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Ghafari R, Jonoobi M, Naijian F, Ashori A, Mekonnen TH, Taheri AR. Fabrication and characterization of bilayer scaffolds - nanocellulosic cryogels - for skin tissue engineering by co-culturing of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:100-107. [PMID: 36347362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on developing a microarchitectural bilayer structure for stimulating the two top layers of skin tissue (epidermis and dermis) fabricated using a one-step freeze-drying method. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA) were used as a biocompatible scaffolding material, and the composition was designed in such a way that it provides physical and biological property attributes. In this work, scaffolding materials with integrated layer structures and well interconnected and open pore structures were obtained. This bilayer structure had porosity with a pore size of 19.72 μm and 90.71 μm for the simulation of the epidermis and dermis, respectively. The production and expression of laminin, collagen IV, and keratin 10 proteins in the bilayer cryogel scaffolds obtained from the immunofluorescence study were 49.7 %, 63.8 %, and 49.3 %, respectively. The extracellular matrix (ECM) was produced in each scaffold layer. The observations confirmed that the porosity and pore size of both N1 and N2 layers were appropriate for the fibroblast and keratinocyte cells, respectively. H&E stained cross-sections of bilayer cryogel scaffolds illustrated epidermal and dermal layers produced by co-culturing keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Based on the results, the bilayer CNF/PVA scaffold can be used in skin tissue engineering applications. However, more experiments and in vivo evaluations are needed to express this conclusion more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robab Ghafari
- Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jonoobi
- Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Naijian
- Department of Biorefinery Engineering, Faculty of New Technologies and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Zirab, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashori
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ahmad Reza Taheri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ouyang J, Zhu J, Yan Y, Sun X, Wang F, Li X, Ye H, Sun S, Yu Q, Sun J, Ge J, Li Q, Han Q, Pu Y, Gu Z. Construction of a high fidelity epidermis-on-a-chip for scalable in vitro irritation evaluation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3804-3818. [PMID: 34581381 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
3D skin equivalents have been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, but the troublesome operation procedure and low throughput restricted their applications as in vitro safety evaluation models. Organ-on-a-chip, an emerging powerful tool in tissue/organ modeling, could be utilized to improve the function of the skin model compared with that of traditional static skin models, as well as innovate an automatic and modular way for construction or detection. In this research, we grew and differentiated human keratinocytes within a microfluidic chip to construct an integrated epidermis-on-a-chip (iEOC) system, which is specially designed to integrate multi-culture units with integrated bubble removal structures as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) electrodes for barrier function detection in situ. After 14 days of culture at the air-liquid interface (ALI), the constructed epidermis-on-a-chip demonstrated histological features similar to those observed in normal human epidermis: a proliferating basal layer and differentiating spinous, granular, and cornified layers, especially the TEER value reached 3 kΩ cm2 and prevented more than 99% of Cascade Blue-607 Da permeation owing to the enhanced barrier function. Further immunofluorescence analysis also indicated typical keratin expression including keratin-14, keratin-10, loricrin, involucrin, and filaggrin. With the TEER monitoring integration in the chip, it could be convenient for scale-up high-quality epidermis-on-chip fabrication and correlated investigation. Additionally, the iEOC can distinguish all the 10 known toxins and non-toxins in irritation measurement by MTT assay, which is consistent with animal testing according to the OECD. Preliminarily detection of irritation responses like inflammatory cytokines also predicted different irritation reactions. This high fidelity epidermis-on-a-chip could be a potential alternative in in vitro skin irritation evaluation. This microchip and automated microfluidic systems also pave the way for scalable testing in multidisciplinary industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xingchi Wang
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yuchuan Yan
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Huan Ye
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Qingdong Yu
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Qianqian Han
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China
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Ethanol Extract of Yak-Kong Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria from a Korean Infant Markedly Reduces Matrix Metallopreteinase-1 Expression Induced by Solar Ultraviolet Irradiation in Human Keratinocytes and a 3D Skin Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020291. [PMID: 33672035 PMCID: PMC7919483 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak-Kong is a type of black soybean that is colloquially referred to as the "medicinal bean" and it elicits several beneficial effects that are relevant to human health, including attenuating the formation of skin wrinkles. It has previously been shown that soybean extracts elicit additional bioactivity that is fermented by lactic acid bacteria. In this study of lactic acid bacteria strains that were isolated from the stools of breast-feeding infants (<100 days old), we selected Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis LDTM 8102 (LDTM 8102) as the lead strain for the fermentation of Yak-Kong. We investigated the effects of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong on solar-ultraviolet irradiation (sUV)-induced wrinkle formation. In HaCaT cells, the ethanol extract of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong (EFY) effectively reduced sUV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion. The effect of EFY was superior to that of unfermented (UFY)- and Lactis KCTC 5854 (another Bifidobacterium animalis species)-fermented Yak-Kong. Additionally, EFY reduced sUV-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity, as well as the transactivation of AP-1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Furthermore, EFY alleviated sUV-induced MMP-1 secretion, the destruction of the epidermis, and degradation of collagen in a three-dimensional (3D) skin culture model. EFY had a higher total polyphenol content and anti-oxidative activity than UFY. Twelve metabolites were significantly (≥2-fold) increased in Yak-Kong extract after fermentation by LDTM 8102. Among them, the metabolites of major isoflavones, such as 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (THIF), exerted the reducing effect of MMP-1, which indicated that the isoflavone metabolites contributed to the effect of EFY on MMP-1 expression as active compounds. These findings suggest that EFY is a potent natural material that can potentially prevent sUV-induced wrinkle formation.
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Couto N, Newton JRA, Russo C, Karunakaran E, Achour B, Al-Majdoub ZM, Sidaway J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Clench MR, Barber J. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics and Substrate-Based Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes in Ex Vivo Human Skin and a Human Living Skin Equivalent Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:39-52. [PMID: 33139459 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time label-free quantification of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME), transporters, redox enzymes, proteases, and nucleases in six human skin explants and a three-dimensional living skin equivalent model from LabSkin. We aimed to evaluate the suitability of LabSkin as an alternative to animal testing for the development of topical formulations. More than 2000 proteins were identified and quantified from total cellular protein. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C, the most abundant phase I XME in human skin, and glutathione S-transferase pi 1, the most abundant phase II XME in human skin, were present in similar abundance in LabSkin. Several esterases were quantified and esterase activity was confirmed in LabSkin using substrate-based mass spectrometry imaging. No cytochrome P450 (P450) activity was observed for the substrates tested, in agreement with the proteomics data, where the cognate P450s were absent in both human skin and LabSkin. Label-free protein quantification allowed insights into other related processes such as redox homeostasis and proteolysis. For example, the most abundant antioxidant enzymes were thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin-1. This systematic determination of functional equivalence between human skin and LabSkin is a key step toward the construction of a representative human in vitro skin model, which can be used as an alternative to current animal-based tests for chemical safety and for predicting dosage of topically administered drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The use of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to elucidate the abundance of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, redox enzymes, proteases, and nucleases in human skin enhance our understanding of the skin physiology and biotransformation of topical drugs and cosmetics. This will help to develop mathematical models to predict drug metabolism in human skin and to develop more robust in vitro engineered human skin tissue as alternatives to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Jillian R A Newton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - James Sidaway
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Human skin models: From healthy to disease-mimetic systems; characteristics and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4314-4329. [PMID: 32608012 PMCID: PMC7484561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin drug delivery is an emerging route in drug development, leading to an urgent need to understand the behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients within the skin. Given, As one of the body's first natural defences, the barrier properties of skin provide an obstacle to the successful outcome of any skin drug therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this barrier, reductionist strategies have designed several models with different levels of complexity, using non-biological and biological components. Besides the detail of information and resemblance to human skin in vivo, offered by each in vitro model, the technical and economic efforts involved must also be considered when selecting the most suitable model. This review provides an outline of the commonly used skin models, including healthy and diseased conditions, in-house developed and commercialized models, their advantages and limitations, and an overview of the new trends in skin-engineered models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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Kwak BS, Jin SP, Kim SJ, Kim EJ, Chung JH, Sung JH. Microfluidic skin chip with vasculature for recapitulating the immune response of the skin tissue. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1853-1863. [PMID: 32100875 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable need for cell-based in vitro skin models for studying dermatological diseases and testing cosmetic products, but current in vitro skin models lack physiological relevance compared to human skin tissue. For example, many dermatological disorders involve complex immune responses, but current skin models are not capable of recapitulating the phenomena. Previously, we reported development of a microfluidic skin chip with a vessel structure and vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we cocultured dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with vascular endothelial cells, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. We verified the formation of a vascular endothelium in the presence of the dermis and epidermis layers by examining the expression of tissue-specific markers. As the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the migration of leukocytes to inflammation sites, we incorporated leukocytes in the circulating media and attempted to mimic the migration of neutrophils in response to external stimuli. Increased secretion of cytokines and migration of neutrophils was observed when the skin chip was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, showing that the microfluidic skin chip may be useful for studying the immune response of the human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Shin Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- DYNEBIO INC., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- DYNEBIO INC., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Republic of Korea
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Iyer K, Chen Z, Ganapa T, Wu BM, Tawil B, Linsley CS. Keratinocyte Migration in a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Wound Healing Model Co-Cultured with Fibroblasts. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:721-733. [PMID: 30603591 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because three-dimensional (3D) models more closely mimic native tissues, one of the goals of 3D in vitro tissue models is to aid in the development and toxicity screening of new drug therapies. In this study, a 3D skin wound healing model comprising of a collagen type I construct with fibrin-filled defects was developed. Methods Optical imaging was used to measure keratinocyte migration in the presence of fibroblasts over 7 days onto the fibrin-filled defects. Additionally, cell viability and growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes was measured using the alamarBlue® assay and changes in the mechanical stiffness of the 3D construct was monitored using compressive indentation testing. Results Keratinocyte migration rate was significantly increased in the presence of fibroblasts with the cells reaching the center of the defect as early as day 3 in the co-culture constructs compared to day 7 for the control keratinocyte monoculture constructs. Additionally, constructs with the greatest rate of keratinocyte migration had reduced cell growth. When fibroblasts were cultured alone in the wound healing construct, there was a 1.3 to 3.4-fold increase in cell growth and a 1.2 to 1.4-fold increase in cell growth for keratinocyte monocultures. However, co-culture constructs exhibited no significant growth over 7 days. Finally, mechanical testing showed that fibroblasts and keratinocytes had varying effects on matrix stiffness with fibroblasts degrading the constructs while keratinocytes increased the construct's stiffness. Conclusion This 3D in vitro wound healing model is a step towards developing a mimetic construct that recapitulates the complex microenvironment of healing wounds and could aid in the early studies of novel therapeutics that promote migration and proliferation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Iyer
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Teja Ganapa
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA.,2Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bill Tawil
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Chase S Linsley
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
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Cai H, Li Y, Wang R, Cui Y. The effects of NF-κB signal pathway on the process of anastomotic stricture after the radical resection of esophageal carcinoma. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218777593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to identify the relationship between the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signal pathway expression and the anastomotic stricture. It particularly focuses on the expression of p65, bcl-2, and cIAP-1 in the anastomotic stricture formation after radical resection of esophageal cancer. A total of 82 esophageal squamous carcinoma patients who had undergone esophagectomy by Ivor Lewis procedure were enrolled in the study. Tissues were collected from the patients who developed the anastomotic stricture after the operation, while para anastomotic tissues served as the control. The protein expression of p65, bcl-2, and cIAP-1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses, while the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of p65, bcl-2, and cIAP-1 were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that lower expression of p65, bcl-2, and cIAP-1 proteins was observed in the para anastomotic tissue; in the esophageal stricture’s tissue, the expression of these proteins was significantly higher ( P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of P56, bcl-2, and cIAP-1 in the stricture tissue were remarkably increased ( P < 0.05) compared with the para anastomotic tissues, and the mRNA levels in the sample of grade 3 dysphagia were higher ( P < 0.05) than the levels of grade 1 and 2. In the normal esophageal epithelial cell of stricture patients was upregulated compared with that of no stricture patients. We can confirm that the anastomotic stricture has the relationship with the NF-κB signal pathway. The bcl-2 and cIAP-1, located downstream of NF-κB signal pathway, could be a new preventive and therapeutic target for the anastomotic stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youbin Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Maver T, Gradišnik L, Kurečič M, Hribernik S, Smrke D, Maver U, Kleinschek KS. Layering of different materials to achieve optimal conditions for treatment of painful wounds. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:576-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Lee S, Jin SP, Kim YK, Sung GY, Chung JH, Sung JH. Construction of 3D multicellular microfluidic chip for an in vitro skin model. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:22. [PMID: 28374277 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro skin models do not recapitulate the complex architecture and functions of the skin tissue. In particular, on-chip construction of an in vitro model comprising the epidermis and dermis layer with vascular structure for mass transport has not been reported yet. In this study, we aim to develop a microfluidic, three-dimensional (3D) skin chip with fluidic channels using PDMS and hydrogels. Mass transport within the collagen hydrogel matrix was verified with fluorescent model molecules, and a transport-reaction model of oxygen and glucose inside the skin chip was developed to aid the design of the microfluidic skin chip. Comparison of viabilities of dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cultured in the chip with various culture conditions revealed that the presence of flow plays a crucial role in maintaining the viability, and both cells were viable after 10 days of air exposure culture. Our 3D skin chip with vascular structures can be a valuable in vitro model for reproducing the interaction between different components of the skin tissue, and thus work as a more physiologically realistic platform for testing skin reaction to cosmetic products and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Akagi T, Nagura M, Hiura A, Kojima H, Akashi M. Construction of Three-Dimensional Dermo–Epidermal Skin Equivalents Using Cell Coating Technology and Their Utilization as Alternative Skin for Permeation Studies and Skin Irritation Tests. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:481-490. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takami Akagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mayuka Nagura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- BioMedical Technology HYBRID Co., Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ayami Hiura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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12
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Nierode G, Kwon PS, Dordick JS, Kwon SJ. Cell-Based Assay Design for High-Content Screening of Drug Candidates. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:213-25. [PMID: 26428732 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1508.08007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To reduce attrition in drug development, it is crucial to consider the development and implementation of translational phenotypic assays as well as decipher diverse molecular mechanisms of action for new molecular entities. High-throughput fluorescence and confocal microscopes with advanced analysis software have simplified the simultaneous identification and quantification of various cellular processes through what is now referred to as highcontent screening (HCS). HCS permits automated identification of modifiers of accessible and biologically relevant targets and can thus be used to detect gene interactions or identify toxic pathways of drug candidates to improve drug discovery and development processes. In this review, we summarize several HCS-compatible, biochemical, and molecular biology-driven assays, including immunohistochemistry, RNAi, reporter gene assay, CRISPR-Cas9 system, and protein-protein interactions to assess a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, morphological changes, protein expression, localization, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. These cell-based assay methods can be applied to not only 2D cell culture but also 3D cell culture systems in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Nierode
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Paul S Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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13
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Shishatskaya EI, Nikolaeva ED, Vinogradova ON, Volova TG. Experimental wound dressings of degradable PHA for skin defect repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:165. [PMID: 27655431 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports construction of wound dressing materials from degradable natural polymers such as hydroxy derivatives of carboxylic acids (PHAs) and 3-hydroxybutyrate/4-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB/4HB)] as copolymer. The developed polymer films and electrospun membranes were evaluated for its wound healing properties with Grafts-elastic nonwoven membranes carrying fibroblast cells derived from adipose tissue multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. The efficacy of nonwoven membranes of P(3HB/4HB) carrying the culture of allogenic fibroblasts was assessed against model skin defects in Wistar rats. The morphological, histological and molecular studies revealed the presence of fibroblasts on dressing materials which facilitated wound healing, vascularization and regeneration. Further it was also observed that cells secreted extracellular matrix proteins which formed a layer on the surface of membranes and promoted the migration of epidermal cells from the neighboring tissues surrounding the wound. The wounds under the P(3HB/4HB) membrane carrying cells healed 1.4 times faster than the wounds under the cell-free membrane and 3.5 times faster than the wounds healing under the eschar (control).The complete wound healing process was achieved at Day 14. Thus the study highlights the importance of nonwoven membranes developed from degradable P(3HB/4HB) polymers in reducing inflammation, enhancing angiogenic properties of skin and facilitating better wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Shishatskaya
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50-50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodniy Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Elena D Nikolaeva
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50-50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Olga N Vinogradova
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodniy Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Tatiana G Volova
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50-50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodniy Ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.
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14
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Zang R, Zhang X, Sun J, Yang ST. In vitro 3-D multicellular models for cytotoxicity assay and drug screening. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Kendall AC, Pilkington SM, Sassano G, Rhodes LE, Nicolaou A. N-Acyl ethanolamide and eicosanoid involvement in irritant dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:163-71. [PMID: 26947140 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are two commonly encountered cutaneous inflammatory stimuli. Differing histopathological and clinical features implicate involvement of alternative inflammatory pathways; bioactive lipid mediators (eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids) are likely candidates for regulation of the divergent inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES To assess comprehensively bioactive lipid involvement in SLS- and UVR-induced inflammatory responses, to provide a better understanding of bioactive lipid mediator pathways in irritant inflammation. METHODS Buttock skin from 10 healthy volunteers was treated with two minimal erythema doses of UVR (275-380 nm, peak 305 nm) or an SLS dose optimized for each individual, to produce a comparable, moderate erythema. Punch biopsies were taken 24 h postchallenge and from untreated skin, and separated into dermis and epidermis. Lipids [including 15 prostanoids, 15 hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), nine endocannabinoids and related N-acyl ethanolamides (NAE), and 21 sphingolipids] were extracted and quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Increased epidermal NAE and HFA expression was observed in response to SLS but not UVR-induced low-level inflammation. Significant changes following SLS treatment included augmented levels of NAE, possessing proinflammatory and some reported anti-inflammatory properties, with 3·7-fold (P = 0·02) and threefold (P = 0·01) increased expression of palmitoyl and stearoyl ethanolamides, respectively, in addition to 1·9-fold (P = 0·02) increased expression of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. CONCLUSIONS The differential bioactive lipid upregulation implicates their involvement in skin irritant responses, potentially reflecting roles in inflammatory cell recruitment and subsequent resolution of inflammation, giving scope for new treatment approaches to irritant dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kendall
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - S M Pilkington
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K
| | - G Sassano
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K
| | - A Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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16
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Zhao X, Lang Q, Yildirimer L, Lin ZY(W, Cui W, Annabi N, Ng KW, Dokmeci MR, Ghaemmaghami AM, Khademhosseini A. Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogel for Epidermal Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:108-18. [PMID: 25880725 PMCID: PMC4608855 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural hydrogels are promising scaffolds to engineer epidermis. Currently, natural hydrogels used to support epidermal regeneration are mainly collagen- or gelatin-based, which mimic the natural dermal extracellular matrix but often suffer from insufficient and uncontrollable mechanical and degradation properties. In this study, a photocrosslinkable gelatin (i.e., gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)) with tunable mechanical, degradation, and biological properties is used to engineer the epidermis for skin tissue engineering applications. The results reveal that the mechanical and degradation properties of the developed hydrogels can be readily modified by varying the hydrogel concentration, with elastic and compressive moduli tuned from a few kPa to a few hundred kPa, and the degradation times varied from a few days to several months. Additionally, hydrogels of all concentrations displayed excellent cell viability (>90%) with increasing cell adhesion and proliferation corresponding to increases in hydrogel concentrations. Furthermore, the hydrogels are found to support keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and stratification into a reconstructed multilayered epidermis with adequate barrier functions. The robust and tunable properties of GelMA hydrogels suggest that the keratinocyte laden hydrogels can be used as epidermal substitutes, wound dressings, or substrates to construct various in vitro skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Lang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Lara Yildirimer
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Yuan (William) Lin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Andersen T, Auk-Emblem P, Dornish M. 3D Cell Culture in Alginate Hydrogels. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:133-61. [PMID: 27600217 PMCID: PMC4996398 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles information regarding the use of alginate, and in particular alginate hydrogels, in culturing cells in 3D. Knowledge of alginate chemical structure and functionality are shown to be important parameters in design of alginate-based matrices for cell culture. Gel elasticity as well as hydrogel stability can be impacted by the type of alginate used, its concentration, the choice of gelation technique (ionic or covalent), and divalent cation chosen as the gel inducing ion. The use of peptide-coupled alginate can control cell-matrix interactions. Gelation of alginate with concomitant immobilization of cells can take various forms. Droplets or beads have been utilized since the 1980s for immobilizing cells. Newer matrices such as macroporous scaffolds are now entering the 3D cell culture product market. Finally, delayed gelling, injectable, alginate systems show utility in the translation of in vitro cell culture to in vivo tissue engineering applications. Alginate has a history and a future in 3D cell culture. Historically, cells were encapsulated in alginate droplets cross-linked with calcium for the development of artificial organs. Now, several commercial products based on alginate are being used as 3D cell culture systems that also demonstrate the possibility of replacing or regenerating tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Auk-Emblem
- FMC BioPolymer AS, Industriveien 33, 1337 Sandvika, Norway.
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18
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Wu Y, Beland FA, Chen S, Fang JL. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and Akt contribute to triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1297-311. [PMID: 25033989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan is a broad spectrum anti-bacterial agent widely used in many personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Human exposure to triclosan is mainly through oral and dermal routes. In previous studies, we found that sub-chronic dermal exposure of B6C3F1 mice to triclosan induced epidermal hyperplasia and focal necrosis; however, the mechanisms for these responses remain elusive. In this study, using mouse epidermis-derived JB6 Cl 41-5a cells, we found that triclosan stimulated cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Enhanced cell proliferation was demonstrated by a substantial increase in the percentage of BrdU-positive cells, an elevation in the protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A, and a reduction in the protein level of p27(Kip1). Western blotting analysis revealed that triclosan induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and Akt. Pre-treatment of the cells with PD184352, an inhibitor of the upstream kinase MEK1/2, or with wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, blocked triclosan-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, respectively, and substantially suppressed triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation, whereas the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 inhibitor SB203580 had little to no effect on triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation. The phosphorylation activation of ERK1/2 and Akt was further confirmed on the skin of mice dermally administered triclosan. These data suggest that the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt is involved in triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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19
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Astashkina A, Grainger DW. Critical analysis of 3-D organoid in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug candidate toxicity assessments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:1-18. [PMID: 24613390 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug failure due to toxicity indicators remains among the primary reasons for staggering drug attrition rates during clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance. Broader validation and use of next-generation 3-D improved cell culture models are expected to improve predictive power and effectiveness of drug toxicological predictions. However, after decades of promising research significant gaps remain in our collective ability to extract quality human toxicity information from in vitro data using 3-D cell and tissue models. Issues, challenges and future directions for the field to improve drug assay predictive power and reliability of 3-D models are reviewed.
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20
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DesRochers TM, Palma E, Kaplan DL. Tissue-engineered kidney disease models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:67-80. [PMID: 24361391 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal disease represents a major health problem that often results in end-stage renal failure necessitating dialysis and eventually transplantation. Historically these diseases have been studied with patient observation and screening, animal models, and two-dimensional cell culture. In this review, we focus on recent advances in tissue engineered kidney disease models that have the capacity to compensate for the limitations of traditional modalities. The cells and materials utilized to develop these models are discussed and tissue engineered models of polycystic kidney disease, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and the glomerulus are examined in detail. The application of these models has the potential to direct future disease treatments and preclinical drug development.
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21
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Chung E, Choi H, Lim JE, Son Y. Development of skin inflammation test model by co-culture of reconstituted 3D skin and RAW264.7 cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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22
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Kimlin L, Kassis J, Virador V. 3D in vitro tissue models and their potential for drug screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1455-66. [PMID: 24144315 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.852181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of one standard, simplified in vitro three-dimensional tissue model suitable to biological and pathological investigation and drug-discovery may not yet be feasible, but standardized models for individual tissues or organs are a possibility. Tissue bioengineering, while concerned with finding methods of restoring functionality in disease, is developing technology that can be miniaturized for high throughput screening (HTS) of putative drugs. Through collaboration between biologists, physicists and engineers, cell-based assays are expanding into the realm of tissue analysis. Accordingly, three-dimensional (3D) micro-organoid systems will play an increasing role in drug testing and therapeutics over the next decade. Nevertheless, important hurdles remain before these models are fully developed for HTS. AREAS COVERED We highlight advances in the field of tissue bioengineering aimed at enhancing the success of drug candidates through pre-clinical optimization. We discuss models that are most amenable to high throughput screening with emphasis on detection platforms and data modeling. EXPERT OPINION Modeling 3D tissues to mimic in-vivo architecture remains a major challenge. As technology advances to provide novel methods of HTS analysis, so do potential pitfalls associated with such models and methods. We remain hopeful that integration of biofabrication with HTS will significantly reduce attrition rates in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kimlin
- 1114 Riverview Terrace, St. Michaels, MD 21663 , USA
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23
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Nayak S, Dey S, Kundu SC. Skin equivalent tissue-engineered construct: co-cultured fibroblasts/ keratinocytes on 3D matrices of sericin hope cocoons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74779. [PMID: 24058626 PMCID: PMC3772899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective and alternative tissue-engineered skin replacements to autografts, allografts and xenografts has became a clinical requirement due to the problems related to source of donor tissue and the perceived risk of disease transmission. In the present study 3D tissue engineered construct of sericin is developed using co-culture of keratinocytes on the upper surface of the fabricated matrices and with fibroblasts on lower surface. Sericin is obtained from "Sericin Hope" silkworm of Bombyx mori mutant and is extracted from cocoons by autoclave. Porous sericin matrices are prepared by freeze dried method using genipin as crosslinker. The matrices are characterized biochemically and biophysically. The cell proliferation and viability of co-cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes on matrices for at least 28 days are observed by live/dead assay, Alamar blue assay, and by dual fluorescent staining. The growth of the fibroblasts and keratinocytes in co-culture is correlated with the expression level of TGF-β, b-FGF and IL-8 in the cultured supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The histological analysis further demonstrates a multi-layered stratified epidermal layer of uninhibited keratinocytes in co-cultured constructs. Presence of involucrin, collagen IV and the fibroblast surface protein in immuno-histochemical stained sections of co-cultured matrices indicates the significance of paracrine signaling between keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the expression of extracellular matrix protein for dermal repair. No significant amount of pro inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and nitric oxide) production are evidenced when macrophages grown on the sericin matrices. The results all together depict the potentiality of sericin 3D matrices as skin equivalent tissue engineered construct in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sancharika Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
- * E-mail:
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24
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The use of allodermis prepared from Euro skin bank to prepare autologous tissue engineered skin for clinical use. Burns 2013; 39:1170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Chau DYS, Johnson C, MacNeil S, Haycock JW, Ghaemmaghami AM. The development of a 3D immunocompetent model of human skin. Biofabrication 2013; 5:035011. [PMID: 23880658 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As the first line of defence, skin is regularly exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical insults. Therefore, determining the skin sensitization potential of new chemicals is of paramount importance from the safety assessment and regulatory point of view. Given the questionable biological relevance of animal models to human as well as ethical and regulatory pressure to limit or stop the use of animal models for safety testing, there is a need for developing simple yet physiologically relevant models of human skin. Herein, we describe the construction of a novel immunocompetent 3D human skin model comprising of dendritic cells co-cultured with keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This model culture system is simple to assemble with readily-available components and importantly, can be separated into its constitutive individual layers to allow further insight into cell-cell interactions and detailed studies of the mechanisms of skin sensitization. In this study, using non-degradable microfibre scaffolds and a cell-laden gel, we have engineered a multilayer 3D immunocompetent model comprised of keratinocytes and fibroblasts that are interspersed with dendritic cells. We have characterized this model using a combination of confocal microscopy, immuno-histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy and have shown differentiation of the epidermal layer and formation of an epidermal barrier. Crucially the immune cells in the model are able to migrate and remain responsive to stimulation with skin sensitizers even at low concentrations. We therefore suggest this new biologically relevant skin model will prove valuable in investigating the mechanisms of allergic contact dermatitis and other skin pathologies in human. Once fully optimized, this model can also be used as a platform for testing the allergenic potential of new chemicals and drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y S Chau
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Bioengineered 3D human kidney tissue, a platform for the determination of nephrotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59219. [PMID: 23516613 PMCID: PMC3597621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The staggering cost of bringing a drug to market coupled with the extremely high failure rate of prospective compounds in early phase clinical trials due to unexpected human toxicity makes it imperative that more relevant human models be developed to better predict drug toxicity. Drug–induced nephrotoxicity remains especially difficult to predict in both pre-clinical and clinical settings and is often undetected until patient hospitalization. Current pre-clinical methods of determining renal toxicity include 2D cell cultures and animal models, both of which are incapable of fully recapitulating the in vivo human response to drugs, contributing to the high failure rate upon clinical trials. We have bioengineered a 3D kidney tissue model using immortalized human renal cortical epithelial cells with kidney functions similar to that found in vivo. These 3D tissues were compared to 2D cells in terms of both acute (3 days) and chronic (2 weeks) toxicity induced by Cisplatin, Gentamicin, and Doxorubicin using both traditional LDH secretion and the pre-clinical biomarkers Kim-1 and NGAL as assessments of toxicity. The 3D tissues were more sensitive to drug-induced toxicity and, unlike the 2D cells, were capable of being used to monitor chronic toxicity due to repeat dosing. The inclusion of this tissue model in drug testing prior to the initiation of phase I clinical trials would allow for better prediction of the nephrotoxic effects of new drugs.
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Zhao Y, Graf BW, Chaney EJ, Mahmassani Z, Antoniadou E, DeVolder R, Kong H, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. Integrated multimodal optical microscopy for structural and functional imaging of engineered and natural skin. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:437-48. [PMID: 22371330 PMCID: PMC4486208 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An integrated multimodal optical microscope is demonstrated for high-resolution, structural and functional imaging of engineered and natural skin. This microscope incorporates multiple imaging modalities including optical coherence (OCM), multi-photon (MPM), and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), enabling simultaneous visualization of multiple contrast sources and mechanisms from cells and tissues. Spatially co-registered OCM/MPM/FLIM images of multi-layered skin tissues are obtained, which are formed based on complementary information provided by different modalities, i.e., scattering information from OCM, molecular information from MPM, and functional cellular metabolism states from FLIM. Cellular structures in both the dermis and epidermis, especially different morphological and physiological states of keratinocytes from different epidermal layers, are revealed by mutually-validating images. In vivo imaging of human skin is also investigated, which demonstrates the potential of multimodal microscopy for in vivo investigation during engineered skin engraftment. This integrated imaging technique and microscope show the potential for investigating cellular dynamics in developing engineered skin and following in vivo grafting, which will help refine the control and culturing conditions necessary to obtain more robust and physiologically-relevant engineered skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Benedikt W. Graf
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eleni Antoniadou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ross DeVolder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Corresponding author: , Phone: +1 217 244 7479, Fax: +1 217 333 5833
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A critical evaluation of in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug screening and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:82-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Engineering Quasi-Vivo in vitro organ models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:138-53. [PMID: 22437817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture is the workhorse of biologists, toxicologists, tissue engineers and a whole host of research fields in both academia and industry. Having explored individual molecular mechanisms inside cells for decades using traditional cell culture techniques, researchers have only just begun to appreciate that the intricate interconnectivity between cells and cellular networks as well as with the external environment is far more important to cellular orchestration than are single molecular events inside the cell. For example many questions regarding cell, tissue, organ and system response to drugs, environmental toxins, stress and nutrients cannot possibly be answered by concentrating on the minutiae of what goes on in the deepest recesses of single cells. New models are required to investigate cellular cross-talk between different cell types and to construct complex in-vitro models to properly study tissue, organ and system interaction without resorting to animal experiments. This chapter describes how tissue and organ models can be developed using the Quasi-Vivo system and discusses how they may be used in drug toxicity studies.
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Green NH, Huang Q, Corfe BM, Bury JP, MacNeil S. NF-κB is activated in oesophageal fibroblasts in response to a paracrine signal generated by acid-exposed primary oesophageal squamous cells. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:345-56. [PMID: 21668534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal exposure to duodenogastro-oesophageal refluxate leads to reflux oesophagitis and is implicated in the development of Barrett's metaplasia (BM). NF-κB signalling in epithelial cells is associated with the activation of transcription factors believed to be central to BM development, whilst NF-κB activation in fibroblasts plays a critical role in matrix remodelling. Our aim was to study the effects of acid exposure on NF-κB activation in primary human oesophageal fibroblasts (HOFs) and primary and immortalized oesophageal squames and to investigate any epithelial/stromal interactions in the response of these cells to acid. Primary HOFs and primary and immortalized oesophageal epithelial cells were exposed to acid (pH 7 - pH 4 ≤ 120 min) in single or pulsed treatments. Conditioned medium from epithelial cells following acid exposure was also applied to fibroblasts. Cell viability was determined by MTT-ESTA. NF-κB activation was determined by cellular localization of NF-κB/p65 visualized by immunofluorescence. Conditioned medium from oesophageal epithelial cells, subjected to pH 5 pulsatile exposure, activated NF-κB in fibroblasts, with some inter-patient variability, but these conditions did not directly activate NF-κB in the epithelial cells themselves. Significant NF-κB activation was seen in the epithelial cells but only with greater acidity and exposure times (pH 4, 60-120 min). Our findings show that acid exposure can cause indirect activation of stromal cells by epithelial-stromal interactions. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of oesophageal diseases, and the inter-patient variability may go some way to explain why some patients with reflux oesophagitis develop BM and others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola H Green
- Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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