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Comparative Investigation of Conventional and Innovative Headspace Extraction Methods to Explore the Volatile Content of Human Milk. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165299. [PMID: 36014548 PMCID: PMC9415462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The odor of human milk induces search-like movements and oral activation in newborns, which increases their chances of taking advantage of milk intake and benefits. However, the underlying volatile fraction of human milk remains understudied. This study aimed to devise a simple method to extract a wide range of volatile compounds from small-volume human milk samples. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) with a Car/PDMS fiber and dynamic headspace extraction (D-HS) with a Tenax or a trilayer sorbent were tested because of their selective affinity for volatiles. Then, innovative variations of these methods were developed to combine their respective advantages in a one-step extraction: Static headspace with multiple SPME fibers (S-HS-MultiSPME), Dynamic headspace with multiple SPME fibers (D-HS-MultiSPME) and dynamic headspace with multiple SPME fibers and Tenax (D-HS-MultiSPME/Tenax). The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. The relative performances of these methods were compared based on qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of the chromatograms. The D-HS technique showed good sensitivity for most compounds, whereas HS-SPME favored the extraction of acids. The D-HS-MultiSPME/Tenax identified more than 60 compounds from human milk (some for the first time) and evidence of individual singularities. This method that can be applied to volatilome analysis of any biological fluid should further our understanding of human milk odor.
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Wilms JN, Hare KS, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Vahmani P, Dugan MER, Leal LN, Steele MA. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4692-4710. [PMID: 35473965 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-20880a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 38% and 19% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 72% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 25% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 29% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 33% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 15% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 2.7-fold higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 40% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Rasmussen JM, Thompson PM, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Fetal programming of human energy homeostasis brain networks: Issues and considerations. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13392. [PMID: 34845821 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary framework and testable hypotheses regarding the process of fetal programming of energy homeostasis brain circuitry. Our model proposes that key aspects of energy homeostasis brain circuitry already are functional by the time of birth (with substantial interindividual variation); that this phenotypic variation at birth is an important determinant of subsequent susceptibility for energy imbalance and childhood obesity risk; and that this brain circuitry exhibits developmental plasticity, in that it is influenced by conditions during intrauterine life, particularly maternal-placental-fetal endocrine, immune/inflammatory, and metabolic processes and their upstream determinants. We review evidence that supports the scientific premise for each element of this formulation, identify future research directions, particularly recent advances that may facilitate a better quantification of the ontogeny of energy homeostasis brain networks, highlight animal and in vitro-based approaches that may better address the determinants of interindividual variation in energy homeostasis brain networks, and discuss the implications of this formulation for the development of strategies targeted towards the primary prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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4
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Wilms JN, Hare KS, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Vahmani P, Dugan MER, Leal LN, Steele MA. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2612-2630. [PMID: 35033345 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 16% and 27% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 42% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 15% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 13% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 23% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 25% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 13% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 63% higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 25% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Tristão RM, Lauand L, Costa KSF, Brant LA, Fernandes GM, Costa KN, Spilski J, Lachmann T. Olfactory sensory and perceptual evaluation in newborn infants: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22201. [PMID: 34674234 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fetuses are able to process olfactory stimuli present in the womb and continue to show a preference for these odors for months after birth. Despite the accumulated knowledge about their early ability to perceive odors, there is a lack of validated scales for odor response in newborns. The evaluation of reactions of the olfactory system to environmental stimuli in infants has been defined by methodological theoretical approaches of experimental and clinical assessment tools. These approaches are mainly based on psychophysical approaches and predominantly use behavioral and physiological measures. Examples can be found in studies describing early abilities of newborn babies for behaviors or heart rate variability showing memory of maternal food preferences or mother's breast milk. This systematic review aimed to determine whether validated odor assessment tools can be feasibly used in studies. Particularly in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic and evidence of associated olfactory impairment resulting from SARS-COV-2 infection, the study is also motivated by the need for tools to assess olfactory function in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Maria Tristão
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lauand
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto Brant
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Magela Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Karina Nascimento Costa
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jan Spilski
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Lachmann
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Schaal B, Saxton TK, Loos H, Soussignan R, Durand K. Olfaction scaffolds the developing human from neonate to adolescent and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190261. [PMID: 32306879 PMCID: PMC7209940 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the olfactory sense is regularly apparent across development. The fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid (AF) that conveys the mother's chemical ecology. Transnatal olfactory continuity between the odours of AF and milk assists in the transition to nursing. At the same time, odours emanating from the mammary areas provoke appetitive responses in newborns. Odours experienced from the mother's diet during breastfeeding, and from practices such as pre-mastication, may assist in the dietary transition at weaning. In parallel, infants are attracted to and recognize their mother's odours; later, children are able to recognize other kin and peers based on their odours. Familiar odours, such as those of the mother, regulate the child's emotions, and scaffold perception and learning through non-olfactory senses. During juvenility and adolescence, individuals become more sensitive to some bodily odours, while the timing of adolescence itself has been speculated to draw from the chemical ecology of the family unit. Odours learnt early in life and within the family niche continue to influence preferences as mate choice becomes relevant. Olfaction thus appears significant in turning on, sustaining and, in cases when mother odour is altered, disturbing adaptive reciprocity between offspring and carer during the multiple transitions of development between birth and adolescence. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Tamsin K. Saxton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hélène Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
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Loos HM, Reger D, Schaal B. The odour of human milk: Its chemical variability and detection by newborns. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Initiative to Improve Exclusive Breastfeeding by Delaying the Newborn Bath. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2019; 48:189-196. [PMID: 30677407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether delayed newborn bathing would increase rates of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding and plans to use human milk at discharge. DESIGN A retrospective, two-group, pre- and postintervention design. SETTING/LOCAL PROBLEM At our facility, the initial bath was completed within 2 hours of birth, and the rate of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding was low. PARTICIPANTS Couplets of mothers and healthy newborns (N = 996). INTERVENTION/MEASUREMENTS Newborn baths were delayed at least 12 hours after birth. Pre- and postintervention data were retrieved from the hospital's electronic medical record and administrative database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were completed. RESULTS Of 996 mother-newborn couplets, 448 were preintervention couplets and 548 were postintervention couplets. Of all mothers, 63.3% were White, 67.8% were married, and 67.1% gave birth vaginally. Of all newborns, 49.6% were female, and the mean (standard deviation) birth weight was 3.3 kg (0.50). We found no differences in maternal or newborn characteristics by group. Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) times from birth to first bath before and after the intervention were 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) and 17.9 (11.9, 25.0) hours, respectively (p < .001). In-hospital exclusive breastfeeding increased from 59.8% before the intervention to 68.2% after the intervention (p = .006). In multivariate modeling, in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding increased for all couplets after the intervention (odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [1.14, 1.96]; p = .004) and with vaginal versus cesarean birth (odds ratio = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [1.14, 2.25]; p = .006). In addition, the postintervention discharge feeding plan reflected an increase in use of human milk. CONCLUSION Delaying the newborn bath was associated with increased in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding rates and use of human milk as a part of the discharge feeding plan.
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Marini M, Manetti M, Sgambati E. Immunolocalization of VEGF/VEGFR system in human fetal vomeronasal organ during early development. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:94-100. [PMID: 30442382 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The vomeronasal system (VNS) is an accessory olfactory structure present in most mammals adhibited to the detection of specific chemosignals implied in social and reproductive behavior. The VNS comprises the vomeronasal organ (VNO), vomeronasal nerve and accessory olfactory bulb. VNO is characterized by a neuroepithelium constituted by bipolar neurons and supporting and stem/progenitor cells. In humans, VNO is present during fetal life and is supposed to possess chemoreceptor activity and participate in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal precursor migration toward the hypothalamus. Instead, the existence and functions of VNO in postnatal life is debated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in various neurogenic events. However, there are no data regarding the localization and possible function of VEGF/VEGFRs in human fetal VNO. Therefore, this study was conceived to investigate the expression of VEGF/VEGFRs in human VNO in an early developmental period (9-12 weeks of gestation), when this organ appears well structured. Coronal sections of maxillofacial specimens were subjected to peroxidase-based immunohistochemistry for VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Double immunofluorescence for VEGF, VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 and the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) was also performed. VEGF expression was evident in the entire VNO epithelium, with particularly strong reactivity in the middle layer. Strongly VEGF-immunostained cells with aspect similar to bipolar neurons and/or their presumable precursors were detected in the middle and basal layers. Cells detaching from the basal epithelial layer and detached cell groups in the surrounding lamina propria showed moderate/strong VEGF expression. The strongest VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 expression was detected in the apical epithelial layer. Cells with aspect similar to bipolar neurons and/or their presumable precursors located in the middle and basal layers and the detaching/detached cells displayed a VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 reactivity similar to that of VEGF. The basal epithelial layer exhibited stronger staining for VEGFRs than for VEGF. Cells with morphology and VEGF/VEGFR expression similar to those of the detaching/detached cells were also detected in the middle and basal VNO epithelial layers. Double immunofluorescence using anti-PGP 9.5 antibodies demonstrated that most of the VEGF/VEGFR-immunoreactive cells were neuronal cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that during early fetal development the VEGF/VEGFR system might be involved in the presumptive VNO chemoreceptor activity and neuronal precursor migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sgambati
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Isernia, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of maternal milk odor on newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the literature in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and collected all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of maternal milk odor versus scentless or other odors on procedural pain in newborns. The quality of included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool. A meta-analysis was undertaken with the Review Manager 5.3 software and Stata version 11.0. Subgroup comparisons were prespecified according to the types of control groups. RESULTS Eight RCTs included a total of 453 participants. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with the scentless group, the maternal milk odor group had lower pain scores during blood sampling (standardized mean difference, -0.81; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -1.18 to -0.44; p < 0.001) and shorter crying time afterward (mean difference, -8.10; 95% CI, -15.46 to 0.73; p = 0.03). The maternal milk odor group had lower heart rate variability and oxygen saturation variability during and after a procedure, compared with both the scentless group and the vanilla group. However, no significant difference was identified in the mean heart rate and mean oxygen saturation in terms of the maternal milk odor group compared with amniotic fluid odor or mother's scent. The maternal milk odor group versus the formula milk odor group had shorter crying duration and lower levels of salivary cortisol after sampling. CONCLUSIONS Maternal milk odor appears to play an analgesic role in newborns. However, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm and quantitate the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Su
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiju Chen
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
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Bernal-Morales B, Cueto-Escobedo J, Guillén-Ruiz G, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Contreras CM. A Fatty Acids Mixture Reduces Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Infant Rats Mediated by GABA A Receptors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8798546. [PMID: 29392140 PMCID: PMC5748109 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8798546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (C6-C18) found in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and maternal milk reduce behavioral indicators of experimental anxiety in adult Wistar rats. Unknown, however, is whether the anxiolytic-like effects of fatty acids provide a natural mechanism against anxiety in young offspring. The present study assessed the anxiolytic-like effect of a mixture of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid in Wistar rats on postnatal day 28. Infant rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze, defensive burying test, and locomotor activity test. Diazepam was used as a reference anxiolytic drug. A group that was pretreated with picrotoxin was used to explore the participation of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects. Similar to diazepam, the fatty acid mixture significantly increased the frequency of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze and decreased burying behavior in the defensive burying test, without producing significant changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. These anxiolytic-like effects were blocked by picrotoxin. Results suggest that these fatty acids that are contained in maternal fluid may reduce anxiety-like behavior by modulating GABAergic neurotransmission in infant 28-day-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Juan F. Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Carlos M. Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
- Unidad Periférica Xalapa, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
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13
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Gutiérrez-García AG, Contreras CM, Díaz-Marte C. Myristic acid in amniotic fluid produces appetitive responses in human newborns. Early Hum Dev 2017; 115:32-37. [PMID: 28886572 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mixture of eight fatty acids (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid) that are contained in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk produces appetitive responses in newborns, suggesting the existence of a transition of sensorial cues that guide newborns to the maternal breast. OBJECTIVE To explore the ability of each of these eight fatty acids individually to produce appetitive responses in newborns. METHODS The study included 12 healthy human newborns<24h after birth. Using a longitudinal design, cotton swabs that were impregnated with each of the eight fatty acids and control substances (i.e., vehicle, saline, and vanilla) were placed approximately 1cm from the newborns' nostrils for 30s. Positive responses that were suggestive of acceptance included appetitive movements (i.e., suckling) and sniffing that were directed toward the cotton swab. Lateral movements of the head away from the swab were considered negative responses. Remaining stationary with no changes in facial expressions was considered indifference. RESULTS Compared with controls (i.e., vehicle, saline, and vanilla) and the other fatty acids tested, myristic acid produced the longest duration of positive facial responses (suckling and sniffing). No significant differences in negative facial responses were observed in response to the odoriferous stimuli. No reactions that were suggestive of disgust were observed. CONCLUSION A complex combination of stimuli, including the odor of myristic acid, may integrate sensory cues that guide newborns to the maternal breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Gutiérrez-García
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91097, Veracruz, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Carlos M Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico; Unidad Periférica Xalapa, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
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14
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Loos HM, Doucet S, Soussignan R, Hartmann C, Durand K, Dittrich R, Sagot P, Buettner A, Schaal B. Responsiveness of human neonates to the odor of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one: a behavioral paradox? Chem Senses 2015; 39:693-703. [PMID: 25217699 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The odorous steroid 5α-androst-16-en-3-one (AND) occurs in numerous biological fluids in mammals, including man, where it is believed to play a chemocommunicative role. As AND was recently detected in milk and amniotic fluid, sensitivity and hedonic responses to this substance were assessed in human neonates. To this aim, respiration and facial expressions were recorded in 3-day-old newborns in response to aqueous solutions of AND, ranging from 500ng/mL to 0.5 fg/mL. Although analyses of respiratory rate did not lead to clear-cut results, the newborns changed their facial expressions at concentrations not detected by adults in a triangle test. Newborns displayed negative facial actions of longer duration to AND relative to an odorless control. Thus, AND may be considered to be offensive to newborns, which is a counterintuitive outcome as they are exposed to this compound in the womb (and it should therefore be familiar), in milk, and on the mother's skin surface (and it should therefore be conditioned as positive). Multiple reasons for this perceptual-behavioral paradox are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Loos
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany,
| | - Sébastien Doucet
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Constanze Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany and
| | - Paul Sagot
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, University Hospital Dijon, 1 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
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15
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16
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Contreras CM, Rodríguez-Landa JF, García-Ríos RI, Cueto-Escobedo J, Guillen-Ruiz G, Bernal-Morales B. Myristic acid produces anxiolytic-like effects in Wistar rats in the elevated plus maze. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:492141. [PMID: 25328885 PMCID: PMC4189847 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of eight fatty acids (linoleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, elaidic, lauric, oleic, and palmitoleic acids) at similar concentrations identified in human amniotic fluid produces anxiolytic-like effects comparable to diazepam in Wistar rats. However, individual effects of each fatty acid remain unexplored. In Wistar rats, we evaluated the separate action of each fatty acid at the corresponding concentrations previously found in human amniotic fluid on anxiety-like behaviour. Individual effects were compared with vehicle, an artificial mixture of the same eight fatty acids, and a reference anxiolytic drug (diazepam, 2 mg/kg). Myristic acid, the fatty acid mixture, and diazepam increased the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and reduced the anxiety index compared with vehicle, without altering general locomotor activity. The other fatty acids had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour, but oleic acid reduced locomotor activity. Additionally, myristic acid produced anxiolytic-like effects only when the concentration corresponded to the one identified in human amniotic fluid (30 μg/mL) but did not alter locomotor activity. We conclude that of the eight fatty acids contained in the fatty acid mixture, only myristic acid produces anxiolytic-like effects when administered individually at a similar concentration detected in human amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Contreras
- Unidad Periférica Xalapa, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Rosa Isela García-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guillen-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Las Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
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Identification of Odor-Active Substances in Individual Low-Volume Amniotic Fluid Samples by a Sensorially Targeted Gas Chromatographic-Olfactometric Approach. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-013-9161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Participation of GABAA chloride channels in the anxiolytic-like effects of a fatty acid mixture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:121794. [PMID: 24163810 PMCID: PMC3791597 DOI: 10.1155/2013/121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid and a mixture of eight fatty acids (FAT-M) identified in this maternal fluid (C12:0, lauric acid, 0.9 μg%; C14:0, myristic acid, 6.9 μg%; C16:0, palmitic acid, 35.3 μg%; C16:1, palmitoleic acid, 16.4 μg%; C18:0, stearic acid, 8.5 μg%; C18:1cis, oleic acid, 18.4 μg%; C18:1trans, elaidic acid, 3.5 μg%; C18:2, linoleic acid, 10.1 μg%) produce anxiolytic-like effects that are comparable to diazepam in Wistar rats, suggesting the involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, a possibility not yet explored. Wistar rats were subjected to the defensive burying test, elevated plus maze, and open field test. In different groups, three GABAA
receptor antagonists were administered 30 min before FAT-M administration, including the competitive GABA binding antagonist bicuculline (1 mg/kg), GABAA benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (5 mg/kg), and noncompetitive GABAA chloride channel antagonist picrotoxin (1 mg/kg). The FAT-M exerted anxiolytic-like effects in the defensive burying test and elevated plus maze, without affecting locomotor activity in the open field test. The GABAA antagonists alone did not produce significant changes in the behavioral tests. Picrotoxin but not bicuculline or flumazenil blocked the anxiolytic-like effect of the FAT-M. Based on the specific blocking action of picrotoxin on the effects of the FAT-M, we conclude that the FAT-M exerted its anxiolytic-like effects through GABAA receptor chloride channels.
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Amniotic fluid or its fatty acids produce actions similar to diazepam on lateral septal neurons firing rate. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:534807. [PMID: 23864826 PMCID: PMC3707232 DOI: 10.1155/2013/534807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid (AF) contains eight fatty acids (FATs), and both produce anxiolytic-like effects in adult rats and appetitive responses in human newborns. The medial amygdala and lateral septal nucleus function are related to social behavior, but the action of AF or its FATs in this circuit is known. We obtained 267 single-unit extracellular recordings in Wistar rats treated with vehicle (1 mL, s.c.; n = 12), human AF (1 mL, s.c.; n = 12), a FAT mixture (1 mL, s.c.; n = 13), diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.; n = 11), and fluoxetine (1 mg/kg, p.o.; n = 12). Compared with the vehicle group, the spontaneous septal firing rate in the AF, FAT mixture, and diazepam groups was the lowest and in the fluoxetine group the highest. Cumulative peristimulus histograms indicated that the significant change in septal firing occurred only in the AF and FAT mixture groups and exclusively in those neurons that increased their firing rate during amygdala stimulation. We conclude that human AF and its FATs produce actions comparable to anxiolytic drugs and are able to modify the responsivity of a circuit involved in social behavior, suggesting facilitation of social recognition processes by maternal-fetal fluids.
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Anxiolytic-like actions of fatty acids identified in human amniotic fluid. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:823289. [PMID: 23737729 PMCID: PMC3659480 DOI: 10.1155/2013/823289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight fatty acids (C12–C18) were previously identified in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk in similar proportions but different amounts. Amniotic fluid is well known to be the natural environment for development in mammals. Interestingly, amniotic fluid and an artificial mixture of fatty acids contained in amniotic fluid produce similar anxiolytic-like actions in Wistar rats. We explored whether the lowest amount of fatty acids contained in amniotic fluid with respect to colostrum and milk produces such anxiolytic-like effects. Although a trend toward a dose-response effect was observed, only an amount of fatty acids that was similar to amniotic fluid fully mimicked the effect of diazepam (2 mg/kg, i.p.) in the defensive burying test, an action devoid of effects on locomotor activity and motor coordination. Our results confirm that the amount of fatty acids contained in amniotic fluid is sufficient to produce anxiolytic-like effects, suggesting similar actions during intrauterine development.
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