The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants: A Literature Review

Advancing UPLC-MS/MS for mapping the chemical fingerprint of bioactive compounds in lotus leaves (Folium Nelumbinis)

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is widely utilized in traditional medicine and cuisine throughout Asia, with its leaves containing valuable bioactive alkaloids and flavonoids. However, Lotus leaves are often considered as by-products, urging the need for methods to analyze these components and enhance biological and economic value. In this study, a novel, rapid, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to evaluate the quality of Folium Nelumbinis by establishing the first chromatographic fingerprint of simultaneously determination of bioactive alkaloids (nuciferine, O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine) and flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide). The method was validated according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and European Commission Decision 2021/808/EC guidelines, demonstrating high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, with detection and quantification limits below 0.48 ng/mL and 1.50 ng/mL, respectively. When the procedure was applied to 49 Lotus leaf samples collected across various regions and growth stages in Vietnam, revealing significant regional and developmental variations in alkaloid and flavonoid content. Nuciferine and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide were the most abundant compounds, with the highest alkaloid concentration found in Hanoi and the highest flavonoid content in Lam Dong. Besides, this study contributes not only to the quality control of Lotus leaves but also to the understanding of geographical and developmental impacts on their bioactive composition. The chromatographic fingerprinting initiative described here highlights the application of the approach as a potential standard for the quality and regularity of traditional herbal medicines and hence the sustainable and optimal utilization of Lotus leaves in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

The ability of low levels of elevated ozone to change the growth and phytochemical constituents of a medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees

Ground-level ozone (O3) is well recognized as a secondary air pollutant with detrimental effects on plant growth and biochemistry. In a field study, Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitter) was exposed to ambient O3 and elevated O3 (AO + 20 ppb) at three growth stages [45, 90, and 135 days after treatment, (DAT)] using open-top chambers. Elevated O3 stress negatively impacted plant growth, increased cell damage, and induced foliar injuries. However, elevated O3 also boosted antioxidant production such as proline, phenol, and enzymatic antioxidants, as well as certain secondary metabolites such as tannins, phytosterols, saponins, and alkaloids. This may enhance the plant's medicinal properties, including compounds limonene dioxide, phytol, palmitic acid, and androstadiene. While, certain metabolites like Citronellol, Khusenol, and tocopherol displayed an adverse reaction under elevated O3 exposure. The novel detection of acrodiene, squalene, and neophytadiene under O3 stress emphasizes their medicinal significance. Notably, an important bioactive compound andrographolide in A. paniculata showed increased synthesis under elevated O3 at 45 and 90 DAT, suggesting that O3 exposure could enhance the plant's pharmaceutical value.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of cultivated and wild Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. raeseri infusions

The present study focuses on the chemical composition of the infusions of Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri from cultivated and wild populations using NMR, LC-DAD, LC-HRESIMS, and GC-MS techniques, to reveal possible differences. Mainly carbohydrates, flavonoids, and phenylethanoid glycosides were detected in the 1H-NMR spectra of both infusions. In the GC-MS analysis, carbohydrates were shown to be the main constituents in both infusions. Caffeic acid was found in traces only in the cultivated sample, while quinic and chlorogenic acids were detected in both samples. Further investigation by LC-HRESIMS unveiled the same constituents with only slight differences in the amounts. Although the Sideritis samples originated from wild and cultivated populations, similar metabolic profiles were observed in the infusions.

Metabolomics, E-tongue and HS-SPME-GC-MS reveal the smoking process of Prunus mume: Changes in flavor and chemical compositions

Smoked Prunus mume (SPM), known as Wumei, experiences remarkable alterations in flavor and chemical composition. However, no research has reported on the smoking process. In this study, the changes of flavor and chemical compositions were analyzed via E-tongue, metabolomics, and HS-SPME-GC-MS during the smoking process. Results showed that significant changes in the basic parameters and electronic sense were observed during the smoking process. 85 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified, and 124 metabolites were significantly differentially regulated during the smoking process. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that 20 pathways in SPM, especially phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, are related to smoking process. A number of key substances were identified by Mantel test that may have caused the electrosensory changes in SPM. These findings revealed that the changes characterization of flavor and chemical compositions in SPM during the smoking process, which will help to better understand the formation mechanism of flavor and metabolites.

Effect of drying methods on mucilage, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of black hollyhock (Alcea rosea var. nigra)

This study investigates the impact of different drying methods on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and mucilage percentage of Alcea rosea var. nigra. Drying techniques, including shade drying, sun drying, oven drying (40 °C and 60 °C), and microwave drying (540 W, 720 W and 900 W), were evaluated. The results demonstrated that shade drying preserved the highest levels of total phenol (171.75 mg GAE/g DW in flowers), flavonoids (68.97 mg RE/g DW in flowers), and antioxidant activity (59.61 µmol Fe(II)/g DW in flowers). However, it required the longest drying duration (up to 89 h for roots). Oven drying at 40 °C effectively retained phytochemicals while significantly reducing drying time. Microwave drying (540 W) offered the fastest drying process with acceptable retention of bioactive compounds, whereas higher microwave power (900 W) led to a decline in mucilage content. Overall, shade drying and low-temperature oven drying (40 °C) were the most effective methods for preserving bioactive compounds, while microwave drying provided a rapid alternative with some compromise in quality. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing post-harvest processing to enhance the pharmaceutical and nutritional value of A. rosea var. nigra.

Therapeutic Potential of Cucurbita maxima Duch. Seed Extract in Ameliorating Nonylphenol-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Mice: In-Vivo and In-Silico Approaches

Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental contaminant known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, which can lead to male infertility. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Cucurbita maxima Duch. seed extract (CMSE) in ameliorating NP-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the bioactive non-polar compounds of CMSE responsible for its activity. The binding affinity of these compounds with endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the primary neurotransmitter that triggers penile erection through the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway using AutoDock Vina was investigated. Adult male mice were divided into six groups (n = 8) and infertility was induced by administering NP (50 mg/kg b.wt.) orally with olive oil for 35 days. Two doses of CMSE (250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt.) were administered, and blood samples were collected for serum NO analysis. Different sexual activities and fertility study was also done to investigate the reproductive performance. The results showed that NP significantly decreased serum NO levels, sexual activity and reproductive performance of mice whereas CMSE helped to mitigate these negative effects.

Growth and selenium bioaccumulation in rape seedlings promoted by strain Limosilactobacillus sp. LF-17

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in human tissue formation, metabolism, and physiological functions. However, many individuals worldwide suffer from Se deficiency diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of Se-tolerant LF-17 agents and exogenous Na2SeO3 application on the growth, enzyme activity, and metabolic characteristics of rape seedlings. Treatment LF-3 (inoculation of Se-tolerant LF-17 agent and exogenous Na2SeO3, with the soil Se concentration of 5 mg/kg) led to a 38.62% increase in plant height and a 116.7% increase in fresh weight. And the Se-tolerant LF-17 agent in treatment LF-3 also reduced the oxidative stress induced by exogenous Na2SeO3 compared to that of treatment LF-2 (with the same amount exogenous Na2SeO3 only), as evidenced by the lower activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, as well as less content of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the upregulation of metabolic pathways such as "cuticle, suberine, and wax biosynthesis" "flavonoid biosynthesis," and "terpenoid backbone biosynthesis" enhanced the plant's stress resistance as revealed by non-targeted metabolomics sequencing method. This approach offers promising applications for improving Se bioavailability in crops, mitigating Se toxicity, addressing global Se deficiency challenges and is expected to contribute to fulfilling the Se supplementation needs of the population.

Elite genotype selection through antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, in vitro multiplication with meta-Topolin, genetic fidelity assessment via SCoT markers and cytological study, and chemo-profiling of selected elite genotype of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.: an underutilized alternative for nutrition and medicine

Nowadays, the increasing world population and antibiotic resistance have become globally concerning issues. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. is an underexploited plant with multipurpose therapeutic and culinary uses and can be utilized as an alternative source of food and medicine. In this study, an elite genotype selection program of S. sisymbriifolium (SS) has been conducted with ten different collections from five agro-geochemical regions of West Bengal, India, based on the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The SS 5 genotype has shown the best antioxidant activity in DPPH (299.09 μg/ml), ABTS (140.84 μg/ml), and FRAP (10.63 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g DW) assays and simultaneously performed best against the MDR pathogenic bacteria, producing maximum zone of inhibition (19.67 ± 0.33 mm) against Morganella morganii. Therefore, the SS 5 genotype was chosen as elite type, and mass propagated in in vitro condition. Best shoot multiplication (14.06 ± 0.11) was observed in MS media containing 0.2 mg/l thidiazuron and 0.2 mg/l meta-Topolin. The ex vitro established plants were found to be cytogenetically stable with mother plant following assessment using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers and cytological study (2n = 24). The ex vitro plants were also analyzed for seven different phenolic acids (03.30-121.75 µg/g DW) and four vitamin B (04.38-22.29 mg/100 g FW) contents and found to be phytochemically stable with mother plant as well. Thus, this study validates the pharmacological and nutritional importance of this underutilized species S. sisymbriifolium, and the plant can be commercially exploited using the reproducible protocols provided in this study.

Could hawthorn have a cardioprotective impact against obesity-induced cardiac injury in rats via antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic properties?

Obesity is a major worldwide health problem affecting one billion people. The purported cardioprotective benefits of hawthorn against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are controversial and may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study explored the underlying protective mechanisms of hawthorn berry extract (HBE) against obesity-induced cardiac injury in rats. The control group (G1) was fed a regular rat diet ad libitum. An obesity-induced cardiac injury model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) to rats of group 2 (G2) and group 3 (G3), while rats of G3 and group 4 (G4) received oral doses of HBE (100 mg/kg) for ten weeks. A light microscope was used to estimate the morphological changes in cardiac tissues. The apoptosis and ROS values of cardiomyocytes were estimated using flow cytometry. Also, the antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile, proinflammatory cytokines, and cardiac enzymes were assessed. Feeding of G2 with HFD significantly increased rats' body weight, cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis compared to G1. As well, significant oxidative stress was observed by reducing GPx1, SOD3, CAT, and HDL-C with a substantial increase of TG, TC, LDL-C, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, cTnI, cTnT, and CK-MB serum levels. On the contrary, supplementation of G3 with HBE significantly protected rats against all mentioned changes compared to G2. The current study confirmed several mechanisms of obesity-induced cardiac injury and the tremendous cardioprotective antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic impact of HBE against obesity-induced cardiac injury. Therefore, hawthorn could provide a novel dietary supplement against obesity-induced cardiac injury.

The Good, the Bad, and the Epigenetic: Stress-Induced Metabolite Regulation and Transgenerational Effects

BACKGROUND

Plants face a wide range of environmental stresses that disrupt growth and productivity. To survive and adapt, they undergo complex metabolic reprogramming by redirecting carbon and nitrogen fluxes toward the biosynthesis of protective secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and lignin. Recent research has revealed that these stress-induced metabolic processes are tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs.

METHODS

This review synthesizes current findings from studies on both model and crop plants, examining the roles of key epigenetic regulators in controlling secondary metabolism under stress. Special focus is placed on dynamic changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and the action of small RNAs such as siRNAs and miRNAs in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.

RESULTS

Evidence indicates that stress triggers rapid and reversible epigenetic modifications that modulate gene expression linked to secondary metabolic pathways. These modifications not only facilitate immediate metabolic responses but can also contribute to stress memory. In some cases, this memory is retained and transmitted to the next generation, influencing progeny stress responses. However, critical knowledge gaps remain, particularly concerning the temporal dynamics, tissue specificity, and long-term stability of these epigenetic marks in crops.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding how epigenetic regulation governs secondary metabolite production offers promising avenues to enhance crop resilience and productivity in the context of climate change. Future research should prioritize dissecting the stability and heritability of these modifications to support the development of epigenetically informed breeding strategies.

Evaluation of Different Drying Methods on the Quality Parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus Fruits

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.; AS) fruit, an underutilized byproduct, possesses significant bioactive potential, yet its quality is highly influenced by drying methods. This study systematically evaluated the effects of five drying techniques, including vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), microwave drying (MD), hot-air drying (HD), and natural drying (ND), on the color retention, bioactive composition, volatile profile, and antioxidant activity of AS fruit. VFD preserved the highest levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), particularly chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercitrin, leading to superior antioxidant activity. Amino acid analysis indicated that VFD retained the highest concentrations of key essential amino acids, minimizing thermal degradation. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, emphasizing their functional significance. Through multivariate statistical analysis, 12 volatile compounds were identified as potential biomarkers to distinguish AS fruit samples processed using different drying methods, highlighting significant metabolic differences between drying techniques. Overall, VFD emerged as the optimal method for preserving AS fruit's bioactive integrity, offering valuable insights for post-harvest processing strategies in the nutraceutical industry.

Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Plant Powders on the Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Stored Corn Grains in a Rural Community of Oaxaca, Mexico

The bioinsecticidal and repellent effect of four plant powders (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Piper auritum, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum vulgare) was evaluated in the control of Sitophilus zeamais adults in corn grains stored in the rural community of Santa María Zacatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Using completely randomized experimental designs, concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% by mass of corn grains infested with adults of S. zeamais were tested; the controls were corn without powder and aluminum phosphide. The analysis was performed using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc and Student's t-tests. The highest mortality (>80%) and repellent effect (Repellent Index < 0.3) that were statistically significant were obtained with C. ambrosioides and P. auritum at 3%. Both plant species have the potential for weevil control in stored corn and represent a friendly alternative for the environment and public health in the rural community where the study was conducted.

Prediction of potential habitat of Verbena officinalis in China under climate change based on optimized MaxEnt model

Verbena officinalis is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, insomnia, and liver and gallbladder diseases. Its resources primarily rely on wild populations, which are insufficient to meet the increasing market demand. Furthermore, climate change exacerbates the uncertainty of its distribution range. This study employs an optimized MaxEnt model to predict the potential distribution of V. officinalis under current and future climate scenarios in China. Based on 445 effective occurrence records and 90 environmental variables (covering climatic, soil, and topographic factors), the study selected key variables influencing the distribution through correlation analysis and variable contribution rates, and optimized model parameters to improve prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.934). Results showed that, under current climate conditions, the total suitable habitat area of V. officinalis is 2.06 × 106 km2, accounting for 21.39% of China's land area, mainly distributed in central, eastern, and southern China. The minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio_6, contribution rate 72.8%) was identified as the key factor influencing distribution, while November precipitation (prec_11) and annual temperature range (bio_7) also played important roles. Under future climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5), the total suitable habitat area shows an overall increasing trend, reaching a maximum in the 2070s under the high-emission scenario (an increase of 3.6 × 105 km2 compared to the current distribution). Expansion was primarily observed in northern high-latitude regions. The geometric centroid of suitable areas demonstrated a significant northward shift, reflecting the adaptive expansion potential of V. officinalis in response to warming climates. This study highlights the significant impact of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of V. officinalis and provides scientific evidence for its conservation, cultivation planning, and sustainable development in the context of climate change.

Volatile Compositional Profile, Antioxidant Properties, and Molecular Docking of Ethanolic Extracts from Philodendron heleniae

Antioxidants are essential compounds with diverse applications, and medicinal plants are a natural source of these biomolecules. Philodendron heleniae, a species native to the Ecuadorian Amazon, belongs to a genus renowned for its traditional therapeutic uses. Extracts from the stems and roots of several Philodendron species have been widely used to treat stress, bladder disorders, and snakebite wounds, underscoring their medicinal potential. This study investigates the volatile composition, antioxidant properties, and molecular docking of ethanolic extracts from P. heleniae, aiming to expand its applications. Phytochemical analysis revealed a rich profile of tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH) demonstrated the extract's strong free radical scavenging capacity, comparable to the standard Trolox. GC-MS analysis identified 48 volatile and semi-volatile metabolites, predominantly phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and lipid-like molecules. Fractionation of the crude ethanolic extract into aqueous and ethanolic fractions simplifies the downstream analytical steps and facilitates the identification and the evaluation of the higher abundance of antioxidant-related metabolites. Molecular docking supported these findings, highlighting strong binding affinities of stigmasterol and desmosterol to catalase, an enzyme critical for reducing oxidative stress. These results position P. heleniae as a promising source of natural antioxidants with potential pharmaceutical applications, while emphasizing the importance of conserving Ecuador's biodiversity and its bioactive resources.

Integrated metabolomics, transcriptomic, and phytohormonal analyses to study the effects of water stress and foliar abscisic acid application in Thymus species using LC-MS/MS

Thyme species, including Thymus vulgaris, T. kotschyanus (drought-tolerant) and T. serpyllum (drought-sensitive), are valuable medicinal herbs. They are often grown in arid regions and are increasingly suffering from water stress due to climate change. Here, we analyzed the metabolome and expression of selected genes in leaves of these species under drought stress with and without treatment with the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Among the terpenes, dominant metabolites in thyme, thymol was the most important terpenoid component, followed by thymoquinone, carvacrol and p-cymene in all three species. Drought stress reduced terpene concentrations, while moderate ABA levels increased them. T. kotschyanus showed the highest concentrations of thymol and carvacrol after combined treatment with drought and ABA. Metabolite accumulation was partially correlated with genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis. The combined treatment of drought stress and ABA resulted in a significant reduction of the stress hormone jasmonic acid and an increase of its biosynthetic precursor, OPDA (cis-12-oxophytodienoic acid), in all species. The present research results indicate that ABA treatment at moderate concentrations could be used as a measure to increase the production of some pharmaceutically active phenolic monoterpenes in T. vulgaris, T. serpyllum and T. kotschyanus and increase the stress resistance of the plants.

Phytochemical Insights and Therapeutic Potential of Chamaenerion angustifolium and Chamaenerion latifolium

The Chamaenerion genus, particularly Chamaenerion angustifolium and Chamaenerion latifolium, is recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and extensive medicinal properties. These species are abundant in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their phytochemical constituents, with an emphasis on how processing methods, including fermentation, influence bioactivity. Notably, fermentation enhances the levels of key bioactive compounds, such as oenothein B, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, thereby increasing their pharmacological potential. Additionally, this review evaluates the biological activities of Chamaenerion species in relation to their chemical composition, while also considering the limitations of current studies, such as the lack of in vivo or clinical trials. The literature for this review was sourced from scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering research from 2010 to 2024. Future studies should focus on optimizing extraction methods, elucidating synergistic bioactivities, and conducting in-depth clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.

Impact of Season on Chemical Composition of Some Medicinal Plants in Saudi Arabia

Wadi Al-Rummah is one of the most important geographical phenomena in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia and is considered to be the largest and longest valley in the Arabian Peninsula, with most of its basin located in the Qassim region. This valley is the habitat of diverse flora, including medicinal herbs, plants, and trees. Three plant species, namely, Capparis spinosa L., Haloxylon salicornicum, and Zygophyllum propinquum were selected for their phytochemical analyses. The effect of soil and climatic conditions on the plant metabolites was investigated. Plant samples were collected at the beginning of March (winter) and the end of August (summer) separately to evaluate the effect of climatic conditions on plant components and their medicinal value. Soil samples were also collected for analysis to find any correlation between plant components and soil composition. Soil and plant samples were collected during the late winter and late summer of the same year. Quantitative analyses of soil samples showed differences in soil phosphorus, iron, magnesium, and as well as pH. These elements were higher in winter than in summer. On the other hand, nitrogen and electrical conductivity were higher in summer. However, there were no significant differences between summer and winter for calcium, potassium, sodium, bulk density, and soil water content. Physiological and biochemical analyses on the aerial parts of the selected plants showed significant differences in carbohydrate content between summer and winter. In fact, they were higher in winter for all the plants studied. Lipid content was higher in summer than in winter. The protein contents of C. spinosa L. were 14% higher in winter, while those of H. salicornicum were 21% higher in summer. Z. propinquum proved to be the most salt-tolerant plant, followed by C. spinosa L. and H. salicornicum. The alkaloid and saponin content of the plants was higher in summer than in winter. There was no significant difference between summer and winter in the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the plants studied. Based on these results, seasonal changes appear to significantly affect certain medicinal compounds, while other compounds remain relatively constant throughout the year.

Chemical Variation of Leaves and Pseudobulbs in Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae) in Oaxaca, Mexico

Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic orchid of Mexico with significant value for its traditional uses: ornamental, ceremonial, and medicinal. The pharmacological activity of this plant has been studied using specimens recovered from religious use during Holy Week in Oaxaca, Mexico, sourced from various localities within this state. Geographical variability can influence the chemical composition of plants, as environmental factors affect the production of their secondary metabolites, which impact their biological properties. This research evaluated the variability in the chemical composition of leaves and pseudobulbs of P. karwinskii obtained from different localities in Oaxaca, comprising 95-790 g and 376-3900 g of fresh material for leaves and pseudobulbs, respectively, per locality. Compounds were identified using UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS following ultrasound-assisted hydroethanolic extraction. Twenty-one compounds were identified in leaves and twenty in pseudobulb. The findings revealed differences in chemical composition across localities and between leaves and pseudobulbs of the species. The Roaguia locality exhibited the highest extraction yield and pharmacological potential in leaves. For pseudobulbs, Cieneguilla specimens showed the highest yield, and El Lazo had the lowest yield but the highest pharmacological potential. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the variation in the chemical composition of a native Mexican orchid. In all localities, leaves and pseudobulbs contained compounds with known biological activity, validating the use of the species in traditional medicine and highlighting its potential for medical and biological applications.

Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Evernia prunastri Extract: Implications for Therapeutic Applications

Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae), an edible lichen commonly known as oakmoss, was traditionally used by Egyptians to make bread. In this study, the ethyl-acetate (EtOAc) extract of E. prunastri was investigated for its potential therapeutic applications in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, oxidative stress, and bacterial infections. The extract exhibited significant in vitro enzyme inhibition activities, including anti-amylase and anti-glucosidase activities linked to diabetes and anti-cholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through multiple assays, including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), metal chelation, and phosphomolybdenum methods, demonstrating strong oxidative stress relief potential. The antibacterial properties were also confirmed through antibacterial testing, showing efficacy against a range of bacterial strains. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified, while the chemical profile of the EtOAc extract was determined by LC-HRMS/MS analysis. The chemical composition was predominantly characterized by depsides (evernic acid and atranorin), phenolic acids (orsellinic acid), and dibenzofurans, revealing a diverse array of bioactive secondary metabolites. The extract demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities, including enzyme inhibition, antioxidant effects, and antibacterial properties. This study highlights the potential of E. prunastri as a functional food, providing a rich source of bioactive compounds with numerous health-promoting effects, and it suggests its relevance in therapeutic applications for chronic diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, and bacterial infections.

Saponin content in medicinal plants in response to application of organic and inorganic fertilizers: a meta-analysis

The application of fertilizers is a key agronomic practice in the artificial cultivation of medicinal plants, aiming to boost yields and enhance the levels of their bioactive constituents. However, systematic investigations on the influence of various fertilizers on the concentration of active compounds in saponin-containing medicinal plants remain insufficient. In this study, 966 experimental outcomes from 29 papers were analyzed via meta-analysis to examine the effects of organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and their combined application on the levels of different saponin monomers in medicinal plants. The findings from the meta-analysis revealed that inorganic fertilizers contribute positively to the accumulation of saponins such as Rg1 in ginseng, Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1, in addition to the saponins from Paris polyphylla, Dioscorea, Panax quinquefolius, and Platycodon grandiflorus. Moreover, the application of organic fertilizers was found to markedly elevate the concentrations of Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rb2, Re, and Rg1, along with Lancemasid saponins and Quinoa saponins. The combined use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers was shown to effectively increase the levels of Notoginsenoside R1 and Panax ginsenosides, encompassing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1. Overall, the results suggest that both individual and combined applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers have a positive impact on the enhancement of saponin monomers in medicinal plants. However, inorganic fertilizers promote the increase of saponin content, their prolonged use may lead to soil compaction and acidification, which could compromise the yield and quality of medicinal plants. On the other hand, organic fertilizers improve the soil environment and stimulate saponin accumulation, they do not supply all the nutrients required for the sustained growth of these plants. Therefore, a balanced fertilization strategy combining both organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended as the optimal approach for cultivating saponin-rich medicinal plants.

Exploring trends in natural product-based treatments to skin burn: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Burns are traumatic injuries caused by thermal, chemical, or other external factor, significantly impacting organic tissue. They are among the most common and severe types of trauma worldwide, often resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Natural products, owing to their pharmacological properties, present promising avenues for burn management and treatment.

PURPOSE

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of patented pharmaceutical formulations containing natural products for burn treatment and to define trends in the market.

METHODS

Patent documents were identified through searches in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and European Patent Office (EPO) databases using "burn*" as a keyword in the title and/or abstract and International Patent Classification (IPC) code A61K36/00. The review also examines clinical trials and SWOT analyses to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in this field.

RESULTS

A total of 82 patents were selected, highlighting the use of natural products, such as Aloe vera, Coptis chinensis, borneol, menthol, and propolis, predominantly derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine. These findings are supplemented with clinical trial data and market insights. The results underscore both the therapeutic efficacy and challenges, such as standardization and regulatory hurdles, of using natural products.

CONCLUSION

This patent review highlights the potential of natural-origin formulations in addressing the limitations of conventional burn treatments. Continued research is essential to overcome existing barriers, ensuring broader accessibility and enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Phenotypic plasticity vs. local genetic adaptation: essential oil diversity of natural immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth.) G.Don) populations along eastern Adriatic coast

The essential oil of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don, commonly known as immortelle, is produced in Mediterranean countries to meet the increasing demand of the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This study focused on the analysis of secondary metabolites, specifically essential oils, extracted from plants grown from the seeds of natural immortelle populations collected along the eastern Adriatic coast and cultivated ex situ under uniform conditions. Field trials were conducted to determine whether the observed variability was due to phenotypic plasticity or local genetic adaptation. Eighteen natural immortelle populations were sampled, hydrodistilled and their essential oil composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 84 compounds were identified. Eighteen essential oil compounds were present in concentrations greater than 5% in at least one sample of 18 populations. The populations differed significantly in nine essential oil compounds: Limonene, linalool, nerol, neryl acetate, trans-caryophyllene, neryl propionate, ar-curcumene, β-selinene and δ-selinene and the differences were attributed to genetic adaptation to the native environment. Three chemotypes were identified within which the populations were grouped. Results showed a significant and strong correlation between biochemical and bioclimatic distance, with 22.4% of biochemical differentiation between populations explained by bioclimatic distance. Correlations between the 18 main compounds and the bioclimatic variables of the populations' native environment revealed that BIO14 Precipitation of driest month and BIO15 Precipitation seasonality, were the most informative. These results can serve as a first step for future selection of immortelle populations with desirable adaptations to obtain commercial cultivars that ensure high quality immortelle essential oil.

Climate change and the sustainable use of medicinal plants: a call for "new" research strategies

Climate change and human activities severely impact the viability of plants and ecosystems, threatening the environment, biodiversity, and the sustainable development of plant-based products. Biotic and abiotic (ecosystem) determinants affect species distribution and long-term survival, which in turn influence the quality of plants used as herbal medicines and other high-value products. In recent decades, diverse anthropogenic impacts have significantly affected these quality aspects. Climate change, excessive plant exploitation, habitat loss, species vulnerability, and other factors have adversely affected the growth, reproduction, and adaptation of species populations, as well as the quality and volume of primary plant materials supplied to pharmaceutical markets. Despite these growing challenges, there is limited knowledge of potential strategies to prevent or mitigate these impacts, particularly for vulnerable species collected from the wild or harvested from traditional production systems. Hence, effective strategies for preserving and increasing plant populations are urgently needed. In this study, we propose a new framework including the main sustainability factors to better understand and address the vulnerability of a species, hence mitigate the impact of climate change. We assess the applicability of our proposed framework via seven case studies of vulnerable species (i.e., Aquilaria malaccensis Lam., Boswellia sacra Flück., Crocus sativus L., Panax quinquefolius L., Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardlew., Rhodiola rosea L., and Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov.) from main biogeographic realms, all widely used as medicinal plants. These species present various challenges related to the sustainability of their use, impacting their current and future status locally and globally. Their economic importance, combined with rising demands and specific risks of overexploitation, are also key factors considered here. The suggested framework for the sustainability of medicinal and other high-value plant-based products in the phytopharmaceutical industry emphasises strategies that promote conservation and sustainable resource use. It can also be adapted for other vulnerable species requiring urgent attention.

Cluster analysis of fingerroot cultivated in different regions across Thailand and implementation of Quality by Design approach for R&D of fingerroot extract tablet

Fingerroot has been used as food, traditional medicine, and a dietary supplement. This study aimed to cluster fingerroot cultivated in different regions across Thailand, based on their flavonoids. Subsequently, the extract of fingerroot was formulated into tablet form using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Initially, 32 fingerroot samples were included in this study. They were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The results indicated that the rhizomes of fingerroot had higher flavonoid content (pinocembrin, pinostrobin, and panduratin A) compared to the roots. Cluster analysis revealed that fingerroot from Surat Thani, Nong Bua Lamphu, Kalasin, and Sisaket Provinces formed a high flavonoid content group. Ethanolic extract of defatted fingerroot from Sisaket Province was then used to prepare tablets. Following the QbD approach, the quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, initial risk assessment, and formulation design were investigated. A Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the tablet formulation. Design spaces were constructed, and the optimal formulation was verified. The optimal formulation comprised 3 % hydroxypropyl methylcellulose F4M without spray-dried lactose, compressed using 1,000 psi force. The tablets had an individual weight of 600 mg, a thickness of 4.22 mm, a diameter of 12.6 mm, a hardness of 6.33 kP, a disintegration time of 2.02 min, and a friability of 0.05 %. Each tablet contained 120 mg of fingerroot extract, consisting of 9.77 mg pinocembrin, 23.00 mg pinostrobin, and 11.27 mg panduratin A. Dissolution tests demonstrated that the three flavonoids could dissolve in a 0.5 % sodium lauryl sulfate solution at levels of 99.34 %, 103.81 %, and 61.44 % within 2 h, which was superior to a commercial product. In summary, this study provides a guide for selecting fingerroot cultivated in Thailand with high flavonoid content. Furthermore, the QbD approach was successfully implemented in the development of a fingerroot extract tablet with desired properties.

Interaction of Rosmarinus officinalis L. with UV-A radiation by preserving its morphological traits and modifying its phenolic composition

This study investigated the effects of supplemental ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation on phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties, and agro-morphological characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Greenhouse plants were exposed to UV-A for 1, 2, and 4 h daily, 40 days. Based on the results, UV-A radiation had no significant effect on agro-morphological traits, while it remarkably altered chlorophyll content, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as radical scavenging activity. Plants exposed to UV-A (4h) had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, as well as the content of rosmarinic, carnosic, vanillic, and caffeic acids, and naringin. Conversely, carnosol, cirsimaritin, and hispulin levels decreased in treated plants. Overall, UV-A radiation had a positive effect on the medicinal aspects of R. officinalis L., which is important in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is suggested application of UV-A emitting LEDs for commercial purposes, with a lower risk level than UV-B and UV-C.

Effects of ensemble-forecasted key environmental factors on the distribution, active constituents, and transcription regulation in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort

BACKGROUND

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., with over 2000 years of medicinal use and cultivation history, is extensively used in clinical settings for treating heart disease, headache, dysmenorrhea, and amenorrhea. Constructing the geographic distribution pattern of L. chuanxiong and identifying the environmental factors limiting its range, as well as clarifying the effects of key environmental factors on the content of major active constituents and transcription regulation, could provide a scientific foundation for the conservation and effective management of this valuable medicinal resource.

RESULTS

The results reveal that the predominant environmental factors influencing the distribution were the minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) and solar radiation (Srad), with cumulative account for 87.46% of the importance. Correlation analysis further reveals significant negative correlations between Bio6 and the content of major active constituents in L. chuanxiong, with Srad exhibiting a negative correlation with these constituents. The gene differential expression analysis indicated that the expression levels of some genes associated with growth and active constituent biosynthesis pathways, such as RPT2_13888, UVR8_16871, CLPB3_3155, and 4CLL5_116, varied significantly among locations influenced by differing key environmental factors. Consequently, alterations in the environment were found to influence the gene expression levels within these pathways, resulting in variations in the content of active constituents.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of how environmental factors impact the distribution and quality of medicinal plants and offer a theoretical reference for the introduction, cultivation, quality improvement, resource utilization and management of L. chuanxiong. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The effect of mint addition on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of strawberry sorbets

The study aimed to produce, analyse, and evaluate the consumer acceptance of a functional peppermint-, and spearmint-enriched (0.5,1,2 %) sorbet, which contains only natural substances in its composition, to meet today's popular health-conscious consumer trends. Regarding acid composition, the sorbets contained malic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid. Sorbets regarded of water-soluble sugars, contained sucrose in the lowest concentration, followed by glucose, and the amount of fructose, which is typical for fruits, was the highest. The sorbets' TPC and TAC contents were determined to be between 510.72 and 743.77 mg GAE/kg, and 906.64 and 1137.67 mg AAE/kg respectively. The average melting rate of the desserts was 0.16-0.22 g/min, and based on consumer acceptance, the control and the samples added with 0.5 % spearmint and peppermint mint were the most favorable. The sorbets containing 1 % and 2 % mint had too intense menthol flavor, thus the enjoyment value of the products was reduced based on consumer feedback.

Synergistic potential of Bauhinia holophylla leaf extracts with conventional antifungals in the inhibition of Candida albicans: A new approach for the treatment of oral candidiasis

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the combination of Bauhinia holophylla (Bong.) Steud. leaf extracts with conventional antifungal agents, highlighting the extracts' potential as adjuvants in treating oral candidiasis.

DESIGN

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. holophylla leaves were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) to assess their chemical composition. Their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against standard strains of Candida albicans and isolates from oral mucosa was determined. Additionally, the potential synergistic effects with chlorhexidine gluconate, nystatin, and fluconazole were investigated, along with their impact on inhibiting and disrupting biofilm formation, germ tube formation of C. albicans, and cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes.

RESULTS

Protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, and rutin were identified in both extracts. They exhibited fungistatic activity with a median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of 15.62 µg/mL for the ethanolic extract (EEB) and 62.50 µg/mL for the aqueous extract (AEB) against C. albicans. In growth kinetics, both extracts reduced the viable cell count of C. albicans by 2 logs after 24 h compared to the positive control. The extracts reduced germ tube formation by 81.6 % for EEB and 86.3 % for AEB. The synergistic combination with fluconazole and nystatin resulted in a 50 % reduction in the concentration required to inhibit C. albicans growth. No hemolytic activity was detected in human erythrocytes at the tested concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts show promising potential as adjuvants in managing oral candidiasis. Notably, the aqueous extract is advantageous due to its non-toxic solvent, cost-effectiveness, and ease of preparation.

A comprehensive review of factors affecting growth and secondary metabolites in hydroponically grown medicinal plants

MAIN CONCLUSION

Optimizing environmental factors can significantly increase the growth and secondary metabolite synthesis of hydroponically grown medicinal plants. This approach can help increase the quality and quantity of pharmacologically important metabolites to enhance therapeutic needs. Medicinal plants are key therapeutic sources for treating various ailments. The increasing demand for medicinal plants has resulted in the overharvesting of these plants in their natural habitat, which can lead to their extinction in the future. Soil-based cultivation faces challenges, such as a lack of arable land, drastic climatic changes, and attacks by soil-borne pathogens. To overcome these challenges, hydroponic cultivation, known as soilless cultivation, is a sustainable method. The yield and quality of medicinal plants depend on environmental factors, such as nutrients, pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, light, nanoparticles, phytohormones, and microorganisms. This article explores the impact of these environmental factors on the growth and secondary metabolite content of hydroponically grown medicinal plants. Our review reveals how environmental factors qualitatively and quantitatively influence the growth and secondary metabolites of medicinal plants grown in hydroponic systems and how these factors can be integrated into the enhancement of therapeutic compounds.

Chemotaxonomy and Bioactive Potential of High-Mountain Plantago atrata

Plantago atrata Hoppe is a high-altitude mountain plant exposed to harsh environmental factors. This study aims to elucidate the ecological, phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of this lesser-known plantain. Despite nutrient-poor peat soil, the leaves of P. atrata contained increased levels of phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and the anatomy revealed an isobilateral mesophyll. Molecular taxonomic identification and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the classification of the studied plant as P. atrata and its clustering with narrow-leaved plantains growing in extreme conditions. Detailed phytochemical profiles revealed primary and secondary metabolites that can be used as taxonomic identifiers and for bioactivity studies. The methanol fraction enriched in phenolic compounds appeared biologically active-by displaying limited antimicrobial activity, however, it possessed significant radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory capacity. The data demonstrate that P. atrata's leaf parameters and phytochemical arsenal assure plant survival and reveal the plantain's pharmaceutical potential in inhibiting inflammation via the classical pathway of Complement activation.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights into Mentha asiatica Boriss.: A Promising Antimicrobial Plant

Mentha asiatica Boriss., a species native to Central Asia, has garnered significant attention for its diverse phytochemical profile and antimicrobial potential. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the antimicrobial activities of M. asiatica, focusing on its essential oils and other bioactive constituents. The study contextualizes the importance of natural antimicrobials in the era of rising antibiotic resistance and highlights the plant's traditional use in ethnomedicine. The main methodologies explored include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for phytochemical characterization and various in vitro assays to assess antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The essential oils of M. asiatica demonstrate a broad spectrum of activity, attributed to compounds such as menthol, menthone, and carvone. Other phytochemicals, including sesquiterpenes and terpenoids, also contribute to its bioactivity. The review underscores the potential of M. asiatica as a source of novel antimicrobial agents and calls for further research into its mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and safety profiles. The findings position M. asiatica as a promising candidate for developing plant-based antimicrobial formulations, addressing critical needs in healthcare and food preservation.

Specialized Metabolite Profiling-Based Variations of Watercress Leaves (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) from Hydroponic and Aquaponic Systems

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a freshwater aquatic plant in the Brassicaceae family, is characterized by its high content of specialized metabolites, including flavonoids, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates. Traditionally, commercial cultivation is conducted in submerged beds using river or spring water, often on soil or gravel substrates. However, these methods have significant environmental impacts, such as promoting eutrophication due to excessive fertilizer use and contaminating water sources with pesticides. This study aimed to explore two emerging cultivation strategies, i.e., hydroponics and aquaponics, to grow watercress and evaluate its specialized metabolite content using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The goal was to characterize metabolic profiles, identify component variations, and assess changes in metabolite accumulation at two harvest times. Two culture systems (hydroponic and aquaponic) and two harvest stages ('baby leaf' and traditional harvest) were examined. The results revealed 23 key metabolites, predominantly glucosinolates and flavonoids, that significantly influenced the metabolic profile discrimination, with the aquaponic system yielding the highest diversity and relative abundance of metabolites (variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1). Important condition-related compounds were identified via cross-validation (area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7), including isorhamnetin sophoroside-glucoside and gluconasturtiin at the traditional harvest in the hydroponic system and glucoarabin at the 'baby leaf' stage in the aquaponic system. These findings highlight the potential of aquaponic and hydroponic systems as sustainable alternatives for watercress cultivation, offering environmental benefits and enhanced metabolite quality.

Supervised machine learning and genotype by trait biplot as promising approaches for selection of phytochemically enriched Rhus coriaria genotypes

Sumac is considered as a medicinal and industrial plant. Climate change threats natural ecosystems and hence, evaluation of sumac's genetic diversity, identification of superior genotypes, and conservation of such materials is important. In this study, 5 wild populations of sumac were investigated. Fruits of 75 sumac genotypes (15 genotype per population) were analyzed using HPLC-LC/MS-MS method. Likewise, genomic DNA of 75 genotypes were fingerprinted using 18 ISSR primers. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variability among studied populations of sumac considering malic acid, malic acid hexoside 2.71, malic acid hexoside 6.11, coumaric acid, ellagic acid11.49. Malic acid was identified as phytochemical marker in sumac fruit which can be implemented for screening sumac genotypes even from the same population. Genotype by trait analysis revealed V6, V10, D10, D14, A1, A14, K3, K15, N10, and N11 as top-performing genotypes (winners) which possessed the majority of phytochemical constituents in highest value. Here, the identified phytochemically superior sumac group was effectively distinguished from the inferior sumac group using ISSRs information via supervised machine learning. By using 13 feature selection algorithms, ISSR loci (U823) L1, (U835) L1, (U801) L1, (U816) L2, (U816) L4, (U835) L4, (U854) L1, and (U835) L9 were identified as functional markers which could predict phytochemical response of sumac germplasm. In conclusion, there is vast range of phytochemically divergent sumac genotypes in its natural habitats that could effectively recognized in any season by merging artificial intelligence with genomic information.

Spermidine-induced improvements in water relations and antioxidant defense enhance drought tolerance in yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)

Drought stress poses a serious threat to agricultural productivity worldwide. This study investigated the mitigative effects of exogenous spermidine on drought stressed yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.). Plants were subjected to three drought levels (25 %, 50 % and 75 % field capacity) and foliar sprayed with 0, 1.5 and 3 μM spermidine. Drought significantly reduced relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids), osmolyte (proline, soluble sugars) accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), indicating oxidative damage. Spermidine treatment attenuated drought injury by improving the above parameters. Maximum responses were observed at 1.5 μM for photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes, while 3 μM performed best for secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins) and antioxidant enzymes. Drought also upregulated secondary metabolites like phenolics, while spermidine further augmented their levels. Moreover, spermidine maintained membrane integrity and osmotic adjustment under water deficit. Overall, spermidine enhanced yarrow's drought tolerance by modulating physiological and biochemical processes. Our findings provide insights into spermidine-induced adaptation mechanisms in plants combating water scarcity. Optimization of spermidine concentration may help develop drought-resilient crops.

Metabolic profiling of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars in changing environments: Implications for nutritional quality in animal feed

Field pea seeds have long been recognized as valuable feed ingredients for animal diets, due to their high-quality protein and starch digestibility. However, the chemical composition of pea cultivars can vary across different growing locations, consequently impacting their nutrient profiles. This study employs untargeted metabolomics in conjunction with the quantification of fatty acids and amino acids to explore the influence of three different growing locations in Spain (namely Andalusia, Aragon and Asturias), on the nutritional characteristics of seeds of various pea cultivars. Significant interactions between cultivar and environment were observed, with 121 metabolites distinguishing pea profiles. Lipids, lipid-like molecules, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, carbohydrates, and amino acids were the most affected metabolites. Fatty acid profiles varied across locations, with higher C16:0, C18:0, and 18:1 n-9 concentration in Aragón, while C18:2 n-6 predominated in Asturias and C18:3 n-3 in Andalusia. Amino acid content was also location-dependent, with higher levels in Asturias. These findings underscore the impact of environmental factors on pea metabolite profiles and emphasize the importance of selecting pea cultivars based on specific locations and animal requirements. Enhanced collaboration between research and industry is crucial for optimizing pea cultivation for animal feed production.

Seasonal Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, and Photoprotective Activities of Psidium guajava L. Leaves

This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals from extracts of Psidium guajava L. leaves (P. guajava extract [PGE]) and its antioxidant and photoprotective effects. PGE showed constant production of total phenolics and maintained high antioxidant capacity across seasons and years. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the phenolic compounds quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, epicatechin, vanillic acid, and syringic acid, as well as two new compounds, syringaldehyde and ferulic acid. The high sun protection factor (SPF) was observed in all seasons. The phytochemicals ferulic acid, syringic acid, and quercetin were correlated with cloudiness and humidity. Antioxidant activity was correlated with vanillic acid, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and tannins, and SPF with temperature, antioxidant activity, flavonoids, vanillic acid, gallic acid, and catechin. The formulations containing UVA/UVB filters or not, plus aqueous autumn extract, showed an increase in SPF. Therefore, the results suggested that PGE has potential photoprotective and antioxidant agents for the production of new sunscreen formulations with environmental and health benefits.

Influence of ethephon and soil treatments on the essential oil composition of sweet fennel and its biological activities

The manipulation of cultivation conditions in addition to environmental changes is a key factor affecting the growth, secondary metabolites production, and the biological activity of the plant. Our study aims to evaluate the impact of foliar spray of ethephon, water stress, organic and inorganic fertilizers on the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the fruit oil of Foeniculum vulgare, Miller, var. dulce and its vegetative growth and oil composition. Four different soil treatments were implemented. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry GC/MS was applied to identify the volatile compounds. Evaluation of both the cytotoxic and the antimicrobial activities of the fruit oil were assessed using the viability assay and the well diffusion method respectively. Variations in the vegetative growth factors and the essential oil (EO) composition were recorded. About a 94.7% increase in the total oil yield was detected in condition 3 compared to control. The oil sample obtained under condition 1 showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against most tested strains and a significant cytotoxic effect against prostate carcinoma (PC-3) cells. Facing the global problem of water deficit, our success in producing a good quality fennel crop and its EO content upon application of drought stress and will be very beneficial at both the economic and the pharmaceutical levels.

Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of Algerian Mentha aquatica Extracts

Water mint (Mentha aquatica) is used in many formulations worldwide as a functional food and natural remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, lung diseases, and certain mental disorders such as epilepsy and depression. This study assessed the bioactivity of its infusion extract (INF) and hydroethanolic extract (HE) to highlight its health benefits. These extracts were analyzed for their chemical composition by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, and their capacities to protect human erythrocytes against induced hemoglobin oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The effect on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and on the N27 rat dopaminergic neuron cell line was also assessed. The chromatographic analysis identified 57 compounds belonging to hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavone, and isoflavonoids. In respect to the biological potential, the Mentha aquatica extracts revealed a notable capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as for the inhibition of α-glucosidase action and the protection of human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Quantification revealed noteworthy phenolic content in both extracts. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated less cytotoxic effects regarding the NHDF and N27 cell lines. Overall, Mentha aquatica presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, human medicine, and natural product research in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Simulation of Pseudostellaria heterophylla distribution in China: assessing habitat suitability and bioactive component abundance under future climate change scenariosplant components

Background

Pseudostellaria heterophylla is used in traditional Chinese medicine, so ensuring an adequate supply of plant material with high levels of bioactive components is important.

Methods

Using an optimized maximum entropy niche model and assays of bioactive components from cultivation samples, this study started from the plant's natural distribution area and estimated correlations of ecological factors with not only abundance of the plant but also abundance of polysaccharides and heterophyllin B. These correlations were combined with the spatial analysis function in ArcGIS to generate maps of the suitability of different habitats in China for cultivating P. heterophylla under current climate conditions and different models of climate change.

Results

The following ecological factors emerged as particularly important for habitat suitability: precipitation of driest month and driest quarter, annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, temperature seasonality, and mean temperature of coldest quarter, contributing to a cumulative total of 87%. Under current climate conditions, optimum habitats of P. heterophylla were mainly distributed in the southwestern region (Guizhou) and eastern regions (Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu) of China, and only 0.197×106 km2 of these areas were optimum habitat. In future climate change scenarios, the optimal habitat area of P. heterophylla exhibited an increase across different time periods under the SSP5-8.5 climate scenario. By the 2090s, distribution area of high heterophyllin B content under SSP5-8.5 climate scenarios will increase significantly, distribution area of high polysaccharide content had little change under all three climate scenarios (SSP 1-2.6, 2-4.5, 5-8.5). The center of mass of suitable habitat migrates southwestward under scenario SSP 1-2.6 and SSP 2-4.5, while it migrates northward under scenario SSP 5-8.5. Under the three climate scenarios, the center of mass of suitable habitat migrated consistently with that of high polysaccharide content but differed from that of high heterophyllin B content.

Conclusion

These findings provide a crucial foundation for cultivating P. heterophylla with superior medicinal properties, developing adaptive management strategies to enhance conservation efforts, and ensuring sustainable utilization in the face of global climate change.

Canopy openness, proportion of deciduous trees and topsoil C/N ratio drive the yield, but their effect on the polyphenol content of medicinal plants is species-specific

Forests and woodlands are the major source of wild medicinal plants worldwide. In our study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing the yield and polyphenol content of Aegopodium podagraria L., Galium aparine L., Rubus fruticosus L., Rubus idaeus L., Stachys sylvatica L. and Urtica dioica L., the common and abundant medicinal plant species in the study areas. We showed that European temperate forests are potentially an important source of the medicinal resources. Light availability, controlled by canopy cover, proportion of deciduous trees and stand basal area were the most important factors positively influencing both abundance and quality of medicinal plants. The C/N ratio and pH of the topsoil were the most important factors positively influencing the content of phenolic compounds. The phenolic content was highly species-specific and varied according to local environmental conditions. A high proportion of deciduous species and a high canopy openness increased the yield and quality of medicinal plants by ensuring high light availability. Plants with high total polyphenol content should also be sought on biologically active (non-acidic) soils with a high C/N ratio. Our results can be used to guide forest management in areas where harvesting of understory medicinal plants is an important provisioning ecosystem service. In many cases a forest management scenario friendly to medicinal plants may require only a minor changes in forest management intensity, as cultivation or enhanced growth of MD plants can take place in intensively thinned forests and cleared forest patches, without competing with timber production.

Elucidating the potential of Annona muricata L. grown in Sri Lanka to be used in developing an anticancer drug against colorectal and breast cancers

BACKGROUND

Since ancient times many traditional medicine systems around the world have been using different parts of Annona muricata L. (AM), to treat cancer. Indeed, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies also have shown anticancer properties of different solvent extracts of different parts of AM. Even the same part of the plant has shown different levels of anticancer properties based on geographical variations. Therefore, in the present study, the anticancer potential of the leaves, fruit pulp and the fruit peel of the AM that is grown in Sri Lanka was comparatively analyzed with the intention of identifying the most suitable part to be developed into a nutraceutical with anticancer effects.

METHODS

Freeze-dried aqueous extracts of immature leaves (ILAM), mature leaves (MLAM), pulp (PAM) and peel (PLAM) of AM were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization assays. Their cytotoxicity on breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells and normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) were determined by the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Their effect on mRNA expression of proapoptotic (Bax and caspase-7) and cell cycle arresting (p21) genes was analyzed by RT- qPCR in the same cell lines.

RESULTS

ILAM demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays followed by MLAM, PLAM and PAM. In the MTT assay, both ILAM and MLAM demonstrated strong cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and DLD-1 cell lines while there were no cytotoxic effects on the normal human cell line HGF-1. Both ILAM and MLAM demonstrated concentration-dependent upregulation of mRNA expression of cell cycle arresting gene p21 and apoptosis inducing genes Bax and caspase-7 in MCF-7 and DLD-1 cells.

CONCLUSION

The AEAM leaves grown in Sri Lanka has significantly higher antioxidant activity as well as selective cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 and DLD-1 cancer cells compared to its PL and P counterparts. Further, the AEAM leaves induced mRNA expression of the anticancer genes p21, Bax and caspase-7, indicating its potential to be developed into an anticancer drug against breast and colorectal cancer.

Metabolite and mineral contents in root, seed, testa, stem and leaf of Peganum harmala L

In order to investigate the distribution and accumulation characteristics of metabolites and mineral elements in different parts of Peganum harmala L. (P. harmala), and the synergistic or antagonistic effects between them. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) were used to determine the contents of metabolites (proline, phosphorylcholine, choline, lysine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, asparagine, acetic acid, sucrose, harmaline and vasicine) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, C, N) in five parts of P. harmala, including root, seed, testa, stem and leaf, and to analyze the relationship among the contents of metabolites and mineral elements. The results showed that the contents of acetic acid, proline, lysine, sucrose and Fe in the root were higher than those in other parts, and the contents of harmaline, phosphorylcholine, P, C, N and Zn in the seeds were the highest. The leaves were rich in vasicine, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Mn. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cumulative variance contribution of the first two principal components was 69.00 %, and the loading values of K, Cu and sucrose were higher, which was consistent with the results of biplot and cluster analysis(HCA). Correlation analysis (CA) results showed that there was a strong overall correlation between the different components of seeds and leaves, and the correlation was greater than that of other parts. The results of this study are helpful to understand the correlation of functional traits among different parts of plants, and determine the internal mechanism of controlling functional traits and the proportional relationship between traits, so as to provide a reference for the resource utilization of plants.

Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Molecular Placental Pathways: Their Potential to Prevent and Support the Treatment of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious condition characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria or organ dysfunction after the 20th week of gestation, making it a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. Despite extensive research, significant gaps remain in understanding the mechanisms underlying PE, contributing to the ineffectiveness of current prevention and treatment strategies. Consequently, premature cesarean sections often become the primary intervention to safeguard maternal and fetal health. Emerging evidence indicates that placental insufficiency, driven by molecular disturbances, plays a central role in the development of PE. Additionally, the maternal microbiome may be implicated in the pathomechanism of preeclampsia by secreting metabolites that influence maternal inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby affecting placental health. Given the limitations of pharmaceuticals during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development and concerns about teratogenic effects, nutraceuticals may provide safer alternatives. Nutraceuticals are food products or dietary supplements that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition, including plant extracts or probiotics. Their historical use in traditional medicine has provided valuable insights into their safety and efficacy, including for pregnant women. This review will examine how the adoption of nutraceuticals can enhance dysregulated placental pathways, potentially offering benefits in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.

Saline-alkali stress affects the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and sesquiterpenoids via the MYB5-ANR/TPS31 cascades in the rose petals

Rose (Rosa rugosa) petals are rich in diverse secondary metabolites, which have important physiological functions as well as great economic values. Currently, it remains unclear how saline and/or alkaline stress(es) influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in rose. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolite profiles of rose petals under aline-alkali stress and uncovered the induction mechanism underlying major metabolites. Dramatic changes were observed in the expression of 1363 genes and the abundances of 196 metabolites in petals in response to saline-alkali stress. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) are mainly associated with flavonoid and terpenoid metabolism and the reconstruction of cell walls. Of them, TERPENE SYNTHASE 31 (TPS31) overexpression in tobacco leaves driven by its own promoter resulted in significant alterations in the levels of diverse terpenoids, which were differentially influenced by saline-alkali stress. An integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed a high correlation between the abundances of flavonoids/terpenoids and the expression of the transcription factor MYB5. MYB5 may orchestrate the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and proanthocyanidins through direct regulation of TPS31 and ANR expression under aline-alkali stress. Our finding facilitates improving the bioactive substance accumulation of rose petals by metabolic engineering.

Comparative study of the photosynthetic efficiency and leaf structure of four Cotoneaster species

Plants belonging to the genus Cotoneaster can be valuable sources of phytochemicals with potential therapeutic properties. The natural habitats of most of these species are situated in Asia, Africa and southern Europe. Introducing them into other climatic conditions could expose them to abiotic and biotic stresses, affecting their bioactive properties. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the performance of four non-native Cotoneaster species (C. roseus, C. hissaricus, C. hsingshangensis, C. nebrodensis) grown in eastern Poland in terms of leaf morphology, anatomy, and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus in relation to lipid peroxidation level, being an indicator of oxidative stress. Photosynthetic pigments concentration and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were used to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity. The morphological and anatomical analysis of leaves did not show any anomalies or stress symptoms. Cotoneaster roseus was characterized by the highest chlorophyll concentration, viability index (Rfd) and a moderate lipid peroxidation level. On the other hand, the lowest values of photochemical quenching (qP), maximum fluorescence (Fm), Rfd, and quantum yield of the photosystem II (QY) observed for C. nebrodensis might indicate an inferior efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus in this species; however, it demonstrated the lowest lipid peroxidation level. Nevertheless, the content and proportion of the photosynthetic pigments as well as overall chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and lipid peroxidation levels indicate a good physiological condition of all examined plants. The observed differences between the species may be rather species specific and genetically established and not indicate their sensitivity to non-native growth conditions. This is the first report about the physiological parameters of the four Cotoneaster species, proving they are well adapted to growth in the climatic conditions of central Europe providing thus a raw material with potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Manipulating the light spectrum to increase the biomass production, physiological plasticity and nutritional quality of Eruca sativa L

The extensive development in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in recent years provides an opportunity to positively influence plant growth and biomass accumulation and to optimize biochemical composition and nutritional quality. This study aimed to assess how different light spectra affect the growth, photosynthesis and biochemical properties of Eruca sativa. Therefore two LED lighting modes - red:blue (RB, 1:1) and red:green:blue (RGB, 2:1:2) were compared to the conventional white light fluorescent tubes (WL). Plant biomass, photosynthetic performance, several antioxidants, polyamines and nitrates contents were analyzed across different treatments. The plant growth was affected by the light quality - the presence of green light in the spectrum resulted in smaller plants and leaves, and correspondingly less biomass. RB spectral mode enhanced the total antioxidant and guaiacol peroxidase activity, pigments, flavonoids, polyphenols, ascorbate and polyamines contents. This effect under RB was combined with better leaf development compared to RGB and less nitrate in the leaves among all treatments. The RB light generated modifications in polyamines, which are interrelated with the nitrate content, further induce important metabolite and antioxidant changes. Both RB and RGB enhanced photosynthesis. The afterglow thermoluminescence band varied according to leaves development, being higher in RB and WL as a consequence of their faster growth. The RB light spectrum was found to be the most efficient for promoting the growth, biochemical composition, and overall quality of Eruca sativa compared to RGB and WL. These findings suggest that RB LEDs can be an effective tool for improving crop production in controlled environments.

The Influence of Sodium Humate on the Biosynthesis and Contents of Flavonoid Constituents in Lemons

Sodium humate (SH) is the sodium salt of humic acid. Our previous research has demonstrated that SH has the ability to enhance the levels of total flavonoids in various parts of lemons, including the leaves, peels, pulps, and seeds, thereby improving the quality of lemons. In the current study, the regulation effect of SH on the biosynthesis and content of lemon flavonoid compounds was examined using transcriptome sequencing technology and flavonoid metabolomic analysis. Following SH treatment, the transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed 320 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples treated with SH and control (CK) samples, some of which were associated with the phenylalanine pathway by KEGG annotation analysis. The levels of seven flavonoid compounds identified in lemon peels were observed to increase, and eriocitrin and isoorientin were identified as differential metabolites (DMs, VIP > 1) using OPLS-DA analysis. The integrated analysis of transcriptomics and flavonoid metabolomics indicates that SH treatment induces alterations in gene expression and metabolite levels related to flavonoid synthesis. Specifically, SH influences flavonoid biosynthesis by modulating the activity of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway, including HCT (O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) and F5H (ferulate-5-hydroxylase).

Application of Fe2O3 nanoparticles improves the growth, antioxidant power, flavonoid content, and essential oil yield and composition of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss., an endemic and endangered medicinal and aromatic plant in Iran, showcases distinct botanical characteristics and therapeutic promise. According to the IUCN grouping criteria, this plant is facing challenges due to overcollection from its natural habitats. To address this issue, there is an increasing inclination towards cultivating this species within agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of applying Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) at varying concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg L-1), as well as bulk Fe2O3 at the same concentrations, on the growth, essential oil production, antioxidant capacity, total phenol, and flavonoid content of D. kotschyi. The foliar application of 100 and/or 200 mg L-1 of Fe2O3 NPs resulted in the greatest leaf length and dry weight, while Fe2O3 NPs at the level of 100 mg L-1 led to the highest leaf/stem ratio. Additionally, spraying 200 mg L-1 of Fe2O3 NPs and all concentrations of bulk Fe2O3 positively impacted chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. Both nano and bulk Fe2O3 supplements stimulated H2O2 production and subsequently enhanced enzymatic antioxidant activity. The use of 50 mg L-1 of Fe2O3 NPs resulted in the highest flavonoid content and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the highest essential oil content and yield was achieved by the application of 50 and/or 100 mg L-1 Fe2O3 NPs. The addition of low concentration of Fe2O3 NPs (50 mg L-1) resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of geranial, while a higher supply of Fe2O3 NPs (200 mg L-1) significantly decreased the percentage of neral in the essential oil. Overall, the application of Fe2O3 NPs demonstrated significant potential for increased biomass, enhanced yield, essential oil production, and phytochemical attributes. The findings highlight the versatility of Fe2O3 NPs at optimal concentrations, acting as both a nano-fertilizer and a nano-inducer, promoting the production and accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in plants.

The interaction effect of water deficit stress and seaweed extract on phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)

Introduction

With increasing drought stress due to climate change and water scarcity, the agricultural sector has sought innovative strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects on crop productivity. One approach that has received significant attention is the use of fertilizers and biostimulants as potential means of alleviating drought stress.

Methods

In this study, five different irrigation levels including 100% (control), 80% (slight stress), 60% (mild stress), 40% (moderate stress), and 20% (severe stress) of field capacity (FC) and seaweed extract (SWE) at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g/L) were applied to the pots containing one-year-old licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) plants in a factorial completely randomized design experiment with three replications for eight weeks.

Results and discussion

The glycyrrhizic acid content increased with water stress intensity without the application of SWE until severe (20% FC) water stress treatment. The application of 10 g/L SWE under 100% FC led to a significant increase in the glycyrrhizic acid value (32.5±0.889 mg/g DW) compared with non-SWE application (30.0±1.040 mg/g DW). The maximum glabridin content (0.270±0.010 mg/g DW) was obtained under irrigation of 20% field capacity with 10 g/L SWE application. In addition, the activity of the all studied enzymes such as APX (ascorbate peroxidase), CAT (catalase), POD (peroxidase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) were boosted by increasing the water stress levels. The use of SWE further enhanced the increase of some of these metabolites and enzymes, which, in turn, helped the plant to tolerate stress conditions through the scavenging of more ROS (Reactive oxygen species), wherein for this purpose, the SWE 10 g/L was more effective than other concentration. The plants efficiently eliminated ROS driven from drought stress by both non-enzymatic and enzymatic systems.