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Strelkova OS, Osgood RT, Tian CJ, Zhang X, Hale E, De-la-Torre P, Hathaway DM, Indzhykulian AA. PKHD1L1 is required for stereocilia bundle maintenance, durable hearing function and resilience to noise exposure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582786. [PMID: 38496629 PMCID: PMC10942330 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sensory hair cells of the cochlea are essential for hearing, relying on the mechanosensitive stereocilia bundle at their apical pole for their function. Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1-Like 1 (PKHD1L1) is a stereocilia protein required for normal hearing in mice, and for the formation of the transient stereocilia surface coat, expressed during early postnatal development. While the function of the stereocilia coat remains unclear, growing evidence supports PKHD1L1 as a human deafness gene. In this study we carry out in depth characterization of PKHD1L1 expression in mice during development and adulthood, analyze hair-cell bundle morphology and hearing function in aging PKHD1L1-defficient mouse lines, and assess their susceptibility to noise damage. Our findings reveal that PKHD1L1-deficient mice display no disruption to bundle cohesion or tectorial membrane attachment-crown formation during development. However, starting from 6 weeks of age, PKHD1L1-defficient mice display missing stereocilia and disruptions to bundle coherence. Both conditional and constitutive PKHD1L1 knock-out mice develop high-frequency hearing loss progressing to lower frequencies with age. Furthermore, PKHD1L1-deficient mice are susceptible to permanent hearing loss following moderate acoustic overexposure, which induces only temporary hearing threshold shifts in wild-type mice. These results suggest a role for PKHD1L1 in establishing robust sensory hair bundles during development, necessary for maintaining bundle cohesion and function in response to acoustic trauma and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Evan Hale
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro De-la-Torre
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Hathaway
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Artur A. Indzhykulian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Li N, Liu S, Zhao D, Du H, Xi Y, Wei X, Liu Q, Müller U, Lu Q, Xiong W, Xu Z. Disruption of Cdh23 exon 68 splicing leads to progressive hearing loss in mice by affecting tip-link stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309656121. [PMID: 38408254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309656121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inner ear hair cells are characterized by the F-actin-based stereocilia that are arranged into a staircase-like pattern on the apical surface of each hair cell. The tips of shorter-row stereocilia are connected with the shafts of their neighboring taller-row stereocilia through extracellular links named tip links, which gate mechano-electrical transduction (MET) channels in hair cells. Cadherin 23 (CDH23) forms the upper part of tip links, and its cytoplasmic tail is inserted into the so-called upper tip-link density (UTLD) that contains other proteins such as harmonin. The Cdh23 gene is composed of 69 exons, and we show here that exon 68 is subjected to hair cell-specific alternative splicing. Tip-link formation is not affected in genetically modified mutant mice lacking Cdh23 exon 68. Instead, the stability of tip links is compromised in the mutants, which also suffer from progressive and noise-induced hearing loss. Moreover, we show that the cytoplasmic tail of CDH23(+68) but not CDH23(-68) cooperates with harmonin in phase separation-mediated condensate formation. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that inclusion of Cdh23 exon 68 is critical for the stability of tip links through regulating condensate formation of UTLD components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dange Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yuehui Xi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
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Clark S, Mitra J, Elferich J, Goehring A, Ge J, Ha T, Gouaux E. Single molecule studies of the native hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571162. [PMID: 38168376 PMCID: PMC10760052 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hearing and balance rely on the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal, a process known as mechanosensory transduction (MT). In vertebrates, this process is accomplished by an MT complex that is located in hair cells of the inner ear. While the past three decades of research have identified many subunits that are important for MT and revealed interactions between these subunits, the composition and organization of a functional complex remains unknown. The major challenge associated with studying the MT complex is its extremely low abundance in hair cells; current estimates of MT complex quantity range from 3-60 attomoles per cochlea or utricle, well below the detection limit of most biochemical assays that are used to characterize macromolecular complexes. Here we describe the optimization of two single molecule assays, single molecule pull-down (SiMPull) and single molecule array (SiMoA), to study the composition and quantity of native mouse MT complexes. We demonstrate that these assays are capable of detecting and quantifying low attomoles of the native MT subunits protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like protein 5 (LHFPL5). Our results illuminate the stoichiometry of PCDH15- and LHFPL5-containing complexes and establish SiMPull and SiMoA as productive methods for probing the abundance, composition, and arrangement of subunits in the native MT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Clark
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jaba Mitra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Present address: Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Johannes Elferich
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Present address: UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Jingpeng Ge
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Present address: School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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4
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Crane R, Tebbe L, Mwoyosvi ML, Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI. Expression of the human usherin c.2299delG mutation leads to early-onset auditory loss and stereocilia disorganization. Commun Biol 2023; 6:933. [PMID: 37700068 PMCID: PMC10497539 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the leading cause of combined deafness and blindness, with USH2A being the most prevalent form. The mechanisms responsible for this debilitating sensory impairment remain unclear. This study focuses on characterizing the auditory phenotype in a mouse model expressing the c.2290delG mutation in usherin equivalent to human frameshift mutation c.2299delG. Previously we described how this model reproduces patient's retinal phenotypes. Here, we present the cochlear phenotype, showing that the mutant usherin, is expressed during early postnatal stages. The c.2290delG mutation results in a truncated protein that is mislocalized within the cell body of the hair cells. The knock-in model also exhibits congenital hearing loss that remains consistent throughout the animal's lifespan. Structurally, the stereocilia bundles, particularly in regions associated with functional hearing loss, are disorganized. Our findings shed light on the role of usherin in maintaining structural support, specifically in longer inner hair cell stereocilia, during development, which is crucial for proper bundle organization and hair cell function. Overall, we present a genetic mouse model with cochlear defects associated with the c.2290delG mutation, providing insights into the etiology of hearing loss and offering potential avenues for the development of effective therapeutic treatments for USH2A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Crane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Lars Tebbe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Maggie L Mwoyosvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Muayyad R Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Muna I Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Guan Y, Du H, Yang Z, Wang Y, Ren R, Liu W, Zhang C, Zhang J, An W, Li N, Zeng X, Li J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yang F, Yang J, Xiong W, Yu X, Chai R, Tu X, Sun J, Xu Z. Deafness-Associated ADGRV1 Mutation Impairs USH2A Stability through Improper Phosphorylation of WHRN and WDSUB1 Recruitment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205993. [PMID: 37066759 PMCID: PMC10238197 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ankle-link complex (ALC) consists of USH2A, WHRN, PDZD7, and ADGRV1 and plays an important role in hair cell development. At present, its architectural organization and signaling role remain unclear. By establishing Adgrv1 Y6236fsX1 mutant mice as a model of the deafness-associated human Y6244fsX1 mutation, the authors show here that the Y6236fsX1 mutation disrupts the interaction between adhesion G protein-coupled receptor V subfamily member 1 (ADGRV1) and other ALC components, resulting in stereocilia disorganization and mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) deficits. Importantly, ADGRV1 inhibits WHRN phosphorylation through regional cAMP-PKA signaling, which in turn regulates the ubiquitination and stability of USH2A via local signaling compartmentalization, whereas ADGRV1 Y6236fsX1 does not. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified the E3 ligase WDSUB1 that binds to WHRN and regulates the ubiquitination of USH2A in a WHRN phosphorylation-dependent manner. Further FlAsH-BRET assay, NMR spectrometry, and mutagenesis analysis provided insights into the architectural organization of ALC and interaction motifs at single-residue resolution. In conclusion, the present data suggest that ALC organization and accompanying local signal transduction play important roles in regulating the stability of the ALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
| | - Hai‐Bo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
- Air Force Medical CenterPLABeijing100142China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
| | - Yu‐Zhu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular DynamicsHefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230022China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
| | - Wen‐Wen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryShandong Provincial ENT HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
| | - Jia‐Hai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular DynamicsHefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230022China
| | - Wen‐Tao An
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
| | - Na‐Na Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
| | - Xiao‐Xue Zeng
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life SciencesIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at TsinghuaTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yi‐Xiao Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
| | - Yan‐Fei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesMoran Eye CenterUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUT84132USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life SciencesIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at TsinghuaTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
| | - Ren‐Jie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human DiseaseInstitute of Life SciencesJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular DynamicsHefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230022China
| | - Jin‐Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University
Jinan250012China
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental BiologyShandong University School of Life SciencesQingdao266237China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell BiologyShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
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6
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Yeom J, Park J, Park JY. Fluid dynamic simulation for cellular damage due to lymphatic flow within the anatomical arrangement of the outer hair cells in the cochlea. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106986. [PMID: 37230014 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the sensory hair cells in the cochlea is a major cause of hearing loss since human sensory hair cells do not regenerate naturally after damage. As these sensory hair cells are exposed to a vibrating lymphatic environment, they may be affected by physical flow. It is known that the outer hair cells (OHCs) are physically more damaged by sound than the inner hair cells (IHCs). In this study, the lymphatic flow is compared using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the arrangement of the OHCs, and the effects of such flow on the OHCs is analyzed. In addition, flow visualization is used to validate the Stokes flow. The Stokes flow behavior is attributed to the low Reynolds number, and the same behavior is observed even when the flow direction is reversed. When the distance between the rows of the OHCs is large, each row is independent, but when this distance is short, the flow change in each row influences the other rows. The stimulation caused by flow changes on the OHCs is confirmed through surface pressure and shear stress. The OHCs located at the base with a short distance between the rows receive excess hydrodynamic stimulation, and the tip of the V-shaped pattern receives an excess mechanical force. This study attempts to understand the contributions of lymphatic flow to OHC damage by quantitatively suggesting stimulation of the OHCs and is expected to contribute to the development of OHC regeneration technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Yeom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseon Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wang X, Liu S, Cheng Q, Qu C, Ren R, Du H, Li N, Yan K, Wang Y, Xiong W, Xu Z. CIB2 and CIB3 Regulate Stereocilia Maintenance and Mechanoelectrical Transduction in Mouse Vestibular Hair Cells. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3219-3231. [PMID: 37001993 PMCID: PMC10162464 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1807-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) protein complex in the inner-ear hair cells is essential for hearing and balance perception. Calcium and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) has been reported to be a component of MET complex, and loss of CIB2 completely abolishes MET currents in auditory hair cells, causing profound congenital hearing loss. However, loss of CIB2 does not affect MET currents in vestibular hair cells (VHCs) as well as general balance function. Here, we show that CIB2 and CIB3 act redundantly to regulate MET in VHCs, as MET currents are completely abolished in the VHCs of Cib2/Cib3 double knock-out mice of either sex. Furthermore, we show that Cib2 and Cib3 transcripts have complementary expression patterns in the vestibular maculae, and that they play different roles in stereocilia maintenance in VHCs. Cib2 transcripts are highly expressed in the striolar region, and knock-out of Cib2 affects stereocilia maintenance in striolar VHCs. In contrast, Cib3 transcripts are highly expressed in the extrastriolar region, and knock-out of Cib3 mainly affects stereocilia maintenance in extrastriolar VHCs. Simultaneous knock-out of Cib2 and Cib3 affects stereocilia maintenance in all VHCs and leads to severe balance deficits. Taken together, our present work reveals that CIB2 and CIB3 are important for stereocilia maintenance as well as MET in mouse VHCs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Calcium and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) is an important component of mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) complex, and loss of CIB2 completely abolishes MET in auditory hair cells. However, MET is unaffected in Cib2 knock-out vestibular hair cells (VHCs). In the present work, we show that CIB3 could compensate for the loss of CIB2 in VHCs, and Cib2/Cib3 double knock-out completely abolishes MET in VHCs. Interestingly, CIB2 and CIB3 could also regulate VHC stereocilia maintenance in a nonredundant way. Cib2 and Cib3 transcripts are highly expressed in the striolar and extrastriolar regions, respectively. Stereocilia maintenance and balance function are differently affected in Cib2 or Cib3 knock-out mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that CIB2 and CIB3 are important for stereocilia maintenance and MET in mouse VHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengli Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Keji Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
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8
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Mathur PD, Zou J, Neiswanger G, Zhu D, Wang Y, Almishaal AA, Vashist D, Hammond HK, Park AH, Yang J. Adenylyl cyclase 6 plays a minor role in the mouse inner ear and retina. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7075. [PMID: 37127773 PMCID: PMC10151359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) synthesizes second messenger cAMP in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. In cochlear hair cells, AC6 distribution relies on an adhesion GPCR, ADGRV1, which is associated with Usher syndrome (USH), a condition of combined hearing and vision loss. ADGRV1 is a component of the USH type 2 (USH2) protein complex in hair cells and photoreceptors. However, the role of AC6 in the inner ear and retina has not been explored. Here, we found that AC6 distribution in hair cells depends on the USH2 protein complex integrity. Several known AC6 regulators and effectors, which were previously reported to participate in ADGRV1 signaling in vitro, are localized to the stereociliary compartments that overlap with AC6 distribution in hair cells. In young AC6 knockout (Adcy6-/-) mice, the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not Akt kinase, is altered in cochleas, while both kinases are normal in vestibular organs. Adult Adcy6-/- mice however exhibit normal hearing function. AC6 is expressed in mouse retinas but rarely in photoreceptors. Adcy6-/- mice have slightly enhanced photopic but normal scotopic vision. Therefore, AC6 may participate in the ADGRV1 signaling in hair cells but AC6 is not essential for cochlear and retinal development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Dinesh Mathur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Vecprobio Inc., San Diego, CA, 92126, USA
| | - Junhuang Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Grace Neiswanger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Daniel Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ali A Almishaal
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepti Vashist
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - H Kirk Hammond
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Albert H Park
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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9
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Krey JF, Chatterjee P, Halford J, Cunningham CL, Perrin BJ, Barr-Gillespie PG. Control of stereocilia length during development of hair bundles. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001964. [PMID: 37011103 PMCID: PMC10101650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the hair bundle, the sensory organelle of the inner ear, depends on differential growth of actin-based stereocilia. Separate rows of stereocilia, labeled 1 through 3 from tallest to shortest, lengthen or shorten during discrete time intervals during development. We used lattice structured illumination microscopy and surface rendering to measure dimensions of stereocilia from mouse apical inner hair cells during early postnatal development; these measurements revealed a sharp transition at postnatal day 8 between stage III (row 1 and 2 widening; row 2 shortening) and stage IV (final row 1 lengthening and widening). Tip proteins that determine row 1 lengthening did not accumulate simultaneously during stages III and IV; while the actin-bundling protein EPS8 peaked at the end of stage III, GNAI3 peaked several days later-in early stage IV-and GPSM2 peaked near the end of stage IV. To establish the contributions of key macromolecular assemblies to bundle structure, we examined mouse mutants that eliminated tip links (Cdh23v2J or Pcdh15av3J), transduction channels (TmieKO), or the row 1 tip complex (Myo15ash2). Cdh23v2J/v2J and Pcdh15av3J/av3J bundles had adjacent stereocilia in the same row that were not matched in length, revealing that a major role of these cadherins is to synchronize lengths of side-by-side stereocilia. Use of the tip-link mutants also allowed us to distinguish the role of transduction from effects of transduction proteins themselves. While levels of GNAI3 and GPSM2, which stimulate stereocilia elongation, were greatly attenuated at the tips of TmieKO/KO row 1 stereocilia, they accumulated normally in Cdh23v2J/v2J and Pcdh15av3J/av3J stereocilia. These results reinforced the suggestion that the transduction proteins themselves facilitate localization of proteins in the row 1 complex. By contrast, EPS8 concentrates at tips of all TmieKO/KO, Cdh23v2J/v2J, and Pcdh15av3J/av3J stereocilia, correlating with the less polarized distribution of stereocilia lengths in these bundles. These latter results indicated that in wild-type hair cells, the transduction complex prevents accumulation of EPS8 at the tips of shorter stereocilia, causing them to shrink (rows 2 and 3) or disappear (row 4 and microvilli). Reduced rhodamine-actin labeling at row 2 stereocilia tips of tip-link and transduction mutants suggests that transduction's role is to destabilize actin filaments there. These results suggest that regulation of stereocilia length occurs through EPS8 and that CDH23 and PCDH15 regulate stereocilia lengthening beyond their role in gating mechanotransduction channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn F. Krey
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Paroma Chatterjee
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Julia Halford
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Cunningham
- Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Barr-Gillespie
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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10
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Wang H, Du H, Ren R, Du T, Lin L, Feng Z, Zhao D, Wei X, Zhai X, Wang H, Dong T, Sun JP, Wu H, Xu Z, Lu Q. Temporal and spatial assembly of inner ear hair cell ankle link condensate through phase separation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1657. [PMID: 36964137 PMCID: PMC10039067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereocilia are actin-based cell protrusions of inner ear hair cells and are indispensable for mechanotransduction. Ankle links connect the ankle region of developing stereocilia, playing an essential role in stereocilia development. WHRN, PDZD7, ADGRV1 and USH2A have been identified to form the so-called ankle link complex (ALC); however, the detailed mechanism underlying the temporal emergence and degeneration of ankle links remains elusive. Here we show that WHRN and PDZD7 orchestrate ADGRV1 and USH2A to assemble the ALC through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Disruption of the ALC multivalency for LLPS largely abolishes the distribution of WHRN at the ankle region of stereocilia. Interestingly, high concentration of ADGRV1 inhibits LLPS, providing a potential mechanism for ALC disassembly. Moreover, certain deafness mutations of ALC genes weaken the multivalent interactions of ALC and impair LLPS. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that LLPS mediates ALC formation, providing essential clues for understanding the pathogenesis of deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
- Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, 100074, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dange Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- College of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Audiology and Vestibular Medicine, Chinese PLA Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Calcium signaling and genetic rare diseases: An auditory perspective. Cell Calcium 2023; 110:102702. [PMID: 36791536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deafness is a highly heterogeneous disorder which stems, for 50%, from genetic origins. Sensory transduction relies mainly on sensory hair cells of the cochlea, in the inner ear. Calcium is key for the function of these cells and acts as a fundamental signal transduction. Its homeostasis depends on three factors: the calcium influx, through the mechanotransduction channel at the apical pole of the hair cell as well as the voltage-gated calcium channel at the base of the cells; the calcium buffering via Ca2+-binding proteins in the cytoplasm, but also in organelles such as mitochondria and the reticulum endoplasmic mitochondria-associated membranes with specialized proteins; and the calcium extrusion through the Ca-ATPase pump, located all over the plasma membrane. In addition, the synaptic transmission to the central nervous system is also controlled by calcium. Genetic studies of inherited deafness have tremendously helped understand the underlying molecular pathways of calcium signaling. In this review, we discuss these different factors in light of the associated genetic diseases (syndromic and non-syndromic deafness) and the causative genes.
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12
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Li J. Liquid-liquid phase separation in hair cell stereocilia development and maintenance. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1738-1745. [PMID: 36890881 PMCID: PMC9986246 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging concept, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in biological systems has shed light on the formation mechanisms of membrane-less compartments in cells. The process is driven by multivalent interactions of biomolecules such as proteins and/or nucleic acids, allowing them to form condensed structures. In the inner ear hair cells, LLPS-based biomolecular condensate assembly plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of stereocilia, the mechanosensing organelles located at the apical surface of hair cells. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the molecular basis governing the LLPS of Usher syndrome-related gene-encoding proteins and their binding partners, which may ultimately result in the formation of upper tip-link density and tip complex density in hair cell stereocilia, offering a better understanding of this severe inherited disease that causes deaf-blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China.,Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Jeng JY, Carlton AJ, Goodyear RJ, Chinowsky C, Ceriani F, Johnson SL, Sung TC, Dayn Y, Richardson GP, Bowl MR, Brown SD, Manor U, Marcotti W. AAV-mediated rescue of Eps8 expression in vivo restores hair-cell function in a mouse model of recessive deafness. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:355-370. [PMID: 36034774 PMCID: PMC9382420 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transduction of acoustic information by hair cells depends upon mechanosensitive stereociliary bundles that project from their apical surface. Mutations or absence of the stereociliary protein EPS8 cause deafness in humans and mice, respectively. Eps8 knockout mice (Eps8 -/- ) have hair cells with immature stereocilia and fail to become sensory receptors. Here, we show that exogenous delivery of Eps8 using Anc80L65 in P1-P2 Eps8 -/- mice in vivo rescued the hair bundle structure of apical-coil hair cells. Rescued hair bundles correctly localize EPS8, WHIRLIN, MYO15, and BAIAP2L2, and generate normal mechanoelectrical transducer currents. Inner hair cells with normal-looking stereocilia re-expressed adult-like basolateral ion channels (BK and KCNQ4) and have normal exocytosis. The number of hair cells undergoing full recovery was not sufficient to rescue hearing in Eps8 -/- mice. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-transduction of P3 apical-coil and P1-P2 basal-coil hair cells does not rescue hair cells, nor does Anc80L65-Eps8 delivery in adult Eps8 -/- mice. We propose that AAV-induced gene-base therapy is an efficient strategy to recover the complex hair-cell defects in Eps8 -/- mice. However, this therapeutic approach may need to be performed in utero since, at postnatal ages, Eps8 -/- hair cells appear to have matured or accumulated damage beyond the point of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Jeng
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adam J. Carlton
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard J. Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Colbie Chinowsky
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Federico Ceriani
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart L. Johnson
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tsung-Chang Sung
- Transgenic Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yelena Dayn
- Transgenic Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Michael R. Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD UK
| | - Steve D.M. Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD UK
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Walter Marcotti
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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14
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Deafness-related protein PDZD7 forms complex with the C-terminal tail of FCHSD2. Biochem J 2022; 479:1393-1405. [PMID: 35695292 PMCID: PMC9317961 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In cochlea, deafness-related protein PDZD7 is an indispensable component of the ankle link complex, which is critical for the maturation of inner-ear hair cell for sound perception. Ankle links, connecting the different rows of cochlear stereocilia, are essential for the staircase-like development of stereocilia. However, the molecular mechanism of how PDZD7 governs stereociliary development remains unknown. Here, we reported a novel PDZD7-binding partner, FCHSD2, identified by yeast two-hybrid screening. FCHSD2 was reported to be expressed in hair cell, where it co-operated with CDC42 and N-WASP to regulate the formation of cell protrusion. The association between FCHSD2 and PDZD7 was further confirmed in COS-7 cells. More importantly, we solved the complex structure of FCHSD2 tail with PDZD7 PDZ3 domain at 2.0 Å resolution. The crystal structure shows that PDZD7 PDZ3 adopts a typical PDZ domain topology, comprising five β strands and two α helixes. The PDZ-binding motif of FCHSD2 tail stretches through the αB/βB groove of PDZD7 PDZ3. Our study not only uncovers the interaction between FCHSD2 tail and PDZD7 PDZ3 at the atomic level, but also provides clues of connecting the ankle link complex with cytoskeleton dynamics for exploiting the molecular mechanism of stereociliary development.
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15
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Zhou P, Meng H, Liang X, Lei X, Zhang J, Bian W, He N, Lin Z, Song X, Zhu W, Hu B, Li B, Yan L, Tang B, Su T, Liu H, Mao Y, Zhai Q, Yi Y. ADGRV1 Variants in Febrile Seizures/Epilepsy With Antecedent Febrile Seizures and Their Associations With Audio-Visual Abnormalities. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:864074. [PMID: 35813073 PMCID: PMC9262510 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.864074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective ADGRV1 gene encodes adhesion G protein-coupled receptor-V1 that is involved in synaptic function. ADGRV1 mutations are associated with audio-visual disorders. Although previous experimental studies suggested that ADGRV1 variants were associated with epilepsy, clinical evidence is limited and the phenotype spectrum is to be defined. Methods Trio-based targeting sequencing was performed in a cohort of 101 cases with febrile seizure (FS) and epilepsy with antecedent FS. Protein modeling was used to assess the damaging effects of variants. The genotype-phenotype correlations of the ADGRV1 variants in epilepsy and audio-visual disorders were analyzed. Results ADGRV1 variants were identified in nine unrelated cases (8.91%), including two heterozygous frameshift variants, six heterozygous missense variants, and a pair of compound heterozygous variants. These variants presented a statistically higher frequency in this cohort than that in control populations. Most missense variants were located at CalX-β motifs and changed the hydrogen bonds. These variants were inherited from the asymptomatic parents, indicating an incomplete penetrance. We also identified SCN1A variants in 25 unrelated cases (24.75%) and SCN9A variants in 3 unrelated cases (2.97%) in this cohort. Contrary to SCN1A variant-associated epilepsy that revealed seizure was aggravated by sodium channel blockers, ADGRV1 variants were associated with mild epilepsy with favorable responses to antiepileptic drugs. The patients denied problems with audio-visual-vestibular abilities in daily life. However, audio-visual tests revealed auditory and visual impairment in the patient with compound heterozygous variants, auditory or vestibular impairment in the patients with heterozygous frameshift, or hydrogen-bond changed missense variants but no abnormalities in the patients with missense variants without hydrogen-bond changes. Previously reported ADGRV1 variants that were associated with audio-visual disorders were mostly biallelic/destructive variants, which were significantly more frequent in the severe phenotype of audio-visual disorders (Usher syndrome 2) than in other mild phenotypes. In contrast, the variants identified in epilepsy were monoallelic, missense mainly located at CalX-β, or affected isoforms VLGR1b/1c. Significance ADGRV1 is potentially associated with FS-related epilepsy as a susceptibility gene. The genotype, submolecular implication, isoforms, and damaging severity of the variants explained the phenotypical variations. ADGRV1 variant-associated FS/epilepsy presented favorable responses to antiepileptic drugs, implying a clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Xingwang Song
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Qiongxiang Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiongxiang Zhai
| | - Yonghong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Yonghong Yi
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16
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The genetic and phenotypic landscapes of Usher syndrome: from disease mechanisms to a new classification. Hum Genet 2022; 141:709-735. [PMID: 35353227 PMCID: PMC9034986 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common cause of deaf–blindness in humans, with a prevalence of about 1/10,000 (~ 400,000 people worldwide). Cochlear implants are currently used to reduce the burden of hearing loss in severe-to-profoundly deaf patients, but many promising treatments including gene, cell, and drug therapies to restore the native function of the inner ear and retinal sensory cells are under investigation. The traditional clinical classification of Usher syndrome defines three major subtypes—USH1, 2 and 3—according to hearing loss severity and onset, the presence or absence of vestibular dysfunction, and age at onset of retinitis pigmentosa. Pathogenic variants of nine USH genes have been initially reported: MYO7A, USH1C, PCDH15, CDH23, and USH1G for USH1, USH2A, ADGRV1, and WHRN for USH2, and CLRN1 for USH3. Based on the co-occurrence of hearing and vision deficits, the list of USH genes has been extended to few other genes, but with limited supporting information. A consensus on combined criteria for Usher syndrome is crucial for the development of accurate diagnosis and to improve patient management. In recent years, a wealth of information has been obtained concerning the properties of the Usher proteins, related molecular networks, potential genotype–phenotype correlations, and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the impairment or loss of hearing, balance and vision. The advent of precision medicine calls for a clear and more precise diagnosis of Usher syndrome, exploiting all the existing data to develop a combined clinical/genetic/network/functional classification for Usher syndrome.
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17
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Lorente-Cánovas B, Eckrich S, Lewis MA, Johnson SL, Marcotti W, Steel KP. Grxcr1 regulates hair bundle morphogenesis and is required for normal mechanoelectrical transduction in mouse cochlear hair cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261530. [PMID: 35235570 PMCID: PMC8890737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tasmanian devil (tde) mice are deaf and exhibit circling behaviour. Sensory hair cells of mutants show disorganised hair bundles with abnormally thin stereocilia. The origin of this mutation is the insertion of a transgene which disrupts expression of the Grxcr1 (glutaredoxin cysteine rich 1) gene. We report here that Grxcr1 exons and transcript sequences are not affected by the transgene insertion in tde homozygous (tde/tde) mice. Furthermore, 5'RACE PCR experiments showed the presence of two different transcripts of the Grxcr1 gene, expressed in both tde/tde and in wild-type controls. However, quantitative analysis of Grxcr1 transcripts revealed a significantly decreased mRNA level in tde/tde mice. The key stereociliary proteins ESPN, MYO7A, EPS8 and PTPRQ were distributed in hair bundles of homozygous tde mutants in a similar pattern compared with control mice. We found that the abnormal morphology of the stereociliary bundle was associated with a reduction in the size and Ca2+-sensitivity of the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) current. We propose that GRXCR1 is key for the normal growth of the stereociliary bundle prior to the onset of hearing, and in its absence hair cells are unable to mature into fully functional sensory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lorente-Cánovas
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Eckrich
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Morag A. Lewis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Johnson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Marcotti
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Karen P. Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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18
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Elferich J, Clark S, Ge J, Goehring A, Matsui A, Gouaux E. Molecular structures and conformations of protocadherin-15 and its complexes on stereocilia elucidated by cryo-electron tomography. eLife 2021; 10:74512. [PMID: 34964715 PMCID: PMC8776254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory transduction (MT), the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, underpins hearing and balance and is carried out within hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells harbor actin-filled stereocilia, arranged in rows of descending heights, where the tips of stereocilia are connected to their taller neighbors by a filament composed of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), deemed the ‘tip link.’ Tension exerted on the tip link opens an ion channel at the tip of the shorter stereocilia, thus converting mechanical force into an electrical signal. While biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the molecular composition and structure of isolated portions of the tip link, the architecture, location, and conformational states of intact tip links, on stereocilia, remains unknown. Here, we report in situ cryo-electron microscopy imaging of the tip link in mouse stereocilia. We observe individual PCDH15 molecules at the tip and shaft of stereocilia and determine their stoichiometry, conformational heterogeneity, and their complexes with other filamentous proteins, perhaps including CDH23. The PCDH15 complexes occur in clusters, frequently with more than one copy of PCDH15 at the tip of stereocilia, suggesting that tip links might consist of more than one copy of PCDH15 complexes and, by extension, might include multiple MT complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Elferich
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sarah Clark
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jingpeng Ge
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Aya Matsui
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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19
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Ivanchenko MV, Indzhykulian AA, Corey DP. Electron Microscopy Techniques for Investigating Structure and Composition of Hair-Cell Stereociliary Bundles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744248. [PMID: 34746139 PMCID: PMC8569945 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cells—the sensory cells of the vertebrate inner ear—bear at their apical surfaces a bundle of actin-filled protrusions called stereocilia, which mediate the cells’ mechanosensitivity. Hereditary deafness is often associated with morphological disorganization of stereocilia bundles, with the absence or mislocalization within stereocilia of specific proteins. Thus, stereocilia bundles are closely examined to understand most animal models of hereditary hearing loss. Because stereocilia have a diameter less than a wavelength of light, light microscopy is not adequate to reveal subtle changes in morphology or protein localization. Instead, electron microscopy (EM) has proven essential for understanding stereocilia bundle development, maintenance, normal function, and dysfunction in disease. Here we review a set of EM imaging techniques commonly used to study stereocilia, including optimal sample preparation and best imaging practices. These include conventional and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), which enables 3-D serial reconstruction of resin-embedded biological structures at a resolution of a few nanometers. Parameters for optimal sample preparation, fixation, immunogold labeling, metal coating and imaging are discussed. Special attention is given to protein localization in stereocilia using immunogold labeling. Finally, we describe the advantages and limitations of these EM techniques and their suitability for different types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Ivanchenko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David P Corey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Wang D, Zhou J. The Kinocilia of Cochlear Hair Cells: Structures, Functions, and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715037. [PMID: 34422834 PMCID: PMC8374625 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved and highly specialized organelles that protrude from cell membranes. Mutations in genes encoding ciliary proteins can cause structural and functional ciliary defects and consequently multiple diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies. The mammalian auditory system is responsible for perceiving external sound stimuli that are ultimately processed in the brain through a series of physical and biochemical reactions. Here we review the structure and function of the specialized primary cilia of hair cells, termed kinocilia, found in the mammalian auditory system. We also discuss areas that might prove amenable for therapeutic management of auditory ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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21
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Yan K, Zong W, Du H, Zhai X, Ren R, Liu S, Xiong W, Wang Y, Xu Z. BAIAP2L2 is required for the maintenance of mechanotransducing stereocilia of cochlear hair cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:774-788. [PMID: 34346063 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stereocilia are actin-based cell protrusions of inner ear hair cells that play an essential role in mechano-electrical transduction (MET). Stereocilia are organized into several rows of increasing heights with the MET protein complex localized at the tips of shorter row stereocilia. At the tips of shorter row mechanotransducing stereocilia also resides a so-called "row 2 protein complex" whose dysfunction causes degeneration of the mechanotransducing stereocilia. In the present work, we show that BAIAP2L2 is localized at the tips of shorter row stereocilia in neonatal and adult mouse cochlear hair cells. Baiap2l2 inactivation causes degeneration of the mechanotransducing stereocilia, which eventually leads to profound hearing loss in mice of either sex. Consistently, electrophysiology and FM 1-43FX dye uptake results confirm that MET currents are compromised in Baiap2l2 knockout mice. Moreover, BAIAP2L2 binds to known row 2 complex components EPS8L2, TWF2, and CAPZB2, and the stereociliary tip localization of CAPZB2 is dependent on functional BAIAP2L2. Interestingly, BAIAP2L2 also binds to CIB2, a known MET complex component, and the stereociliary tip localization of BAIAP2L2 is abolished in Cib2 knockout mice. In conclusion, our present data suggest that BAIAP2L2 is a row 2 complex component, and is required for the maintenance of mechanotransducing stereocilia. Meanwhile, specific MET components such as CIB2 might play a direct role in stereocilia maintenance through binding to BAIAP2L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keji Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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22
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Roman-Naranjo P, Moleon MDC, Aran I, Escalera-Balsera A, Soto-Varela A, Bächinger D, Gomez-Fiñana M, Eckhard AH, Lopez-Escamez JA. Rare coding variants involving MYO7A and other genes encoding stereocilia link proteins in familial meniere disease. Hear Res 2021; 409:108329. [PMID: 34391192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The MYO7A gene encodes a motor protein with a key role in the organization of stereocilia in auditory and vestibular hair cells. Rare variants in the MYO7A (myosin VIIA) gene may cause autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) accompanied by vestibular dysfunction or retinitis pigmentosa (Usher syndrome type 1B). Familial Meniere's disease (MD) is a rare inner ear syndrome mainly characterized by low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss and episodic vertigo associated with tinnitus. Familial aggregation has been found in 6-8% of sporadic cases, and most of the reported genes were involved in single families. Thus, this study aimed to search for relevant genes not previously linked to familial MD. Through exome sequencing and segregation analysis in 62 MD families, we have found a total of 1 novel and 8 rare heterozygous variants in the MYO7A gene in 9 non-related families. Carriers of rare variants in MYO7A showed autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive SNHL in familial MD. Additionally, some novel and rare variants in other genes involved in the organization of the stereocilia links such as CDH23, PCDH15 or ADGRV1 co-segregated in the same patients. Our findings reveal a co-segregation of rare variants in the MYO7A gene and other structural myosin VIIA binding proteins involved in the tip and ankle links of the hair cell stereocilia. We suggest that recessive digenic inheritance involving these genes could affect the ultrastructure of the stereocilia links in familial MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Roman-Naranjo
- Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, GENYO, Granada, Spain
| | - M D C Moleon
- Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, GENYO, Granada, Spain; Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - I Aran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - A Escalera-Balsera
- Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, GENYO, Granada, Spain
| | - A Soto-Varela
- Division of Otoneurology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Bächinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gomez-Fiñana
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de Poniente, El Ejido, Almeria, Spain
| | - A H Eckhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J A Lopez-Escamez
- Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, GENYO, Granada, Spain; Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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23
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Damasceno S, Fonseca PADS, Rosse IC, Moraes MFD, de Oliveira JAC, Garcia-Cairasco N, Brunialti Godard AL. Putative Causal Variant on Vlgr1 for the Epileptic Phenotype in the Model Wistar Audiogenic Rat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:647859. [PMID: 34177758 PMCID: PMC8220163 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.647859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wistar Audiogenic Rat is an epilepsy model whose animals are predisposed to develop seizures induced by acoustic stimulation. This model was developed by selective reproduction and presents a consistent genetic profile due to the several generations of inbreeding. In this study, we performed an analysis of WAR RNA-Seq data, aiming identified at genetic variants that may be involved in the epileptic phenotype. Seventeen thousand eighty-five predicted variants were identified as unique to the WAR model, of which 15,915 variants are SNPs and 1,170 INDELs. We filter the predicted variants by pre-established criteria and selected five for validation by Sanger sequencing. The genetic variant c.14198T>C in the Vlgr1 gene was confirmed in the WAR model. Vlgr1 encodes an adhesion receptor that is involved in the myelination process, in the development of stereocilia of the inner ear, and was already associated with the audiogenic seizures presented by the mice Frings. The transcriptional quantification of Vlgr1 revealed the downregulation this gene in the corpus quadrigeminum of WAR, and the protein modeling predicted that the mutated residue alters the structure of a domain of the VLGR1 receptor. We believe that Vlgr1 gene may be related to the predisposition of WAR to seizures and suggest the mutation Vlgr1/Q4695R as putative causal variant, and the first molecular marker of the WAR strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Damasceno
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pablo Augusto de Souza Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izinara Cruz Rosse
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Márcio Flávio Dutra Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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24
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Bénardais K, Delfino G, Samama B, Devys D, Antal MC, Ghandour MS, Boehm N. BBS4 protein has basal body/ciliary localization in sensory organs but extra-ciliary localization in oligodendrocytes during human development. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:37-48. [PMID: 33860840 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein 4 (BBS4) localization has been studied in human embryos/fetuses from Carnegie stage 15 to 37 gestational weeks in neurosensory organs and brain, underlying the major clinical signs of BBS. We observed a correlation between the differentiation of the neurosensory cells (hair cells, photoreceptors, olfactory neurons) and the presence of a punctate BBS4 immunostaining in their apical cytoplasm. In the brain, BBS4 was localized in oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts. In individual myelinated fibers, BBS4 immunolabelling was discontinuous, predominantly at the periphery of the myelin sheath. BBS4 immunolabelling was confirmed in postnatal developing white matter tracts in mouse as well as in mouse oligodendrocytes cultures. In neuroblasts/neurons, BBS4 was only present in reelin-expressing Cajal-Retzius cells. Our results show that BBS4, a protein of the BBSome, has both basal body/ciliary localization in neurosensory organs but extra-ciliary localization in oligodendrocytes. The presence of BBS4 in developing oligodendrocytes and myelin described in the present paper might attribute a new role to this protein, requiring further investigation in the field of myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bénardais
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France. .,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - G Delfino
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Samama
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Devys
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire IGBMC, UMR7104, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | - M C Antal
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M S Ghandour
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Boehm
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Carlton AJ, Halford J, Underhill A, Jeng J, Avenarius MR, Gilbert ML, Ceriani F, Ebisine K, Brown SDM, Bowl MR, Barr‐Gillespie PG, Marcotti W. Loss of Baiap2l2 destabilizes the transducing stereocilia of cochlear hair cells and leads to deafness. J Physiol 2021; 599:1173-1198. [PMID: 33151556 PMCID: PMC7898316 DOI: 10.1113/jp280670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mechanoelectrical transduction at auditory hair cells requires highly specialized stereociliary bundles that project from their apical surface, forming a characteristic graded 'staircase' structure. The morphogenesis and maintenance of these stereociliary bundles is a tightly regulated process requiring the involvement of several actin-binding proteins, many of which are still unidentified. We identify a new stereociliary protein, the I-BAR protein BAIAP2L2, which localizes to the tips of the shorter transducing stereocilia in both inner and outer hair cells (IHCs and OHCs). We find that Baiap2l2 deficient mice lose their second and third rows of stereocilia, their mechanoelectrical transducer current, and develop progressive hearing loss, becoming deaf by 8 months of age. We demonstrate that BAIAP2L2 localization to stereocilia tips is dependent on the motor protein MYO15A and its cargo EPS8. We propose that BAIAP2L2 is a new key protein required for the maintenance of the transducing stereocilia in mature cochlear hair cells. ABSTRACT The transduction of sound waves into electrical signals depends upon mechanosensitive stereociliary bundles that project from the apical surface of hair cells within the cochlea. The height and width of these actin-based stereocilia is tightly regulated throughout life to establish and maintain their characteristic staircase-like structure, which is essential for normal mechanoelectrical transduction. Here, we show that BAIAP2L2, a member of the I-BAR protein family, is a newly identified hair bundle protein that is localized to the tips of the shorter rows of transducing stereocilia in mouse cochlear hair cells. BAIAP2L2 was detected by immunohistochemistry from postnatal day 2.5 (P2.5) throughout adulthood. In Baiap2l2 deficient mice, outer hair cells (OHCs), but not inner hair cells (IHCs), began to lose their third row of stereocilia and showed a reduction in the size of the mechanoelectrical transducer current from just after P9. Over the following post-hearing weeks, the ordered staircase structure of the bundle progressively deteriorates, such that, by 8 months of age, both OHCs and IHCs of Baiap2l2 deficient mice have lost most of the second and third rows of stereocilia and become deaf. We also found that BAIAP2L2 interacts with other key stereociliary proteins involved in normal hair bundle morphogenesis, such as CDC42, RAC1, EPS8 and ESPNL. Furthermore, we show that BAIAP2L2 localization to the stereocilia tips depends on the motor protein MYO15A and its cargo EPS8. We propose that BAIAP2L2 is key to maintenance of the normal actin structure of the transducing stereocilia in mature mouse cochlear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Carlton
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Julia Halford
- Oregon Hearing Research Center & Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Anna Underhill
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Jing‐Yi Jeng
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Matthew R. Avenarius
- Oregon Hearing Research Center & Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Present address: Department of Pathology Wexner Medical CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Merle L. Gilbert
- Oregon Hearing Research Center & Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Present address: US Army Medical Department Activity‐KoreaCamp HumphreysRepublic of Korea
| | - Federico Ceriani
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Steve D. M. Brown
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMRC Harwell InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Michael R. Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMRC Harwell InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordshireUK
- Present address: UCL Ear InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter G. Barr‐Gillespie
- Oregon Hearing Research Center & Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Oregon Hearing Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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26
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Toualbi L, Toms M, Moosajee M. USH2A-retinopathy: From genetics to therapeutics. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108330. [PMID: 33121974 PMCID: PMC8417766 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bilallelic variants in the USH2A gene can cause Usher syndrome type 2 and non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. In both disorders, the retinal phenotype involves progressive rod photoreceptor loss resulting in nyctalopia and a constricted visual field, followed by subsequent cone degeneration, leading to the loss of central vision and severe visual impairment. The USH2A gene raises many challenges for researchers and clinicians due to a broad spectrum of mutations, a large gene size hampering gene therapy development and limited knowledge on its pathogenicity. Patients with Usher type 2 may benefit from hearing aids or cochlear implants to correct their hearing defects, but there are currently no approved treatments available for the USH2A-retinopathy. Several treatment strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides and translational readthrough inducing drugs, have shown therapeutic promise in preclinical studies. Further understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of USH2A-related disorders is required to develop innovative treatments and design clinical trials based on reliable outcome measures. The present review will discuss the current knowledge about USH2A, the emerging therapeutics and existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Toualbi
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maria Toms
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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27
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Cochlear development, cellular patterning and tonotopy. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Zhu Y, Delhommel F, Cordier F, Lüchow S, Mechaly A, Colcombet-Cazenave B, Girault V, Pepermans E, Bahloul A, Gautier C, Brûlé S, Raynal B, Hoos S, Haouz A, Caillet-Saguy C, Ivarsson Y, Wolff N. Deciphering the Unexpected Binding Capacity of the Third PDZ Domain of Whirlin to Various Cochlear Hair Cell Partners. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5920-5937. [PMID: 32971111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hearing is a mechanical and neurochemical process, which occurs in the hair cells of inner ear that converts the sound vibrations into electrical signals transmitted to the brain. The multi-PDZ scaffolding protein whirlin plays a critical role in the formation and function of stereocilia exposed at the surface of hair cells. In this article, we reported seven stereociliary proteins that encode PDZ binding motifs (PBM) and interact with whirlin PDZ3, where four of them are first reported. We solved the atomic resolution structures of complexes between whirlin PDZ3 and the PBMs of myosin 15a, CASK, harmonin a1 and taperin. Interestingly, the PBM of CASK and taperin are rare non-canonical PBM, which are not localized at the extreme C terminus. This large capacity to accommodate various partners could be related to the distinct functions of whirlin at different stages of the hair cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhu
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Delhommel
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ariel Mechaly
- Plateforme de Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Colcombet-Cazenave
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Elise Pepermans
- Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; Unité de génétique et physiologie de l'audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Amel Bahloul
- Unité de génétique et physiologie de l'audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Candice Gautier
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione C. Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Plateforme de Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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Caprara GA, Mecca AA, Peng AW. Decades-old model of slow adaptation in sensory hair cells is not supported in mammals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4922. [PMID: 32851178 PMCID: PMC7428330 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hair cells detect sound and motion through a mechano-electric transduction (MET) process mediated by tip links connecting shorter stereocilia to adjacent taller stereocilia. Adaptation is a key feature of MET that regulates a cell's dynamic range and frequency selectivity. A decades-old hypothesis proposes that slow adaptation requires myosin motors to modulate the tip-link position on taller stereocilia. This "motor model" depended on data suggesting that the receptor current decay had a time course similar to that of hair-bundle creep (a continued movement in the direction of a step-like force stimulus). Using cochlear and vestibular hair cells of mice, rats, and gerbils, we assessed how modulating adaptation affected hair-bundle creep. Our results are consistent with slow adaptation requiring myosin motors. However, the hair-bundle creep and slow adaptation were uncorrelated, challenging a critical piece of evidence upholding the motor model. Considering these data, we propose a revised model of hair cell adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy A. Caprara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew A. Mecca
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anthony W. Peng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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30
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Ivanchenko MV, Cicconet M, Jandal HA, Wu X, Corey DP, Indzhykulian AA. Serial scanning electron microscopy of anti-PKHD1L1 immuno-gold labeled mouse hair cell stereocilia bundles. Sci Data 2020; 7:182. [PMID: 32555200 PMCID: PMC7299942 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial electron microscopy techniques have proven to be a powerful tool in biology. Unfortunately, the data sets they generate lack robust and accurate automated segmentation algorithms. In this data descriptor publication, we introduce a serial focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) dataset consisting of six outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia bundles, and the supranuclear part of the hair cell bodies. Also presented are the manual segmentations of stereocilia bundles and the gold bead labeling of PKHD1L1, a coat protein of hair cell stereocilia important for hearing in mice. This depository includes all original data and several intermediate steps of the manual analysis, as well as the MATLAB algorithm used to generate a three-dimensional distribution map of gold labels. They serve as a reference dataset, and they enable reproduction of our analysis, evaluation and improvement of current methods of protein localization, and training of algorithms for accurate automated segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Ivanchenko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Cicconet
- Image and Data Analysis Core, Harvard Medical School, 43 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hoor Al Jandal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David P Corey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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31
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Khela H, Kenna MA. Genetics of pediatric hearing loss: A functional perspective. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:511-519. [PMID: 32596495 PMCID: PMC7314484 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article reviews the current role of genetics in pediatric hearing loss (HL). METHODS A review of the current literature regarding the genetic basis of HL in children was performed. RESULTS To date, 119 nonsyndromic genes have been associated with HL. There are also hundreds of syndromic causes that have HL as part of the clinical phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Identifying HL genes coupled with clinical characteristics ("genotype-phenotype") yields a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Although the complexity of the auditory apparatus presents challenges, gene therapy is emerging and may be a viable management option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmon Khela
- Summer Scholars Program, Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication EnhancementBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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32
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Distinct roles of stereociliary links in the nonlinear sound processing and noise resistance of cochlear outer hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11109-11117. [PMID: 32358189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920229117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer hair cells (OHCs) play an essential role in hearing by acting as a nonlinear amplifier which helps the cochlea detect sounds with high sensitivity and accuracy. This nonlinear sound processing generates distortion products, which can be measured as distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). The OHC stereocilia that respond to sound vibrations are connected by three kinds of extracellular links: tip links that connect the taller stereocilia to shorter ones and convey force to the mechanoelectrical transduction channels, tectorial membrane-attachment crowns (TM-ACs) that connect the tallest stereocilia to one another and to the overlying TM, and horizontal top connectors (HTCs) that link adjacent stereocilia. While the tip links have been extensively studied, the roles that the other two types of links play in hearing are much less clear, largely because of a lack of suitable animal models. Here, while analyzing genetic combinations of tubby mice, we encountered models missing both HTCs and TM-ACs or HTCs alone. We found that the tubby mutation causes loss of both HTCs and TM-ACs due to a mislocalization of stereocilin, which results in OHC dysfunction leading to severe hearing loss. Intriguingly, the addition of the modifier allele modifier of tubby hearing 1 in tubby mice selectively rescues the TM-ACs but not the HTCs. Hearing is significantly rescued in these mice with robust DPOAE production, indicating an essential role of the TM-ACs but not the HTCs in normal OHC function. In contrast, the HTCs are required for the resistance of hearing to damage caused by noise stress.
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Myosin-XVa Controls Both Staircase Architecture and Diameter Gradation of Stereocilia Rows in the Auditory Hair Cell Bundles. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2020; 21:121-135. [PMID: 32152769 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-020-00745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hair cells develop their mechanosensory bundles through consecutive phases of stereocilia elongation, thickening, and retraction of supernumerary stereocilia. Many molecules involved in stereocilia elongation have been identified, including myosin-XVa. Significantly less is known about molecular mechanisms of stereocilia thickening and retraction. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to quantify postnatal changes in number and diameters of the auditory hair cell stereocilia in shaker-2 mice (Myo15sh2) that lack both "long" and "short" isoforms of myosin-XVa, and in mice lacking only the "long" myosin-XVa isoform (Myo15∆N). Previously, we observed large mechanotransduction current in young postnatal inner (IHC) and outer (OHC) hair cells of both these strains. Stereocilia counts showed nearly identical developmental retraction of supernumerary stereocilia in control heterozygous, Myo15sh2/sh2, and Myo15∆N/∆N mice, suggesting that this retraction is largely unaffected by myosin-XVa deficiency. However, myosin-XVa deficiency does affect stereocilia diameters. In control, the first (tallest) and second row stereocilia grow in diameter simultaneously. However, the third row stereocilia in IHCs grow only until postnatal day 1-2 and then become thinner. In OHCs, they also grow slower than taller stereocilia, forming a stereocilia diameter gradation within a hair bundle. The sh2 mutation disrupts this gradation and makes all stereocilia nearly identical in thickness in both IHCs and OHCs, with only subtle residual diameter differences. All Myo15sh2/sh2 stereocilia grow postnatally including the third row, which is not a part of normal development. Serial sections with focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM confirmed that diameter changes of Myo15sh2/sh2 IHC and OHC stereocilia resulted from corresponding changes of their actin cores. In contrast to Myo15sh2/sh2, Myo15∆N/∆N hair cells develop prominent stereocilia diameter gradation. Thus, besides building the staircase, the short isoform of myosin-XVa is essential for controlling the diameter of the third row stereocilia and formation of the stereocilia diameter gradation in a hair bundle.
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34
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Mechanotransduction-Dependent Control of Stereocilia Dimensions and Row Identity in Inner Hair Cells. Curr Biol 2020; 30:442-454.e7. [PMID: 31902726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin-rich structures, like stereocilia and microvilli, are assembled with precise control of length, diameter, and relative spacing. By quantifying actin-core dimensions of stereocilia from phalloidin-labeled mouse cochleas, we demonstrated that inner hair cell stereocilia developed in specific stages, where a widening phase is sandwiched between two lengthening phases. Moreover, widening of the second-tallest stereocilia rank (row 2) occurred simultaneously with the appearance of mechanotransduction. Correspondingly, Tmc1KO/KO;Tmc2KO/KO or TmieKO/KO hair cells, which lack transduction, have significantly altered stereocilia lengths and diameters, including a narrowed row 2. EPS8 and the short splice isoform of MYO15A, identity markers for mature row 1 (the tallest row), lost their row exclusivity in transduction mutants. GNAI3, another member of the mature row 1 complex, accumulated at mutant row 1 tips at considerably lower levels than in wild-type bundles. Alterations in stereocilia dimensions and in EPS8 distribution seen in transduction mutants were mimicked by block of transduction channels of cochlear explants in culture. In addition, proteins normally concentrated at mature row 2 tips were also distributed differently in transduction mutants; the heterodimeric capping protein subunit CAPZB and its partner TWF2 never concentrated at row 2 tips like they do in wild-type bundles. The altered distribution of marker proteins in transduction mutants was accompanied by increased variability in stereocilia length. Transduction channels thus specify and maintain row identity, control addition of new actin filaments to increase stereocilia diameter, and coordinate stereocilia height within rows.
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35
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Friedman TB, Belyantseva IA, Frolenkov GI. Myosins and Hearing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:317-330. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Richardson GP, Petit C. Hair-Bundle Links: Genetics as the Gateway to Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033142. [PMID: 30617060 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Up to five distinct cell-surface specializations interconnect the stereocilia and the kinocilium of the mature hair bundle in some species: kinocilial links, tip links, top connectors, shaft connectors, and ankle links. In developing hair bundles, transient lateral links are prominent. Mutations in genes encoding proteins associated with these links cause Usher deafness/blindness syndrome or nonsyndromic (isolated) forms of human hereditary deafness, and mice with constitutive or conditional alleles of these genes have provided considerable insight into the molecular composition and function of the different links. We describe the structure of these links and review evidence showing CDH23 and PCDH15 are components of the tip, kinocilial, and transient-lateral links, that stereocilin (STRC) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPRQ) are associated with top and shaft connectors, respectively, and that USH2A and ADGRV1 are associated with the ankle links. Whereas tip links are required for mechanoelectrical transduction, all link proteins play key roles in the normal development and/or the maintenance of hair bundle structure and function. Recent crystallographic and single-particle analyses of PCDH15 and CDH23 provide insight as to how the structure of tip link may contribute to the elastic element predicted to lie in series with the hair cell's mechanoelectrical transducer channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Petit
- Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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37
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Du H, Zou L, Ren R, Li N, Li J, Wang Y, Sun J, Yang J, Xiong W, Xu Z. Lack of PDZD7 long isoform disrupts ankle-link complex and causes hearing loss in mice. FASEB J 2019; 34:1136-1149. [PMID: 31914662 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901657rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most frequent form of combined hereditary deafness-blindness, characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa, with or without vestibular dysfunction. PDZD7 is a PDZ domain-containing scaffold protein that was suggested to be a USH modifier and a contributor to digenic USH. In the inner ear hair cells, PDZD7 localizes at the ankle region of the stereocilia and constitutes the so-called ankle-link complex together with three other USH proteins Usherin, WHRN, and ADGRV1. PDZD7 gene is subjected to alternative splicing, which gives rise to two types of PDZD7 isoforms, namely the long and short isoforms. At present, little is known which specific isoform is involved in ankle-link formation and stereocilia development. In this work, we showed that PDZD7 long isoform, but not short isoforms, localizes at the ankle region of the stereocilia. Moreover, we established Pdzd7 mutant mice by introducing deletions into exon 14 of the Pdzd7 gene, which causes potential premature translational stop in the long isoform but leaves short isoforms unaffected. We found that lack of PDZD7 long isoform affects the localization of other ankle-link complex components in the stereocilia. Consequently, Pdzd7 mutant mice showed stereocilia development deficits and hearing loss as well as reduced mechanotransduction (MET) currents, suggesting that PDZD7 long isoform is indispensable for hair cells. Furthermore, by performing yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a PDZD7 long isoform-specific binding partner PIP5K1C, which has been shown to play important roles in hearing and might participate in the function and/or transportation of PDZD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linzhi Zou
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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38
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Otogelin, otogelin-like, and stereocilin form links connecting outer hair cell stereocilia to each other and the tectorial membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25948-25957. [PMID: 31776257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902781116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of outer hair cells (OHCs), the mechanical actuators of the cochlea, involves the anchoring of their tallest stereocilia in the tectorial membrane (TM), an acellular structure overlying the sensory epithelium. Otogelin and otogelin-like are TM proteins related to secreted epithelial mucins. Defects in either cause the DFNB18B and DFNB84B genetic forms of deafness, respectively, both characterized by congenital mild-to-moderate hearing impairment. We show here that mutant mice lacking otogelin or otogelin-like have a marked OHC dysfunction, with almost no acoustic distortion products despite the persistence of some mechanoelectrical transduction. In both mutants, these cells lack the horizontal top connectors, which are fibrous links joining adjacent stereocilia, and the TM-attachment crowns coupling the tallest stereocilia to the TM. These defects are consistent with the previously unrecognized presence of otogelin and otogelin-like in the OHC hair bundle. The defective hair bundle cohesiveness and the absence of stereociliary imprints in the TM observed in these mice have also been observed in mutant mice lacking stereocilin, a model of the DFNB16 genetic form of deafness, also characterized by congenital mild-to-moderate hearing impairment. We show that the localizations of stereocilin, otogelin, and otogelin-like in the hair bundle are interdependent, indicating that these proteins interact to form the horizontal top connectors and the TM-attachment crowns. We therefore suggest that these 2 OHC-specific structures have shared mechanical properties mediating reaction forces to sound-induced shearing motion and contributing to the coordinated displacement of stereocilia.
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39
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Heil P, Peterson AJ. Nelson's notch in the rate-level functions of auditory-nerve fibers might be caused by PIEZO2-mediated reverse-polarity currents in hair cells. Hear Res 2019; 381:107783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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PKHD1L1 is a coat protein of hair-cell stereocilia and is required for normal hearing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3801. [PMID: 31444330 PMCID: PMC6707252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bundle of stereocilia on inner ear hair cells responds to subnanometer deflections produced by sound or head movement. Stereocilia are interconnected by a variety of links and also carry an electron-dense surface coat. The coat may contribute to stereocilia adhesion or protect from stereocilia fusion, but its molecular identity remains unknown. From a database of hair-cell-enriched translated proteins, we identify Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1-Like 1 (PKHD1L1), a large, mostly extracellular protein of 4249 amino acids with a single transmembrane domain. Using serial immunogold scanning electron microscopy, we show that PKHD1L1 is expressed at the tips of stereocilia, especially in the high-frequency regions of the cochlea. PKHD1L1-deficient mice lack the surface coat at the upper but not lower regions of stereocilia, and they develop progressive hearing loss. We conclude that PKHD1L1 is a component of the surface coat and is required for normal hearing in mice. There is little known about the function or molecular identity of the electron-dense stereocilia coat, which is transiently present at the surface of stereocilia. In this study authors screened a database of hair-cell-enriched translated proteins to identify the expression of Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1-Like 1 (PKHD1L1), a large, mostly extracellular protein, and show that it forms the coat at the tips of stereocilia and is required for normal hearing in mice
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41
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Wen Z, Zhu H, Li Z, Zhang S, Zhang A, Zhang T, Fu X, Sun D, Zhang J, Gao J. A knock-in mouse model of Pendred syndrome with Slc26a4 L236P mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:359-365. [PMID: 31155292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SLC26A4 gene mutations lead to Pendred syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNB4). The mouse model is well used to study the pathology of Pendred syndrome, however, mice with different Slc26a4 mutations exhibit different phenotypes, and these mice have severe deafness and inner ear malformations that are not imitated less severely Human phenotype. In this study, we generated a knock-in mouse model of Pendred syndrome with Slc26a4 L236P mutation to mimic the most common mutation found in human. Some L236P mice were observed to have significant vestibular dysfunction including torticollis and circling, the giant otoconia and destruction of the otoconial membrane was observed in L236P mice. Unlike other profoundly deafness in Slc26a4 mouse model, L236P mice present mild to profound hearing loss, consistent with the hearing threshold, inner ear hair cells also lost from slight to significant. Together, these data demonstrate that the L236P mouse phenotype is more similar to the human phenotype and should be used as a tool for further research into the human Pendred syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhuang Wen
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haixia Zhu
- State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhenzu Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shandong Polytechnic, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Daqing Sun
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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42
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Li X, Yu X, Chen X, Liu Z, Wang G, Li C, Wong EYM, Sham MH, Tang J, He J, Xiong W, Liu Z, Huang P. Localization of TMC1 and LHFPL5 in auditory hair cells in neonatal and adult mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:6838-6851. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802155rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Division of Life ScienceHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
| | - Xibing Chen
- Division of Life ScienceHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
| | - Zhengzhao Liu
- Division of Life ScienceHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
| | - Guangqin Wang
- Institute of NeuroscienceChinese Academy of ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of NeuroscienceChinese Academy of ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Elaine Y. M. Wong
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Ear Science Institute AustraliaSubiacoWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mai Har Sham
- Ear Science Institute AustraliaSubiacoWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceChinese Academy of ScienceShanghaiChina
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
- Division of Life ScienceHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
- Shenzhen Research InstituteHong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)Hong KongChina
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43
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Mathur PD, Yang J. Usher syndrome and non-syndromic deafness: Functions of different whirlin isoforms in the cochlea, vestibular organs, and retina. Hear Res 2019; 375:14-24. [PMID: 30831381 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the leading cause of inherited combined vision and hearing loss. However, mutations in most USH causative genes lead to other diseases, such as hearing loss only or vision loss only. The molecular mechanisms underlying the variable disease manifestations associated with USH gene mutations are unclear. This review focuses on an USH type 2 (USH2) gene encoding whirlin (WHRN; previously known as DFNB31), mutations in which have been found to cause either USH2 subtype USH2D or autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness type 31 (DFNB31). This review summarizes the current knowledge about different whirlin isoforms encoded by WHRN orthologs in animal models, the interactions of different whirlin isoforms with their partners, and the function of whirlin isoforms in different cellular and subcellular locations. The recent findings regarding the function of whirlin isoforms suggest that disruption of different isoforms may be one of the mechanisms underlying the variable disease manifestations caused by USH gene mutations. This review also presents recent findings about the vestibular defects in Whrn mutant mouse models, which suggests that previous assumptions about the normal vestibular function of USH2 patients need to be re-evaluated. Finally, this review describes recent progress in developing therapeutics for diseases caused by WHRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Dinesh Mathur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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44
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Cartagena-Rivera AX, Le Gal S, Richards K, Verpy E, Chadwick RS. Cochlear outer hair cell horizontal top connectors mediate mature stereocilia bundle mechanics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat9934. [PMID: 30801007 PMCID: PMC6382404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia bundle deflection opens mechanoelectrical transduction channels at the tips of the stereocilia from the middle and short rows, while bundle cohesion is maintained owing to the presence of horizontal top connectors. Here, we used a quantitative noncontact atomic force microscopy method to investigate stereocilia bundle stiffness and damping, when stimulated at acoustic frequencies and nanometer distances from the bundle. Stereocilia bundle mechanics were determined in stereocilin-deficient mice lacking top connectors and with detached tectorial membrane (Strc -/-/Tecta -/- double knockout) and heterozygous littermate controls (Strc +/-/Tecta -/-). A substantial decrease in bundle stiffness and damping by ~60 and ~74% on postnatal days P13 to P15 was observed when top connectors were absent. Additionally, we followed bundle mechanics during OHC top connectors development between P9 and P15 and quantified the observed increase in OHC bundle stiffness and damping in Strc +/-/Tecta -/- mice while no significant change was detected in Strc -/-/Tecta -/- animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sébastien Le Gal
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l’Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Complexité du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kerianne Richards
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elisabeth Verpy
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l’Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Complexité du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard S. Chadwick
- Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Mechanotransduction is required for establishing and maintaining mature inner hair cells and regulating efferent innervation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4015. [PMID: 30275467 PMCID: PMC6167318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult auditory organ, mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels are essential for transducing acoustic stimuli into electrical signals. In the absence of incoming sound, a fraction of the MET channels on top of the sensory hair cells are open, resulting in a sustained depolarizing current. By genetically manipulating the in vivo expression of molecular components of the MET apparatus, we show that during pre-hearing stages the MET current is essential for establishing the electrophysiological properties of mature inner hair cells (IHCs). If the MET current is abolished in adult IHCs, they revert into cells showing electrical and morphological features characteristic of pre-hearing IHCs, including the re-establishment of cholinergic efferent innervation. The MET current is thus critical for the maintenance of the functional properties of adult IHCs, implying a degree of plasticity in the mature auditory system in response to the absence of normal transduction of acoustic signals. Mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels on the tips of inner hair cells are essential for transducing auditory sensory information. Here, the authors show that disrupting MET channel function also prevents the preservation of normal inner hair cell identity in adult mice.
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46
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Hu Q, Guo L, Li J, Song C, Yu L, He DZZ, Xiong W. Deletion of Kncn Does Not Affect Kinocilium and Stereocilia Bundle Morphogenesis and Mechanotransduction in Cochlear Hair Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:326. [PMID: 30254566 PMCID: PMC6141681 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory hair cells possess stunning cilia structure that composes of a bundle of stereocilia for mechano-electrical transduction and a single kinocilium for guiding the polarity of hair bundle towards maturation. However, the molecules underlying kinocilium function have not yet been fully understood. Hence, the proteins involved in hair bundle development and function are of a large interest. From a fine microarray analysis, we found that kinocilin (Kncn) was enriched in hair cell specific expression profile. Consistently, it has been reported that KNCN was a protein mainly located in the kinocilium of hair cells in the inner ear. However, the hypothesis that KNCN is a kinocilium protein has not been validated in mice with Kncn gene perturbed. In this study, we generated Kncn knockout mouse lines by CRISPR/Cas9 technique and further examined the morphology and function of cochlear hair cells. Our results showed that there was no obvious hearing loss in the knockout mice, determined by audiometry. Histological study demonstrated that the inner ear and hair cell structure were intact. Especially, there was no deficit of mechanotransduction (MET) in cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). In summary, our work suggests that KNCN is not essential for kinocilium-oriented hair bundle function in cochlear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Hu
- Tsinghua-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Tsinghua-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenmeng Song
- Tsinghua-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - David Z Z He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- Tsinghua-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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47
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Men Y, Li X, Tu H, Zhang A, Fu X, Wang Z, Jin Y, Hou C, Zhang T, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Li B, Li J, Sun X, Wang H, Gao J. Tprn is essential for the integrity of stereociliary rootlet in cochlear hair cells in mice. Front Med 2018; 13:690-704. [PMID: 30159668 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tprn encodes the taperin protein, which is concentrated in the tapered region of hair cell stereocilia in the inner ear. In humans, TPRN mutations cause autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness (DFNB79) by an unknown mechanism. To determine the role of Tprn in hearing, we generated Tprn-null mice by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 genome-editing technology from a CBA/CaJ background. We observed significant hearing loss and progressive degeneration of stereocilia in the outer hair cells of Tprn-null mice starting from postnatal day 30. Transmission electron microscopy images of stereociliary bundles in the mutant mice showed some stereociliary rootlets with curved shafts. The central cores of the stereociliary rootlets possessed hollow structures with surrounding loose peripheral dense rings. Radixin, a protein expressed at stereocilia tapering, was abnormally dispersed along the stereocilia shafts in Tprn-null mice. The expression levels of radixin and β-actin significantly decreased.We propose that Tprn is critical to the retention of the integrity of the stereociliary rootlet. Loss of Tprn in Tprn-null mice caused the disruption of the stereociliary rootlet, which resulted in damage to stereociliary bundles and hearing impairments. The generated Tprn-null mice are ideal models of human hereditary deafness DFNB79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Men
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Rizhao Polytechnic, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Hailong Tu
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhishuo Wang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yecheng Jin
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Congzhe Hou
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yichen Zhou
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Boqin Li
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China.,Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Jinan WEI-YA Biotech Company, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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48
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Avenarius MR, Jung JY, Askew C, Jones SM, Hunker KL, Azaiez H, Rehman AU, Schraders M, Najmabadi H, Kremer H, Smith RJH, Géléoc GSG, Dolan DF, Raphael Y, Kohrman DC. Grxcr2 is required for stereocilia morphogenesis in the cochlea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201713. [PMID: 30157177 PMCID: PMC6114524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing and balance depend upon the precise morphogenesis and mechanosensory function of stereocilia, the specialized structures on the apical surface of sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Previous studies of Grxcr1 mutant mice indicated a critical role for this gene in control of stereocilia dimensions during development. In this study, we analyzed expression of the paralog Grxcr2 in the mouse and evaluated auditory and vestibular function of strains carrying targeted mutations of the gene. Peak expression of Grxcr2 occurs during early postnatal development of the inner ear and GRXCR2 is localized to stereocilia in both the cochlea and in vestibular organs. Homozygous Grxcr2 deletion mutants exhibit significant hearing loss by 3 weeks of age that is associated with developmental defects in stereocilia bundle orientation and organization. Despite these bundle defects, the mechanotransduction apparatus assembles in relatively normal fashion as determined by whole cell electrophysiological evaluation and FM1-43 uptake. Although Grxcr2 mutants do not exhibit overt vestibular dysfunction, evaluation of vestibular evoked potentials revealed subtle defects of the mutants in response to linear accelerations. In addition, reduced Grxcr2 expression in a hypomorphic mutant strain is associated with progressive hearing loss and bundle defects. The stereocilia localization of GRXCR2, together with the bundle pathologies observed in the mutants, indicate that GRXCR2 plays an intrinsic role in bundle orientation, organization, and sensory function in the inner ear during development and at maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Avenarius
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jae-Yun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Charles Askew
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sherri M. Jones
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristina L. Hunker
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hela Azaiez
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Atteeq U. Rehman
- Section on Human Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margit Schraders
- Hearing & Genes Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Hearing & Genes Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. H. Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gwenaëlle S. G. Géléoc
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David F. Dolan
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David C. Kohrman
- Department of Otolaryngology/Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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49
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Abstract
Sensory hair cells are specialized secondary sensory cells that mediate our senses of hearing, balance, linear acceleration, and angular acceleration (head rotation). In addition, hair cells in fish and amphibians mediate sensitivity to water movement through the lateral line system, and closely related electroreceptive cells mediate sensitivity to low-voltage electric fields in the aquatic environment of many fish species and several species of amphibian. Sensory hair cells share many structural and functional features across all vertebrate groups, while at the same time they are specialized for employment in a wide variety of sensory tasks. The complexity of hair cell structure is large, and the diversity of hair cell applications in sensory systems exceeds that seen for most, if not all, sensory cell types. The intent of this review is to summarize the more significant structural features and some of the more interesting and important physiological mechanisms that have been elucidated thus far. Outside vertebrates, hair cells are only known to exist in the coronal organ of tunicates. Electrical resonance, electromotility, and their exquisite mechanical sensitivity all contribute to the attractiveness of hair cells as a research subject.
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50
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Michel V, Booth KT, Patni P, Cortese M, Azaiez H, Bahloul A, Kahrizi K, Labbé M, Emptoz A, Lelli A, Dégardin J, Dupont T, Aghaie A, Oficjalska-Pham D, Picaud S, Najmabadi H, Smith RJ, Bowl MR, Brown SD, Avan P, Petit C, El-Amraoui A. CIB2, defective in isolated deafness, is key for auditory hair cell mechanotransduction and survival. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1711-1731. [PMID: 29084757 PMCID: PMC5709726 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of CIB2, calcium‐ and integrin‐binding protein 2, have been reported to cause isolated deafness, DFNB48 and Usher syndrome type‐IJ, characterized by congenital profound deafness, balance defects and blindness. We report here two new nonsense mutations (pGln12* and pTyr110*) in CIB2 patients displaying nonsyndromic profound hearing loss, with no evidence of vestibular or retinal dysfunction. Also, the generated CIB2−/− mice display an early onset profound deafness and have normal balance and retinal functions. In these mice, the mechanoelectrical transduction currents are totally abolished in the auditory hair cells, whilst they remain unchanged in the vestibular hair cells. The hair bundle morphological abnormalities of CIB2−/− mice, unlike those of mice defective for the other five known USH1 proteins, begin only after birth and lead to regression of the stereocilia and rapid hair‐cell death. This essential role of CIB2 in mechanotransduction and cell survival that, we show, is restricted to the cochlea, probably accounts for the presence in CIB2−/− mice and CIB2 patients, unlike in Usher syndrome, of isolated hearing loss without balance and vision deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Michel
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Pranav Patni
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Cortese
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Hela Azaiez
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amel Bahloul
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ménélik Labbé
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Alice Emptoz
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Lelli
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France.,Retinal information processing - Pharmacology and Pathology, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Typhaine Dupont
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Asadollah Aghaie
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France.,Syndrome de Usher et Autres Atteintes Rétino-Cochléaires, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Danuta Oficjalska-Pham
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France.,Retinal information processing - Pharmacology and Pathology, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Richard J Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael R Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paul Avan
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Sensorielle, Faculté de Médecine, Biophysique Médicale, Centre Jean Perrin, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Aziz El-Amraoui
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,Unité Mixte de Recherche- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, France
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