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Azar NS, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Quiroga-Garza ME, Soifer M, Mousa HM, Komai S, Leverenz DL, Perez VL. Delayed presentation of surgically induced scleral necrosis after I-BRITE procedure treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Digit J Ophthalmol 2023; 29:77-82. [PMID: 37780039 PMCID: PMC10539002 DOI: 10.5693/djo.02.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Surgically induced scleral necrosis (SISN) is an uncommon complication of ocular procedures. Cosmetic eye-whitening surgery involves conjunctival and Tenon's capsule dissection, cautery, and mitomycin C application. We report the case of a 36-year-old white woman referred to our clinic for severe pain, scleral inflammation, and necrosis in both eyes 9 years after I-BRITE, an elective eye-whitening procedure. An extensive workup yielded negative results. The patient improved with aggressive lubrication and topical and high-dose systemic prednisone (60 mg), with recurrence upon steroid tapering. Concomitant weekly methotrexate was added, resulting in inflammatory control and allowing discontinuance of topical and oral steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim S. Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of M and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matias Soifer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hazem M. Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Seitaro Komai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David L. Leverenz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor L. Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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2
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Feinberg K, Tajdaran K, Mirmoeini K, Daeschler SC, Henriquez MA, Stevens KE, Mulenga CM, Hussain A, Hamrah P, Ali A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The Role of Sensory Innervation in Homeostatic and Injury-Induced Corneal Epithelial Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12615. [PMID: 37628793 PMCID: PMC10454376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the window through which we see the world. Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide. In this report, we review the currently available therapeutic solutions for NK and discuss the progress in our understanding of how the sensory nerves induce corneal epithelial renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kiana Tajdaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simeon C. Daeschler
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario A. Henriquez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chilando M. Mulenga
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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3
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Liu G, Li T, Qi B, Gong G, Guo T, Zhou Q, Jhanji V, Zhang BN, Du X. Norepinephrine as an Enhancer Promoting Corneal Penetration of Riboflavin for Transepithelial Corneal Crosslinking. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 36786745 PMCID: PMC9932548 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we found norepinephrine (NE) could affect the corneal epithelial integrity, herein we investigated the feasibility and safety of NE serving as a chemical enhancer to promote corneal penetration of riboflavin during transepithelial corneal crosslinking (CXL). Methods The dosage of NE that could promote riboflavin diffusion through the healthy epithelial barrier without inducing epithelial damage in C57BL/6 mice was determined. The safety of NE treatment was confirmed by morphological and histological examinations of the whole cornea. The efficacy of NE in promoting riboflavin penetration was verified by slit lamp and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and corneal biomechanical measurement after CXL. To better fit the clinical scenario, increased NE dosage and shortened riboflavin infiltration time were further evaluated. Results The lowest dosage of NE (1 mg/mL) that facilitated transepithelial riboflavin permeation was 2 µL. No visible corneal structure alteration was observed after NE treatment. SEM indicated dissociation of intercellular junctions among corneal epithelial cells. Homogenous distribution of riboflavin throughout corneal stroma was observed. NE-treated corneas reached comparable biomechanical properties after CXL, including stress-relaxation curve and elastic modulus, with corneas treated with the commercially available transepithelial drug Peschke TE. To better fit the clinical scenario, increasing NE up to 5.5 µL helped riboflavin infiltrate the corneal stroma within 30 minutes. After CXL with 9 mW/cm2 ultraviolet-A (UVA) for 2.5 minutes, the cornea showed significantly enhanced corneal biomechanical properties with undisturbed corneal endothelium. Conclusions NE serves as an effective enhancer in increasing riboflavin diffusion with limited impairment on corneal epithelium and has great potential for clinical application. Translation Relevance NE serves as an effective enhancer for riboflavin penetration and clinical transepithelial CXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Liu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tan Li
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Benxiang Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ganyu Gong
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengyou Guo
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bi Ning Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianli Du
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China,School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Corneal nerves and their role in dry eye pathophysiology. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109191. [PMID: 35850173 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the cornea is densely innervated, its nerves are integral not only to its structure but also to its pathophysiology. Corneal integrity depends on a protective tear film that is maintained by corneal sensation and the reflex arcs that control tearing and blinking. Furthermore, corneal nerves promote epithelial growth and local immunoregulation. Thus, corneal nerves constitute pillars of ocular surface homeostasis. Conversely, the abnormal tear film in dry eye favors corneal epithelial and nerve damage. The ensuing corneal nerve dysfunction contributes to dry eye progression, ocular pain and discomfort, and other neuropathic symptoms. Recent evidence from clinical studies and animal models highlight the significant but often overlooked neural dimension of dry eye pathophysiology. Herein, we review the anatomy and physiology of corneal nerves before exploring their role in the mechanisms of dry eye disease.
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5
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Sullivan C, Lee J, Bushey W, Demers D, Dinsdale S, Lowe K, Olmeda J, Meng ID. Evidence for a phenotypic switch in corneal afferents after lacrimal gland excision. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109005. [PMID: 35240196 PMCID: PMC9993327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common cause of ocular pain. The aim of this study was to investigate corneal innervation, ongoing pain, and alterations in corneal afferent phenotypes in a mouse model of severe aqueous tear deficiency. Chronic dry eye was produced by ipsilateral excision of the extra- and intraorbital lacrimal glands in male and female mice. Tearing was measured using a phenol thread and corneal epithelial damage assessed using fluorescein. Changes in corneal ongoing ocular pain was evaluated by measuring palpebral opening ratio. Corneal axons were visualized using Nav1.8-Cre;tdTomato reporter mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize somal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the capsaicin sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) in tracer labeled corneal neurons following lacrimal gland excision (LGE). LGE decreased tearing, created severe epithelial damage, and decreased palpebral opening, indicative of chronic ocular irritation, over the 28-day observation period. Corneal axon terminals exhibited an acute decrease in density after LGE, followed by a regenerative process over the course of 28 days that was greater in male animals. Corneal neurons expressing CGRP, TRPV1, and ATF3 increased following injury, corresponding to axonal injury and regeneration processes observed during the same period. CGRP and TRPV1 expression was notably increased in IB4-positive cells following LGE. These results indicate that dry eye-induced damage to corneal afferents can result in alterations in IB4-positive neurons that may enhance neuroprotective mechanisms to create resiliency after chronic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Sullivan
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Jun Lee
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - William Bushey
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Danielle Demers
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Samantha Dinsdale
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Katy Lowe
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jessica Olmeda
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Ian D Meng
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
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6
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Frutos-Rincón L, Gómez-Sánchez JA, Íñigo-Portugués A, Acosta MC, Gallar J. An Experimental Model of Neuro-Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062997. [PMID: 35328417 PMCID: PMC8951464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is an avascular connective tissue that is crucial, not only as the primary barrier of the eye but also as a proper transparent refractive structure. Corneal transparency is necessary for vision and is the result of several factors, including its highly organized structure, the physiology of its few cellular components, the lack of myelinated nerves (although it is extremely innervated), the tightly controlled hydration state, and the absence of blood and lymphatic vessels in healthy conditions, among others. The avascular, immune-privileged tissue of the cornea is an ideal model to study the interactions between its well-characterized and dense sensory nerves (easily accessible for both focal electrophysiological recording and morphological studies) and the low number of resident immune cell types, distinguished from those cells migrating from blood vessels. This paper presents an overview of the corneal structure and innervation, the resident dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations present in the cornea, their distribution in relation to corneal nerves, and their role in ocular inflammatory diseases. A mouse model in which sensory axons are constitutively labeled with tdTomato and DCs with green fluorescent protein (GFP) allows further analysis of the neuro-immune crosstalk under inflammatory and steady-state conditions of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frutos-Rincón
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (A.Í.-P.); (M.C.A.); (J.G.)
- The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - José Antonio Gómez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (A.Í.-P.); (M.C.A.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-91-9594
| | - Almudena Íñigo-Portugués
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (A.Í.-P.); (M.C.A.); (J.G.)
| | - M. Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (A.Í.-P.); (M.C.A.); (J.G.)
- The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (A.Í.-P.); (M.C.A.); (J.G.)
- The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica y Sanitaria de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
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7
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Bonelli F, Rama P, Ferrari G. Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:149-163. [PMID: 35020868 PMCID: PMC8982975 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most ocular diseases are associated with pain. While pain has been generally considered a mere (deleterious) additional symptom, it is now emerging that it is a key modulator of innate/adaptive immunity. Because the cornea receives the highest nerve density of the entire body, it is an ideal site to demonstrate interactions between pain and the immune response. Indeed, most neuropeptides involved in pain generation are also potent regulators of innate and adaptive leukocyte physiology. On the other hand, most inflammatory cells can modulate the generation of ocular pain through release of specific mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and lipid mediators). This review will discuss the reciprocal role(s) of ocular surface (and specifically: corneal) pain on the immune response of the eye. Finally, we will discuss the clinical implications of such reciprocal interactions in the context of highly prevalent corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Bonelli
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Correspondence: Giulio Ferrari, Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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8
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Yoneda T, Hiasa M, Okui T, Hata K. Sensory nerves: A driver of the vicious cycle in bone metastasis? J Bone Oncol 2021; 30:100387. [PMID: 34504741 PMCID: PMC8411232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the preferential target organs of cancer metastasis. Bone metastasis is associated with various complications, of which bone pain is most common and debilitating. The cancer-associated bone pain (CABP) is induced as a consequence of increased neurogenesis, reprogramming and axonogenesis of sensory nerves (SNs) in harmony with sensitization and excitation of SNs in response to the tumor microenvironment created in bone. Importantly, CABP is associated with increased mortality, of which precise cellular and molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Bone is densely innervated by autonomic nerves (ANs) (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves) and SNs. Recent studies have shown that the nerves innervating the tumor microenvironment establish intimate communications with tumors, producing various stimuli for tumors to progress and disseminate. In this review, our current understanding of the role of SNs innervating bone in the pathophysiology of CABP will be overviewed. Then the hypothesis that SNs facilitate cancer progression in bone will be discussed in conjunction with our recent findings that SNs play an important role not only in the induction of CABP but also the progression of bone metastasis using a preclinical model of CABP. It is suggested that SNs are a critical component of the bone microenvironment that drives the vicious cycle between bone and cancer to progress bone metastasis. Suppression of the activity of bone-innervating SNs may have potential therapeutic effects on the progression of bone metastasis and induction of CABP.
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Key Words
- AN, autonomic nerve
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells
- Bone microenvironment
- CABP, cancer-associated bone pain
- CALCRL, calcitonin receptor-like receptor
- CAP, cancer-associated pain
- CCL2, C–C motif chemokine 2
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CREB, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein
- CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer
- CXCL1, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1
- CXCL2, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2
- Cancer-associated bone pain
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- ERK1/2, extracellular receptor kinase ½
- G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α
- HMGB-1, high mobility group box-1
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IL-1β, interleukin 1β
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MOR, mu-opioid receptor
- NE, norepinephrine
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NI, nerve invasion
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Nociceptors
- OA, osteoarthritis
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PNI, perineural invasion
- PanIN, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
- Perineural invasion
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products
- RAMP1, receptor activity modifying protein 1
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- RTX, resiniferatoxin
- SN, sensory nerves
- SP, substance P
- SRE, skeletal-related event
- Sensory nerves
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TRPV1
- TrkA, tyrosine kinase receptor type 1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- a3V-H+-ATPase, a3 isoform vacuolar proton pump
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiasa
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineerings, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Rama P, Ferrari G. The two-faced effects of nerves and neuropeptides in corneal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100974. [PMID: 34098111 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal nerves are instrumental to maintain cornea integrity through regulation of key physiological functions such as tear secretion, blink reflex, and neuropeptide turnover. Corneal nerve injury/stimulation can follow many insults including mechanical/chemical trauma, infections and surgeries. Nerve disruption initiates a process named neurogenic inflammation which leads to edema, pain, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Interestingly, leukocyte influx in the cornea can further damage nerves by releasing inflammatory mediators-including neuropeptides. The clinical outcome of neuroinflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to corneal integrity. On one side, it ensures prompt wound healing and prevents infections. On the other, prolonged and/or deranged neuroinflammation can permanently disrupt corneal integrity and impair vision. The cornea is an ideal site to study peripheral neuroinflammation and neurogenic inflammation since it receives the highest density of sensory nerves of the entire body. We will review the corneal nerve anatomy and neurochemistry, discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of neurogenic inflammation in corneal wound healing, inflammatory processes, and pain. We will also examine the emerging remote impact of corneal nerve disruption on the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, highlighting the key role of neuropeptide Substance P. Finally, we will discuss the clinical relevance of such neuroinflammatory network in the context of severe and highly prevalent ocular diseases, including potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Lin T, Quellier D, Lamb J, Voisin T, Baral P, Bock F, Schönberg A, Mirchev R, Pier G, Chiu I, Gadjeva M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced nociceptor activation increases susceptibility to infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009557. [PMID: 33956874 PMCID: PMC8101935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rapid reduction in blink reflexes during in vivo ocular Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, which is commonly attributed and indicative of functional neuronal damage. Sensory neurons derived in vitro from trigeminal ganglia (TG) were able to directly respond to P. aeruginosa but reacted significantly less to strains of P. aeruginosa that lacked virulence factors such as pili, flagella, or a type III secretion system. These observations led us to explore the impact of neurons on the host's susceptibility to P. aeruginosa keratitis. Mice were treated with Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a potent activator of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, which significantly ablated corneal sensory neurons, exhibited delayed disease progression that was exemplified with decreased bacterial corneal burdens and altered neutrophil trafficking. Sensitization to disease was due to the increased frequencies of CGRP-induced ICAM-1+ neutrophils in the infected corneas and reduced neutrophil bactericidal activities. These data showed that sensory neurons regulate corneal neutrophil responses in a tissue-specific matter affecting disease progression during P. aeruginosa keratitis. Hence, therapeutic modalities that control nociception could beneficially impact anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daisy Quellier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Lamb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Baral
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfrun Schönberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rossen Mirchev
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gerald Pier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Hsieh YH, Lewis SJ. Loss of Cervical Sympathetic Chain Input to the Superior Cervical Ganglia Affects the Ventilatory Responses to Hypoxic Challenge in Freely-Moving C57BL6 Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:619688. [PMID: 33967819 PMCID: PMC8100345 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) innervates post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons within the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of all mammalian species studied to date. The post-ganglionic neurons within the SCG project to a wide variety of structures, including the brain (parenchyma and cerebral arteries), upper airway (e.g., nasopharynx and tongue) and submandibular glands. The SCG also sends post-ganglionic fibers to the carotid body (e.g., chemosensitive glomus cells and microcirculation), however, the function of these connections are not established in the mouse. In addition, nothing is known about the functional importance of the CSC-SCG complex (including input to the carotid body) in the mouse. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bilateral transection of the CSC on the ventilatory responses [e.g., increases in frequency of breathing (Freq), tidal volume (TV) and minute ventilation (MV)] that occur during and following exposure to a hypoxic gas challenge (10% O2 and 90% N2) in freely-moving sham-operated (SHAM) adult male C57BL6 mice, and in mice in which both CSC were transected (CSCX). Resting ventilatory parameters (19 directly recorded or calculated parameters) were similar in the SHAM and CSCX mice. There were numerous important differences in the responses of CSCX and SHAM mice to the hypoxic challenge. For example, the increases in Freq (and associated decreases in inspiratory and expiratory times, end expiratory pause, and relaxation time), and the increases in MV, expiratory drive, and expiratory flow at 50% exhaled TV (EF50) occurred more quickly in the CSCX mice than in the SHAM mice, although the overall responses were similar in both groups. Moreover, the initial and total increases in peak inspiratory flow were higher in the CSCX mice. Additionally, the overall increases in TV during the latter half of the hypoxic challenge were greater in the CSCX mice. The ventilatory responses that occurred upon return to room-air were essentially similar in the SHAM and CSCX mice. Overall, this novel data suggest that the CSC may normally provide inhibitory input to peripheral (e.g., carotid bodies) and central (e.g., brainstem) structures that are involved in the ventilatory responses to hypoxic gas challenge in C57BL6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,The Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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12
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Senthil K, Jiao H, Downie LE, Chinnery HR. Altered Corneal Epithelial Dendritic Cell Morphology and Phenotype Following Acute Exposure to Hyperosmolar Saline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 62:38. [PMID: 33625479 PMCID: PMC7910639 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the morphological and phenotypic responses of corneal epithelial dendritic cells (DCs) to acute topical hyperosmolar stress, given a pathogenic role for tear hyperosmolarity in dry eye disease (DED). Methods C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized and received 350 mOsm/L (physiological; n = 5 mice), 450 mOsm/L (n = 6), or 600 mOsm/L (n = 6) saline on a randomly assigned eye. Corneas were harvested 2 hours later. Immunofluorescent staining was performed using CD45, CD86, and CD68 antibodies to investigate DC morphology (density, viability, field area, circularity, and dendritic complexity) and immunological phenotype. Flow cytometry was used to confirm CD86 and CD68 expression in CD11c+ DCs, using C57BL/6J mice that received topical applications of 350 mOsm/L, 450 mOsm/L, or 600 mOsm/L (n = 5 per group) bilaterally for 2 hours. Results Following exposure to 450 mOsm/L topical saline for 2 hours, DCs in the central and peripheral cornea were larger (field area: Pcentral = 0.005, Pperipheral = 0.037; circularity: Pcentral = 0.026, and Pperipheral = 0.013) and had higher expression of CD86 compared with 350 mOsm/L controls (immunofluorescence: P < 0.0001; flow cytometry: P = 0.0058). After application of 600 mOsm/L saline, DC morphology was unchanged, although the percentage of fragmented DCs, and phenotypic expression of CD86 (immunofluorescence: P < 0.0001; and flow cytometry: P = 0.003) and CD68 (immunofluorescence: P = 0.024) were higher compared to 350 mOsm/L controls. Conclusions Short-term exposure to mild hyperosmolar saline (450 mOsm/L) induced morphological and phenotypic maturation in corneal epithelial DCs. More severe hyperosmolar insult (600 mOsm/L) for 2 hours appeared toxic to these cells. These data suggest that hyperosmolar conditions activate corneal DCs, which may have implications for understanding DC activation in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthana Senthil
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E. Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly R. Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Optical Assessment of Nociceptive TRP Channel Function at the Peripheral Nerve Terminal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020481. [PMID: 33418928 PMCID: PMC7825137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free nerve endings are key structures in sensory transduction of noxious stimuli. In spite of this, little is known about their functional organization. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have emerged as key molecular identities in the sensory transduction of pain-producing stimuli, yet the vast majority of our knowledge about sensory TRP channel function is limited to data obtained from in vitro models which do not necessarily reflect physiological conditions. In recent years, the development of novel optical methods such as genetically encoded calcium indicators and photo-modulation of ion channel activity by pharmacological tools has provided an invaluable opportunity to directly assess nociceptive TRP channel function at the nerve terminal.
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14
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Ruiz-Lozano RE, Hernandez-Camarena JC, Loya-Garcia D, Merayo-Lloves J, Rodriguez-Garcia A. The molecular basis of neurotrophic keratopathy: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. A review. Ocul Surf 2021; 19:224-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Guerrero-Moreno A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Morphological and Functional Changes of Corneal Nerves and Their Contribution to Peripheral and Central Sensory Abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:610342. [PMID: 33362474 PMCID: PMC7758484 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.610342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the most densely innervated and sensitive tissue in the body. The cornea is exclusively innervated by C- and A-delta fibers, including mechano-nociceptors that are triggered by noxious mechanical stimulation, polymodal nociceptors that are excited by mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli, and cold thermoreceptors that are activated by cooling. Noxious stimulations activate corneal nociceptors whose cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and project central axons to the trigeminal brainstem sensory complex. Ocular pain, in particular, that driven by corneal nerves, is considered to be a core symptom of inflammatory and traumatic disorders of the ocular surface. Ocular surface injury affecting corneal nerves and leading to inflammatory responses can occur under multiple pathological conditions, such as chemical burn, persistent dry eye, and corneal neuropathic pain as well as after some ophthalmological surgical interventions such as photorefractive surgery. This review depicts the morphological and functional changes of corneal nerve terminals following corneal damage and dry eye disease (DED), both ocular surface conditions leading to sensory abnormalities. In addition, the recent fundamental and clinical findings of the importance of peripheral and central neuroimmune interactions in the development of corneal hypersensitivity are discussed. Next, the cellular and molecular changes of corneal neurons in the TG and central structures that are driven by corneal nerve abnormalities are presented. A better understanding of the corneal nerve abnormalities as well as neuroimmune interactions may contribute to the identification of a novel therapeutic targets for alleviating corneal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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16
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The Input-Output Relation of Primary Nociceptive Neurons is Determined by the Morphology of the Peripheral Nociceptive Terminals. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9346-9363. [PMID: 33115929 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1546-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The output from the peripheral terminals of primary nociceptive neurons, which detect and encode the information regarding noxious stimuli, is crucial in determining pain sensation. The nociceptive terminal endings are morphologically complex structures assembled from multiple branches of different geometry, which converge in a variety of forms to create the terminal tree. The output of a single terminal is defined by the properties of the transducer channels producing the generation potentials and voltage-gated channels, translating the generation potentials into action potential (AP) firing. However, in the majority of cases, noxious stimuli activate multiple terminals; thus, the output of the nociceptive neuron is defined by the integration and computation of the inputs of the individual terminals. Here, we used a computational model of nociceptive terminal tree to study how the architecture of the terminal tree affects the input-output relation of the primary nociceptive neurons. We show that the input-output properties of the nociceptive neurons depend on the length, the axial resistance (Ra), and location of individual terminals. Moreover, we show that activation of multiple terminals by a capsaicin-like current allows summation of the responses from individual terminals, thus leading to increased nociceptive output. Stimulation of the terminals in simulated models of inflammatory or neuropathic hyperexcitability led to a change in the temporal pattern of AP firing, emphasizing the role of temporal code in conveying key information about changes in nociceptive output in pathologic conditions, leading to pain hypersensitivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Noxious stimuli are detected by terminal endings of primary nociceptive neurons, which are organized into morphologically complex terminal trees. The information from multiple terminals is integrated along the terminal tree, computing the neuronal output, which propagates toward the CNS, thus shaping the pain sensation. Here, we revealed that the structure of the nociceptive terminal tree determines the output of nociceptive neurons. We show that the integration of noxious information depends on the morphology of the terminal trees and how this integration and, consequently, the neuronal output change under pathologic conditions. Our findings help to predict how nociceptive neurons encode noxious stimuli and how this encoding changes in pathologic conditions, leading to pain.
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17
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Jiao H, Lim AS, Fazio Coles TE, McQuade RM, Furness JB, Chinnery HR. The effect of high-fat diet-induced metabolic disturbance on corneal neuroimmune features. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108298. [PMID: 33069696 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The highly innervated cornea is susceptible to nerve loss secondary to systemic diseases such as diabetes and metabolic disturbances caused by high-fat diet. In this study, we characterize the effect of high-fat diet on the mouse corneal neuroimmune phenotype, including changes to corneal nerve density and resident immune cells, alongside the clinical assessment of corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. METHODS Male C57Bl6/J mice, aged 10 weeks, were fed a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat, 5.2 kcal/g) or control diet (10 kcal%, 3.8 kcal/g) for 16 weeks. At the study endpoint, metabolic parameters (HbA1c, weight, fasting glucose, body fat) were measured to confirm metabolic disturbance. Clinical imaging of the anterior segment was performed using optical coherence tomography to measure the corneal epithelial and stromal thickness. Corneal sensory nerves were visualized using flatmount immunostaining and confocal microscopy. The topographical distribution and density of sensory nerves (BIII-tubulin+), intraepithelial CD45+ and MHC- II+ cells, stromal macrophages (IBA1+CD206+) and endothelial cells (ZO-1+) were analysed using FIJI. RESULTS High-fat diet mice had significantly higher blood HbA1c, higher body weight, a higher percentage of body fat and elevated fasting glucose compared to the control diet mice. Corneal epithelial and stromal thickness was similar in both groups. The sum length of the basal nerve plexus was lower in the central and peripheral cornea of mice fed a high-fat diet. In contrast, the sum length of superficial nerve terminals was similar between groups. Epithelial immune cell density was two-fold higher in the central corneas of high-fat diet mice compared to control diet mice. IBA1+CD206+ macrophage density was similar in the anterior stroma of both groups but was significantly higher in the posterior stroma of the peripheral cornea in the high-fat diet mice compared to controls. The percentage of nerve-associated MHC-II+ cells in the epithelium and stroma was higher in HFD mice compared to controls. Endothelial cell density was similar in the corneas of high-fat diet mice compared to controls. CONCLUSION Together with corneal neuropathy, corneal immune cells in mice fed a high-fat diet were differentially affected depending on their topographical distribution and location within cornea, and appeared in closer proximity to epithelial and stromal nerves, suggesting a local neuroimmune disruption induced by systemic metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Jiao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicia Sl Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Therese E Fazio Coles
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne University, Sunshine, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Joubert F, Guerrero-Moreno A, Fakih D, Reboussin E, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Acosta MC, Gallar J, Sahel JA, Bodineau L, Baudouin C, Rostène W, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Topical treatment with a mu opioid receptor agonist alleviates corneal allodynia and corneal nerve sensitization in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110794. [PMID: 33035833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal pain is considered to be a core symptom of ocular surface disruption and inflammation. The management of this debilitating condition is still a therapeutic challenge. Recent evidence supports a role of the opioid system in the management of corneal nociception. However, the functional involvement of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) underlying this analgesic effect is not known. We first investigated the expression of the MOR in corneal nerve fibers and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons in control mice and a mouse model of corneal inflammatory pain. We then evaluated the anti-nociceptive and electrophysiological effects of DAMGO ([D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol] enkephalin), a MOR-selective ligand. MOR immunoreactivity was detected in corneal nerve fibers and primary afferent neurons of the ophthalmic branch of the TG of naive mice. MOR expression was significantly higher in both structures under conditions of inflammatory corneal pain. Topical ocular administration of DAMGO strongly reduced both the mechanical (von Frey) and chemical (capsaicin) corneal hypersensitivity associated with inflammatory ocular pain. Repeated instillations of DAMGO also markedly reversed the elevated spontaneous activity of the ciliary nerve and responsiveness of corneal polymodal nociceptors that were observed in mice with corneal pain. Finally, these DAMGO-induced behavioral and electrophysiological responses were totally blunted by the topical application of naloxone methiodide, an opioid receptor antagonist. Overall, these results provide evidence that topical pharmacological MOR activation may constitute a therapeutic target for the treatment of corneal pain and improve corneal nerve function to alleviate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Joubert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Adrian Guerrero-Moreno
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Darine Fakih
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; R&D Department, Laboratoires Théa, 12 Rue Louis Biérot, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaveriaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 29 Rue Manin, F-75019, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Saclay University, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
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19
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Marfurt C, Anokwute MC, Fetcko K, Mahony-Perez E, Farooq H, Ross E, Baumanis MM, Weinberg RL, McCarron ME, Mankowski JL. Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Corneal Subbasal Nerve Plexus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4972-4984. [PMID: 31790560 PMCID: PMC6886725 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-28519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The subbasal nerve plexus (SNP) is the densest and most recognizable component of the mammalian corneal innervation; however, the anatomical configuration of the SNP in most animal models remains incompletely described. The purpose of the current study is to describe in detail the SNP architecture in eight different mammals, including several popular animal models used in cornea research. Methods Corneal nerves in mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, macaque, domestic pig, and cow eyes were stained immunohistochemically with antiserum directed against neurotubulin. SNP architecture was documented by digital photomicrography and large-scale reconstructions, that is, corneal nerve maps, using a drawing tube attached to a light microscope. Results Subbasal nerve fibers (SNFs) in mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and macaques radiated centrally from the corneoscleral limbus toward the corneal apex in a whorl-like or spiraling pattern. SNFs in rabbit and bovine corneas swept horizontally across the ocular surface in a temporal-to-nasal direction and converged on the inferonasal limbus without forming a spiral. SNFs in the pig cornea radiated centrifugally in all directions, like a starburst, from a focal point located equidistant between the corneal apex and the superior pole. Conclusions The results of the present study have demonstrated for the first time substantial interspecies differences in the architectural organization of the mammalian SNP. The physiological significance of these different patterns and the mechanisms that regulate SNP pattern formation in the mammalian cornea remain incompletely understood and warrant additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Marfurt
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Miracle C. Anokwute
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Kaleigh Fetcko
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Erin Mahony-Perez
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Hassan Farooq
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Emily Ross
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Maraya M. Baumanis
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest-Gary, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Rachel L. Weinberg
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Megan E. McCarron
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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20
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Corneal nerves in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Pain, Dryness, and Itch Sensations in Eye Surface Disorders Are Defined By a Balance Between Inflammation and Sensory Nerve Injury. Cornea 2019; 38 Suppl 1:S11-S24. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Alamri AS, Brock JA, Herath CB, Rajapaksha IG, Angus PW, Ivanusic JJ. The Effects of Diabetes and High-Fat Diet on Polymodal Nociceptor and Cold Thermoreceptor Nerve Terminal Endings in the Corneal Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:209-217. [PMID: 30641549 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that corneal sensory innervation is affected by pathology in a range of diseases. However, there are no published studies that have directly assessed whether the nerve fiber density of the different subpopulations of corneal sensory neurons are differentially affected. The present study explored the possibility that the intraepithelial nerve fiber density of corneal polymodal nociceptors and cold thermoreceptors are differentially affected in mice fed with a high-fat high cholesterol (HFHC; 21% fat, 2% cholesterol) diet and in those that also have diabetes. Methods The mice were fed the HFHC diet for the duration of the experiment (up to 40 weeks). Mice in the diabetes group had hyperglycaemia induced with streptozotocin after 15 weeks on the HFHC diet. Age-matched control animals were fed a standard diet. All corneal nerve fibers were labeled with a pan neuronal antibody (antiprotein gene product 9.5), and polymodal nociceptors and cold thermoreceptors were labeled with antibodies directed against transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8, respectively. Results The mice fed a HFHC diet and those that in addition have hyperglycemia have similar reductions in corneal nerve fiber density consistent with small fiber neuropathy. Importantly, both treatments more markedly affected the intraepithelial axons of cold thermoreceptors than those of polymodal nociceptors. Conclusions The results provide evidence that distinct subpopulations of corneal sensory neurons can be differentially affected by pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Brock
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Indu G Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason J Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Catapano J, Antonyshyn K, Zhang JJ, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Corneal Neurotization Improves Ocular Surface Health in a Novel Rat Model of Neurotrophic Keratopathy and Corneal Neurotization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4345-4354. [PMID: 30193306 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal neurotization is a novel surgical procedure to reinnervate the cornea in patients with neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). We developed a rat model of NK and corneal neurotization to further investigate corneal neurotization as a treatment to improve maintenance and healing of the corneal epithelium. Methods Thy1-GFP+ Sprague Dawley rats were used to develop the model. Corneal denervation was performed via stereotactic electrocautery of the ophthalmomaxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. Corneal neurotization was performed by guiding donor sensory axons from the contralateral infraorbital nerve into the cornea via two nerve grafts. Corneal imaging, including nerve density measurements and retrograde labeling were performed to validate the model. In vivo assays of corneal maintenance and repair were used to examine whether treatment with corneal neurotization improved healing in rats with NK. Results Corneal neurotization significantly increased corneal axon density in rats with NK (P < 0.01). Retrograde labeling of the cornea in rats with corneal neurotization labeled 206 ± 82 neurons in the contralateral trigeminal ganglion, confirming axons reinnervating the cornea derived from the contralateral infraorbital nerve. Corneal reinnervation after corneal neurotization improved corneal epithelial maintenance and corneal healing after injury (P < 0.01). Conclusions Donor nerve fibers reinnervate the insensate cornea after corneal neurotization and significantly improve corneal maintenance and repair. This model can be used to further investigate how corneal neurotization influences epithelial maintenance and repair in the context of NK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Catapano
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kira Antonyshyn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids Research Institute Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Liu BX, Qiu M, Zong PY, Chen XG, Zhao K, Li Y, Li P, Sun W, Kong XQ. Distribution, Morphological Characterization, and Resiniferatoxin-Susceptibility of Sensory Neurons That Innervate Rat Perirenal Adipose Tissue. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 30930754 PMCID: PMC6427091 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perirenal adipose tissue (PrAT) is a visceral adipose tissue involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases via neural pathways. However, the origins, morphological characterization, and resiniferatoxin (RTX)-susceptibility of sensory neurons that innervate rat PrAT are yet unclear. Using neural tracing, an injection of DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) into PrAT revealed that sensory neurons that innervate PrAT reside in T9-L3 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Peak labeling occurred in T13 and L1 DRGs. Two distinct peaks were observed in cross-sectional areas of the labeled soma, and the mean cross-sectional area was 717.1 ± 27.7 μm2. Immunofluorescence staining for transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) separated DiI-positive neurons into three subpopulations: small TRPV1-negative, small TRPV1-positive, and large TRPV1-negative. Furthermore, the injection of RTX into PrAT reduced labeled cells by 36.7% where TRPV1-positive cells were the main target of RTX denervation. These novel findings provide a structural basis for future TRPV1-dependent and TRPV1-independent studies on the sensory innervation of PrAT, which may be of interest for future therapeutic obesity treatment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Xun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Yu Zong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Guan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Bech F, González-González O, Artime E, Serrano J, Alcalde I, Gallar J, Merayo-Lloves J, Belmonte C. Functional and Morphologic Alterations in Mechanical, Polymodal, and Cold Sensory Nerve Fibers of the Cornea Following Photorefractive Keratectomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2281-2292. [PMID: 29847633 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define the characteristics and time course of the morphologic and functional changes experienced by corneal sensory nerves after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods Unilateral corneal excimer laser photoablation was performed in 54 anesthetized 3- to 6-month-old mice; 11 naïve animals served as control. Mice were killed 0, 3, 7, 15, and 30 days after PRK. Excised eyes were placed in a recording chamber superfused at 34°C. Electrical nerve impulse activity of single sensory terminals was recorded with a micropipette applied onto the corneal surface. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked (cold, heat, mechanical, and chemical stimuli) nerve terminal impulse (NTI) activity was analyzed. Corneas were fixed and stained with anti-β-Tubulin III antibody to measure nerve density and number of epithelial nerve penetration points of regenerating subbasal leashes. Results Nerve fibers and NTI activity were absent in the injured area between 0 and 7 days after PRK, when sparse regenerating nerve sprouts appear. On day 15, subbasal nerve density reached half the control value and abnormally responding cold-sensitive terminals were recorded inside the lesion. Thirty days after PRK, nerve density was almost restored, active cold thermoreceptors were abundant, and polymodal nociceptor activity first reappeared. Conclusions Morphologic regeneration of subbasal corneal nerves started shortly after PRK ablation and was substantially completed 30 days later. Functional recovery appears faster in cold terminals than polymodal terminals, possibly reflecting an incomplete damage of the more extensively branched cold-sensitive axon terminals. Evolution of postsurgical discomfort sensations quality may be associated with the variable regeneration pattern of each fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bech
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Omar González-González
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joana Serrano
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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26
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Xiao C, Wu M, Liu J, Gu J, Jiao X, Lu D, He J, Lin C, Xue Y, Fu T, Wang H, Wang G, Yang X, Li Z. Acute tobacco smoke exposure exacerbates the inflammatory response to corneal wounds in mice via the sympathetic nervous system. Commun Biol 2019; 2:33. [PMID: 30701198 PMCID: PMC6345828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke is a major public health concern that can also affect ophthalmic health. Based on previous work demonstrating the important role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in corneal wound repair, we postulated that acute tobacco smoke exposure (ATSE) may act through the SNS in the impairment of corneal wound repair. Here we find that ATSE rapidly increases the markers of inflammatory response in normal corneal limbi. After an abrasion injury, ATSE exaggerates inflammation, impairs wound repair, and enhances the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17. We find that chemical SNS sympathectomy, local adrenergic receptor antagonism, NF-κB1 inactivation, and IL-6/IL-17A neutralization can all independently attenuate ATSE-induced excessive inflammatory responses and alleviate their impairment of the healing process. These findings highlight that the SNS may represent a major molecular sensor and mediator of ATSE-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengju Xiao
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Wu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Gu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingxin He
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuipei Lin
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Fu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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27
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Genetic Analysis of the Organization, Development, and Plasticity of Corneal Innervation in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1150-1168. [PMID: 30587537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1401-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has the densest sensory innervation of the body, originating primarily from neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The basic principles of cornea nerve patterning have been established many years ago using classic neuroanatomical methods, such as immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Our understanding of the morphology and distribution of the sensory nerves in the skin has considerably progressed over the past few years through the generation and analysis of a variety of genetically modified mouse lines. Surprisingly, these lines were not used to study corneal axons. Here, we have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice (of both sexes) to select lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We identified multiple lines, including some in which different types of corneal axons can be simultaneously observed with fluorescent proteins expressed in a combinatorial manner. We also provide the first description of the morphology and arborization of single corneal axons and identify three main types of branching pattern. We applied this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and plasticity. We provide direct evidence for a progressive reduction of the density of corneal innervation during aging. We also show that the semaphorin receptor neuropilin-1 acts cell-autonomously to control the development of corneal axons and that early axon guidance defects have long-term consequences on corneal innervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice and identify lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We provide the first description of the arborization pattern of single corneal axons. We also present applications of this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and remodeling during aging.
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28
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Melik Parsadaniantz S, Rostène W, Baudouin C, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. [Understanding chronic ocular pain]. Biol Aujourdhui 2018; 212:1-11. [PMID: 30362450 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common chronic condition with multifactorial etiologies that is increasing in prevalence worldwide, up to 20% in the elderly. The economic burden and impact of DED on vision, quality of life, work productivity, psychological and physical impact of pain, are considerable. Chronic ocular pain is the most common symptom of DED and there is currently no topical ocular analgesic therapy available to treat this debilitating disease. Eye pain can be perceived as itch, irritation, dryness, grittiness, burning, aching, and light sensitivity. Ocular pain is triggered by corneal nociceptors (cornea being the most sensory innervated tissue of the body). It was clearly established that repeated direct damage to ocular surface and per se corneal nerves can cause peripheral and central sensitization mechanisms explaining the ocular pain in some patients with DED. However, the brain regions and the neuronal pathways associated with ocular pain are still unclear. Thus, a better characterization of chronic ocular pain and an understanding of the peripheral and central molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are crucial issues for developing effective management and therapeutic strategy to alleviate ocular pain. In this review, we first describe the nociceptive corneal nerve pathways and the classification and the neurochemistry of primary afferents innervating the cornea. Then, an update of the fundamental and clinical studies related to the inflammatory processes linked to ocular pain is detailed. The last part of the review presents the diagnostic tools used in clinic for evaluating corneal sensitivity and corneal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France - Département d'Ophtalmologie III, Hôpital National des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France - Département d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
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29
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Musayeva A, Manicam C, Steege A, Brochhausen C, Straub BK, Bell K, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Role of α 1-adrenoceptor subtypes on corneal epithelial thickness and cell proliferation in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C757-C765. [PMID: 30257104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00314.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic stimuli are important for corneal epithelial structure and healing. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that the lack of a single α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) subtype affects corneal epithelial thickness and cell proliferation. Expression levels of α1-AR mRNA were determined in mouse cornea using real-time PCR. In mice devoid of one of the three α1-AR subtypes (α1A-AR-/-, α1B-AR-/-, α1D-AR-/-) and in wild-type controls, thickness of individual corneal layers, the number of epithelial cell layers, and average epithelial cell size were determined in cryosections. Endothelial cell density and morphology were calculated in corneal explants, and epithelial cell proliferation rate was determined with immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the ultrastructure of the corneal epithelium was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Messenger RNA for all three α1-AR subtypes was expressed in whole cornea and in corneal epithelium from wild-type mice with a rank order of abundance of α1A ≥ α1B > α1D. In contrast, no α1-AR mRNA was detected in the stroma, and only α1B-AR mRNA was found in the Descemet endothelial complex. Remarkably, corneal epithelial thickness and mean epithelial cell size were reduced in α1A-AR-/- mice. Our findings suggest that the α1A-AR exerts growth effects in mouse corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytan Musayeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Andreas Steege
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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30
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The mouse autonomic nervous system modulates inflammation and epithelial renewal after corneal abrasion through the activation of distinct local macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1496-1511. [PMID: 29988115 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and reepithelialization after corneal abrasion are critical for the rapid restoration of vision and the prevention of microbial infections. However, the endogenous regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. Here we report that the manipulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the inflammation and healing processes. The activation of sympathetic nerves inhibited reepithelialization after corneal abrasion but increased the influx of neutrophils and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, the activation of parasympathetic nerves promoted reepithelialization and inhibited the influx of neutrophils and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we observed that CD64+CCR2+ macrophages in the cornea preferentially expressed the β-2 adrenergic receptor (AR), whereas CD64+CCR2- macrophages preferentially expressed the α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). After abrasion, the topical administration of a β2AR agonist further enhanced the expression of the proinflammatory genes in the CD64+CCR2+ cell subset sorted from injured corneas. In contrast, the topical administration of an α7nAChR agonist further enhanced the expression of the anti-inflammatory genes in the CD64+CCR2- subset. Thus crosstalk between the ANS and local macrophage populations is necessary for the progress of corneal wound repair. Manipulation of ANS inputs to the wounded cornea may represent an alternative approach to the treatment of impaired wound healing.
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31
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Kneer K, Green MB, Meyer J, Rich CB, Minns MS, Trinkaus-Randall V. High fat diet induces pre-type 2 diabetes with regional changes in corneal sensory nerves and altered P2X7 expression and localization. Exp Eye Res 2018; 175:44-55. [PMID: 29883639 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading pathologies that increases the risk of improper wound healing. Obesity has become a major risk factor for this disease that is now considered to be the 4th highest cause of preventable blindness according to the World Health Organization. The cornea is the most densely innervated structure in the human body and senses even the slightest injury. In diabetes, decreased corneal sensitivity secondary to diabetic peripheral neuropathy can lead to increased corneal abrasion, ulceration, and even blindness. In this study, a diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse model of pre-Type 2 diabetes was used to characterize changes in sensory nerves and P2X7, a purinoreceptor, a pain receptor, and an ion channel that is expressed in a number of tissues. Since our previous studies demonstrated that P2X7 mRNA was significantly elevated in diabetic human corneas, we examined P2X7 expression and localization in the DIO murine model at various times after being fed a high fat diet. Fifteen weeks after onset of diet, we found that there was a significant decrease in the density of sub-basal nerves in the DIO mice that was associated with an increase in tortuosity and a decrease in diameter. In addition, P2X7 mRNA expression was significantly greater in the corneal epithelium of DIO mice, and the increase in transcript was enhanced in the central migrating and peripheral regions after injury. Interestingly, confocal microscopy and thresholding analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in P2X7 distal to the injury, which contrasted with a decrease in P2X7-expressing stromal sensory nerves. Therefore, we hypothesize that the P2X7 receptor acts to sense changes at the leading edge following an epithelial abrasion, and this fine-tuned regulation is lost during the onset of diabetes. Further understanding of the corneal changes that occur in diabetes can help us better monitor progression of diabetic complications, as well as develop new therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic corneal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisandra Kneer
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Michael B Green
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jenna Meyer
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Celeste B Rich
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Martin S Minns
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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32
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Alcalde I, Íñigo-Portugués A, González-González O, Almaraz L, Artime E, Morenilla-Palao C, Gallar J, Viana F, Merayo-Lloves J, Belmonte C. Morphological and functional changes in TRPM8-expressing corneal cold thermoreceptor neurons during aging and their impact on tearing in mice. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1859-1874. [PMID: 29664111 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and functional alterations of peripheral somatosensory neurons during the aging process lead to a decline of somatosensory perception. Here, we analyze the changes occurring with aging in trigeminal ganglion (TG), TRPM8-expressing cold thermoreceptor neurons innervating the mouse cornea, which participate in the regulation of basal tearing and blinking and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED). TG cell bodies and axonal branches were examined in a mouse line (TRPM8BAC -EYFP) expressing a fluorescent reporter. In 3 months old animals, about 50% of TG cold thermoreceptor neurons were intensely fluorescent, likely providing strongly fluorescent axons and complex corneal nerve terminals with ongoing activity at 34°C and low-threshold, robust responses to cooling. The remaining TRPM8+ corneal axons were weakly fluorescent with nonbeaded axons, sparsely ramified nerve terminals, and exhibited a low-firing rate at 34°C, responding moderately to cooling pulses as do weakly fluorescent TG neurons. In aged (24 months) mice, the number of weakly fluorescent TG neurons was strikingly high while the morphology of TRPM8+ corneal axons changed drastically; 89% were weakly fluorescent, unbranched, and often ending in the basal epithelium. Functionally, 72.5% of aged cold terminals responded as those of young animals, but 27.5% exhibited very low-background activity and abnormal responsiveness to cooling pulses. These morpho-functional changes develop in parallel with an enhancement of tear's basal flow and osmolarity, suggesting that the aberrant sensory inflow to the brain from impaired peripheral cold thermoreceptors contributes to age-induced abnormal tearing and to the high incidence of DED in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Almudena Íñigo-Portugués
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Omar González-González
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Almaraz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Félix Viana
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Alamri AS, Wood RJ, Ivanusic JJ, Brock JA. The neurochemistry and morphology of functionally identified corneal polymodal nociceptors and cold thermoreceptors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195108. [PMID: 29590195 PMCID: PMC5874071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the unencapsulated sensory nerve terminals of modality specific C- and Aδ-neurons lack structural specialization. Here we determined the morphology of functionally defined polymodal receptors and cold thermoreceptors in the guinea pig corneal epithelium. Polymodal receptors and cold thermoreceptors were identified by extracellular recording at the surface of the corneal epithelium. After marking the recording sites, corneas were processed to reveal immunoreactivity for the transient receptor potential channels TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1) or TPRM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8). Polymodal receptor nerve terminals (n = 6) were TRPV1-immunoreactive and derived from an axon that ascended from the sub-basal plexus to the squamous cell layer where it branched into fibers that ran parallel to the corneal surface and terminated with small bulbar endings (ramifying endings). Cold thermoreceptor nerve terminals were TRPM8-immunoreactive (n = 6) and originated from an axon that branched as it ascended through the wing cell and squamous cell layers and terminated with large bulbar endings (complex endings). These findings indicate that modality specific corneal sensory neurons with unencapsulated nerve endings have distinct nerve terminal morphologies that are likely to relate to their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J. Wood
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason J. Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A. Brock
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Williams A, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Reduced intraepithelial corneal nerve density and sensitivity accompany desiccating stress and aging in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Eye Res 2018; 169:91-98. [PMID: 29407221 PMCID: PMC5949876 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dry Eye disease causes discomfort and pain in millions of patients. Using a mouse acute desiccating stress (DS) model we show that DS induces a reduction in intraepithelial corneal nerve (ICN) density, corneal sensitivity, and apical extension of the intraepithelial nerve terminals (INTs) that branch from the subbasal nerves (SBNs). Topical application of 0.02% Mitomycin C (MMC) or vehicle alone has no impact on the overall loss of axon density due to acute DS. Chronic dry eye, which develops progressively as C57BL/6 mice age, is accompanied by significant loss of the ICNs and corneal sensitivity between 2 and 24 months of age. QPCR studies show that mRNAs for several proteins that regulate axon growth and extension are reduced in corneal epithelial cells by 24 months of age but those that regulate phagocytosis and autophagy are not altered. Taken together, these data demonstrate that dry eye disease is accompanied by alterations in intraepithelial sensory nerve morphology and function and by reduced expression in corneal epithelial cells of mRNAs encoding genes mediating axon extension. Précis: Acute and chronic mouse models of dry eye disease are used to evaluate the pathologic effects of dry eye on the intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs) and corneal epithelial cells. Data show reduced numbers of sensory nerves and alterations in nerve morphology, sensitivity, corneal epithelial cell proliferation, and expression of mRNAs for proteins mediating axon extension accompany the pathology induced by dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alexa Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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The Semaphorin 3A inhibitor SM-345431 preserves corneal nerve and epithelial integrity in a murine dry eye model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15584. [PMID: 29138447 PMCID: PMC5686158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common disorder causing discomfort and ocular fatigue. Corneal nerves are compromised in DED, which may further cause loss of corneal sensation and decreased tear secretion. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is expressed by the corneal epithelium under stress, and is known as an inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Using a murine dry eye model, we found that topical SM-345431, a selective Sema3A inhibitor, preserved corneal sensitivity (2.3 ± 0.3 mm versus 1.4 ± 0.1 mm in vehicle control, p = 0.004) and tear volume (1.1 ± 0.1 mm versus 0.3 ± 0.1 mm in vehicle control, p < 0.001). Fluorescein staining area of the cornea due to damage to barrier function was also reduced (4.1 ± 0.9% in SM-345431 group versus 12.9 ± 2.2% in vehicle control, p < 0.001). The incidence of corneal epithelial erosions was significantly suppressed by SM-345431 (none in SM-345431 group versus six (21%) in vehicle control, p = 0.01). Furthermore, sub-epithelial corneal nerve density and intraepithelial expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) were significantly preserved with SM-345431. Our results suggest that inhibition of Sema3A may be an effective therapy for DED.
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Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Labbé A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. La douleur oculaire chronique : mieux la comprendre pour mieux la traiter. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:749-757. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173308020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pain associated with mechanical, chemical, and thermal heat stimulation of the ocular surface is mediated by trigeminal ganglion neurons, while cold thermoreceptors detect wetness and reflexly maintain basal tear production and blinking rate. These neurons project into two regions of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex: ViVc, activated by changes in the moisture of the ocular surface and VcC1, mediating sensory-discriminative aspects of ocular pain and reflex blinking. ViVc ocular neurons project to brain regions that control lacrimation and spontaneous blinking and to the sensory thalamus. Secretion of the main lacrimal gland is regulated dominantly by autonomic parasympathetic nerves, reflexly activated by eye surface sensory nerves. These also evoke goblet cell secretion through unidentified efferent fibers. Neural pathways involved in the regulation of meibomian gland secretion or mucin release have not been identified. In dry eye disease, reduced tear secretion leads to inflammation and peripheral nerve damage. Inflammation causes sensitization of polymodal and mechano-nociceptor nerve endings and an abnormal increase in cold thermoreceptor activity, altogether evoking dryness sensations and pain. Long-term inflammation and nerve injury alter gene expression of ion channels and receptors at terminals and cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion and brainstem neurons, changing their excitability, connectivity and impulse firing. Perpetuation of molecular, structural and functional disturbances in ocular sensory pathways ultimately leads to dysestesias and neuropathic pain referred to the eye surface. Pain can be assessed with a variety of questionaires while the status of corneal nerves is evaluated with esthesiometry and with in vivo confocal microscopy.
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Hegarty DM, Hermes SM, Yang K, Aicher SA. Select noxious stimuli induce changes on corneal nerve morphology. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2019-2031. [PMID: 28213947 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The surface of the cornea contains the highest density of nociceptive nerves of any tissue in the body. These nerves are responsive to a variety of modalities of noxious stimuli and can signal pain even when activated by low threshold stimulation. Injury of corneal nerves can lead to altered nerve morphology, including neuropathic changes which can be associated with chronic pain. Emerging technologies that allow imaging of corneal nerves in vivo are spawning questions regarding the relationship between corneal nerve density, morphology, and function. We tested whether noxious stimulation of the corneal surface can alter nerve morphology and neurochemistry. We used concentrations of menthol, capsaicin, and hypertonic saline that evoked comparable levels of nocifensive eye wipe behaviors when applied to the ocular surface of an awake rat. Animals were sacrificed and corneal nerves were examined using immunocytochemistry and three-dimensional volumetric analyses. We found that menthol and capsaicin both caused a significant reduction in corneal nerve density as detected with β-tubulin immunoreactivity 2 hr after stimulation. Hypertonic saline did not reduce nerve density, but did cause qualitative changes in nerves including enlarged varicosities that were also seen following capsaicin and menthol stimulation. All three types of noxious stimuli caused a depletion of CGRP from corneal nerves, indicating that all modalities of noxious stimuli evoked peptide release. Our findings suggest that studies aimed at understanding the relationship between corneal nerve morphology and chronic disease may also need to consider the effects of acute stimulation on corneal nerve morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Hegarty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sam M Hermes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Katherine Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Hirata H, Mizerska K, Dallacasagrande V, Guaiquil VH, Rosenblatt MI. Acute corneal epithelial debridement unmasks the corneal stromal nerve responses to ocular stimulation in rats: implications for abnormal sensations of the eye. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1935-1947. [PMID: 28250152 PMCID: PMC5411471 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00925.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the mechanisms for transducing sensory information reside in the nerve terminals. Occasionally, however, studies have appeared demonstrating that similar mechanisms may exist in the axon to which these terminals are connected. We examined this issue in the cornea, where nerve terminals in the epithelial cell layers are easily accessible for debridement, leaving the underlying stromal (axonal) nerves undisturbed. In isoflurane-anesthetized rats, we recorded extracellularly from single trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cornea that are excited by ocular dryness and cooling: low-threshold (<2°C cooling) and high-threshold (>2°C) cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons playing possible roles in tearing and ocular pain. We found that the responses in both types of neurons to dryness, wetness, and menthol stimuli were effectively abolished by the debridement, indicating that their transduction mechanisms lie in the nerve terminals. However, some responses to the cold, heat, and hyperosmolar stimuli in low-threshold cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons still remained. Surprisingly, the responses to heat in approximately half of the neurons were augmented after the debridement. We were also able to evoke these residual responses and follow the trajectory of the stromal nerves, which we subsequently confirmed histologically. The residual responses always disappeared when the stromal nerves were cut at the limbus, suggesting that the additional transduction mechanisms for these sensory modalities originated most likely in stromal nerves. The functional significance of these residual and enhanced responses from stromal nerves may be related to the abnormal sensations observed in ocular disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In addition to the traditional view that the sensory transduction mechanisms exist in the nerve terminals, we report here that the proximal axons (stromal nerves in the cornea from which these nerve terminals originate) may also be capable of transducing sensory information. We arrived at this conclusion by removing the epithelial cell layers of the cornea in which the nerve terminals reside but leaving the underlying stromal nerves undisturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumitsu Hirata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Kamila Mizerska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Victor H Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Leckelt J, Guimarães P, Kott A, Ruggeri A, Stachs O, Baltrusch S. Early detection of diabetic neuropathy by investigating CNFL and IENFD in thy1-YFP mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:147-157. [PMID: 27601446 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Small fiber neuropathy is one of the most common and painful long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. Examination of the sub-basal corneal nerve plexus is a promising surrogate marker of diabetic neuropathy. To investigate the efficacy, reliability and reproducibility of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM), we used thy1-YFP mice, which express yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) in nerve fibers. 4 weeks after multiple low-dose injections of streptozotocin, thy1-YFP mice showed manifest diabetes. Subsequent application of insulin-releasing pellets for 8 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of blood glucose concentration and HbA1c, a significant increase in body weight and no further increase in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). IVCCM, carried out regularly over 12 weeks and analyzed both manually and automatically, revealed a significant loss of corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) during diabetes manifestation and significant recovery after insulin therapy. Ex vivo analyses of CNFL by YFP-based microscopy confirmed the IVCCM results (with high sensitivity between manual and automated approaches) but demonstrated that the changes were restricted to the central cornea. Peripheral areas, not accessible by IVCCM in mice, remained virtually unaffected. Because parallel assessment of intraepidermal nerve fiber density revealed no changes, we conclude that IVCCM robustly captures early signs of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Leckelt
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pedro Guimarães
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Annett Kott
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ruggeri
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Simone Baltrusch
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Yun H, Lathrop KL, Hendricks RL. A Central Role for Sympathetic Nerves in Herpes Stromal Keratitis in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1749-56. [PMID: 27070108 PMCID: PMC4849540 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotrophic virus that can cause herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), a severe corneal inflammation that can lead to corneal scarring and blindness. This study identified neurologic changes that occur in HSV-1–infected corneas and related them to HSV-1–induced immunopathology. Methods Corneas of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected with HSV-1 strains that induce HSK. Changes in sensory nerves were identified by immunofluorescence staining of sensory and sympathetic nerves for substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), respectively, and confocal microscopic examination. Some mice received superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) to eliminate sympathetic nerves from the cornea. Results Normal corneas exclusively expressed sensory nerves that entered the stroma as large nerve stalks, branched to form a plexus at the epithelial/stromal interface, and extended termini into the epithelium. These nerves completely retracted from the infected cornea and were replaced by sympathetic nerves that sprouted extensively to hyperinnervate the corneal stroma but failed to form a plexus or extend termini into the epithelium. The hyperinnervating nerves expressed the sympathetic nerve marker TH and their invasion was blocked by performing SCGx. Moreover, the corneal opacity and neovascularization that normally characterizes HSK in this mouse model were largely abrogated by SCGx. Sensory nerves reinnervated infected corneas following SCGx, reformed a nerve plexus, and extended termini into the epithelium resulting in recovery of corneal sensitivity. Conclusions Sympathetic nerves have a central role in HSK in mice, preventing reinnervation by sensory nerves and promoting severe and persistent corneal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert L Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Microbiology and Molecular Geneti
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Abstract
Purpose To investigate the entire nerve architecture and content of the two main sensory neuropeptides in mouse cornea to determine if it is a good model with similarities to human corneal innervation. Methods Mice aged 1 to 24 weeks were used. The corneas were stained with neuronal-class βIII-tubulin, calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) antibodies; whole-mount images were acquired to build an entire view of corneal innervation. To test the origin of CGRP and SP, trigeminal ganglia (TG) were processed for immunofluorescence. Relative corneal nerve fiber densities or neuron numbers were assessed by computer-assisted analysis. Results Between 1 and 3 weeks after birth, mouse cornea was mainly composed of a stromal nerve network. At 4 weeks, a whorl-like structure (or vortex) appeared that gradually became more defined. By 8 weeks, anatomy of corneal nerves had reached maturity. Epithelial bundles converged into the central area to form the vortex. The number and pattern of whorl-like structures were different. Subbasal nerve density and nerve terminals were greater in the center than the periphery. Nerve fibers and terminals that were CGRP-positive were more abundant than SP-positive nerves and terminals. In trigeminal ganglia, the number of CGRP-positive neurons significantly outnumbered those positive for SP. Conclusions This is the first study to show a complete map of the entire corneal nerves and CGRP and SP sensory neuropeptide distribution in the mouse cornea. This finding shows mouse corneal innervation has many similarities to human cornea and makes the mouse an appropriate model to study pathologies involving corneal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiucheng He
- Louisiana State University Health School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States 2Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State Universi
| | - Haydee E P Bazan
- Louisiana State University Health School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States 2Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State Universi
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Hirata H, Mizerska K, Marfurt CF, Rosenblatt MI. Hyperosmolar Tears Induce Functional and Structural Alterations of Corneal Nerves: Electrophysiological and Anatomical Evidence Toward Neurotoxicity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:8125-40. [PMID: 26720465 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to elucidate possible neural mechanisms underlying diminished tearing in dry eye disease, this study sought to determine if hyperosmolar tears, a ubiquitous sign of dry eye disease, produce functional changes in corneal nerve responses to drying of the cornea and if these changes correlate with alterations in corneal nerve morphology. METHODS In vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings were performed in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervated the cornea before, and up to 3 hours after, the ocular application of continuous hyperosmolar tears or artificial tears. In corollary experiments, immunohistochemical staining was performed to compare corneal nerve morphology in control and in eyes treated with hyperosmolar solutions. RESULTS Our previous studies identified a population of corneal afferents, dry-sensitive neurons that are strongly excited by corneal dessication ("dry response"), a response thought to trigger the lacrimation reflex. In the present study, we found that the dry responses of corneal dry-sensitive neurons were depressed or even completely abolished by hyperosmolar tears in a time- (30 minutes to 3 hours) and dose (450- to 1000-mOsm solutions)-dependent manner. Furthermore, eyes treated with hyperosmolar tears for 3 hours contained large numbers of morphologically abnormal (granular, fragmented, or prominently beaded) subbasal nerves that appeared to be undergoing degeneration. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that tear hyperosmolarity, considered to be a "core" mechanism of dry eye disease, significantly decreases physiological sensitivity and morphologic integrity of the corneal nerves important in tear production. These alterations might contribute to the diminished tearing seen clinically in dry eye patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumitsu Hirata
- Department of Ophthalmology Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kamila Mizerska
- Department of Ophthalmology Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States
| | - Carl F Marfurt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, Indiana, United States
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Spencer NJ, Kyloh M, Beckett EA, Brookes S, Hibberd T. Different types of spinal afferent nerve endings in stomach and esophagus identified by anterograde tracing from dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3064-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick J. Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
| | - Melinda Kyloh
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Beckett
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Adelaide 5000 South Australia Australia
| | - Simon Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
| | - Tim Hibberd
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
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45
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Kovács I, Luna C, Quirce S, Mizerska K, Callejo G, Riestra A, Fernández-Sánchez L, Meseguer VM, Cuenca N, Merayo-Lloves J, Acosta MC, Gasull X, Belmonte C, Gallar J. Abnormal activity of corneal cold thermoreceptors underlies the unpleasant sensations in dry eye disease. Pain 2016; 157:399-417. [PMID: 26675826 PMCID: PMC4733818 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) affects >10% of the population worldwide, and it provokes an unpleasant sensation of ocular dryness, whose underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. Removal of the main lachrymal gland in guinea pigs caused long-term reduction of basal tearing accompanied by changes in the architecture and density of subbasal corneal nerves and epithelial terminals. After 4 weeks, ongoing impulse activity and responses to cooling of corneal cold thermoreceptor endings were enhanced. Menthol (200 μM) first excited and then inactivated this augmented spontaneous and cold-evoked activity. Comparatively, corneal polymodal nociceptors of tear-deficient eyes remained silent and exhibited only a mild sensitization to acidic stimulation, whereas mechanonociceptors were not affected. Dryness-induced changes in peripheral cold thermoreceptor responsiveness developed in parallel with a progressive excitability enhancement of corneal cold trigeminal ganglion neurons, primarily due to an increase of sodium currents and a decrease of potassium currents. In corneal polymodal nociceptor neurons, sodium currents were enhanced whereas potassium currents remain unaltered. In healthy humans, exposure of the eye surface to menthol vapors or to cold air currents evoked unpleasant sensations accompanied by increased blinking frequency that we attributed to cold thermoreceptor stimulation. Notably, stimulation with menthol reduced the ongoing background discomfort of patients with DED, conceivably due to use-dependent inactivation of cold thermoreceptors. Together, these data indicate that cold thermoreceptors contribute importantly to the detection and signaling of ocular surface wetness, and develop under chronic eye dryness conditions an injury-evoked neuropathic firing that seems to underlie the unpleasant sensations experienced by patients with DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illés Kovács
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carolina Luna
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana Quirce
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Kamila Mizerska
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Gerard Callejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Riestra
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo and Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Victor M. Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo and Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo and Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Launay PS, Godefroy D, Khabou H, Rostene W, Sahel JA, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S, Reaux-Le Goazigo A. Combined 3DISCO clearing method, retrograde tracer and ultramicroscopy to map corneal neurons in a whole adult mouse trigeminal ganglion. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ren L, Dhaka A, Cao YQ. Function and postnatal changes of dural afferent fibers expressing TRPM8 channels. Mol Pain 2015; 11:37. [PMID: 26111800 PMCID: PMC4480580 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) as one of the susceptibility genes for common migraine. Here, we investigated the postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers as well as the function of dural TRPM8 channels in mice. RESULTS First, we quantified the density and the number of axonal branches of TRPM8-expressing fibers in the dura of mice expressing farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFPf) from one TRPM8 allele between postnatal day 2 (P2) to adulthood. The number of axonal branches on individual dural EGFP-positive fibers was decreased by 30% between P2 and P11. The density of dural EGFP-positive fibers was subsequently reduced by 50% between P16 and P21. Conversely, the density and the number of branches of axons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide remained stable in postnatal mouse dura. The density of TRPM8-expressing fibers innervating the mouse cornea epithelium was significantly increased from P2 to adulthood. Next, we tested the function of dural TRPM8 channels in adult mice and found that TRPM8 agonist menthol effectively inhibited the nocifensive behavior evoked by dural application of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the TRPM8-expressing dural afferent fibers undergo cell- and target tissue-specific axonal pruning during postnatal development. Activation of dural TRPM8 channels decreases meningeal irritation-evoked nocifensive behavior in adult mice. This provides a framework to further explore the role of postnatal changes of TRPM8-expressing dural afferents in the pathophysiology of pediatric and adult migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ren
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Ajay Dhaka
- Department of Biological Structure, Neurobiology and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Alamri A, Bron R, Brock JA, Ivanusic JJ. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 expressing corneal sensory neurons can be subdivided into at least three subpopulations. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:71. [PMID: 26106303 PMCID: PMC4458692 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is innervated by three main functional classes of sensory neurons: polymodal nociceptors, pure mechano-nociceptors and cold-sensing neurons. Here we explored transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) expression in guinea pig corneal sensory neurons, a widely used molecular marker of polymodal nociceptors. We used retrograde tracing to identify corneal afferent neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and double label in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry to determine their molecular profile. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to reveal the neurochemistry and structure of TRPV1 expressing nerve endings in the corneal epithelium. Approximately 45% of corneal afferent neurons expressed TRPV1, 28% expressed Piezo2 (a marker of putative pure mechano-nociceptors) and 8% expressed the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8; a marker of cold-sensing neurons). There was no co-expression of TRPV1 and Piezo2 in corneal afferent neurons, but 6% of TRPV1 neurons co-expressed TRPM8. The TRPV1 expressing corneal afferent neurons could be divided into three subpopulations on the basis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha3 (GFRα3) co-expression. In the corneal epithelium, the TRPV1 axons that co-expressed CGRP and GFRα3 ended as simple unbranched endings in the wing cell layer. In contrast, those that only co-expressed GFRα3 had ramifying endings that branched and terminated in the squamous cell layer, whereas those that only co-expressed CGRP had simple endings in the basal epithelium. This study shows that the majority of TRPV1 expressing corneal afferent neurons (>90%) are likely to be polymodal nociceptors. Furthermore, TRPV1 expressing corneal afferent neurons can be subdivided into specific subpopulations based on their molecular phenotype, nerve terminal morphology and distribution in the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakeem Alamri
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Romke Bron
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Brock
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason J Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Eye pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience including sensory-discriminative, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components and supported by distinct, interconnected peripheral and central nervous system elements. Normal or physiological pain results of the stimulation by noxious stimuli of sensory axons of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons innervating the eye. These are functionally heterogeneous. Mechano-nociceptors are only excited by noxious mechanical forces. Polymodal nociceptors also respond to heat, exogenous irritants, and endogenous inflammatory mediators, whereas cold thermoreceptors detect moderate temperature changes. Their distinct sensitivity to stimulating forces is determined by the expression of specific classes of ion channels: Piezo2 for mechanical forces, TRPV1 and TRPA1 for heat and chemical agents, and TRPM8 for cold. Pricking pain is evoked by mechano-nociceptors, while polymodal nociceptors are responsible of burning and stinging eye pain; sensations of dryness appear to be mainly evoked by cold thermoreceptors. Mediators released by local inflammation, increase the excitability of eye polymodal nociceptors causing their sensitization and the augmented pain sensations. During chronic inflammation, additional, long-lasting changes in the expression and function of stimulus-transducing and voltage-sensitive ion channels develop, thereby altering polymodal terminal's excitability and evoking chronic inflammatory pain. When trauma, infections, or metabolic processes directly damage eye nerve terminals, these display aberrant impulse firing due to an abnormal expression of transducing and excitability-modulating ion channels. This malfunction evokes 'neuropathic pain' which may also result from abnormal function of higher brain structures where ocular TG neurons project. Eye diseases or ocular surface surgery cause different levels of inflammation and/or nerve injury, which in turn activate sensory fibers of the eye in a variable degree. When inflammation dominates (allergic or actinic kerato-conjunctivitis), polymodal nociceptors are primarily stimulated and sensitized, causing pain. In uncomplicated photorefractive surgery and moderate dry eye, cold thermoreceptors appear to be mainly affected, evoking predominant sensations of unpleasant dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Belmonte
- />Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC San Juan de Alicante, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- />Instituto Fernandez Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Av Doctores Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - M. Carmen Acosta
- />Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC San Juan de Alicante, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- />Instituto Fernandez Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Av Doctores Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- />Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC San Juan de Alicante, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Alicante, Spain
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Yajima T, Sato T, Hosokawa H, Kondo T, Saito M, Shimauchi H, Ichikawa H. Distribution of transient receptor potential melastatin-8-containing nerve fibers in rat oral and craniofacial structures. Ann Anat 2015; 201:1-5. [PMID: 25978347 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) is a cold and menthol receptor located in the sensory ganglia. Immunohistochemistry for TRPM8 was performed on oral and craniofacial structures of the rat. TRPM8-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers were detected in the oral mucous membrane. In the gingiva, TRPM8-IR nerve fibers were abundant beneath and within crestal and outer epithelia. Such nerve fibers were also common beneath and within taste buds in the incisive papilla. In addition, TRPM8-immunoreactivity was expressed by some taste bud cells in the papilla. Lips, periodontal ligaments and salivary glands as well as masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints were mostly devoid of TRPM8-IR nerve fibers. A double immunofluorescence study indicated different distribution patterns of nerve fibers containing TRPM8 and calcitonin gene-related peptide in oral and craniofacial tissues. Retrograde tracing method also indicated that TRPM8-IR nerve fibers in the gingiva and incisive papilla originate from small sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. TRPM8 may be associated with cool, cold nociceptive (<around 25°C) and chemoreceptive transmission in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hosokawa
- Division of Biological Information, Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Kondo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare School of Health Science, 1714-1 Yoshino-machi, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimauchi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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