selective capture of members of a protein library with desired properties. Yeast surface display technology routinely enables as much as million-fold improvements in binding affinity by alternating rounds of diversification and flow cytometry-based selection. However, flow cytometry is not well suited for isolating de novo binding clones from naïve libraries due to limitations in the size of the population that can be analyzed, the minimum binding affinity of clones that can be reliably captured, the amount of target antigen required, and the likelihood of capturing artifactual binders to the reagents. Here, we demonstrate a method for capturing rare clones that maintains the advantages of yeast as the expression host, while avoiding the disadvantages of FACS in isolating de novo binders from naïve libraries. The multivalency of yeast surface display is intentionally coupled with multivalent target presentation on magnetic beads-allowing isolation of extremely weak binders from billions of non-binding clones, and requiring far less target antigen for each selection, while minimizing the likelihood of isolating undesirable alternative solutions to the selective pressure. Multivalent surface selection allows 30,000-fold enrichment and almost quantitative capture of micromolar binders in a single pass using less than one microgram of target antigen. We further validate the robust nature of this selection method by isolation of de novo binders against lysozyme as well as its utility in negative selections by isolating binders to streptavidin-biotin that do not cross-react to streptavidin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ackerman
- Dept. of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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27
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Seo MJ, Jeong KJ, Leysath CE, Ellington AD, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. Engineering antibody fragments to fold in the absence of disulfide bonds. Protein Sci 2009; 18:259-67. [PMID: 19177559 DOI: 10.1002/pro.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the stabilization of the immunoglobulin beta-sandwich sandwich. Under reducing conditions, such as those that prevail in the cytoplasm, disulfide bonds do not normally form and as a result most antibodies expressed in that compartment (intrabodies) accumulate in a misfolded and inactive state. We have developed a simple method for the quantitative isolation of antibody fragments that retain full activity under reducing conditions from large mutant libraries. In E. coli, inactivation of the cysteine oxidoreductase DsbA abolishes protein oxidation in the periplasm, which leads to the accumulation of scFvs and other disulfide-containing proteins in a reduced form. Libraries of mutant scFvs were tethered onto the inner membrane of dsbA cells and mutants that could bind fluorescently labeled antigen in the reducing periplasm were screened by Anchored Periplasmic Expression (APEx; Harvey et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:9193-9198.). Using this approach, we isolated scFv antibody variants that are fully active when expressed in the cytoplasm or when the four Cys residues that normally form disulfides are substituted by Ser residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA
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28
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de Marco A. Strategies for successful recombinant expression of disulfide bond-dependent proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:26. [PMID: 19442264 PMCID: PMC2689190 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are simple and cost effective hosts for producing recombinant proteins. However, their physiological features may limit their use for obtaining in native form proteins of some specific structural classes, such as for instance polypeptides that undergo extensive post-translational modifications. To some extent, also the production of proteins that depending on disulfide bridges for their stability has been considered difficult in E. coli. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms keep their cytoplasm reduced and, consequently, disulfide bond formation is impaired in this subcellular compartment. Disulfide bridges can stabilize protein structure and are often present in high abundance in secreted proteins. In eukaryotic cells such bonds are formed in the oxidizing environment of endoplasmic reticulum during the export process. Bacteria do not possess a similar specialized subcellular compartment, but they have both export systems and enzymatic activities aimed at the formation and at the quality control of disulfide bonds in the oxidizing periplasm. This article reviews the available strategies for exploiting the physiological mechanisms of bactera to produce properly folded disulfide-bonded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Cogentech, IFOM-IEO Campus for Oncogenomic, via Adamello, 16 - 20139, Milano, Italy.
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29
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Levy M, Ellington AD. Directed evolution of streptavidin variants using in vitro compartmentalization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:979-89. [PMID: 18804035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and implemented an in vitro compartmentalization (IVC) selection scheme for the identification of streptavidin (SA) variants with altered specificities for the biotin analog desthiobiotin. Wild-type SA and selected variants bind desthiobiotin with similar affinities (approximately 10(-13) M), but the variants have off rates almost 50 times slower and a half-life for dissociation of 24 hr at 25 degrees C. The utility of streptavidin variants with altered specificities and kinetic properties was shown by constructing protein microarrays that could be used to differentially organize and immobilize DNAs bearing these ligands. The methods we have developed should prove to be generally useful for generating a variety of novel SA reagents and for evolving other extremely high-affinity protein:ligand couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Levy
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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30
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Muñoz E, Deem MW. Amino acid alphabet size in protein evolution experiments: better to search a small library thoroughly or a large library sparsely? Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:311-7. [PMID: 18375453 PMCID: PMC4478448 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compare the results obtained from searching a smaller library thoroughly versus searching a more diverse, larger library sparsely. We study protein evolution with reduced amino acid alphabets, by simulating directed evolution experiments at three different alphabet sizes: 20, 5 and 2. We employ a physical model for evolution, the generalized NK model, that has proved successful in modeling protein evolution, antibody evolution and T-cell selection. We find that antibodies with higher affinity are found by searching a library with a larger alphabet sparsely than by searching a smaller library thoroughly, even with well-designed reduced libraries. We also find ranked amino acid usage frequencies in agreement with observations of the CDR-H3 variable region of human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Muñoz
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005–1892
| | - Michael W. Deem
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005–1892
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31
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News & views. Biotechnol J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200790104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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