1
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Jain P, Rauer SB, Felder D, Linkhorst J, Möller M, Wessling M, Singh S. Peptide-Functionalized Electrospun Meshes for the Physiological Cultivation of Pulmonary Alveolar Capillary Barrier Models in a 3D-Printed Micro-Bioreactor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4878-4892. [PMID: 37402206 PMCID: PMC10428094 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro environments that realize biomimetic scaffolds, cellular composition, physiological shear, and strain are integral to developing tissue models of organ-specific functions. In this study, an in vitro pulmonary alveolar capillary barrier model is developed that closely mimics physiological functions by combining a synthetic biofunctionalized nanofibrous membrane system with a novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed bioreactor. The fiber meshes are fabricated from a mixture of polycaprolactone (PCL), 6-armed star-shaped isocyanate-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (sPEG-NCO), and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides by a one-step electrospinning process that offers full control over the fiber surface chemistry. The tunable meshes are mounted within the bioreactor where they support the co-cultivation of pulmonary epithelial (NCI-H441) and endothelial (HPMEC) cell monolayers at air-liquid interface under controlled stimulation by fluid shear stress and cyclic distention. This stimulation, which closely mimics blood circulation and breathing motion, is observed to impact alveolar endothelial cytoskeleton arrangement and improve epithelial tight junction formation as well as surfactant protein B production compared to static models. The results highlight the potential of PCL-sPEG-NCO:RGD nanofibrous scaffolds in combination with a 3D-printed bioreactor system as a platform to reconstruct and enhance in vitro models to bear a close resemblance to in vivo tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jain
- DWI—Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH
Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian B. Rauer
- Institute
for Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Felder
- DWI—Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH
Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Institute
for Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI—Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH
Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI—Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH
Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max
Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Kauschke V, Philipp-Gehlhaar M, Schneider J. Expression of microRNAs in leukocytes and serum of asbestosis patients. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:175. [PMID: 37189132 PMCID: PMC10184414 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although asbestos use is banned in many countries, long latency of asbestos-related diseases like pleural plaques or asbestosis mean it is still a public health issue. People suffering from these diseases have a higher risk of developing mesothelioma or lung cancer, which can progress quickly and aggressively. MicroRNAs were suggested as potential biomarkers in several diseases. However, in asbestosis, blood microRNAs are less explored. Since miR-32-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-204-5p and miR-451a are involved in fibrotic processes and in cancer, expression of these microRNAs was analyzed in leukocytes and serum of asbestosis patients. METHODS MicroRNA expression was analyzed in leukocytes and serum of 36 patients (26 affected by pleural plaques and 10 by asbestosis) and 15 healthy controls by real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, data analyses were performed regarding disease severity based on ILO classification. RESULTS MicroRNA miR-146b-5p was significantly down-regulated in leukocytes of patients suffering from pleural plaques with a large effect indicated by η2p = 0.150 and Cohen's f = 0.42, a value of difference of 0.725 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.070-1.381. In patients suffering from asbestosis miR-146b-5p was not significantly regulated. However, data analyses considering disease severity only, revealed that miR-146b-5p was significantly down-regulated in leukocytes of mildly diseased patients compared to controls with a large effect indicated by η2p = 0.178 and Cohen's f = 0.465, a value of difference of 0.848 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.097-1.599. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and an area under the ROC curve value of 0.757 for miR-146b-5p indicated acceptable discrimination ability between patients suffering from pleural plaques and healthy controls. Less microRNAs were detectable in serum than in leukocytes, showing no significant expression differences in all participants of this study. Moreover, miR-145-5p was regulated significantly differently in leukocytes and serum. An R2 value of 0.004 for miR-145-5p indicated no correlation in microRNA expression between leukocytes and serum. CONCLUSION Leukocytes seem more suitable than serum for microRNA analyses regarding disease and potentially cancer risk assessment of patients suffering from asbestos-related pleural plaques or asbestosis. Long-term studies may reveal whether down-regulation of miR-146b-5p in leukocytes might be an early indicator for an increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Kauschke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Monika Philipp-Gehlhaar
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schneider
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Gopallawa I, Dehinwal R, Bhatia V, Gujar V, Chirmule N. A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119564. [PMID: 37063828 PMCID: PMC10102582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lungs are important respiratory organs primarily involved in gas exchange. Lungs interact directly with the environment and their primary function is affected by several inflammatory responses caused by allergens, inflammatory mediators, and pathogens, eventually leading to disease. The immune architecture of the lung consists of an extensive network of innate immune cells, which induce adaptive immune responses based on the nature of the pathogen(s). The balance of immune responses is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung. Infection by pathogens and physical or genetic dysregulation of immune homeostasis result in inflammatory diseases. These responses culminate in the production of a plethora of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Shifting the balance of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 responses have been the targets of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of these diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed the innate and adaptive i3mmune responses in the lung. Genetic and environmental factors, and infection are the major causes of dysregulation of various functions of the lung. We have elaborated on the impact of inflammatory and infectious diseases, advances in therapies, and drug delivery devices on this critical organ. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive compilation of different inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs and commented on the pros and cons of different inhalation devices for the management of lung diseases. The review is intended to provide a summary of the immunology of the lung, with an emphasis on drug and device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiwari Gopallawa
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ruchika Dehinwal
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Vikramsingh Gujar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Narendra Chirmule
- R&D Department, SymphonyTech Biologics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Narendra Chirmule,
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4
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Zamprogno P, Schulte J, Ferrari D, Rechberger K, Sengupta A, van Os L, Weber T, Zeinali S, Geiser T, Guenat OT. Lung-on-a-Chip Models of the Lung Parenchyma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1413:191-211. [PMID: 37195532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26625-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the first lung-on-a-chip in 2010, research has made tremendous progress in mimicking the cellular environment of healthy and diseased alveoli. As the first lung-on-a-chip products have recently reached the market, innovative solutions to even better mimic the alveolar barrier are paving the way for the next generation lung-on-chips. The original polymeric membranes made of PDMS are being replaced by hydrogel membranes made of proteins from the lung extracellular matrix, whose chemical and physical properties exceed those of the original membranes. Other aspects of the alveolar environment are replicated, such as the size of the alveoli, their three-dimensional structure, and their arrangement. By tuning the properties of this environment, the phenotype of alveolar cells can be tuned, and the functions of the air-blood barrier can be reproduced, allowing complex biological processes to be mimicked. Lung-on-a-chip technologies also provide the possibility of obtaining biological information that was not possible with conventional in vitro systems. Pulmonary edema leaking through a damaged alveolar barrier and barrier stiffening due to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins can now be reproduced. Provided that the challenges of this young technology are overcome, there is no doubt that many application areas will benefit greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zamprogno
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Schulte
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dario Ferrari
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Rechberger
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisette van Os
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weber
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Soheila Zeinali
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Porras-Gómez M, Kim H, Dronadula MT, Kambar N, Metellus CJB, Aluru NR, van der Zande A, Leal C. Multiscale compression-induced restructuring of stacked lipid bilayers: From buckling delamination to molecular packing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275079. [PMID: 36490254 PMCID: PMC9733850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes in nature adapt and reconfigure to changes in composition, temperature, humidity, and mechanics. For instance, the oscillating mechanical forces on lung cells and alveoli influence membrane synthesis and structure during breathing. However, despite advances in the understanding of lipid membrane phase behavior and mechanics of tissue, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the response of lipid membranes to micromechanical forces. Most studies of lipid membrane mechanics use supported lipid bilayer systems missing the structural complexity of pulmonary lipids in alveolar membranes comprising multi-bilayer interconnected stacks. Here, we elucidate the collective response of the major component of pulmonary lipids to strain in the form of multi-bilayer stacks supported on flexible elastomer substrates. We utilize X-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation to show that lipid multilayered films both in gel and fluid states evolve structurally and mechanically in response to compression at multiple length scales. Specifically, compression leads to increased disorder of lipid alkyl chains comparable to the effect of cholesterol on gel phases as a direct result of the formation of nanoscale undulations in the lipid multilayers, also inducing buckling delamination and enhancing multi-bilayer alignment. We propose this cooperative short- and long-range reconfiguration of lipid multilayered films under compression constitutes a mechanism to accommodate stress and substrate topography. Our work raises fundamental insights regarding the adaptability of complex lipid membranes to mechanical stimuli. This is critical to several technologies requiring mechanically reconfigurable surfaces such as the development of electronic devices interfacing biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Porras-Gómez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyunchul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mohan Teja Dronadula
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nurila Kambar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. B. Metellus
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arend van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America,* E-mail: (AZ); (CL)
| | - Cecília Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America,* E-mail: (AZ); (CL)
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6
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Sengupta A, Roldan N, Kiener M, Froment L, Raggi G, Imler T, de Maddalena L, Rapet A, May T, Carius P, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Kruithof-de Julio M, Geiser T, Marti TM, Stucki JD, Hobi N, Guenat OT. A New Immortalized Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Model to Study Lung Injury and Toxicity on a Breathing Lung-On-Chip System. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:840606. [PMID: 35832493 PMCID: PMC9272139 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.840606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of inhalation toxicity, drug safety and efficacy assessment, as well as the investigation of complex disease pathomechanisms, are increasingly relying on in vitro lung models. This is due to the progressive shift towards human-based systems for more predictive and translational research. While several cellular models are currently available for the upper airways, modelling the distal alveolar region poses several constraints that make the standardization of reliable alveolar in vitro models relatively difficult. In this work, we present a new and reproducible alveolar in vitro model, that combines a human derived immortalized alveolar epithelial cell line (AXiAEC) and organ-on-chip technology mimicking the lung alveolar biophysical environment (AXlung-on-chip). The latter mimics key features of the in vivo alveolar milieu: breathing-like 3D cyclic stretch (10% linear strain, 0.2 Hz frequency) and an ultrathin, porous and elastic membrane. AXiAECs cultured on-chip were characterized for their alveolar epithelial cell markers by gene and protein expression. Cell barrier properties were examined by TER (Transbarrier Electrical Resistance) measurement and tight junction formation. To establish a physiological model for the distal lung, AXiAECs were cultured for long-term at air-liquid interface (ALI) on-chip. To this end, different stages of alveolar damage including inflammation (via exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide) and the response to a profibrotic mediator (via exposure to Transforming growth factor β1) were analyzed. In addition, the expression of relevant host cell factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection was investigated to evaluate its potential application for COVID-19 studies. This study shows that AXiAECs cultured on the AXlung-on-chip exhibit an enhanced in vivo-like alveolar character which is reflected into: 1) Alveolar type 1 (AT1) and 2 (AT2) cell specific phenotypes, 2) tight barrier formation (with TER above 1,000 Ω cm2) and 3) reproducible long-term preservation of alveolar characteristics in nearly physiological conditions (co-culture, breathing, ALI). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a primary derived alveolar epithelial cell line on-chip representing both AT1 and AT2 characteristics is reported. This distal lung model thereby represents a valuable in vitro tool to study inhalation toxicity, test safety and efficacy of drug compounds and characterization of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nuria Roldan
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Kiener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Froment
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Raggi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theo Imler
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Aude Rapet
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Carius
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Michael Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janick D Stucki
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Baptista D, Moreira Teixeira L, Barata D, Tahmasebi Birgani Z, King J, van Riet S, Pasman T, Poot AA, Stamatialis D, Rottier RJ, Hiemstra PS, Carlier A, van Blitterswijk C, Habibović P, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R. 3D Lung-on-Chip Model Based on Biomimetically Microcurved Culture Membranes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2684-2699. [PMID: 35502997 PMCID: PMC9198974 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A comparatively straightforward
approach to accomplish more physiological
realism in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) models is through substrate geometry.
There is increasing evidence that the strongly, microscale curved
surfaces that epithelial or endothelial cells experience when lining
small body lumens, such as the alveoli or blood vessels, impact their
behavior. However, the most commonly used cell culture substrates
for modeling of these human tissue barriers in OoCs, ion track-etched
porous membranes, provide only
flat surfaces. Here, we propose a more realistic culture environment
for alveolar cells based on biomimetically microcurved track-etched
membranes. They recreate the mainly spherical geometry of the cells’
native microenvironment. In this feasibility study, the membranes
were given the shape of hexagonally arrayed hemispherical microwells
by an innovative combination of three-dimensional (3D) microfilm (thermo)forming
and ion track technology. Integrated in microfluidic chips, they separated
a top from a bottom cell culture chamber. The microcurved membranes
were seeded by infusion with primary human alveolar epithelial cells.
Despite the pronounced topology, the cells fully lined the alveoli-like
microwell structures on the membranes’ top side. The confluent
curved epithelial cell monolayers could be cultured successfully at
the air−liquid interface for 14 days. Similarly, the top and
bottom sides of the microcurved membranes were seeded with cells from
the Calu-3 lung epithelial cell line and human lung microvascular
endothelial cells, respectively. Thereby, the latter lined the interalveolar
septum-like interspace between the microwells in a network-type fashion,
as in the natural counterpart. The coculture was maintained for 11
days. The presented 3D lung-on-a-chip model might set the stage for
other (micro)anatomically inspired membrane-based OoCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Baptista
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Barata
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasia King
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Pasman
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - André A Poot
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery/Cell Biology, Erasmus (University) Medical Center Rotterdam - Sophia Children's Hospital, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Paul A, Kumar S, Kaoud TS, Pickett MR, Bohanon AL, Zoldan J, Dalby KN, Parekh SH. Biomechanical Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2307-2315. [PMID: 35486915 PMCID: PMC9063985 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Older people have been disproportionately vulnerable to the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with an increased risk of severe complications and death compared to other age groups. A mix of underlying factors has been speculated to give rise to this differential infection outcome including changes in lung physiology, weakened immunity, and severe immune response. Our study focuses on the impact of biomechanical changes in lungs that occur as individuals age, that is, the stiffening of the lung parenchyma and increased matrix fiber density. We used hydrogels with an elastic modulus of 0.2 and 50 kPa and conventional tissue culture surfaces to investigate how infection rate changes with parenchymal tissue stiffness in lung epithelial cells challenged with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein pseudotyped lentiviruses. Further, we employed electrospun fiber matrices to isolate the effect of matrix density. Given the recent data highlighting the importance of alternative virulent strains, we included both the native strain identified in early 2020 and an early S protein variant (D614G) that was shown to increase the viral infectivity markedly. Our results show that cells on softer and sparser scaffolds, closer resembling younger lungs, exhibit higher infection rates by the WT and D614G variant. This suggests that natural changes in lung biomechanics do not increase the propensity for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that other factors, such as a weaker immune system, may contribute to increased disease burden in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering,
Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 98 Gothenburg,
Sweden
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016,
India
- All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Madison R. Pickett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Amanda L. Bohanon
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Janet Zoldan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
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9
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Bai H, Si L, Jiang A, Belgur C, Zhai Y, Plebani R, Oh CY, Rodas M, Patil A, Nurani A, Gilpin SE, Powers RK, Goyal G, Prantil-Baun R, Ingber DE. Mechanical control of innate immune responses against viral infection revealed in a human lung alveolus chip. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1928. [PMID: 35396513 PMCID: PMC8993817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical breathing motions have a fundamental function in lung development and disease, but little is known about how they contribute to host innate immunity. Here we use a human lung alveolus chip that experiences cyclic breathing-like deformations to investigate whether physical forces influence innate immune responses to viral infection. Influenza H3N2 infection of mechanically active chips induces a cascade of host responses including increased lung permeability, apoptosis, cell regeneration, cytokines production, and recruitment of circulating immune cells. Comparison with static chips reveals that breathing motions suppress viral replication by activating protective innate immune responses in epithelial and endothelial cells, which are mediated in part through activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel TRPV4 and signaling via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE inhibitors suppress cytokines induction, while TRPV4 inhibition attenuates both inflammation and viral burden, in infected chips with breathing motions. Therefore, TRPV4 and RAGE may serve as new targets for therapeutic intervention in patients infected with influenza and other potential pandemic viruses that cause life-threatening lung inflammation. Mechanical forces in lungs facilitate breathing motions. Here the authors use a microfluidic human lung alveolus chip to study influenza infection and find that mechanical forces from active chips also induce innate inflammatory responses via, at least partially, signaling from TRPV4 and RAGE, thereby implicating them as potential therapeutic targets for lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Bai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Longlong Si
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chaitra Belgur
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yunhao Zhai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Plebani
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center on Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66023, Italy
| | - Crystal Yuri Oh
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Melissa Rodas
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aditya Patil
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Atiq Nurani
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Gilpin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rani K Powers
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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10
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Hidayati N, Hadi F, Suratmi, Maghfiroh IL, Andarini E, Setiawan H, Sandi YDL. Nursing diagnoses in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia. BELITUNG NURSING JOURNAL 2022; 8:44-52. [PMID: 37521083 PMCID: PMC10386809 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global public health issue, and the roles of nurses are very much needed in providing nursing services in the current situation. The enforcement of appropriate nursing diagnoses for patients with COVID-19 is also fundamental in determining proper nursing care to help the patients achieve maximum health. Objective This study aimed to describe and analyze nursing diagnoses in patients with COVID-19 treated in the isolation rooms and ICUs. Methods This study used a secondary data analysis from hospital medical record data of patients with COVID-19 from early December 2020 to the end of February 2021. Data were selected using a cluster random sampling technique and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results The results showed that the signs and symptoms of the patients with COVID-19 that often appeared were fever, cough, shortness of breath, and decreased consciousness. The common nursing diagnoses in the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were hyperthermia, ineffective airway clearance, gas exchange disorder, self-care deficit, spontaneous ventilation disorder, spontaneous circulation disorder, knowledge deficit, and shock risk. Conclusion This study offers an insight into nursing practices in the hospital setting, which can be used as a basis for nurses to perform complete nursing assessments and nursing diagnoses during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Lamongan, Indonesia
| | - Farhan Hadi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Lamongan, Indonesia
| | - Suratmi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Lamongan, Indonesia
| | | | - Esti Andarini
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Henri Setiawan
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
- Department of Nursing, STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yudisa Diaz Lutfi Sandi
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Akademi Keperawatan Pemerintah Kabupaten Ngawi, East Java, Indonesia
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11
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van Riet S, van Schadewijk A, Khedoe PPSJ, Limpens RWAL, Bárcena M, Stolk J, Hiemstra PS, van der Does AM. Organoid-based Expansion of Patient-Derived Primary Alveolar Type-2 Cells for Establishment of Alveolus Epithelial Lung-Chip Cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L526-L538. [PMID: 35137633 PMCID: PMC8957343 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00153.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of effective treatment strategies for lung tissue destruction as seen in emphysema would greatly benefit from representative human in vitro models of the alveolar compartment. Studying how cellular cross-talk and/or (altered) biomechanical cues affect alveolar epithelial function could provide new insight for tissue repair strategies. Preclinical models of the alveolus ideally combine human primary patient-derived lung cells with advanced cell culture applications such as breathing-related stretch, to reliably represent the alveolar microenvironment. To test the feasibility of such a model, we isolated primary alveolar type-2 cells (AEC2) from patient-derived lung tissues including those from patients with severe emphysema, using magnetic bead-based selection of cells expressing the AEC2 marker HTII-280. We obtained pure alveolar feeder-free organoid cultures using a minimally modified commercial medium. This was confirmed by known AEC2 markers as well as by detection of lamellar bodies using electron microscopy. Following (organoid-based) expansion, cells were seeded on both cell culture inserts and the Chip-S1® Organ-Chip that has a flexible PDMS membrane enabling the application of dynamic stretch. AEC2 cultured for 7 days on inserts or the chip maintained expression of HTII-280, pro-surfactant protein C (SP-C), SP-A and SP-B and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) also in the presence of stretch. AEC2 cultured on the chip showed lower expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related vimentin expression compared to static cultures on inserts. The combination of a straightforward culture method of patient-derived AEC2 and their application in microfluidic chip cultures, supports successful development of more representative human preclinical models of the (diseased) alveolar compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald W A L Limpens
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne M van der Does
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Lagowala DA, Kwon S, Sidhaye VK, Kim DH. Human microphysiological models of airway and alveolar epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1072-L1088. [PMID: 34612064 PMCID: PMC8715018 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00103.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human organ-on-a-chip models are powerful tools for preclinical research that can be used to study the mechanisms of disease and evaluate new targets for therapeutic intervention. Lung-on-a-chip models have been one of the most well-characterized designs in this field and can be altered to evaluate various types of respiratory disease and to assess treatment candidates prior to clinical testing. These systems are capable of overcoming the flaws of conventional two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture and in vivo animal testing due to their ability to accurately recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment of human tissue with tunable material properties, microfluidic integration, delivery of precise mechanical and biochemical cues, and designs with organ-specific architecture. In this review, we first describe an overview of currently available lung-on-a-chip designs. We then present how recent innovations in human stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication can be used to create more predictive human lung-on-a-chip models for studying respiratory disease. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions of lung-on-a-chip designs for in vitro disease modeling with a particular focus on immune and multiorgan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Anuj Lagowala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seoyoung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Novak C, Ballinger MN, Ghadiali S. Mechanobiology of Pulmonary Diseases: A Review of Engineering Tools to Understand Lung Mechanotransduction. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:110801. [PMID: 33973005 PMCID: PMC8299813 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells within the lung micro-environment are continuously subjected to dynamic mechanical stimuli which are converted into biochemical signaling events in a process known as mechanotransduction. In pulmonary diseases, the abrogated mechanical conditions modify the homeostatic signaling which influences cellular phenotype and disease progression. The use of in vitro models has significantly expanded our understanding of lung mechanotransduction mechanisms. However, our ability to match complex facets of the lung including three-dimensionality, multicellular interactions, and multiple simultaneous forces is limited and it has proven difficult to replicate and control these factors in vitro. The goal of this review is to (a) outline the anatomy of the pulmonary system and the mechanical stimuli that reside therein, (b) describe how disease impacts the mechanical micro-environment of the lung, and (c) summarize how existing in vitro models have contributed to our current understanding of pulmonary mechanotransduction. We also highlight critical needs in the pulmonary mechanotransduction field with an emphasis on next-generation devices that can simulate the complex mechanical and cellular environment of the lung. This review provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the current state of knowledge in pulmonary mechanotransduction and identifying the areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caymen Novak
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Megan N. Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samir Ghadiali
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2124N Fontana Labs, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
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14
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Woo J, Williams SM, Markillie LM, Feng S, Tsai CF, Aguilera-Vazquez V, Sontag RL, Moore RJ, Hu D, Mehta HS, Cantlon-Bruce J, Liu T, Adkins JN, Smith RD, Clair GC, Pasa-Tolic L, Zhu Y. High-throughput and high-efficiency sample preparation for single-cell proteomics using a nested nanowell chip. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6246. [PMID: 34716329 PMCID: PMC8556371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global quantification of protein abundances in single cells could provide direct information on cellular phenotypes and complement transcriptomics measurements. However, single-cell proteomics is still immature and confronts many technical challenges. Herein we describe a nested nanoPOTS (N2) chip to improve protein recovery, operation robustness, and processing throughput for isobaric-labeling-based scProteomics workflow. The N2 chip reduces reaction volume to <30 nL and increases capacity to >240 single cells on a single microchip. The tandem mass tag (TMT) pooling step is simplified by adding a microliter droplet on the nested nanowells to combine labeled single-cell samples. In the analysis of ~100 individual cells from three different cell lines, we demonstrate that the N2 chip-based scProteomics platform can robustly quantify ~1500 proteins and reveal membrane protein markers. Our analyses also reveal low protein abundance variations, suggesting the single-cell proteome profiles are highly stable for the cells cultured under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Woo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Sarah M Williams
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Song Feng
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Victor Aguilera-Vazquez
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Hardeep S Mehta
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Joshua Cantlon-Bruce
- Scienion AG, Volmerstraße 7, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Cellenion SASU, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, Bâtiment BioSerra2, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Joshua N Adkins
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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15
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Almuntashiri S, Han Y, Zhu Y, Dutta S, Niazi S, Wang X, Siddiqui B, Zhang D. CC16 Regulates Inflammation, ROS Generation and Apoptosis in Bronchial Epithelial Cells during Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111459. [PMID: 34768890 PMCID: PMC8583934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative (G-) bacteria are the leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States. The devastating damage caused by G- bacteria results from the imbalance of bactericidal effects and overwhelming inflammation. Despite decades of research, the underlying mechanisms by which runaway inflammation is developed remain incompletely understood. Clara Cell Protein 16 (CC16), also known as uteroglobin, is the major protein secreted by Clara cells and the most abundant protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). However, the regulation and functions of CC16 during G- bacterial infection are unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the regulation of CC16 in response to Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneu) and to investigate the role of CC16 in bronchial epithelial cells. After K. pneu infection, we found that CC16 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in bronchial epithelial cells. Our data also showed that K. pneu infection upregulated cytokine and chemokine genes, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in BEAS-2B cells. Endogenously overexpressed CC16 in BEAS-2B cells provided an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing these markers. We also observed that endogenous CC16 can repress NF-κB reporter activity. In contrast, the recombinant CC16 (rCC16) did not show an anti-inflammatory effect in K. pneu-infected cells or suppression of NF-κB promoter activity. Moreover, the overexpression of CC16 reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and protected BEAS-2B cells from K. pneu-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Saugata Dutta
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Sara Niazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Budder Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.A.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-6491; Fax: +1-706-721-3994
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16
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Selo MA, Sake JA, Kim KJ, Ehrhardt C. In vitro and ex vivo models in inhalation biopharmaceutical research - advances, challenges and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113862. [PMID: 34256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral inhalation results in pulmonary drug targeting and thereby reduces systemic side effects, making it the preferred means of drug delivery for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. In addition, the high alveolar surface area, relatively low enzymatic activity and rich blood supply of the distal airspaces offer a promising pathway to the systemic circulation. This is particularly advantageous when a rapid onset of pharmacological action is desired or when the drug is suffering from stability issues or poor biopharmaceutical performance following oral administration. Several cell and tissue-based in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed over the years, with the intention to realistically mimic pulmonary biological barriers. It is the aim of this review to critically discuss the available models regarding their advantages and limitations and to elaborate further which biopharmaceutical questions can and cannot be answered using the existing models.
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17
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Mäntylä E, Ihalainen TO. Brick Strex: a robust device built of LEGO bricks for mechanical manipulation of cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18520. [PMID: 34531455 PMCID: PMC8445989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces, mechanics and other physical factors are important co-regulators of normal cell and tissue physiology. These cues are often misregulated in diseases such as cancer, where altered tissue mechanics contribute to the disease progression. Furthermore, intercellular tensile and compressive force-related signaling is highlighted in collective cell behavior during development. However, the mechanistic understanding on the role of physical forces in regulation of cellular physiology, including gene expression and signaling, is still lacking. This is partly because studies on the molecular mechanisms of force transmission require easily controllable experimental designs. These approaches should enable both easy mechanical manipulation of cells and, importantly, readouts ranging from microscopy imaging to biochemical assays. To achieve a robust solution for mechanical manipulation of cells, we developed devices built of LEGO bricks allowing manual, motorized and/or cyclic cell stretching and compression studies. By using these devices, we show that [Formula: see text]-catenin responds differentially to epithelial monolayer stretching and lateral compression, either localizing more to the cell nuclei or cell-cell junctions, respectively. In addition, we show that epithelial compression drives cytoplasmic retention and phosphorylation of transcription coregulator YAP1. We provide a complete part listing and video assembly instructions, allowing other researchers to build and use the devices in cellular mechanics-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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18
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Soft robotic constrictor for in vitro modeling of dynamic tissue compression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16478. [PMID: 34389738 PMCID: PMC8363742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present a microengineered soft-robotic in vitro platform developed by integrating a pneumatically regulated novel elastomeric actuator with primary culture of human cells. This system is capable of generating dynamic bending motion akin to the constriction of tubular organs that can exert controlled compressive forces on cultured living cells. Using this platform, we demonstrate cyclic compression of primary human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells to show physiological changes in their morphology due to applied forces. Moreover, we present mechanically actuatable organotypic models to examine the effects of compressive forces on three-dimensional multicellular constructs designed to emulate complex tissues such as solid tumors and vascular networks. Our work provides a preliminary demonstration of how soft-robotics technology can be leveraged for in vitro modeling of complex physiological tissue microenvironment, and may enable the development of new research tools for mechanobiology and related areas.
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19
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Characterization of the strain-rate-dependent mechanical response of single cell-cell junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019347118. [PMID: 33531347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019347118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are often subjected to mechanical strains of different rates and magnitudes in normal tissue function. However, the rate-dependent mechanical behavior of individual cell-cell adhesions has not been fully characterized due to the lack of proper experimental techniques and therefore remains elusive. This is particularly true under large strain conditions, which may potentially lead to cell-cell adhesion dissociation and ultimately tissue fracture. In this study, we designed and fabricated a single-cell adhesion micro tensile tester (SCAµTT) using two-photon polymerization and performed displacement-controlled tensile tests of individual pairs of adherent epithelial cells with a mature cell-cell adhesion. Straining the cytoskeleton-cell adhesion complex system reveals a passive shear-thinning viscoelastic behavior and a rate-dependent active stress-relaxation mechanism mediated by cytoskeleton growth. Under low strain rates, stress relaxation mediated by the cytoskeleton can effectively relax junctional stress buildup and prevent adhesion bond rupture. Cadherin bond dissociation also exhibits rate-dependent strengthening, in which increased strain rate results in elevated stress levels at which cadherin bonds fail. This bond dissociation becomes a synchronized catastrophic event that leads to junction fracture at high strain rates. Even at high strain rates, a single cell-cell junction displays a remarkable tensile strength to sustain a strain as much as 200% before complete junction rupture. Collectively, the platform and the biophysical understandings in this study are expected to build a foundation for the mechanistic investigation of the adaptive viscoelasticity of the cell-cell junction.
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20
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Kolb P, Schundner A, Frick M, Gottschalk KE. In Vitro Measurements of Cellular Forces and their Importance in the Lung-From the Sub- to the Multicellular Scale. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:691. [PMID: 34357063 PMCID: PMC8307149 DOI: 10.3390/life11070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the body is subjected to various mechanical forces on the organ, tissue, and cellular level. Mechanical stimuli are essential for organ development and function. One organ whose function depends on the tightly connected interplay between mechanical cell properties, biochemical signaling, and external forces is the lung. However, altered mechanical properties or excessive mechanical forces can also drive the onset and progression of severe pulmonary diseases. Characterizing the mechanical properties and forces that affect cell and tissue function is therefore necessary for understanding physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, multiple methods have been developed for cellular force measurements at multiple length scales, from subcellular forces to measuring the collective behavior of heterogeneous cellular networks. In this short review, we give a brief overview of the mechanical forces at play on the cellular level in the lung. We then focus on the technological aspects of measuring cellular forces at many length scales. We describe tools with a subcellular resolution and elaborate measurement techniques for collective multicellular units. Many of the technologies described are by no means restricted to lung research and have already been applied successfully to cells from various other tissues. However, integrating the knowledge gained from these multi-scale measurements in a unifying framework is still a major future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolb
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Annika Schundner
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Kay-E. Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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21
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Andreu I, Falcones B, Hurst S, Chahare N, Quiroga X, Le Roux AL, Kechagia Z, Beedle AEM, Elosegui-Artola A, Trepat X, Farré R, Betz T, Almendros I, Roca-Cusachs P. The force loading rate drives cell mechanosensing through both reinforcement and cytoskeletal softening. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4229. [PMID: 34244477 PMCID: PMC8270983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell response to force regulates essential processes in health and disease. However, the fundamental mechanical variables that cells sense and respond to remain unclear. Here we show that the rate of force application (loading rate) drives mechanosensing, as predicted by a molecular clutch model. By applying dynamic force regimes to cells through substrate stretching, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy, we find that increasing loading rates trigger talin-dependent mechanosensing, leading to adhesion growth and reinforcement, and YAP nuclear localization. However, above a given threshold the actin cytoskeleton softens, decreasing loading rates and preventing reinforcement. By stretching rat lungs in vivo, we show that a similar phenomenon may occur. Our results show that cell sensing of external forces and of passive mechanical parameters (like tissue stiffness) can be understood through the same mechanisms, driven by the properties under force of the mechanosensing molecules involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sebastian Hurst
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nimesh Chahare
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xarxa Quiroga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zanetta Kechagia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E M Beedle
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, UK
| | - Alberto Elosegui-Artola
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Human-Based Advanced in vitro Approaches to Investigate Lung Fibrosis and Pulmonary Effects of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644678. [PMID: 34026781 PMCID: PMC8139419 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused considerable socio-economic burden, which fueled the development of treatment strategies and vaccines at an unprecedented speed. However, our knowledge on disease recovery is sparse and concerns about long-term pulmonary impairments are increasing. Causing a broad spectrum of symptoms, COVID-19 can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the most severely affected patients. Notably, pulmonary infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causing agent of COVID-19, induces diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) followed by fibrotic remodeling and persistent reduced oxygenation in some patients. It is currently not known whether tissue scaring fully resolves or progresses to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The most aggressive form of pulmonary fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a fatal disease that progressively destroys alveolar architecture by uncontrolled fibroblast proliferation and the deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. It is assumed that micro-injuries to the alveolar epithelium may be induced by inhalation of micro-particles, pathophysiological mechanical stress or viral infections, which can result in abnormal wound healing response. However, the exact underlying causes and molecular mechanisms of lung fibrosis are poorly understood due to the limited availability of clinically relevant models. Recently, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 with the urgent need to investigate its pathogenesis and address drug options, has led to the broad application of in vivo and in vitro models to study lung diseases. In particular, advanced in vitro models including precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), lung organoids, 3D in vitro tissues and lung-on-chip (LOC) models have been successfully employed for drug screens. In order to gain a deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and ultimately alveolar tissue regeneration, it will be crucial to optimize the available models for SARS-CoV-2 infection in multicellular systems that recapitulate tissue regeneration and fibrotic remodeling. Current evidence for SARS-CoV-2 mediated pulmonary fibrosis and a selection of classical and novel lung models will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kiener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nuria Roldan
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Machahua
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Thierry Guenat
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
- Organoid Core, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Influence of Culture Substrates on Morphology and Function of Pulmonary Alveolar Cells In Vitro. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050675. [PMID: 33946440 PMCID: PMC8147120 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell's microenvironment has been shown to exert influence on cell behavior. In particular, matrix-cell interactions strongly impact cell morphology and function. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of different culture substrate materials on phenotype and functional properties of lung epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. A549 cells were seeded onto two different biocompatible, commercially available substrates: a polyester coverslip (Thermanox™ Coverslips), that was used as cell culture plate control, and a polydimethylsiloxane membrane (PDMS, Elastosil® Film) investigated in this study as alternative material for A549 cells culture. The two substrates influenced cell morphology and the actin cytoskeleton organization. Further, the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its transcriptional coactivator PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) were translocated to the nucleus in A549 cells cultured on polyester substrate, yet it remained mostly cytosolic in cells on PDMS substrate. By SEM analysis, we observed that cells grown on Elastosil® Film maintained an alveolar Type II cell morphology. Immunofluorescence staining for surfactant-C revealing a high expression of surfactant-C in cells cultured on Elastosil® Film, but not in cells cultured on Thermanox™ Coverslips. A549 cells grown onto Elastosil® Film exhibited morphology and functionality that suggest retainment of alveolar epithelial Type II phenotype, while A549 cells grown onto conventional plastic substrates acquired an alveolar Type I phenotype.
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24
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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25
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Thompson CL, Fu S, Knight MM, Thorpe SD. Mechanical Stimulation: A Crucial Element of Organ-on-Chip Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:602646. [PMID: 33363131 PMCID: PMC7758201 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) systems recapitulate key biological processes and responses in vitro exhibited by cells, tissues, and organs in vivo. Accordingly, these models of both health and disease hold great promise for improving fundamental research, drug development, personalized medicine, and testing of pharmaceuticals, food substances, pollutants etc. Cells within the body are exposed to biomechanical stimuli, the nature of which is tissue specific and may change with disease or injury. These biomechanical stimuli regulate cell behavior and can amplify, annul, or even reverse the response to a given biochemical cue or drug candidate. As such, the application of an appropriate physiological or pathological biomechanical environment is essential for the successful recapitulation of in vivo behavior in OOC models. Here we review the current range of commercially available OOC platforms which incorporate active biomechanical stimulation. We highlight recent findings demonstrating the importance of including mechanical stimuli in models used for drug development and outline emerging factors which regulate the cellular response to the biomechanical environment. We explore the incorporation of mechanical stimuli in different organ models and identify areas where further research and development is required. Challenges associated with the integration of mechanics alongside other OOC requirements including scaling to increase throughput and diagnostic imaging are discussed. In summary, compelling evidence demonstrates that the incorporation of biomechanical stimuli in these OOC or microphysiological systems is key to fully replicating in vivo physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su Fu
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin M Knight
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Thorpe
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Méausoone C, Landkocz Y, Cazier F, Seigneur M, Courcot D, Billet S. Toxicological responses of BEAS-2B cells to repeated exposures to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene using air-liquid interface method. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1262-1274. [PMID: 33269480 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, the European REACH regulation (1907/2006) recommends substituting toxic molecules with compounds that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Toluene is one of the most frequently used solvents in industries despite its toxicity. The objective of this study is to better understand and compare the toxicity of toluene and its homologues in a bronchial cell model. Thus, human bronchial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to steams of toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and benzene (20 and 100 ppm). Exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface (ALI) system (Vitrocell) during 1 h/day for 1, 3, or 5 days. Cytotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression, and inflammatory response were evaluated following cell exposures. BEAS-2B cell exposure to toluene and its homologues revealed the involvement of major (CYP2E1) and minor metabolic pathways (CYP1A1). A late induction of genes (EPHX1, DHDH, ALDH2, and ALDH3B1) was measured from Day 3 and can be linked to the formation of metabolites. An increase in the secretion level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF) was also observed. In parallel, regulation between inflammatory mediators and the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin MUC1 was also studied. This in vitro approach with ALI system points out the relevance of conducting repeated exposures to detect potential late effects. The difference recorded after cell exposure to toluene and its homologues highlights the importance of substitution principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Méausoone
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Marianne Seigneur
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
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27
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Cei D, Doryab A, Lenz AG, Schröppel A, Mayer P, Burgstaller G, Nossa R, Ahluwalia A, Schmid O. Development of a dynamic in vitro stretch model of the alveolar interface with aerosol delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:690-702. [PMID: 33058147 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the engineering design, computational modeling, and empirical performance of a moving air-liquid interface (MALI) bioreactor for the study of aerosol deposition on cells cultured on an elastic, porous membrane which mimics both air-liquid interface exposure conditions and mechanoelastic motion of lung tissue during breathing. The device consists of two chambers separated by a cell layer cultured on a porous, flexible membrane. The lower (basolateral) chamber is perfused with cell culture medium simulating blood circulation. The upper (apical) chamber representing the air compartment of the lung is interfaced to an aerosol generator and a pressure actuation system. By cycling the pressure in the apical chamber between 0 and 7 kPa, the membrane can mimic the periodic mechanical strain of the alveolar wall. Focusing on the engineering aspects of the system, we show that membrane strain can be monitored by measuring changes in pressure resulting from the movement of media in the basolateral chamber. Moreover, liquid aerosol deposition at a high dose delivery rate (>1 µl cm-2 min-1 ) is highly efficient (ca. 51.5%) and can be accurately modeled using finite element methods. Finally, we show that lung epithelial cells can be mechanically stimulated under air-liquid interface and stretch-conditions without loss of viability. The MALI bioreactor could be used to study the effects of aerosol on alveolar cells cultured at the air-liquid interface in a biodynamic environment or for toxicological or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cei
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Doryab
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröppel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paula Mayer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roberta Nossa
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
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28
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Cheong SS, Akram KM, Matellan C, Kim SY, Gaboriau DCA, Hind M, del Río Hernández AE, Griffiths M, Dean CH. The Planar Polarity Component VANGL2 Is a Key Regulator of Mechanosignaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577201. [PMID: 33195213 PMCID: PMC7658195 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
VANGL2 is a component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which regulates tissue polarity and patterning. The Vangl2 Lp mutation causes lung branching defects due to dysfunctional actomyosin-driven morphogenesis. Since the actomyosin network regulates cell mechanics, we speculated that mechanosignaling could be impaired when VANGL2 is disrupted. Here, we used live-imaging of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from Vangl2 Lp/+ mice to determine that alveologenesis is attenuated as a result of impaired epithelial cell migration. Vangl2 Lp/+ tracheal epithelial cells (TECs) and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) exhibited highly disrupted actomyosin networks and focal adhesions (FAs). Functional assessment of cellular forces confirmed impaired traction force generation in Vangl2 Lp/+ TECs. YAP signaling in Vangl2 Lp airway epithelium was reduced, consistent with a role for VANGL2 in mechanotransduction. Furthermore, activation of RhoA signaling restored actomyosin organization in Vangl2 Lp/+ , confirming RhoA as an effector of VANGL2. This study identifies a pivotal role for VANGL2 in mechanosignaling, which underlies the key role of the PCP pathway in tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sek-Shir Cheong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khondoker M. Akram
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Matellan
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Yunsun Kim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. A. Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E. del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peri-Operative Medicine Department, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte H. Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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29
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Kunisaki SM, Jiang G, Biancotti JC, Ho KKY, Dye BR, Liu AP, Spence JR. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids in an ex vivo model of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia fetal lung. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:98-114. [PMID: 32949227 PMCID: PMC7780804 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three‐dimensional lung organoids (LOs) derived from pluripotent stem cells have the potential to enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms and to enable novel therapeutic approaches in neonates with pulmonary disorders. We established a reproducible ex vivo model of lung development using transgene‐free human induced pluripotent stem cells generated from fetuses and infants with Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a polygenic disorder associated with fetal lung compression and pulmonary hypoplasia at birth. Molecular and cellular comparisons of CDH LOs revealed impaired generation of NKX2.1+ progenitors, type II alveolar epithelial cells, and PDGFRα+ myofibroblasts. We then subjected these LOs to disease relevant mechanical cues through ex vivo compression and observed significant changes in genes associated with pulmonary progenitors, alveolar epithelial cells, and mesenchymal fibroblasts. Collectively, these data suggest both primary cell‐intrinsic and secondary mechanical causes of CDH lung hypoplasia and support the use of this stem cell‐based approach for disease modeling in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan C Biancotti
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth K Y Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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30
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Kaarj K, Madias M, Akarapipad P, Cho S, Yoon JY. Paper-based in vitro tissue chip for delivering programmed mechanical stimuli of local compression and shear flow. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:20. [PMID: 32742306 PMCID: PMC7385864 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mechanical stimuli play important roles on the growth, development, and behavior of tissue. A simple and novel paper-based in vitro tissue chip was developed that can deliver two types of mechanical stimuli-local compression and shear flow-in a programmed manner. Rat vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) were patterned on collagen-coated nitrocellulose paper to create a tissue chip. Localized compression and shear flow were introduced by simply tapping and bending the paper chip in a programmed manner, utilizing an inexpensive servo motor controlled by an Arduino microcontroller and powered by batteries. All electrical compartments and a paper-based tissue chip were enclosed in a single 3D-printed enclosure, allowing the whole device to be independently placed within an incubator. This simple device effectively simulated in vivo conditions and induced successful RVEC migration in as early as 5 h. The developed device provides an inexpensive and flexible alternative for delivering mechanical stimuli to other in vitro tissue models. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattika Kaarj
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Marianne Madias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | | | - Soohee Cho
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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James BD, Montoya N, Allen J. MechanoBioTester: A Decoupled Multistimulus Cell Culture Device for Studying Complex Microenvironments In Vitro. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3673-3689. [PMID: 32704528 PMCID: PMC7377433 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly being recognized is the role of the complex microenvironment to regulate cell phenotype; however, the cell culture systems used to study these effects in vitro are lagging. The complex microenvironment is host to a combination of biological interactions, chemical factors, and mechanical stimuli. Many devices have been designed to probe the effects of one mechanical stimulus, but few are capable of systematically interrogating all combinations of mechanical stimuli with independent control. To address this gap, we have developed the MechanoBioTester platform, a decoupled, multi-stimulus cell culture model for studying the cellular response to complex microenvironments in vitro. The system uses an engineered elastomeric chamber with a specially defined region for incorporating different target materials to act as the cell culture substrate. We have tested the system with several target materials including: polydimethylsiloxane elastomer, polyacrylamide gel, poly(1,8-octanediol citrate) elastomer, and type I collagen gel for both 2D and 3D co-culture. Additionally, when the chamber is connected to a flow circuit and our stretching device, stimuli in the form of fluid flow, cyclic stretch, and hydrostatic pressure are able to be imparted with independent control. We validated the device using experimental and computational methods to define a range of capabilities relevant to physiological microenvironments. The MechanoBioTester platform promises to function as a model system for mechanobiology, biomaterial design, and drug discovery applications that focus on probing the impact of a complex microenvironment in an in vitro setting. The protocol described within provides the details characterizing the MechanoBioTester system, the steps for fabricating the MechanoBioTester chamber, and the procedure for operating the MechanoBioTester system to stimulate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Institute for Computational Engineering, University of Florida, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nicolas Montoya
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 216 Larsen Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Josephine Allen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Bonfanti A, Fouchard J, Khalilgharibi N, Charras G, Kabla A. A unified rheological model for cells and cellularised materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:190920. [PMID: 32218933 PMCID: PMC7029884 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of single cells and tissues exhibits a broad distribution of time-scales that often gives rise to a distinctive power-law rheology. Such complex behaviour cannot be easily captured by traditional rheological approaches, making material characterisation and predictive modelling very challenging. Here, we present a novel model combining conventional viscoelastic elements with fractional calculus that successfully captures the macroscopic relaxation response of epithelial monolayers. The parameters extracted from the fitting of the relaxation modulus allow prediction of the response of the same material to slow stretch and creep, indicating that the model captured intrinsic material properties. Two characteristic times, derived from the model parameters, delimit different regimes in the materials response. We compared the response of tissues with the behaviour of single cells as well as intra and extra-cellular components, and linked the power-law behaviour of the epithelium to the dynamics of the cell cortex. Such a unified model for the mechanical response of biological materials provides a novel and robust mathematical approach to consistently analyse experimental data and uncover similarities and differences in reported behaviour across experimental methods and research groups. It also sets the foundations for more accurate computational models of tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bonfanti
- Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - N. Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- The Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, UK
| | - G. Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - A. Kabla
- Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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Bonfanti A, Fouchard J, Khalilgharibi N, Charras G, Kabla A. A unified rheological model for cells and cellularised materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 32218933 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s853qg7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of single cells and tissues exhibits a broad distribution of time-scales that often gives rise to a distinctive power-law rheology. Such complex behaviour cannot be easily captured by traditional rheological approaches, making material characterisation and predictive modelling very challenging. Here, we present a novel model combining conventional viscoelastic elements with fractional calculus that successfully captures the macroscopic relaxation response of epithelial monolayers. The parameters extracted from the fitting of the relaxation modulus allow prediction of the response of the same material to slow stretch and creep, indicating that the model captured intrinsic material properties. Two characteristic times, derived from the model parameters, delimit different regimes in the materials response. We compared the response of tissues with the behaviour of single cells as well as intra and extra-cellular components, and linked the power-law behaviour of the epithelium to the dynamics of the cell cortex. Such a unified model for the mechanical response of biological materials provides a novel and robust mathematical approach to consistently analyse experimental data and uncover similarities and differences in reported behaviour across experimental methods and research groups. It also sets the foundations for more accurate computational models of tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonfanti
- Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- The Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, UK
| | - G Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Kabla
- Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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Viola H, Chang J, Grunwell JR, Hecker L, Tirouvanziam R, Grotberg JB, Takayama S. Microphysiological systems modeling acute respiratory distress syndrome that capture mechanical force-induced injury-inflammation-repair. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:041503. [PMID: 31768486 PMCID: PMC6874511 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex in vitro models of the tissue microenvironment, termed microphysiological systems, have enormous potential to transform the process of discovering drugs and disease mechanisms. Such a paradigm shift is urgently needed in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an acute lung condition with no successful therapies and a 40% mortality rate. Here, we consider how microphysiological systems could improve understanding of biological mechanisms driving ARDS and ultimately improve the success of therapies in clinical trials. We first discuss how microphysiological systems could explain the biological mechanisms underlying the segregation of ARDS patients into two clinically distinct phenotypes. Then, we contend that ARDS-mimetic microphysiological systems should recapitulate three critical aspects of the distal airway microenvironment, namely, mechanical force, inflammation, and fibrosis, and we review models that incorporate each of these aspects. Finally, we recognize the substantial challenges associated with combining inflammation, fibrosis, and/or mechanical force in microphysiological systems. Nevertheless, complex in vitro models are a novel paradigm for studying ARDS, and they could ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Jocelyn R. Grunwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA and Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona 85723, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA and Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - James B. Grotberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Stewart TA, Davis FM. Formation and Function of Mammalian Epithelia: Roles for Mechanosensitive PIEZO1 Ion Channels. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:260. [PMID: 31750303 PMCID: PMC6843007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play important roles in shaping mammalian development. In the embryo, cells experience force both during the formation of the mammalian body plan and in the ensuing phase of organogenesis. Physical forces - including fluid flow, compression, radial pressure, contraction, and osmotic pressure - continue to play central roles as organs mature, function, and ultimately dysfunction. Multiple mechanisms exist to receive, transduce, and transmit mechanical forces in mammalian epithelial tissues and to integrate these cues, which can both fluctuate and coincide, with local and systemic chemical signals. Drawing near a decade since the discovery of the bona fide mechanically activated ion channel, PIEZO1, we discuss in this mini-review established and emerging roles for this protein in the form and function of mammalian epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneale A. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity M. Davis
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Methods of Delivering Mechanical Stimuli to Organ-on-a-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100700. [PMID: 31615136 PMCID: PMC6843435 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have enabled the creation of promising microengineered physiological models, known as organ-on-a-chip (OOC), for experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research. OOCs have been used to recapitulate the physiologically critical features of specific human tissues and organs and their interactions. Application of chemical and mechanical stimuli is critical for tissue development and behavior, and they were also applied to OOC systems. Mechanical stimuli applied to tissues and organs are quite complex in vivo, which have not adequately recapitulated in OOCs. Due to the recent advancement of microengineering, more complicated and physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli are being introduced to OOC systems, and this is the right time to assess the published literature on this topic, especially focusing on the technical details of device design and equipment used. We first discuss the different types of mechanical stimuli applied to OOC systems: shear flow, compression, and stretch/strain. This is followed by the examples of mechanical stimuli-incorporated OOC systems. Finally, we discuss the potential OOC systems where various types of mechanical stimuli can be applied to a single OOC device, as a better, physiologically relevant recapitulation model, towards studying and evaluating experimental medicine, human disease modeling, drug development, and toxicology.
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Jorba I, Beltrán G, Falcones B, Suki B, Farré R, García-Aznar JM, Navajas D. Nonlinear elasticity of the lung extracellular microenvironment is regulated by macroscale tissue strain. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:265-276. [PMID: 31085362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lung provides physical support and key mechanical signals to pulmonary cells. Although lung ECM is continuously subjected to different stretch levels, detailed mechanics of the ECM at the scale of the cell is poorly understood. Here, we developed a new polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip to probe nonlinear mechanics of tissue samples with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using this chip, we performed AFM measurements in decellularized rat lung slices at controlled stretch levels. The AFM revealed highly nonlinear ECM elasticity with the microscale stiffness increasing with tissue strain. To correlate micro- and macroscale ECM mechanics, we also assessed macromechanics of decellularized rat lung strips under uniaxial tensile testing. The lung strips exhibited exponential macromechanical behavior but with stiffness values one order of magnitude lower than at the microscale. To interpret the relationship between micro- and macromechanical properties, we carried out a finite element (FE) analysis which revealed that the stiffness of the alveolar cell microenvironment is regulated by the global strain of the lung scaffold. The FE modeling also indicates that the scale dependence of stiffness is mainly due to the porous architecture of the lung parenchyma. We conclude that changes in tissue strain during breathing result in marked changes in the ECM stiffness sensed by alveolar cells providing tissue-specific mechanical signals to the cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The micromechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are a major determinant of cell behavior. The ECM is exposed to mechanical stretching in the lung and other organs during physiological function. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the nonlinear micromechanical properties of the ECM at the length scale that cells probe is required to advance our understanding of cell-matrix interplay. We designed a novel PDMS chip to perform atomic force microscopy measurements of ECM micromechanics on decellularized rat lung slices at different macroscopic strain levels. For the first time, our results reveal that the microscale stiffness of lung ECM markedly increases with macroscopic tissue strain. Therefore, changes in tissue strain during breathing result in variations in ECM stiffness providing tissue-specific mechanical signals to lung cells.
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38
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Nawroth JC, Barrile R, Conegliano D, van Riet S, Hiemstra PS, Villenave R. Stem cell-based Lung-on-Chips: The best of both worlds? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:12-32. [PMID: 30009883 PMCID: PMC7172977 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the respiratory system such as lung infections, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and lung cancer are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, killing one in six people worldwide. Development of more effective treatments is hindered by the lack of preclinical models of the human lung that can capture the disease complexity, highly heterogeneous disease phenotypes, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in patients. The merger of two novel technologies, Organs-on-Chips and human stem cell engineering, has the potential to deliver such urgently needed models. Organs-on-Chips, which are microengineered bioinspired tissue systems, recapitulate the mechanochemical environment and physiological functions of human organs while concurrent advances in generating and differentiating human stem cells promise a renewable supply of patient-specific cells for personalized and precision medicine. Here, we discuss the challenges of modeling human lung pathophysiology in vitro, evaluate past and current models including Organs-on-Chips, review the current status of lung tissue modeling using human pluripotent stem cells, explore in depth how stem-cell based Lung-on-Chips may advance disease modeling and drug testing, and summarize practical consideration for the design of Lung-on-Chips for academic and industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Felder M, Trueeb B, Stucki AO, Borcard S, Stucki JD, Schnyder B, Geiser T, Guenat OT. Impaired Wound Healing of Alveolar Lung Epithelial Cells in a Breathing Lung-On-A-Chip. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:3. [PMID: 30746362 PMCID: PMC6360510 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung alveolar region experiences remodeling during several acute and chronic lung diseases, as for instance idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal disease, whose onset is correlated with repetitive microinjuries to the lung alveolar epithelium and abnormal alveolar wound repair. Although a high degree of mechanical stress (>20% linear strain) is thought to potentially induce IPF, the effect of lower, physiological levels of strain (5–12% linear strain) on IPF pathophysiology remains unknown. In this study, we examined the influence of mechanical strain on alveolar epithelial wound healing. For this purpose, we adopted the “organ-on-a-chip” approach, which provides the possibility of reproducing unique aspects of the in vivo cellular microenvironment, in particular its dynamic nature. Our results provide the first demonstration that a wound healing assay can be performed on a breathing lung-on-a-chip equipped with an ultra-thin elastic membrane. We cultured lung alveolar epithelial cells to confluence, the cells were starved for 24 h, and then wounded by scratching with a standard micropipette tip. Wound healing was assessed after 24 h under different concentrations of recombinant human hepatic growth factor (rhHGF) and the application of cyclic mechanical stretch. Physiological cyclic mechanical stretch (10% linear strain, 0.2 Hz) significantly impaired the alveolar epithelial wound healing process relative to culture in static conditions. This impairment could be partially ameliorated by administration of rhHGF. This proof-of-concept study provides a way to study of more complex interactions, such as a co-culture with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or immune cells, as well as the study of wound healing at an air–liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Felder
- ARTORG Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Trueeb
- ARTORG Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Borcard
- ARTORG Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,HES-SO, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Janick Daniel Stucki
- ARTORG Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,AlveoliX, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Schnyder
- HES-SO, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Thierry Guenat
- ARTORG Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,AlveoliX, Bern, Switzerland.,Pulmonary Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Thoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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40
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Jiang X, Tang Q, Zhang J, Wang H, Bai L, Meng P, Qin X, Xu G, Bose DD, Wang B, Chen C, Zou Z. Autophagy-dependent release of zinc ions is critical for acute lung injury triggered by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:1068-1091. [PMID: 30317896 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1513094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) could cause acute lung injury (ALI), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we established a ZnONPs-induced ALI mouse model, characterized by the histopathological changes (edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissues), and the elevation of total protein and cytokine interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in time- and dose-dependent manners. This model also exhibited features like the disturbance of redox-state (reduced of glutathione to glutathione disulfide ratio, elevation of heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase 2), the decrease of adenosine triphosphate synthesis and the release of zinc ions in the lung tissues. Interestingly, we found that ZnONPs exposure caused the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and the elevation of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain (LC)3B-II and p62, indicating the impairment of autophagic flux. Our data indicated that the above process might be regulated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase but not the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The association between ZnONPs-induced ALI and autophagy was further verified by a classical autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA). 3-MA administration reduced the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, the expression of LC3B-II and p62, followed by a significant attenuation of histopathological changes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. More importantly, 3-MA could directly decrease the release of zinc ions in lung tissues. Taken together, our study provides the evidence that ZnONPs-induced pulmonary toxicity is autophagy-dependent, suggests that limiting the release of zinc ions by inhibiting autophagy could be a feasible strategy for the prevention of ZnONPs-associated pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Jiang
- a Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China.,b Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianghu Tang
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management , Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- d Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- d Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Bai
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management , Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Meng
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management , Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qin
- e Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Xu
- d Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Diptiman D Bose
- f Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Western New England University , Springfield , MA , USA
| | - Bin Wang
- d Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management , Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China.,g Post-doctoral Research Stations of Nursing Science, School of Nursing , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- d Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
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41
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Medium throughput breathing human primary cell alveolus-on-chip model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14359. [PMID: 30254327 PMCID: PMC6156575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-chips have the potential to improve drug development efficiency and decrease the need for animal testing. For the successful integration of these devices in research and industry, they must reproduce in vivo contexts as closely as possible and be easy to use. Here, we describe a ‘breathing’ lung-on-chip array equipped with a passive medium exchange mechanism that provide an in vivo-like environment to primary human lung alveolar cells (hAEpCs) and primary lung endothelial cells. This configuration allows the preservation of the phenotype and the function of hAEpCs for several days, the conservation of the epithelial barrier functionality, while enabling simple sampling of the supernatant from the basal chamber. In addition, the chip design increases experimental throughput and enables trans-epithelial electrical resistance measurements using standard equipment. Biological validation revealed that human primary alveolar type I (ATI) and type II-like (ATII) epithelial cells could be successfully cultured on the chip over multiple days. Moreover, the effect of the physiological cyclic strain showed that the epithelial barrier permeability was significantly affected. Long-term co-culture of primary human lung epithelial and endothelial cells demonstrated the potential of the lung-on-chip array for reproducible cell culture under physiological conditions. Thus, this breathing lung-on-chip array, in combination with patients’ primary ATI, ATII, and lung endothelial cells, has the potential to become a valuable tool for lung research, drug discovery and precision medicine.
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42
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Guenat OT, Berthiaume F. Incorporating mechanical strain in organs-on-a-chip: Lung and skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042207. [PMID: 29861818 PMCID: PMC5962443 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the advent of microfabrication and microfluidics and an increased interest in cellular mechanobiology have triggered the development of novel microfluidic-based platforms. They aim to incorporate the mechanical strain environment that acts upon tissues and in-vivo barriers of the human body. This article reviews those platforms, highlighting the different strains applied, and the actuation mechanisms and provides representative applications. A focus is placed on the skin and the lung barriers as examples, with a section that discusses the signaling pathways involved in the epithelium and the connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
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43
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Schulze F, Gao X, Virzonis D, Damiati S, Schneider MR, Kodzius R. Air Quality Effects on Human Health and Approaches for Its Assessment through Microfluidic Chips. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E244. [PMID: 28953246 PMCID: PMC5664094 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Air quality depends on the various gases and particles present in it. Both natural phenomena and human activities affect the cleanliness of air. In the last decade, many countries experienced an unprecedented industrial growth, resulting in changing air quality values, and correspondingly, affecting our life quality. Air quality can be accessed by employing microchips that qualitatively and quantitatively determine the present gases and dust particles. The so-called particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5) values are of high importance, as such small particles can penetrate the human lung barrier and enter the blood system. There are cancer cases related to many air pollutants, and especially to PM2.5, contributing to exploding costs within the healthcare system. We focus on various current and potential future air pollutants, and propose solutions on how to protect our health against such dangerous substances. Recent developments in the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) technology can be used to study air pollution as well. OoC allows determination of pollutant toxicity and speeds up the development of novel pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xinghua Gao
- iSmart, Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University (SHU), Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Darius Virzonis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 35212 Panevezys, Lithuania.
| | - Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitecture, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rimantas Kodzius
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
- iSmart, Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University (SHU), Shanghai 201800, China.
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq.
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44
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Schwingshackl A. The role of stretch-activated ion channels in acute respiratory distress syndrome: finally a new target? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L639-52. [PMID: 27521425 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00458.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen therapy (hyperoxia; HO) comprise the cornerstones of life-saving interventions for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Unfortunately, the side effects of MV and HO include exacerbation of lung injury by barotrauma, volutrauma, and propagation of lung inflammation. Despite significant improvements in ventilator technologies and a heightened awareness of oxygen toxicity, besides low tidal volume ventilation few if any medical interventions have improved ARDS outcomes over the past two decades. We are lacking a comprehensive understanding of mechanotransduction processes in the healthy lung and know little about the interactions between simultaneously activated stretch-, HO-, and cytokine-induced signaling cascades in ARDS. Nevertheless, as we are unraveling these mechanisms we are gathering increasing evidence for the importance of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in the activation of lung-resident and inflammatory cells. In addition to the discovery of new SAC families in the lung, e.g., two-pore domain potassium channels, we are increasingly assigning mechanosensing properties to already known Na(+), Ca(2+), K(+), and Cl(-) channels. Better insights into the mechanotransduction mechanisms of SACs will improve our understanding of the pathways leading to ventilator-induced lung injury and lead to much needed novel therapeutic approaches against ARDS by specifically targeting SACs. This review 1) summarizes the reasons why the time has come to seriously consider SACs as new therapeutic targets against ARDS, 2) critically analyzes the physiological and experimental factors that currently limit our knowledge about SACs, and 3) outlines the most important questions future research studies need to address.
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Campillo N, Jorba I, Schaedel L, Casals B, Gozal D, Farré R, Almendros I, Navajas D. A Novel Chip for Cyclic Stretch and Intermittent Hypoxia Cell Exposures Mimicking Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Physiol 2016; 7:319. [PMID: 27524971 PMCID: PMC4965455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of OSA-associated morbidities, especially in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Oxidative stress and inflammation induced by IH are suggested as main contributors of end-organ dysfunction in OSA patients and animal models. Since the molecular mechanisms underlying these in vivo pathological responses remain poorly understood, implementation of experimental in vitro cell-based systems capable of inducing high-frequency IH would be highly desirable. Here, we describe the design, fabrication, and validation of a versatile chip for subjecting cultured cells to fast changes in gas partial pressure and to cyclic stretch. The chip is fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and consists of a cylindrical well-covered by a thin membrane. Cells cultured on top of the membrane can be subjected to fast changes in oxygen concentration (equilibrium time ~6 s). Moreover, cells can be subjected to cyclic stretch at cardiac or respiratory frequencies independently or simultaneously. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exposed to IH mimicking OSA and cyclic stretch at cardiac frequencies revealed that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression was increased in response to both stimuli. Thus, the chip provides a versatile tool for the study of cellular responses to cyclical hypoxia and stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Campillo
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Laura Schaedel
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Blai Casals
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Biological Sciences Division, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Cellular and Respiratory Biomechanics, Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
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Hamlington KL, Ma B, Smith BJ, Bates JHT. Modeling the Progression of Epithelial Leak Caused by Overdistension. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:151-161. [PMID: 26951764 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is necessary for treatment of the acute respiratory distress syndrome but leads to overdistension of the open regions of the lung and produces further damage. Although we know that the excessive stresses and strains disrupt the alveolar epithelium, we know little about the relationship between epithelial strain and epithelial leak. We have developed a computational model of an epithelial monolayer to simulate leak progression due to overdistension and to explain previous experimental findings in mice with ventilator-induced lung injury. We found a nonlinear threshold-type relationship between leak area and increasing stretch force. After the force required to initiate the leak was reached, the leak area increased at a constant rate with further increases in force. Furthermore, this rate was slower than the rate of increase in force, especially at end-expiration. Parameter manipulation changed only the leak-initiating force; leak area growth followed the same trend once this force was surpassed. These results suggest that there is a particular force (analogous to ventilation tidal volume) that must not be exceeded to avoid damage and that changing cell physical properties adjusts this threshold. This is relevant for the development of new ventilator strategies that avoid inducing further injury to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baoshun Ma
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Bradford J Smith
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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Karsten J, Heinze H. [Ventilation as a trigger for organ dysfunction and sepsis]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2015; 111:98-106. [PMID: 25971366 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-015-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both in the intensive care setting and during surgery, mechanical ventilation plays an important role in the treatment of critically ill patients with lung injury, but also in lung healthy patients. Mechanical ventilation is noncurative and is accompanied by various severe side effects. It is hypothesized that multiorgan failure can be induced by mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest cross-talk between lungs and other organs. In particular, the activation of specific cells and cell programs in peripheral organs is an important step on the way to multiorgan failure. In addition to bidirectional connection between the lung and brain, nonprotective ventilation leads to cell apoptosis in the kidney and intestine and leads to an increase of biomarkers for organ dysfunction. It is believed that both inflammation mediators and pro-apoptotic factors are responsible for organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karsten
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - H Heinze
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
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Roan E, Wilhelm K, Bada A, Makena PS, Gorantla VK, Sinclair SE, Waters CM. Hyperoxia alters the mechanical properties of alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1235-41. [PMID: 22467640 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00223.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe acute lung injury are frequently administered high concentrations of oxygen (>50%) during mechanical ventilation. Long-term exposure to high levels of oxygen can cause lung injury in the absence of mechanical ventilation, but the combination of the two accelerates and increases injury. Hyperoxia causes injury to cells through the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to epithelial injury and the reasons for increased injury caused by mechanical ventilation are not well understood. We hypothesized that alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) may be more susceptible to injury caused by mechanical ventilation if hyperoxia alters the mechanical properties of the cells causing them to resist deformation. To test this hypothesis, we used atomic force microscopy in the indentation mode to measure the mechanical properties of cultured AECs. Exposure of AECs to hyperoxia for 24 to 48 h caused a significant increase in the elastic modulus (a measure of resistance to deformation) of both primary rat type II AECs and a cell line of mouse AECs (MLE-12). Hyperoxia also caused remodeling of both actin and microtubules. The increase in elastic modulus was blocked by treatment with cytochalasin D. Using finite element analysis, we showed that the increase in elastic modulus can lead to increased stress near the cell perimeter in the presence of stretch. We then demonstrated that cyclic stretch of hyperoxia-treated cells caused significant cell detachment. Our results suggest that exposure to hyperoxia causes structural remodeling of AECs that leads to decreased cell deformability.
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