1
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Watson DJ, Laing L, Petzer JP, Wong HN, Parkinson CJ, Wiesner L, Haynes RK. Efficacies and ADME properties of redox active methylene blue and phenoxazine analogues for use in new antimalarial triple drug combinations with amino-artemisinins. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1308400. [PMID: 38259296 PMCID: PMC10800708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1308400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop new artemisinin triple combination therapies effective against artemisinin-tolerant strains of Plasmodium falciparum based on rational combinations comprising artemisone or other amino-artemisinins, a redox active drug and a third drug with a different mode of action have now been extended to evaluation of three potential redox partners. These are the diethyl analogue AD01 of methylene blue (MB), the benzo [α]phenoxazine PhX6, and the thiosemicarbazone DpNEt. IC50 values in vitro against CQ-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains ranged from 11.9 nM for AD01-41.8 nM for PhX6. PhX6 possessed the most favourable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile: intrinsic clearance rate CLint was 21.47 ± 1.76 mL/min/kg, bioavailability was 60% and half-life was 7.96 h. AD01 presented weaker, but manageable pharmacokinetic properties with a rapid CLint of 74.41 ± 6.68 mL/min/kg leading to a half-life of 2.51 ± 0.07 h and bioavailability of 15%. DpNEt exhibited a half-life of 1.12 h and bioavailability of 8%, data which discourage its further examination, despite a low CLint of 10.20 mL/min/kg and a high Cmax of 6.32 µM. Efficacies of AD01 and PhX6 were enhanced synergistically when each was paired with artemisone against asexual blood stages of P. falciparum NF54 in vitro. The favourable pharmacokinetics of PhX6 indicate this is the best partner among the compounds examined thus far for artemisone. Future work will focus on extending the drug combination studies to artemiside in vitro, and conducting efficacy studies in vivo for artemisone with each of PhX6 and the related benzo[α]phenoxazine SSJ-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P. Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
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2
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Müller J, Schlange C, Heller M, Uldry AC, Braga-Lagache S, Haynes RK, Hemphill A. Proteomic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii ME49 derived strains resistant to the artemisinin derivatives artemiside and artemisone implies potential mode of action independent of ROS formation. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 21:1-12. [PMID: 36512904 PMCID: PMC9763631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its amino-artemisinin derivatives artemiside (GC008) and artemisone (GC003) are potent antimalarials. The mode of action of artemisinins against Plasmodium sp is popularly ascribed to 'activation' of the peroxide group by heme-Fe(II) or labile Fe(II) to generate C-radicals that alkylate parasite proteins. An alternative postulate is that artemisinins elicit formation of reactive oxygen species by interfering with flavin disulfide reductases resposible for maintaining intraparasitic redox homeostasis. However, in contradistinction to the heme-activation mechanism, the amino-artemisinins are effective in vitro against non-heme-degrading apicomplexan parasites including T. gondii, with IC 50 values of 50-70 nM, and induce distinct ultrastructural alterations. However, T. gondii strains readily adapted to increased concentrations (2.5 μM) of these two compounds within few days. Thus, T. gondii strains that were resistant against artemisone and artemiside were generated by treating the T. gondii reference strain ME49 with stepwise increasing amounts of these compounds, yielding the artemisone resistant strain GC003R and the artemiside resistant strain GC008R. Differential analyses of the proteomes of these resistant strains compared to the wildtype ME49 revealed that 215 proteins were significantly downregulated in artemisone resistant tachyzoites and only 8 proteins in artemiside resistant tachyzoites as compared to their wildtype. Two proteins, namely a hypothetical protein encoded by ORF TGME49_236950, and the rhoptry neck protein RON2 encoded by ORF TGME49_300100 were downregulated in both resistant strains. Interestingly, eight proteins involved in ROS scavenging including catalase and superoxide dismutase were amongst the differentially downregulated proteins in the artemisone-resistant strain. In parallel, ROS formation was significantly enhanced in isolated tachyzoites from the artemisone resistant strain and - to a lesser extent - in tachyzoites from the artemiside resistant strain as compared to wildtype tachyzoites. These findings suggest that amino-artemisinin derivatives display a mechanism of action in T. gondii distinct from Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carling Schlange
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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3
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Ng JPL, Han Y, Yang LJ, Birkholtz LM, Coertzen D, Wong HN, Haynes RK, Coghi P, Wong VKW. Antimalarial and antitumour activities of the steroidal quinone-methide celastrol and its combinations with artemiside, artemisone and methylene blue. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:988748. [PMID: 36120293 PMCID: PMC9479156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.988748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant qīng hāo 青蒿 (Artemisia annua) and its derivatives are used for treatment of malaria. With treatment failures now being recorded for the derivatives and companion drugs used in artemisinin combination therapies new drug combinations are urgently required. The amino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone display optimal efficacies in vitro against asexual and sexual blood stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and are active against tumour cell lines. In continuing the evolution of combinations of the amino-artemisinins with new drugs, we examine the triterpenoid quinone methide celastrol isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant léi gōng téng 雷公藤 (Tripterygium wilfordii). This compound is redox active, and has attracted considerable attention because of potent biological activities against manifold targets. We report that celastrol displays good IC50 activities ranging from 0.50–0.82 µM against drug-sensitive and resistant asexual blood stage Pf, and 1.16 and 0.28 µM respectively against immature and late stage Pf NF54 gametocytes. The combinations of celastrol with each of artemisone and methylene blue against asexual blood stage Pf are additive. Given that celastrol displays promising antitumour properties, we examined its activities alone and in combinations with amino-artemisinins against human liver HepG2 and other cell lines. IC50 values of the amino-artemisinins and celastrol against HepG2 cancer cells ranged from 0.55–0.94 µM. Whereas the amino-artemisinins displayed notable selectivities (SI > 171) with respect to normal human hepatocytes, in contrast, celastrol displayed no selectivity (SI < 1). The combinations of celastrol with artemiside or artemisone against HepG2 cells are synergistic. Given the promise of celastrol, judiciously designed formulations or structural modifications are recommended for mitigating its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome P. L. Ng
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yu Han
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Jun Yang
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute Malaria for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute Malaria for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Richard K. Haynes, Paolo Coghi, Vincent Kam Wai Wong,
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- *Correspondence: Richard K. Haynes, Paolo Coghi, Vincent Kam Wai Wong,
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- *Correspondence: Richard K. Haynes, Paolo Coghi, Vincent Kam Wai Wong,
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4
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Coghi P, Yaremenko I, Prommana P, Wu JN, Zhang RL, Ng JPL, Belyakova YY, Law BYK, Radulov PS, Uthaipibull C, Wong VKW, Terent'ev AO. Antimalarial and anticancer activity evaluation of bridged ozonides, aminoperoxides and tetraoxanes. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200328. [PMID: 36045616 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bridged aminoperoxides, for the first time, were investigated for the in vitro antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain K1 and for their cytotoxic activities against immortalized human normal liver (LO2) and lung (BEAS-2B) cell lines as well as human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. Aminoperoxides exhibit good cytotoxicity against lung A549 cancer cells line. Synthetic ozonides were shown to have high activity against the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum . A cyclic voltammetry study of peroxides was performed, and most of the compounds did not show a direct correlation in oxidative capacity-activity. Peroxides were analyzed for ROS production to understand their mechanism of action. However, none of the compounds has an impact on ROS generation, suggesting that ozonides induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS - independent dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- Macau University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Avenida wai long, N/A, macau, MACAU
| | - Ivan Yaremenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Department of Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Parichat Prommana
- Biotec: National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), THAILAND
| | - Jia Ning Wu
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, MACAU
| | - Rui Long Zhang
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, MACAU
| | - Jerome P L Ng
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, MACAU
| | - Yulia Yu Belyakova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, MACAU
| | - Peter S Radulov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- Biotec: National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), THAILAND
| | - Vincent K W Wong
- Macau University of Science and Technology, SKL, avenida wai long, n/a, Macau, MACAU
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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5
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Luo D, Hu L, Gao T, Zhang X, Xiong Y. Synthesis of Altenuene Backbones through Iodine(III)-Participated Umpolung Diesterification and Insights into the General [1,5]-H Shift in para-Dearomatization of Phenols via Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5065-5075. [PMID: 35377643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through PhI(OAc)2-oxidized dearomatization and diesterification of 3'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acids, a series of polycyclic compounds possessing an altenuene backbone were obtained in moderate to good yields. The Umpolung diesterification reaction was completed under mild reaction conditions without an additional nucleophilic reagent. This work offers a concise method for the synthesis of diverse natural altenuene analogues. The mechanism was proposed, and the [1,5]-H shift was studied in isomerization from the ketone-form structure to a phenol employing computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liangzhen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tianyong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Transformation of Coal Chemical Process By-products, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Xinjiang 830091, China
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6
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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7
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Reactive Oxygen Species as the Brainbox in Malaria Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121872. [PMID: 34942976 PMCID: PMC8698694 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several measures are in place to combat the worldwide spread of malaria, especially in regions of high endemicity. In part, most common antimalarials, such as quinolines and artemisinin and its derivatives, deploy an ROS-mediated approach to kill malaria parasites. Although some antimalarials may share similar targets and mechanisms of action, varying levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may account for their varying pharmacological activities. Regardless of the numerous approaches employed currently and in development to treat malaria, concerningly, there has been increasing development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum, which can be connected to the ability of the parasites to manage the oxidative stress from ROS produced under steady or treatment states. ROS generation has remained the mainstay in enforcing the antiparasitic activity of most conventional antimalarials. However, a combination of conventional drugs with ROS-generating ability and newer drugs that exploit vital metabolic pathways, such antioxidant machinery, could be the way forward in effective malaria control.
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8
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Watson DJ, Laing L, Gibhard L, Wong HN, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Toward New Transmission-Blocking Combination Therapies: Pharmacokinetics of 10-Amino-Artemisinins and 11-Aza-Artemisinin and Comparison with Dihydroartemisinin and Artemether. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0099021. [PMID: 34097488 PMCID: PMC8284440 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00990-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are compromised by resistance, we are evaluating triple combination therapies (TACTs) comprising an amino-artemisinin, a redox drug, and a third drug with a different mode of action. Thus, here we briefly review efficacy data on artemisone, artemiside, other amino-artemisinins, and 11-aza-artemisinin and conduct absorption, distribution, and metabolism and excretion (ADME) profiling in vitro and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling in vivo via intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to mice. The sulfamide derivative has a notably long murine microsomal half-life (t1/2 > 150 min), low intrinsic liver clearance and total plasma clearance rates (CLint 189.4, CLtot 32.2 ml/min/kg), and high relative bioavailability (F = 59%). Kinetics are somewhat similar for 11-aza-artemisinin (t1/2 > 150 min, CLint = 576.9, CLtot = 75.0 ml/min/kg), although bioavailability is lower (F = 14%). In contrast, artemether is rapidly metabolized to dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (t1/2 = 17.4 min) and eliminated (CLint = 855.0, CLtot = 119.7 ml/min/kg) and has low oral bioavailability (F) of 2%. While artemisone displays low t1/2 of <10 min and high CLint of 302.1, it displays a low CLtot of 42.3 ml/min/kg and moderate bioavailability (F) of 32%. Its active metabolite M1 displays a much-improved t1/2 of >150 min and a reduced CLint of 37.4 ml/min/kg. Artemiside has t1/2 of 12.4 min, CLint of 673.9, and CLtot of 129.7 ml/kg/min, likely a reflection of its surprisingly rapid metabolism to artemisone, reported here for the first time. DHA is not formed from any amino-artemisinin. Overall, the efficacy and PK data strongly support the development of selected amino-artemisinins as components of new TACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- H3D, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Wong HN, Lewies A, Haigh M, Viljoen JM, Wentzel JF, Haynes RK, du Plessis LH. Anti-Melanoma Activities of Artemisone and Prenylated Amino-Artemisinins in Combination With Known Anticancer Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:558894. [PMID: 33117161 PMCID: PMC7552967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.558894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequently occurring cancers are those of the skin, with melanoma being the leading cause of death due to skin cancer. Breakthroughs in chemotherapy have been achieved in certain cases, though only marginal advances have been made in treatment of metastatic melanoma. Strategies aimed at inducing redox dysregulation by use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducers present a promising approach to cancer chemotherapy. Here we use a rational combination of an oxidant drug combined with a redox or pro-oxidant drug to optimize the cytotoxic effect. Thus we demonstrate for the first time enhanced activity of the amino-artemisinin artemisone and novel prenylated piperazine derivatives derived from dihydroartemisinin as the oxidant component, and elesclomol-Cu(II) as the redox component, against human malignant melanoma cells A375 in vitro. The combinations caused a dose dependent decrease in cell numbers and increase in apoptosis. The results indicate that oxidant-redox drug combinations have considerable potential and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Angélique Lewies
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michaela Haigh
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Joe M Viljoen
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johannes F Wentzel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lissinda H du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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10
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Tiwari MK, Coghi P, Agrawal P, Shyamlal BRK, Jun Yang L, Yadav L, Peng Y, Sharma R, Yadav DK, Sahal D, Kam Wai Wong V, Chaudhary S. Design, Synthesis, Structure‐Activity Relationship and Docking Studies of Novel Functionalized Arylvinyl‐1,2,4‐Trioxanes as Potent Antiplasmodial as well as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1216-1228. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida wai long Taipa Macau China
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- Malaria Drug Discovery LaboratoryInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110 067 New Delhi India
| | - Bharti Rajesh K. Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Li Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa Macau China
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Yuzhong Peng
- School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida wai long Taipa Macau China
| | - Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of PharmacyGachon University of Medicine and Science Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu Incheon city 406-799 South Korea
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery LaboratoryInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110 067 New Delhi India
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa Macau China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryMalaviya National Institute of Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
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11
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Krasnovskaya O, Naumov A, Guk D, Gorelkin P, Erofeev A, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A. Copper Coordination Compounds as Biologically Active Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3965. [PMID: 32486510 PMCID: PMC7312030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-containing coordination compounds attract wide attention due to the redox activity and biogenicity of copper ions, providing multiple pathways of biological activity. The pharmacological properties of metal complexes can be fine-tuned by varying the nature of the ligand and donor atoms. Copper-containing coordination compounds are effective antitumor agents, constituting a less expensive and safer alternative to classical platinum-containing chemotherapy, and are also effective as antimicrobial, antituberculosis, antimalarial, antifugal, and anti-inflammatory drugs. 64Сu-labeled coordination compounds are promising PET imaging agents for diagnosing malignant pathologies, including head and neck cancer, as well as the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β (Aβ). In this review article, we summarize different strategies for possible use of coordination compounds in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases, and also various studies of the mechanisms of antitumor and antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Naumov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Dmitry Guk
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (D.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Ploshchad’ 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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Wong HN, Padín-Irizarry V, van der Watt ME, Reader J, Liebenberg W, Wiesner L, Smith P, Eribez K, Winzeler EA, Kyle DE, Birkholtz LM, Coertzen D, Haynes RK. Optimal 10-Aminoartemisinins With Potent Transmission-Blocking Capabilities for New Artemisinin Combination Therapies-Activities Against Blood Stage P. falciparum Including PfKI3 C580Y Mutants and Liver Stage P. berghei Parasites. Front Chem 2020; 7:901. [PMID: 31998692 PMCID: PMC6967409 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that amino-artemisinins including artemiside and artemisone in which an amino group replaces the oxygen-bearing substituents attached to C-10 of the current clinical artemisinin derivatives dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether and artesunate, display potent activities in vitro against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). In particular, the compounds are active against late blood stage Pf gametocytes, and are strongly synergistic in combination with the redox active drug methylene blue. In order to fortify the eventual selection of optimum amino-artemisinins for development into new triple combination therapies also active against artemisinin-resistant Pf mutants, we have prepared new amino-artemisinins based on the easily accessible and inexpensive DHA-piperazine. The latter was converted into alkyl- and aryl sulfonamides, ureas and amides. These derivatives were screened together with the comparator drugs DHA and the hitherto most active amino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone against asexual and sexual blood stages of Pf and liver stage P. berghei (Pb) sporozoites. Several of the new amino-artemisinins bearing aryl-urea and -amide groups are potently active against both asexual, and late blood stage gametocytes (IC50 0.4-1.0 nM). Although the activities are superior to those of artemiside (IC50 1.5 nM) and artemisone (IC50 42.4 nM), the latter are more active against the liver stage Pb sporozoites (IC50 artemisone 28 nM). In addition, early results indicate these compounds tend not to display reduced susceptibility against parasites bearing the Pf Kelch 13 propeller domain C580Y mutation characteristic of artemisinin-resistant Pf. Thus, the advent of the amino-artemisinins including artemiside and artemisone will enable the development of new combination therapies that by virtue of the amino-artemisinin component itself will possess intrinsic transmission-blocking capabilities and may be effective against artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Vivian Padín-Irizarry
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilna Liebenberg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Korina Eribez
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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13
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In Vitro Efficacies, ADME, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phenoxazine Derivatives Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01010-19. [PMID: 31427302 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01010-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a leading infectious killer globally, demanding the urgent development of faster-acting drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Riminophenazines such as clofazimine are clinically efficacious against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis We determined the in vitro anti-M. tuberculosis activities, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties, and in vivo mouse pharmacokinetics of a series of structurally related phenoxazines. One of these, PhX1, displayed promising drug-like properties and potent in vitro efficacy, supporting its further investigation in an M. tuberculosis-infected animal model.
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14
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Bayat Z, Gholizadeh A. Calculations of Geometric Parameters and Physicochemical Properties of Complexes Formed of FE(II)-Reactive 1,2,4-Trioxolane Ring and Some Anti-Malaria Drugs Via Traceless Linker. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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D'Alessandro S, Alfano G, Di Cerbo L, Brogi S, Chemi G, Relitti N, Brindisi M, Lamponi S, Novellino E, Campiani G, Gemma S, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Butini S. Bridged bicyclic 2,3-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes as antiplasmodial agents: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships and studies on their biomimetic reaction with Fe(II). Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Parkinson CJ, Birrell GW, Chavchich M, Mackenzie D, Haynes RK, de Kock C, Richardson DR, Edstein MD. Development of pyridyl thiosemicarbazones as highly potent agents for the treatment of malaria after oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:2965-2973. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesDrug resistance exists to all current and investigational antimalarial drug classes. Consequently, we have set out to develop chemically and mechanistically discrete antimalarials. Here we report on the development of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) antimalarials, with TSC3 as the most advanced lead.MethodsThiosemicarbazones were generated through simple condensation reactions of thiosemicarbazides and ketones. TSC3 was selected and tested for in vitro antimalarial activities against MDR Plasmodium falciparum lines using the [3H]hypoxanthine growth assay, in vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines using the alamarBlue fluorescence cell viability assay, in vivo potency in the mouse–Plasmodium berghei model and blood exposure in mice measured by LC-MS for pharmacokinetic analysis.ResultsTSC3 showed potent in vitro activity against atovaquone-, dihydroartemisinin-, chloroquine- and mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum lines (EC50 <15 nM). The selectivity index (EC50 cells/EC50Pf W2 line) of TSC3 was >500 in two of three mammalian cell lines. In P. berghei-infected mice, TSC3 showed potent activity in the Peters 4 day suppression test (ED50 1.2 mg/kg/day) and was as potent as artesunate and chloroquine in the curative modified Thompson test. A single oral dose of TSC3 at 16 mg/kg in healthy mice achieved a mean maximum blood concentration of 1883 ng/mL at 1 h after dosing and an elimination half-life of 48.7 h in groups of five mice.ConclusionsTSC3 shows promise as a persistent, potent and orally effective antimalarial. This, coupled with the extremely low cost of synthesis, suggests that the further development of antimalarial thiosemicarbazones is clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey W Birrell
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donna Mackenzie
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Discovery, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Ozonide Antimalarial Activity in the Context of Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:529-543. [PMID: 31176584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ozonides are one of the most advanced drug classes in the antimalarial development pipeline and were designed to improve on limitations associated with current front-line artemisinin-based therapies. Like the artemisinins, the pharmacophoric peroxide bond of ozonides is essential for activity, and it appears that these antimalarials share a similar mode of action, raising the possibility of cross-resistance. Resistance to artemisinins is associated with Plasmodium falciparum mutations that allow resistant parasites to escape short-term artemisinin-mediated damage (elimination half-life ~1 h). Importantly, some ozonides (e.g., OZ439) have a sustained in vivo drug exposure profile, providing a major pharmacokinetic advantage over the artemisinin derivatives. Here, we describe recent progress made towards understanding ozonide antimalarial activity and discuss ozonide utility within the context of artemisinin resistance.
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18
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Ngwane AH, Petersen RD, Baker B, Wiid I, Wong HN, Haynes RK. The evaluation of the anti-cancer drug elesclomol that forms a redox-active copper chelate as a potential anti-tubercular drug. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:532-538. [PMID: 30698324 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The observations that the innate immune system employs copper to eliminate bacterial infection and that resistance to copper enhances virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) prompted us to examine the effects the anti-cancer agent elesclomol on Mtb. As a bis-thionohydrazide, elesclomol chelates with copper to form a copper complex in situ that via redox cycling of the metal ion greatly enhances oxidative stress in tumour cells. Here, we demonstrate that elesclomol is relatively potent against Mtb H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μM (4 mg/L) and against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Mtb, displays additive interactions with known tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid and ethambutol, and a synergistic interaction with rifampicin. Controlled supplementation of elesclomol with copper in culture medium increased Mtb sensitivity by >65 fold. Overall, the activities of elesclomol in principle indicate the possibility of repurposing elesclomol or designing new thionohydrazides as potential drugs for use against Mtb. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):532-538, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile H Ngwane
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Petersen
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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19
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Akladios FN, Andrew SD, Boog SJ, de Kock C, Haynes RK, Parkinson CJ. The Evaluation of Metal Co-ordinating Bis-Thiosemicarbazones as Potential Anti-malarial Agents. Med Chem 2019; 15:51-58. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180525132204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:The emergence of resistance to the artemisinins which are the current mainstays for antimalarial chemotheraphy has created an environment where the development of new drugs acting in a mechanistally discrete manner is a priority.Objective:The goal of this work was to synthesize ane evaluate bis-thiosemicarbazones as potential antimalarial agents. </P><P> Methods: Fifteen compounds were generated using two condensation protocols and evaluated in vitro against the NF54 (CQ sensitive) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. A preliminary assessment of the potential for human toxicity was conducted in vitro against the MRC5 human lung fibroblast line.Results:The activity of the bis-thiosemicarbazones was highly dependent on the nature of the arene at the core of the structure. The inclusion of a non-coordinating benzene core resulted in inactive compounds, while the inclusion of a pyridyl core resulted in compounds of moderate or potent antimalarial activity (4 compounds showing IC50 < 250 nM).Conclusion:Bis-thiosemicarbazones containing a central pyridyl core display potent antimalarial activity in vitro. Sequestration and activation of ferric iron appears to play a significant role in this activity. Ongoing studies are aimed at further development of this series as potential antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady N. Akladios
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Scott D. Andrew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Boog
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre for Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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20
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Colizza K, Gonsalves M, McLennan L, Smith JL, Oxley JC. Metabolism of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) by canine cytochrome P450 2B11. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Chan WC, Wai Chan DH, Lee KW, Tin WS, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Evaluation and optimization of synthetic routes from dihydroartemisinin to the alkylamino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone: A test of N-glycosylation methodologies on a lipophilic peroxide. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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de Lange C, Coertzen D, Smit FJ, Wentzel JF, Wong HN, Birkholtz LM, Haynes RK, N'Da DD. Synthesis, antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of amino-artemisinin-1,2-disubstituted ferrocene hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3161-3163. [PMID: 30174153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-ferrocene conjugates incorporating a 1,2-disubstituted ferrocene analogous to that embedded in ferroquine but attached via a piperazine linker to C10 of the artemisinin were prepared from the piperazine artemisinin derivative, and activities were evaluated against asexual blood stages of chloroquine (CQ) sensitive NF54 and CQ resistant K1 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The most active was the morpholino derivative 5 with IC50 of 0.86 nM against Pf K1 and 1.4 nM against Pf W2. The resistance indices were superior to those of current clinical artemisinins. Notably, the compounds were active against Pf NF54 early and late blood stage gametocytes - these exerted >86% inhibition at 1 µM against both stages; they are thus appreciably more active than methylene blue (∼57% inhibition at 1 µM) against late stage gametocytes. The data portends transmission blocking activity. Cytotoxicity was determined against human embryonic kidney cells (Hek293), while human malignant melanoma cells (A375) were used to assess their antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo de Lange
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Frans J Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Johannes F Wentzel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Burger C, Aucamp M, du Preez J, Haynes RK, Ngwane A, du Plessis J, Gerber M. Formulation of Natural Oil Nano-Emulsions for the Topical Delivery of Clofazimine, Artemisone and Decoquinate. Pharm Res 2018; 35:186. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Artemisone and Artemiside Are Potent Panreactive Antimalarial Agents That Also Synergize Redox Imbalance in Plasmodium falciparum Transmissible Gametocyte Stages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02214-17. [PMID: 29866868 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02214-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance toward artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has the potential to severely compromise malaria control. Therefore, the development of new artemisinins in combination with new drugs that impart activities toward both intraerythrocytic proliferative asexual and transmissible gametocyte stages, in particular, those of resistant parasites, is urgently required. We define artemisinins as oxidant drugs through their ability to oxidize reduced flavin cofactors of flavin disulfide reductases critical for maintaining redox homeostasis in the malaria parasite. Here we compare the activities of 10-amino artemisinin derivatives toward the asexual and gametocyte stages of P. falciparum parasites. Of these, artemisone and artemiside inhibited asexual and gametocyte stages, particularly stage V gametocytes, in the low-nanomolar range. Further, treatment of both early and late gametocyte stages with artemisone or artemiside combined with the pro-oxidant redox partner methylene blue displayed notable synergism. These data suggest that modulation of redox homeostasis is likely an important druggable process, particularly in gametocytes, and this finding thereby enhances the prospect of using combinations of oxidant and redox drugs for malaria control.
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Coghi P, Yaremenko IA, Prommana P, Radulov PS, Syroeshkin MA, Wu YJ, Gao JY, Gordillo FM, Mok S, Wong VKW, Uthaipibull C, Terent'ev AO. Novel Peroxides as Promising Anticancer Agents with Unexpected Depressed Antimalarial Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:902-908. [PMID: 29469179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty six peroxides belonging to bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides), and tricyclic monoperoxides were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and for their cytotoxic activities against immortalized human normal fibroblast (CCD19Lu), liver (LO2 ), and lung (BEAS-2B) cell lines as well as human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer-cell lines. Synthetic ozonides were shown to have the highest cytotoxicity on HepG2 (IC50 =0.19-0.59 μm), and some of these compounds selectively targeted liver cancer (selectivity index values for compounds 13 a and 14 a are 20 and 28, respectively) at levels that, in some cases, were higher than those of paclitaxel, artemisinin, and artesunic acid. In contrast some ozonides showed only moderate antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 from 2.76 to 24.2 μm; 12 b, IC50 =2.76 μm; 13 a, IC50 =20.14 μm; 14 a, IC50 =6.32 μm). These results suggest that these derivatives have divergent mechanisms of action against cancer cells and malaria-infected cells. A cyclic voltammetry study of the peroxides was performed, but most of the compounds did not show direct correlation in oxidative capacity-activity. Our findings offer a new source of antimalarial and anticancer agents through structural modification of peroxide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow, 125047, Russia.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Parichat Prommana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Peter S Radulov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yu Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jia Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Floria M Gordillo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Simon Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow, 125047, Russia.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
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26
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Parasite-Mediated Degradation of Synthetic Ozonide Antimalarials Impacts In Vitro Antimalarial Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01566-17. [PMID: 29263074 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01566-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxide bond of the artemisinins inspired the development of a class of fully synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolane-based antimalarials, collectively known as the ozonides. Similar to the artemisinins, heme-mediated degradation of the ozonides generates highly reactive radical species that are thought to mediate parasite killing by damaging critical parasite biomolecules. We examined the relationship between parasite dependent degradation and antimalarial activity for two ozonides, OZ277 (arterolane) and OZ439 (artefenomel), using a combination of in vitro drug stability and pulsed-exposure activity assays. Our results showed that drug degradation is parasite stage dependent and positively correlates with parasite load. Increasing trophozoite-stage parasitemia leads to substantially higher rates of degradation for both OZ277 and OZ439, and this is associated with a reduction in in vitro antimalarial activity. Under conditions of very high parasitemia (∼90%), OZ277 and OZ439 were rapidly degraded and completely devoid of activity in trophozoite-stage parasite cultures exposed to a 3-h drug pulse. This study highlights the impact of increasing parasite load on ozonide stability and in vitro antimalarial activity and should be considered when investigating the antimalarial mode of action of the ozonide antimalarials under conditions of high parasitemia.
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27
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Synthesis, in vitro antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of amino-artemisinin-ferrocene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:289-292. [PMID: 29317166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives bearing a ferrocene attached via a piperazine linker to C-10 of the artemisinin nucleus were prepared from dihydroartemisinin and screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive NF54 and CQ resistant K1 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites. The overall aim is to imprint oxidant (from the artemisinin) and redox (from the ferrocene) activities. In a preliminary assessment, these compounds were shown to possess activities in the low nM range with the most active being compound 6 with IC50 values of 2.79 nM against Pf K1 and 3.2 nM against Pf W2. Overall the resistance indices indicate that the compounds have a low potential for cross resistance. Cytotoxicities were determined with Hek293 human embryonic kidney cells and activities against proliferating cells were assessed against A375 human malignant melanoma cells. The selectivity indices of the amino-artemisinin ferrocene derivatives indicate there is overall an appreciably higher selectivity towards the malaria parasite than mammalian cells.
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28
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Morake M, Coertzen D, Ngwane A, Wentzel JF, Wong HN, Smit FJ, Birkholtz LM, Pietersen RD, Baker B, Wiid I, N'Da DD, Haynes RK. Preliminary Evaluation of Artemisinin-Cholesterol Conjugates as Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Intractable Forms of Malaria and Tuberculosis. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:67-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhitli Morake
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Andile Ngwane
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Johannes F. Wentzel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Frans J. Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - David D. N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
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29
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Gold D, Alian M, Domb A, Karawani Y, Jbarien M, Chollet J, Haynes RK, Wong HN, Buchholz V, Greiner A, Golenser J. Elimination of Schistosoma mansoni in infected mice by slow release of artemisone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:241-247. [PMID: 28511056 PMCID: PMC5430492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment of schistosomiasis is based on the anti-helminthic drug praziquantel (PZQ). PZQ affects only the adult stages of schistosomes. In addition, resistance to PZQ is emerging. We suggest a drug, which could serve as a potential alternative or complement to PZQ, and as a means of treating infections at earlier, pre-granuloma stage. Derivatives of the peroxidic antimalarial drug artemisinin have been indicated as alternatives, because both plasmodia and schistosomes are blood-feeding parasites. The mechanism of action of artemisinins is related to oxidative effects of the artemisinins on intracellular reductants leading to formation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. We used artemisone, which has improved pharmacokinetics and anti-plasmodial activity, and reduced toxicity compared to other artemisinins in clinical use against malaria. We infected adult mice by subcutaneous injection of S. mansoni cercariae (about 200) and treated them at various times post infection by the following methods: i. artemisone suspension administered by gavage (400-450 mg/kg); ii. subcutaneous injection of a gel containing a known concentration of artemisone (115-120 mg/kg); iii. subcutaneous insertion of the drug incorporated in a solid polymer (56-60 mg/kg); iv. intraperitoneal injection of the drug solubilized in DMSO (115-120 mg/kg). Drug administration in polymers was performed to enable slow release of the artemisone that was verified in vivo and in vitro bioassays using drug-sensitive malaria parasites. We found superior strong anti-schistosome effects up to a total reduction of worm number, mainly following repetitive treatments with the drug absorbed in the polymers (73.1% and 95.9% reduction in mice treated with artemisone in gel 7 and 14, and 21, 28 and 35 days post infection, respectively). The results indicate that artemisone has a potent anti-schistosome activity. Its main importance in this context is its effectiveness in treating hosts harboring juvenile schistosomes, before egg-deposition and induction of deleterious immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gold
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Mohammed Alian
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Domb
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Karawani
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Israel
| | - Maysa Jbarien
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Israel
| | - Jacques Chollet
- Swiss Tropical Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Viola Buchholz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jacob Golenser
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Israel.
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30
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Antischistosomal activity of artemisinin derivatives in vivo and in patients. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:216-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Tilley L, Straimer J, Gnädig NF, Ralph SA, Fidock DA. Artemisinin Action and Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:682-696. [PMID: 27289273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has contributed in recent years to a substantial reduction in deaths resulting from Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Resistance to artemisinins, however, has emerged in Southeast Asia. Clinically, resistance is defined as a slower rate of parasite clearance in patients treated with an artemisinin derivative or an ACT. These slow clearance rates associate with enhanced survival rates of ring-stage parasites briefly exposed in vitro to dihydroartemisinin. We describe recent progress made in defining the molecular basis of artemisinin resistance, which has identified a primary role for the P. falciparum K13 protein. Using K13 mutations as molecular markers, epidemiological studies are now tracking the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance. Mechanistic studies suggest potential ways to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Judith Straimer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina F Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Wu Y, Wu RWK, Cheu KW, Williams ID, Krishna S, Slavic K, Gravett AM, Liu WM, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Methylene Homologues of Artemisone: An Unexpected Structure-Activity Relationship and a Possible Implication for the Design of C10-Substituted Artemisinins. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1469-79. [PMID: 27273875 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We sought to establish if methylene homologues of artemisone are biologically more active and more stable than artemisone. The analogy is drawn with the conversion of natural O- and N-glycosides into more stable C-glycosides that may possess enhanced biological activities and stabilities. Dihydroartemisinin was converted into 10β-cyano-10-deoxyartemisinin that was hydrolyzed to the α-primary amide. Reduction of the β-cyanide and the α-amide provided the respective methylamine epimers that upon treatment with divinyl sulfone gave the β- and α-methylene homologues, respectively, of artemisone. Surprisingly, the compounds were less active in vitro than artemisone against P. falciparum and displayed no appreciable activity against A549, HCT116, and MCF7 tumor cell lines. This loss in activity may be rationalized in terms of one model for the mechanism of action of artemisinins, namely the cofactor model, wherein the presence of a leaving group at C10 assists in driving hydride transfer from reduced flavin cofactors to the peroxide during perturbation of intracellular redox homeostasis by artemisinins. It is noted that the carba analogue of artemether is less active in vitro than the O-glycoside parent toward P. falciparum, although extrapolation of such activity differences to other artemisinins at this stage is not possible. However, literature data coupled with the leaving group rationale suggest that artemisinins bearing an amino group attached directly to C10 are optimal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Wai Kung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kwan Wing Cheu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ksenija Slavic
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew M Gravett
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Wai M Liu
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. , .,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China. ,
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33
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Beteck RM, Coertzen D, Smit FJ, Birkholtz LM, Haynes RK, N'Da DD. Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3006-3009. [PMID: 27210430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As part of a programme aimed at identifying rational new triple drug combinations for treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis, we have selected quinolones as one component, given that selected examples exhibit exceptionally good activities against the causative pathogens of the foregoing diseases. The quinolone decoquinate (DQ), an old and inexpensive coccidiostat, displays anti-malarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). However, because of its exceedingly poor solubility in water or organic solvents, development of DQ as a drug is problematical. We have therefore converted DQ in straightforward fashion into tractable new derivatives that display good activities in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive NF54 and multidrug-resistant K1 and W2 Pf, and relatively low toxicities against human fibroblast cells. The most active compound, the N-acetyl derivative 30, is 5-fold more active than DQ against NF54 and K1 and equipotent with DQ against W2. It possesses an activity profile against all strains comparable with that of the artemisinin derivative artesunate. Overall, this compound and the other accessible and active derivatives serve as an attractive template for development of new and economic lead quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Frans J Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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34
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Fröhlich T, Çapcı Karagöz A, Reiter C, Tsogoeva SB. Artemisinin-Derived Dimers: Potent Antimalarial and Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7360-88. [PMID: 27010926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of new efficient therapeutics for the treatment of malaria and cancer is an important endeavor. Over the past 15 years, much attention has been paid to the synthesis of dimeric structures, which combine two units of artemisinin, as lead compounds of interest. A wide variety of atemisinin-derived dimers containing different linkers demonstrate improved properties compared to their parent compounds (e.g., circumventing multidrug resistance), making the dimerization concept highly compelling for development of efficient antimalarial and anticancer drugs. The present Perspective highlights recent developments on different types of artemisinin-derived dimers and their structural and functional features. Particular emphasis is put on the respective in vitro and in vivo studies, exploring the role of the length and nature of linkers on the activities of the dimers, and considering the future prospects of the dimerization concept for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aysun Çapcı Karagöz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Jourdan J, Matile H, Reift E, Biehlmaier O, Dong Y, Wang X, Mäser P, Vennerstrom JL, Wittlin S. Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize the Alkylation Signature of Antimalarial Ozonides OZ277 (Arterolane) and OZ439 (Artefenomel). ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:54-61. [PMID: 26819968 PMCID: PMC4718528 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
singular structure of artemisinin, with its embedded 1,2,4-trioxane
heterocycle, has inspired the discovery of numerous semisynthetic
artemisinin and structurally diverse synthetic peroxide antimalarials,
including ozonides OZ277 (arterolane) and OZ439 (artefenomel). Despite
the critical importance of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs),
the precise mode of action of peroxidic antimalarials is not fully
understood. However, it has long been proposed that the peroxide bond
in artemisinin and other antimalarial peroxides undergoes reductive
activation by ferrous heme released during hemoglobin digestion to
produce carbon-centered radicals that alkylate heme and parasite proteins.
To probe the mode of action of OZ277 and OZ439, this paper now describes
initial studies with monoclonal antibodies that recognize the alkylation
signature (sum of heme and protein alkylation) of these synthetic
peroxides. Immunofluorescence experiments conducted with ozonide-treated
parasite cultures showed that ozonide alkylation is restricted to
the parasite, as no signal was found in the erythrocyte or its membrane.
In Western blot experiments with ozonide-treated Plasmodium
falciparum malaria parasites, distinct protein bands
were observed. Significantly, no protein bands were detected in parallel
Western blot experiments performed with lysates from ozonide-treated Babesia divergens, parasites that also proliferate
inside erythrocytes but, in contrast to P. falciparum, do not catabolize hemoglobin. However, subsequent immunoprecipitation
experiments with these antibodies failed to identify the P.
falciparum proteins alkylated by OZ277 and OZ439. To the
best of the authors’ knowledge, this shows for the first time
that antimalarial ozonides, such as the artemisinins, alkylate proteins
in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Jourdan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Reift
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Biehlmaier
- Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Xie SC, Dogovski C, Hanssen E, Chiu F, Yang T, Crespo MP, Stafford C, Batinovic S, Teguh S, Charman S, Klonis N, Tilley L. Haemoglobin degradation underpins the sensitivity of early ring stage Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinins. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:406-16. [PMID: 26675237 PMCID: PMC4732288 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current first-line artemisinin antimalarials are threatened by the emergence of resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Decreased sensitivity is evident in the initial (early ring) stage of intraerythrocytic development, meaning that it is crucial to understand the action of artemisinins at this stage. Here, we examined the roles of iron (Fe) ions and haem in artemisinin activation in early rings using Fe ion chelators and a specific haemoglobinase inhibitor (E64d). Quantitative modelling of the antagonism accounted for its complex dependence on the chemical features of the artemisinins and on the drug exposure time, and showed that almost all artemisinin activity in early rings (>80%) is due to haem-mediated activation. The surprising implication that haemoglobin uptake and digestion is active in early rings is supported by identification of active haemoglobinases (falcipains) at this stage. Genetic down-modulation of the expression of the two main cysteine protease haemoglobinases, falcipains 2 and 3, renders early ring stage parasites resistant to artemisinins. This confirms the important role of haemoglobin-degrading falcipains in artemisinin activation, and shows that changes in the rate of artemisinin activation could mediate high-level artemisinin resistance. Summary: Down-modulation of the expression of haemoglobin-degrading falcipains in P. falciparum renders early ring stage parasites resistant to artemisinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Advanced Microscopy Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Francis Chiu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Maria P Crespo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valle, 13 #100-00, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Department of Biomedical Sciences, Santiago de Cali University, 25, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Che Stafford
- Walter+Eliza Hall Institute, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Silvia Teguh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Michaelsen FW, Saeed MEM, Schwarzkopf J, Efferth T. Activity of Artemisia annua and artemisinin derivatives, in prostate carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1223-1231. [PMID: 26655404 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisia annua L, artemisinin and artesunate reveal profound activity not only against malaria, but also against cancer in vivo and clinical trials. Longitudinal observations on the efficacy of A. annua in patients are, however missing as of yet. METHODS Clinical diagnosis was performed by imaging techniques (MRT, scintigraphy, SPECT/CT) and blood examinations of standard parameters from clinical chemistry. Immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor material was performed to determine the expression of several biomarkers (cycloxygenase-2 (COX2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), Ki-67, MYC, oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1 (LOX1), p53, P-glycoprotein, transferrin receptor (TFR, CD71), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (CD31)). The immunohistochemical expression has been compared with the microarray-based mRNA expression of these markers in two prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC-3, DU-145). RESULTS A patient with prostate carcinoma (pT3bN1M1, Gleason score 8 (4+4)) presented with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level >800 µg/l. After short-term treatment with bacalitumide (50 mg/d for 14 days) and long-term oral treatment with A. annua capsules (continuously 5 × 50 mg/d), the PSA level dropped down to 0.98 µg/l. MRT, scintigraphy and SPECT/CT verified tumor remission. Seven months later, PSA and ostase levels increased, indicating tumor recurrence and skeletal metastases. Substituting A. annua capsules by artesunate injections (2 × 150 mg twice weekly i.v.) did not prohibit tumor recurrence. PSA and ostase levels rose to 1245 µg/l and 434 U/l, respectively, and MRT revealed progressive skeletal metastases, indicating that the tumor acquired resistance. The high expression of MYC, TFR, and VEGFC in the patient biopsy corresponded with high expression of these markers in the artemisinin-sensitive PC-3 cells compared to artemisinin-resistant DU-145 cells. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with A. annua capsules combined with short-term bicalitumide treatment resulted in considerable regression of advanced metastasized prostate carcinoma. Controlled clinical trials are required to evaluate the clinical benefit of A. annua in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Lauterwasser EMW, Fontaine SD, Li H, Gut J, Katneni K, Charman SA, Rosenthal PJ, Bogyo M, Renslo AR. Trioxolane-Mediated Delivery of Mefloquine Limits Brain Exposure in a Mouse Model of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1145-9. [PMID: 26617969 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidic antimalarial agents including the sequiterpene artemisinins and the synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes function via initial intraparasitic reduction of an endoperoxide bond. By chemically coupling this reduction to release of a tethered drug species it is possible to confer two distinct pharmacological effects in a parasite-selective fashion, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate the trioxolane-mediated delivery of the antimalarial agent mefloquine in a mouse malaria model. Selective partitioning of the trioxolane-mefloquine conjugate in parasitized erythrocytes, combined with effective exclusion of the conjugate from brain significantly reduced brain exposure as compared to mice directly administered mefloquine. These studies suggest the potential of trioxolane-mediated drug delivery to mitigate off-target effects of existing drugs, including the adverse neuropsychiatric effects of mefloquine use in therapeutic and chemoprophylactic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Li
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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In vitro anti-cancer effects of artemisone nano-vesicular formulations on melanoma cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:2041-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reader J, Botha M, Theron A, Lauterbach SB, Rossouw C, Engelbrecht D, Wepener M, Smit A, Leroy D, Mancama D, Coetzer TL, Birkholtz LM. Nowhere to hide: interrogating different metabolic parameters of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in a transmission blocking drug discovery pipeline towards malaria elimination. Malar J 2015; 14:213. [PMID: 25994518 PMCID: PMC4449569 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of malaria transmission-blocking compounds is seen as key to malaria elimination strategies and gametocyte-screening platforms are critical filters to identify active molecules. However, unlike asexual parasite assays measuring parasite proliferation, greater variability in end-point readout exists between different gametocytocidal assays. This is compounded by difficulties in routinely producing viable, functional and stage-specific gametocyte populations. Here, a parallel evaluation of four assay platforms on the same gametocyte populations was performed for the first time. This allowed the direct comparison of the ability of different assay platforms to detect compounds with gametocytocidal activity and revealed caveats in some assay readouts that interrogate different parasite biological functions. Methods Gametocytogenesis from Plasmodium falciparum (NF54) was optimized with a robust and standardized protocol. ATP, pLDH, luciferase reporter and PrestoBlue® assays were compared in context of a set of 10 reference compounds. The assays were performed in parallel on the same gametocyte preparation (except for luciferase reporter lines) using the same drug preparations (48 h). The remaining parameters for each assay were all comparable. Results A highly robust method for generating viable and functional gametocytes was developed and comprehensively validated resulting in an average gametocytaemia of 4 %. Subsequent parallel assays for gametocytocidal activity indicated that different assay platforms were not able to screen compounds with variant chemical scaffolds similarly. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that synchronized stage-specific gametocyte production is essential for drug discovery, as differential susceptibility in various gametocyte developmental populations is evident. Conclusions With this study, the key parameters for assays aiming at testing the gametocytocidal activity of potential transmission blocking molecules against Plasmodium gametocytes were accurately dissected. This first and uniquely comparative study emphasizes differential effects seen with the use of different assay platforms interrogating variant biological systems. Whilst this data is informative from a biological perspective and may provide indications of the drug mode of action, it does highlight the care that must be taken when screening broad-diversity chemotypes with a single assay platform against gametocytes for which the biology is not clearly understood. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0718-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Reader
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Mariëtte Botha
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Anjo Theron
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Sonja B Lauterbach
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Claire Rossouw
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Dewaldt Engelbrecht
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Melanie Wepener
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Annél Smit
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Dalu Mancama
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Theresa L Coetzer
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Fontaine SD, DiPasquale AG, Renslo AR. Efficient and stereocontrolled synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes useful for ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery. Org Lett 2014; 16:5776-9. [PMID: 25331549 PMCID: PMC4227544 DOI: 10.1021/ol5028392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferrous iron-promoted reduction of a hindered peroxide bond underlies the antimalarial action of the 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and the 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane. In appropriately designed systems, a 1,2,4-trioxolane ring can serve as a trigger to realize ferrous iron-dependent and parasite-selective drug delivery, both in vitro and in vivo. A stereocontrolled, expeditious (three steps), and efficient (67-71% overall yield) synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes possessing the requisite 3″ substitution pattern that enables ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery is reported. The key synthetic step involves a diastereoselective Griesbaum co-ozonolysis reaction to afford primarily products with a trans relationship between the 3″ substituent and the peroxide bridge, as confirmed by X-ray structural analysis of a 3″-substituted 4-nitrobenzoate analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Fontaine SD, Spangler B, Gut J, Lauterwasser EMW, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Drug delivery to the malaria parasite using an arterolane-like scaffold. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:47-51. [PMID: 25314098 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial agents artemisinin and arterolane act via initial reduction of a peroxide bond in a process likely mediated by ferrous iron sources in the parasite. Here, we report the synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of arterolane-like 1,2,4-trioxolanes specifically designed to release a tethered drug species within the malaria parasite. Compared with our earlier drug delivery scaffolds, these new arterolane-inspired systems are of significantly decreased molecular weight and possess superior metabolic stability. We describe an efficient, concise and scalable synthesis of the new systems, and demonstrate the use of the aminonucleoside antibiotic puromycin as a chemo/biomarker to validate successful drug release in live Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Together, the improved drug-like properties, more efficient synthesis, and proof of concept using puromycin, suggests these new molecules as improved vehicles for targeted drug delivery to the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 (USA)
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Janowsky A, Eshleman AJ, Johnson RA, Wolfrum KM, Hinrichs DJ, Yang J, Zabriskie TM, Smilkstein MJ, Riscoe MK. Mefloquine and psychotomimetics share neurotransmitter receptor and transporter interactions in vitro. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2771-83. [PMID: 24488404 PMCID: PMC4097020 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mefloquine is used for the prevention and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria, but its use is associated with nightmares, hallucinations, and exacerbation of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. We hypothesized that potential mechanisms of action for the adverse psychotropic effects of mefloquine resemble those of other known psychotomimetics. OBJECTIVES Using in vitro radioligand binding and functional assays, we examined the interaction of (+)- and (-)-mefloquine enantiomers, the non-psychotomimetic anti-malarial agent, chloroquine, and several hallucinogens and psychostimulants with recombinant human neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. RESULTS Hallucinogens and mefloquine bound stereoselectively and with relatively high affinity (K i = 0.71-341 nM) to serotonin (5-HT) 2A but not 5-HT1A or 5-HT2C receptors. Mefloquine but not chloroquine was a partial 5-HT2A agonist and a full 5-HT2C agonist, stimulating inositol phosphate accumulation, with similar potency and efficacy as the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT). 5-HT receptor antagonists blocked mefloquine's effects. Mefloquine had low or no affinity for dopamine D1, D2, D3, and D4.4 receptors, or dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, mefloquine was a very low potency antagonist at the D3 receptor and mefloquine but not chloroquine or hallucinogens blocked [(3)H]5-HT uptake by the 5-HT transporter. CONCLUSIONS Mefloquine, but not chloroquine, shares an in vitro receptor interaction profile with some hallucinogens and this neurochemistry may be relevant to the adverse neuropsychiatric effects associated with mefloquine use by a small percentage of patients. Additionally, evaluating interactions with this panel of receptors and transporters may be useful for characterizing effects of other psychotropic drugs and for avoiding psychotomimetic effects for new pharmacotherapies, including antimalarial quinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service (R&D22), VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Is Simpler Better? Synthetic Nicotinamide Cofactor Analogues for Redox Chemistry. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs4011056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
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46
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wu A, Yang X, Zhu Y, Zhao N. A Novel Process for Antimalarial Drug Pyronaridine Tetraphosphate. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400357f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- API
Research Centre, Shanghai Desano Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai 20103, P.R. of China
- Novel
Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Engineering, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process, 1111 North Zhongshan No.1 Road, Shanghai 200437, P.R. of China
| | - Zixue Zhang
- Novel
Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Engineering, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process, 1111 North Zhongshan No.1 Road, Shanghai 200437, P.R. of China
| | - Anfei Wu
- API
Research Centre, Shanghai Desano Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai 20103, P.R. of China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- API
Research Centre, Shanghai Desano Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai 20103, P.R. of China
| | - Yong Zhu
- API
Research Centre, Shanghai Desano Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai 20103, P.R. of China
| | - Nan Zhao
- API
Research Centre, Shanghai Desano Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai 20103, P.R. of China
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Antoine T, Fisher N, Amewu R, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Rapid kill of malaria parasites by artemisinin and semi-synthetic endoperoxides involves ROS-dependent depolarization of the membrane potential. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:1005-16. [PMID: 24335485 PMCID: PMC3956377 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Artemisinin and artemisinin semi-synthetic derivatives (collectively known as endoperoxides) are first-line antimalarials for the treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Endoperoxides display very fast killing rates and are generally recalcitrant to parasite resistance development. These key pharmacodynamic features are a result of a complex mechanism of action, the details of which lack consensus. Here, we report on the primary physiological events leading to parasite death. Methods Parasite mitochondrial (ΔΨm) and plasma membrane (ΔΨp) electrochemical potentials were measured using real-time single-cell imaging following exposure to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of endoperoxides (artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and the synthetic tetraoxane RKA182). In addition, mitochondrial electron transport chain components NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (alternative complex I), bc1 (complex III) and cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) were investigated to determine their functional sensitivity to the various endoperoxides. Results Parasite exposure to endoperoxides resulted in rapid depolarization of parasite ΔΨm and ΔΨp. The rate of depolarization was decreased in the presence of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and Fe3+ chelators. Depolarization of ΔΨm by endoperoxides is not believed to be through the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain components, owing to the lack of significant inhibition when assayed directly. Conclusions The depolarization of ΔΨm and ΔΨp is shown to be mediated via the generation of ROS that are initiated by iron bioactivation of endoperoxides and/or catalysed by iron-dependent oxidative stress. These data are discussed in the context of current hypotheses concerning the mode of action of endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Antoine
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Paul M. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel: +44-151-7053151; Fax: +44-151-7053371; E-mail:
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Ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery enables controlled and selective release of therapeutic agents in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18244-9. [PMID: 24145449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312782110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise targeting of cytotoxic agents to specific cell types or cellular compartments is of significant interest in medicine, with particular relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we describe a method to exploit aberrant levels of mobile ferrous iron (Fe(II)) for selective drug delivery in vivo. This approach makes use of a 1,2,4-trioxolane moiety, which serves as an Fe(II)-sensitive "trigger," making drug release contingent on Fe(II)-promoted trioxolane fragmentation. We demonstrate in vivo validation of this approach with the Plasmodium berghei model of murine malaria. Malaria parasites produce high concentrations of mobile ferrous iron as a consequence of their catabolism of host hemoglobin in the infected erythrocyte. Using activity-based probes, we successfully demonstrate the Fe(II)-dependent and parasite-selective delivery of a potent dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitor. We find that delivery of the compound in its Fe(II)-targeted form leads to more sustained target inhibition with greatly reduced off-target inhibition of mammalian cathepsins. This selective drug delivery translates into improved efficacy and tolerability. These findings demonstrate the utility of a purely chemical means to achieve selective drug targeting in vivo. This approach may find useful application in parasitic infections and more broadly in any disease state characterized by aberrant production of reactive ferrous iron.
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Dormoi J, Briolant S, Pascual A, Desgrouas C, Travaillé C, Pradines B. Improvement of the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin with atorvastatin in an experimental cerebral malaria murine model. Malar J 2013; 12:302. [PMID: 23988087 PMCID: PMC3765719 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The medical care of malaria is a clinical emergency because it may develop into severe malaria, which has a high risk of complications and death. One of the major complications of Plasmodium falciparum infections is cerebral malaria (CM), which is responsible for at least 175,000 deaths worldwide each year and has long-term neurological sequelae. Moreover, treatment for CM is only partially effective. Statins are now known to have anti-inflammatory action, to attenuate sepsis and to have neuroprotective effects. In vitro, atorvastatin (AVA) has an anti-malarial activity and has improved the activity of quinine (QN), mefloquine (MQ), and dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Objectives This study had two objectives. First, the ability of AVA to enhance DHA efficacy by improving the survival rate for CM and also decreasing signs of CM was evaluated in a murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), which was designed in C57BL6/N mice. Second, the inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at D6 and D10 in mice treated by DHA and in untreated mice in which clinical signs of CM appear rapidly and death occurs before D12. Both experiments were designed with seven days of treatment with 40 mg/kg AVA combined with five days of 3 mg/kg DHA administered intraperitoneally. Results AVA in combination with DHA in a therapeutic scheme leads to a significant delay in mouse death, and it has an effect on the onset of CM symptoms and on the level of parasitaemia. Evaluation of the biomarkers highlights the significant difference between treated and control mice for five cytokines and chemokines (Eotaxin-CCL11, IL-13, LIX-CXCL5, MIP1b-CCL4 and MIP2) that are known to have a role in chemotaxis. Conclusions The combination of DHA and AVA seems to be effective as a therapeutic scheme for improving mouse survival but less effective for cytokine modulation, which is associated with protection against CM. These results call for clinical trials of AVA as an adjuvant with anti-malarial therapy, especially with artemisinin-based combination therapy, in CM treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dormoi
- Unité de Parasitologie, Département d'Infectiologie de Terrain, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.
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Klonis N, Creek DJ, Tilley L. Iron and heme metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum and the mechanism of action of artemisinins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:722-7. [PMID: 23932203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the asexual blood stage of its lifecycle, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum grows and multiplies in the hemoglobin-rich environment of the human erythrocyte. Although the parasite has evolved unique strategies to survive in this environment, its interaction with iron represents an Achilles' heel that is exploited by many antimalarial drugs. Recent work has shed new light on how the parasite deals with hemoglobin breakdown products and on the role of iron as a mediator of the action of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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