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Gentiluomo M, Dixon-Suen SC, Farinella R, Peduzzi G, Canzian F, Milne RL, Lynch BM, Campa D. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae017. [PMID: 38425433 PMCID: PMC10904288 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Understanding whether modifiable factors increase or decrease the risk of this disease is central to facilitating primary prevention. Several epidemiological studies have described the benefits of physical activity, and the risks associated with sedentary behavior, in relation to cancer. This study aimed to assess evidence of causal effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on pancreatic cancer risk. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study using publicly available data for genetic variants associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior traits and genetic data from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan), the Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), and the FinnGen study for a total of 10 018 pancreatic cancer cases and 266 638 controls. We also investigated the role of body mass index (BMI) as a possible mediator between physical activity and sedentary traits and risk of developing pancreatic cancer. We found evidence of a causal association between genetically determined hours spent watching television (hours per day) and increased risk of pancreatic cancer for each hour increment (PanScan-PanC4 odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.17-1.98, P = .002). Additionally, mediation analysis showed that genetically determined television-watching time was strongly associated with BMI, and the estimated proportion of the effect of television-watching time on pancreatic cancer risk mediated by BMI was 54%. This study reports the first Mendelian randomization-based evidence of a causal association between a measure of sedentary behavior (television-watching time) and risk of pancreatic cancer and that this is strongly mediated by BMI. Summary: Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors have been linked to cancer risk and survival. However, there is limited research on their correlation with pancreatic cancer. To investigate this, we used a Mendelian randomization approach to examine the genetic predisposition to physical activity and sedentariness and their relation to pancreatic cancer risk, while excluding external confounders. Our findings revealed a causal link between the time spent watching television and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Additionally, we determined that over half of the effect of watching television on pancreatic risk is mediated by the individual's BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gentiluomo
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 56126
| | - Suzanne C Dixon-Suen
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Riccardo Farinella
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 56126
| | - Giulia Peduzzi
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 56126
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany 69120
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Brigid M Lynch
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - Daniele Campa
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 56126
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Supriya R, Delfan M, Saeidi A, Samaie SS, Al Kiyumi MH, Escobar KA, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Zouhal H. Spirulina Supplementation with High-Intensity Interval Training Decreases Adipokines Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4891. [PMID: 38068748 PMCID: PMC10707917 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity, a state characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, is closely linked to metabolic complications and the secretion of specific adipokines. This study explores the potential of exercise and Spirulina supplementation to mitigate these complications and modulate adipokine release associated with obesity. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of a 12-week regimen of high-intensity training combined with Spirulina supplementation on adipokine concentrations and lipid profiles in male individuals with obesity (N = 44). The participants were randomly distributed into four groups, each consisting of 11 participants: a control group (CG), a supplement group (SG), a training group (TG), and a training plus supplement group (TSG). The intervention comprised a 12-week treatment involving Spirulina supplementation (6 g capsule daily), a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol with three sessions per week, or a combined approach. Following the interventions, metabolic parameters, anthropometric measurements, cardiorespiratory indices, and circulating adipokines [CRP, Sema3C, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP1, IL-8] were assessed within 48 h of the before and final training session. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences across all measures among the groups (p < 0.05). Notably, post hoc analyses indicated substantial disparities between the CG and the three interventional groups regarding body weight (p < 0.05). The combined training and supplementation approach led to noteworthy reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TGL) levels (all p < 0.0001), coupled with an elevation in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, adipokine levels significantly declined in the three intervention groups relative to the CG (p < 0.05). The findings from this 12-week study demonstrate that Spirulina supplementation in conjunction with high-intensity interval training reduced adipokine levels, improved body weight and BMI, and enhanced lipid profiles. This investigation underscores the potential of Spirulina supplementation and high-intensity interval training as a synergistic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related complications and enhance overall cardiometabolic well-being in obese males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Supriya
- Center For Health & Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China;
| | - Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran 15847-15414, Iran
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - Seyedeh Somayeh Samaie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran;
| | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat P.O. Box 35, Oman;
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat P.O. Box 35, Oman
| | - Kurt A. Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Research Department, the Phoenix, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)—EA 1274, Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
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Zakharova AN, Milovanova KG, Orlova AA, Dyakova EY, Kalinnikova JG, Kollantay OV, Shuvalov IY, Chibalin AV, Kapilevich LV. Effects of Treadmill Running at Different Light Cycles in Mice with Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15132. [PMID: 37894813 PMCID: PMC10606442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for about 90% of cases of diabetes and is considered one of the most important problems of our time. Despite a significant number of studies on glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain insufficiently studied. That is why non-drug treatment of metabolic disorders is of great relevance, including physical activity. Metabolic changes under the influence of physical activity are very complex and are still difficult to understand. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the effect of physical exercise on metabolic changes in mice with diabetes mellitus. We studied the effect of forced treadmill running on body weight and metabolic parameters in mice with metabolic disorders. We developed a high-fat-diet-induced diabetic model of metabolic disorders. We exposed mice to forced treadmill running for 4 weeks. We determined glucose and insulin levels in the blood plasma biochemically and analyzed Glut-4 and citrate synthase in M. gastrocnemius muscle tissue using Western blotting. The research results show that daily treadmill running has different effects on different age groups of mice with metabolic disorders. In young-age animals, forced running has a more pronounced effect on body weight. At week 12, young obese mice had a 17% decrease in body weight. Body weight did not change in old mice. Moreover, at weeks 14 and 16, the decrease in body weight was more significant in the young mice (by 17%) compared to the old mice (by 6%) (p < 0.05). In older animals, it influences the rate of glucose uptake. At 60 min, the blood glucose in the exercised older mice decreased to 14.46 mmol/L, while the glucose concentration in the non-exercised group remained at 17 mmol/L. By 120 min, in mice subjected to exercise, the blood glucose approached the initial value (6.92 mmol/L) and amounted to 8.35 mmol/L. In the non-exercised group, this difference was 45%. The effects of physical activity depend on the time of day. The greater effect is observed when performing shift training or exercise during the time when animals are passive (light phase). In young mice, light phase training had a significant effect on increasing the content of Glut-4 in muscle tissue (84.3 ± 11.3%, p < 0.05 with control group-59.3 ± 7.8%). In aged mice, shift training caused an increase in the level of Glut-4 in muscle tissue (71.3 ± 4.1%, p < 0.05 with control group-56.4 ± 10,9%). In the group of aged mice, a lower CS level was noticed in all groups in comparison with young mice. It should also be noted that we observed that CS increased during exercise in the group of young mice, especially during light phase training. The CS content in the light phase subgroup (135.8 ± 7.0%) was higher than in the dark phase subgroup (113.3 ± 7.7%) (p = 0.0006). The CS decreased in aged chow-fed mice and increased in the high-fat-fed group. The CS content in the chow diet group (58.2 ± 5.0%) was 38% lower than in the HFD group (94.9 ± 8.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nikolaevna Zakharova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Kseniya Gennadievna Milovanova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Anna Alekseevna Orlova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Elena Yuryevna Dyakova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Julia Gennadievna Kalinnikova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Olesya Vadimovna Kollantay
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Igor Yurievich Shuvalov
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Alexander Valerievich Chibalin
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonid Vladimirovich Kapilevich
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Bennasar-Veny M, Malih N, Galmes-Panades AM, Hernandez-Bermudez IC, Garcia-Coll N, Ricci-Cabello I, Yañez AM. Effect of physical activity and different exercise modalities on glycemic control in people with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1233312. [PMID: 37842295 PMCID: PMC10569497 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1233312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of exercise on glycemic control in people with prediabetes. However, the most effective exercise modality for improving glycemic control remains unclear. We aimed to assess which exercise training modality is most effective in improving glycemic control in a population with prediabetes. Methods We conducted searches in Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PEDro, BVS, and the Cochrane Library from inception to June 2022. Included studies reported fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and 2-hour postprandial (2hPP) levels and implemented an exercise program lasting at least 12 weeks in adults with prediabetes. We performed a direct meta-analysis using a random-effects model and a network meta-analysis. Cochran's Q statistic and the inconsistency I2 test were used to assess the heterogenicity between studies. Results Twenty trials were included, with 15 trials (comprising 775 participants with prediabetes) combined in the meta-analysis, and 13 in the network meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results did not show a statistically significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) after aerobic training (AT) intervention compared to a control group (mean (95%CI) difference = -5.18 (-13.48; 3.12) mg/dL, Z=1.22, p=0.22). However, a difference of -7.25 (-13.79; -0.71) mg/dL, p=0.03, in FPG after interval training (IT) intervention was detected compared to a control group. After resistance training (RT) intervention, FPG was significantly lower -6.71 (-12.65,-0.77) mg/dL, Z=2.21, p=0.03, and HbA1c by -0.13 (-0.55, 0.29), p=0.54, compared to the control group. The impact of RT compared to no intervention on 2hPP was not statistically significant (p=0.26). The network meta-analysis did not show statistical significance. Most of the studies presented an unclear risk of bias, and a low and very low-quality of evidence. According to the GRADE criteria, the strength of the body of evidence was low. Conclusion Resistance training and IT had demonstrated benefits on glycemic indices, especially on FPG, in a population with prediabetes. Further studies with larger sample sizes and a more robust methodology that compare different types of exercise modalities, frequencies, and durations, are needed to establish a beneficial exercise intervention. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=370688, identifier CRD42022370688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Bennasar-Veny
- Global Health and Lifestyles Research Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Narges Malih
- Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Aina M. Galmes-Panades
- Global Health and Lifestyles Research Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Research Group (GICAFE), Institute for Educational Research and Innovation (IRIE), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Garcia-Coll
- Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ricci-Cabello
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Primary Care and Promotion—Balearic Islands Community (GRAPP-caIB), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca (IB-Salut), Balearic Health Service, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Aina M. Yañez
- Global Health and Lifestyles Research Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
- Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Na W, Yu TY, Sohn C. Evaluation of medical nutrition therapy using the food-based index of dietary inflammatory potential (FBDI) in diabetes mellitus patients. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:529-540. [PMID: 37266119 PMCID: PMC10232197 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Inflammation is often associated with chronic diseases, and numerous studies suggest that certain foods can modulate inflammatory status. This study aimed to assess the impact of intensive nutrition education on glycemic control and inflammation in patients with diabetes mellitus using the Korean food-based index of dietary inflammatory potential (FBDI). SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 120 patients (male: 70, 58.3%) were randomly divided into two groups of 60 each, to be given intensive nutritional education (IE) and basic nutritional education (BE), respectively. As part of the nutrition education intervention, basic diabetes-related nutrition education was provided to both groups initially. In addition, the IE was provided two face-to-face nutrition education sessions based on FBDI over six months, and text transmissions were made at least eight times. We surveyed the anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, inflammatory markers, and dietary intake before and after the interventions. We analyzed the effects of the intensive nutrition education using the t-test, χ2 test and paired t-test. RESULTS Of the subjects, 76.7% (46/60) of the IE and 86.7% (52/60) of the BE completed the study. The results of the paired t-test to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education using FBDI showed that high density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased significantly from 42.6 mg/dL before intervention to 49.2 mg/dL after intervention (P = 0.009), tumor necrosis factor-α significantly decreased from 1.25 pg/mL before intervention to 1.11 pg/mL after intervention (P =.012) in the IE. Also, glycated hemoglobin decreased from 8.0% to 7.5% in the IE but increased from 7.4% to 7.7% in the BE, and the differences between the groups were significant (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that providing intensive FBDI-based education on anti-inflammatory foods positively affected glycemic control and inflammatory status in diabetes patients. Therefore, practical dietary plans using FBDI should be considered for diabetes patients to prevent increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Tae Yang Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Cheongmin Sohn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Understanding NAFLD: From Case Identification to Interventions, Outcomes, and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030687. [PMID: 36771394 PMCID: PMC9921401 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and frequent cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, it is also strongly associated with cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality, likely driven by its associations with insulin resistance and other manifestations of metabolic dysregulation. However, few satisfactory pharmacological treatments are available for NAFLD due in part to its complex pathophysiology, and challenges remain in stratifying individual patient's risk for liver and cardiovascular disease related outcomes. In this review, we describe the development and progression of NAFLD, including its pathophysiology and outcomes. We also describe different tools for identifying patients with NAFLD who are most at risk of liver-related and cardiovascular-related complications, as well as current and emerging treatment options, and future directions for research.
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Chang WY, Chiu HM. Beyond colonoscopy: Physical activity as a viable adjunct to prevent colorectal cancer. Dig Endosc 2023; 35:33-46. [PMID: 35694899 DOI: 10.1111/den.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. The implementation of a mass screening program has been proven effective in reducing the global burden of CRC, but its effectiveness is not ideal and some metabolic derangements and lifestyle factors were reported to be attributable for such a deficit. Implementing positive lifestyle intervention as primary prevention therefore becomes critical because colorectal carcinogenesis can be promoted by several lifestyle factors, such as a lack of physical activity. Herein, we review the current evidence on the association and possible mechanisms between physical activity and CRC carcinogenesis. In addition, since CRC prevention heavily relies on resection of precancerous polyps and subsequent surveillance by colonoscopy, this review will also explore the impact of physical activity on populations with different colorectal polyp risks and its potential adjunct role in altering surveillance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Han-Mo Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Handy RM, Holloway GP. Insights into the development of insulin resistance: Unraveling the interaction of physical inactivity, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biology. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1151389. [PMID: 37153211 PMCID: PMC10157178 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1151389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While impairments in peripheral tissue insulin signalling have a well-characterized role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), the specific mechanisms that contribute to these impairments remain debatable. Nonetheless, a prominent hypothesis implicates the presence of a high-lipid environment, resulting in both reactive lipid accumulation and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the induction of peripheral tissue insulin resistance. While the etiology of insulin resistance in a high lipid environment is rapid and well documented, physical inactivity promotes insulin resistance in the absence of redox stress/lipid-mediated mechanisms, suggesting alternative mechanisms-of-action. One possible mechanism is a reduction in protein synthesis and the resultant decrease in key metabolic proteins, including canonical insulin signaling and mitochondrial proteins. While reductions in mitochondrial content associated with physical inactivity are not required for the induction of insulin resistance, this could predispose individuals to the detrimental effects of a high-lipid environment. Conversely, exercise-training induced mitochondrial biogenesis has been implicated in the protective effects of exercise. Given mitochondrial biology may represent a point of convergence linking impaired insulin sensitivity in both scenarios of chronic overfeeding and physical inactivity, this review aims to describe the interaction between mitochondrial biology, physical (in)activity and lipid metabolism within the context of insulin signalling.
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Robertson HL, Michel C, Bartl L, Hamilton-Reeves JM. Sarcopenia in urologic oncology: Identification and strategies to improve patient outcomes. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:474-480. [PMID: 32456854 PMCID: PMC7683358 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and function related to aging, undereating, disease conditions, or inactivity. Pre-existing sarcopenia diminishes the functional reserve of patients with cancer which increases their risk for frailty, cancer cachexia, and worse outcomes from treatments. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multi-factorial: opening opportunities for clinicians to work across disciplines to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. The purpose of this essay is to describe sarcopenia, discuss clinical screening and assessment for sarcopenia, and highlight potential interventions to manage sarcopenia in the urologic oncology population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L Robertson
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Carrie Michel
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Lucas Bartl
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Gu C, He G, Lin C. EVALUATION OF HIGH LEVELS OF SPORTS ACTIVITY AND THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON POSTPRANDIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE PROFILES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Hyperglycemia is the principal characteristic component of type 2 diabetes. High blood glucose concentrations for long periods can be countered with postprandial exercise by increasing glucose retention involuntary muscles. However, no research is present on the relationship between exercise time and glucose levels. Objective: This study evaluates the relationship between sports activity and postprandial glycemia levels. Methodology: Forty-five individuals were included in the study, 10 males and 35 females with an age of 27.11±2.8 years; a body fat percentage of 25.02% ±5.04%; and a body mass index of 22.74±4.55 kg/m2. Participants were included via WhatsApp for daily information on postprandial activity levels. WhatsApp messages were forwarded to a total of 2,500 people at different colleges and universities. Out of the total 60 active people (2.40%) who responded, 45 individuals participated in the study. They were divided into three categories based on self-reported postprandial activity: not very active (15), quite active (15), highly active (15). All active individuals completed an oral glucose intake test with blood samples obtained for evaluation at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-rest. On a gender basis, the groups could not be associated (P =.057). Results: All active groups showed a remarkable effect on blood glucose level at one hour (P =.031). A mean increase in blood glucose level in the first hour of 1.50 mmol/L was observed for every extra 1.0 mmol/L of standard glycemic amount, on average, women had a higher blood glucose amount of 1.35 mmol/L than men. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a high amount of postprandial activity generates a good outcome on glycemic parameters. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifeng Gu
- Hebei University of Economics and Business, China
| | - Guojian He
- Hebei University of Economics and Business, China
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11
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Esposito G, Turati F, Serraino D, Crispo A, Negri E, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C. Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations and endometrial cancer risk: a multicentric case-control study. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-9. [PMID: 36093931 PMCID: PMC10197087 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) published evidence-based recommendations for cancer prevention focusing on body weight, physical activity, and diet. Our aim is to evaluate whether adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations could reduce endometrial cancer risk. We used data from a multicentric, Italian hospital-based case-control study (1992-2006) including 454 endometrial cancer cases and 908 age-matched controls. Adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations was measured using a score (range: 0-7) based on seven components: body mass index (BMI), physical activity and five dietary items; higher scores indicated higher adherence. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multiple (adjusted) conditional logistic regression models including terms for major confounders and energy intake. Adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations was inversely related to endometrial cancer risk (OR = 0·42, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0·30, 0·61 for the highest compared with the lowest score quartile), with a significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing adherence. An inverse association was also observed for a score including only dietary recommendations (OR = 0·67, 95 % CI 0·46, 0·96 for the highest compared with the lowest score tertile). In stratified analyses, the association was stronger among women with a normal weight, those who were older, and consequently those in post-menopause, and those with ≥ 2 children. In conclusion, high adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations has a favourable role in endometrial cancer risk, which is not fully explained by body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Esposito
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori – IRCCS ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, Naples, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Parazzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Diabesity in Elderly Cardiovascular Disease Patients: Mechanisms and Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147886. [PMID: 35887234 PMCID: PMC9318065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. In 2019, 550 million people were suffering from CVD and 18 million of them died as a result. Most of them had associated risk factors such as high fasting glucose, which caused 134 million deaths, and obesity, which accounted for 5.02 million deaths. Diabesity, a combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity, contributes to cardiac, metabolic, inflammation and neurohumoral changes that determine cardiac dysfunction (diabesity-related cardiomyopathy). Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is distributed around the myocardium, promoting myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, particularly with preserved systolic function, atrial fibrillation and coronary atherosclerosis. In fact, several hypoglycaemic drugs have demonstrated a volume reduction of EAT and effects on its metabolic and inflammation profile. However, it is necessary to improve knowledge of the diabesity pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases for comprehensive patient management including drugs to optimize glucometabolic control. This review presents the mechanisms of diabesity associated with cardiovascular disease and their therapeutic implications.
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Beaudry KM, Surdi JC, Mari A, Devries MC. Exercise mode influences post-exercise glucose sensitivity and insulin clearance in young, healthy males and females in a sex-dependent manner: A randomized control trial. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15354. [PMID: 35785485 PMCID: PMC9251832 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is lower in females than males. It has been reported that females have greater pancreatic 𝛽-cell function than males, which may at least in part contribute to the T2D risk in females. 𝛽-cell function is influenced by exercise training; however, previous trials comparing 𝛽-cell function between the sexes have not included participants matched for training status. Furthermore, the acute effects of different modes of exercise on 𝛽-cell function, and whether sex inherently influences these effects, are largely unexamined. Males and females (12/sex) completed a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at rest (CON) and following acute bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate intensity continuous (MIC) exercise, and low-load high-repetition (LLHR) resistance exercise to assess whether sex inherently influences baseline and/or post-exercise pancreatic function in the absence of pathology. We found no sex differences in basal pancreatic 𝛽-cell function. Females had greater basal insulin clearance following MIC exercise compared to males (p = 0.01) and males tended to have a higher potentiation ratio following HIIE (p = 0.07). Females also had lower glucose sensitivity following MIC exercise compared to HIIE (p = 0.007) and LLHR (p = 0.003). Insulin clearance during the OGTT was greater following HIIE as compared with CON and MIC exercise (p = 0.02). 2-H oral glucose insulin sensitivity was greater following LLHR compared to CON (p = 0.01). Acute bouts of different modes of exercise do not differentially influence 𝛽-cell function but do influence insulin clearance and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, sex and exercise mode interact to differentially influence insulin clearance and glucose sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian C. Surdi
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanada
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research CouncilPadovaItaly
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14
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The active grandparent hypothesis: Physical activity and the evolution of extended human healthspans and lifespans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107621118. [PMID: 34810239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107621118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximate mechanisms by which physical activity (PA) slows senescence and decreases morbidity and mortality have been extensively documented. However, we lack an ultimate, evolutionary explanation for why lifelong PA, particularly during middle and older age, promotes health. As the growing worldwide epidemic of physical inactivity accelerates the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases among aging populations, integrating evolutionary and biomedical perspectives can foster new insights into how and why lifelong PA helps preserve health and extend lifespans. Building on previous life-history research, we assess the evidence that humans were selected not just to live several decades after they cease reproducing but also to be moderately physically active during those postreproductive years. We next review the longstanding hypothesis that PA promotes health by allocating energy away from potentially harmful overinvestments in fat storage and reproductive tissues and propose the novel hypothesis that PA also stimulates energy allocation toward repair and maintenance processes. We hypothesize that selection in humans for lifelong PA, including during postreproductive years to provision offspring, promoted selection for both energy allocation pathways which synergistically slow senescence and reduce vulnerability to many forms of chronic diseases. As a result, extended human healthspans and lifespans are both a cause and an effect of habitual PA, helping explain why lack of lifelong PA in humans can increase disease risk and reduce longevity.
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15
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Piralaiy E, Siahkuhian M, Nikookheslat SD, Pescatello LS, Sheikhalizadeh M, Khani M. Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Response to Three Types of Exercise in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Neuropathy. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1469-1478. [PMID: 34900798 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Physical exercise is necessary in the handling DM, but it is not distinct which kind of physical exercise can improve cardiac autonomic modulation in T2DM. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different modalities of exercise (aerobic, resistant, and combined) on cardiac autonomic modulation as measured by HRV in patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy. Methods The participants were 45 men (age: 55.24 ± 8.11 years, weight: 89.5 ± 13.4 kg, height: 171.85 ± 6.98 cm, duration of diabetes: 12.51 ± 6.46 years) with type 2 diabetic neuropathy who were clinically free from signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: aerobic-training (n = 11), dynamic resistant-training (n = 11), Combined-training (n = 11), or a non-exercise control group (n = 12). The exercise groups performed aerobic and resistant exercise for 25-45 min per day, 3-5 times per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics, biochemical markers (FBS, HbA1c, Lipid Profile, and Insulin), and heart rate variability in the exercise laboratory and under ambulatory conditions by 3-channel ECG digital Holter recorder were examined. Results All time and frequency-domain HRV parameters (except LF power) were significantly improved in the exercise groups, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). SDNN, rMSSD, and HF power were boosted, LF power was not different, and the LF/HF ratio decreased after versus before exercise training, independent of exercise modality. HbA1c in aerobic and resistant-training groups, and insulin and LDL in the resistant-training group were decreased after exercise training (p < 0.05). Conclusions Exercise training, independent of modality, in patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy who were clinically free of the cardiovascular disease cause to significant progress in cardiovascular autonomic function assessed by HRV via enhancing cardio-vagal and reducing cardio-sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Piralaiy
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marefat Siahkuhian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeed Dabbagh Nikookheslat
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahboub Sheikhalizadeh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Mostafa Khani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
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The Effects of TRX Suspension Training Combined with Taurine Supplementation on Body Composition, Glycemic and Lipid Markers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113958. [PMID: 34836211 PMCID: PMC8621658 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week total-body resistance exercise (TRX) suspension training intervention combined with taurine supplementation on body composition, blood glucose, and lipid markers in T2D females. Methods: Forty T2D middle-aged females (age: 53 ± 5 years, body mass = 84.3 ± 5.1 kg) were randomly assigned to four groups, TRX suspension training + placebo (TP; n = 10), TRX suspension training + taurine supplementation (TT; n = 10), taurine supplementation (T; n = 10), or control (C; n = 10). Body composition (body mass, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP)), blood glucose (fasting blood sugar (FBS)), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Insulin, and Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid markers (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC)) were evaluated prior to and after interventions. Results: All three interventions significantly decreased body mass, BMI, and BFP with no changes between them for body mass and BMI; however, BFP changes in the TT group were significantly greater than all other groups. FBS was significantly reduced in TP and TT. Insulin concentrations’ decrement were significantly greater in all experimental groups compared to C; however, no between group differences were observed between TT, TP, and T. In regards to HOMA-IR, decreases in TT were significantly greater than all other groups TG, HbA1c, and LDL were reduced following all interventions. HDL values significantly increased only in the TT group, while TC significantly decreased in TP and TT groups. Changes in HbA1c, TG, HDL, and TC were significantly greater in the TT compared to all other groups. Conclusions: TRX training improved glycemic and lipid profiles, while taurine supplementation alone failed to show hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Notably, the synergic effects of TRX training and taurine supplementation were shown in HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, HDL, and BFP changes. Our outcomes suggest that TRX training + taurine supplementation may be an effective adjuvant therapy in individuals with T2D.
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17
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Park SK, Jung JY, Oh CM, Kim MH, Ha E, Kim Y, Nam DJ, Ryoo JH. Daily Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and Its Preventive Effect on Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2021; 54:873-881. [PMID: 34583455 PMCID: PMC9296946 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There has been accumulating evidence for the preventive effect of high physical activity on cancer. However, it is still unclear which level of physical activity is associated with the decreased risk of pancreatic cancer. The purpose of current study is to assess the association between the frequency of vigorous intensity physical activity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Materials and Methods The nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Information Database. Study participants were 220,357 Koreans who received health check-up in 2009. They were divided into four groups by the weekly frequency of vigorous intensity physical activity longer than 20 minutes (group 1, no vigorous intensity physical activity (reference); group 2, 1–3 days; group 3, 4–5 days and group 4, 6–7 days). Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident pancreatic cancer (adjusted HRs [95% CI]) according to the weekly frequency of vigorous intensity physical activity. Results For 4.38 years’ follow-up on average, 377 cases of pancreatic cancer developed. Subjects without incident pancreatic cancer had more favorable metabolic condition and higher physical activity than subjects with incident pancreatic cancer. Adjusted HRs and 95% CI indicated that only group 4 was significantly associated with the decreased risk of pancreatic cancer (group 1, reference; group 2, 1.10 [0.86–1.40]; group 3, 0.75 [0.45–1.25] and group 4, 0.47 [0.25–0.89]). Conclusion In this nationwide representative cohort study, near daily vigorous intensity physical activity showed the preventive effect on pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Park
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Young Jung
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Mo Oh
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environment Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Jin Nam
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Departments of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Exercise Training Protocols to Improve Obesity, Glucose Homeostasis, and Subclinical Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34473318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1558-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemics of obesity and sedentarism are associated with poor quality of life and increased risks for development of inflammatory chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Physical activity is considered as an antidote to counteract the development of chronic sterile inflammatory diseases. Thus, we review the most promising exercise training protocols for promoting weight loss, improving glucose homeostasis, and reducing inflammation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training, high-intensity aerobic training, and combined (aerobic + resistance) training. Our aim with this chapter is to provide evidence and guidance for choosing the most appropriate protocols of exercise training according to the goals of the patient.
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19
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Remchak MME, Piersol KL, Bhatti S, Spaeth AM, Buckman JF, Malin SK. Considerations for Maximizing the Exercise "Drug" to Combat Insulin Resistance: Role of Nutrition, Sleep, and Alcohol. Nutrients 2021; 13:1708. [PMID: 34069950 PMCID: PMC8157556 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key etiological factor in promoting not only type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a first-line therapy for combating chronic disease by improving insulin action through, in part, reducing hepatic glucose production and lipolysis as well as increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake and vasodilation. Just like a pharmaceutical agent, exercise can be viewed as a "drug" such that identifying an optimal prescription requires a determination of mode, intensity, and timing as well as consideration of how much exercise is done relative to sitting for prolonged periods (e.g., desk job at work). Furthermore, proximal nutrition (nutrient timing, carbohydrate intake, etc.), sleep (or lack thereof), as well as alcohol consumption are likely important considerations for enhancing adaptations to exercise. Thus, identifying the maximal exercise "drug" for reducing insulin resistance will require a multi-health behavior approach to optimize type 2 diabetes and CVD care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Margaret E. Remchak
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Kelsey L. Piersol
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Sabha Bhatti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Spaeth
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jennifer F. Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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de Souto Barreto P, Vellas B, Rolland Y. Physical activity and exercise in the context of SARS-Cov-2: A perspective from geroscience field. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101258. [PMID: 33450400 PMCID: PMC8042847 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent pandemics of the SARS-Cov-2 has pushed physical activity (PA) and exercise at the forefront of the discussion, since PA is associated with a reduced risk of developing all the chronic diseases strongly associated with severe cases of SARS-Cov-2 and exercise is considered a complimentary therapeutics for the treatment of these age-related conditions. The mechanisms through which PA and exercise could contribute to reduce the severity of the SARS-Cov-2 infection would be multiple, including their capacity to boost the immune system, but also their global effect on slowing down the progression of the aging process. The present perspective presents a discussion on how PA and exercise might hypothetically be linked with SARS-Cov-2 infection, current scientific gaps and shortcomings as well as recommendations for advancing research in this area, placing the debate in the context of aging and gerosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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21
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Caprara G. Mediterranean-Type Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity: The Winning Combination to Counteract the Rising Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020429. [PMID: 33525638 PMCID: PMC7910909 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and type 2 diabetes) are the main causes of death worldwide. Their burden is expected to rise in the future, especially in less developed economies and among the poor spread across middle- and high-income countries. Indeed, the treatment and prevention of these pathologies constitute a crucial challenge for public health. The major non-communicable diseases share four modifiable behavioral risk factors: unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco usage and excess of alcohol consumption. Therefore, the adoption of healthy lifestyles, which include not excessive alcohol intake, no smoking, a healthy diet and regular physical activity, represents a crucial and economical strategy to counteract the global NCDs burden. This review summarizes the latest evidence demonstrating that Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and physical activity are, alone and in combination, key interventions to both prevent and control the rise of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Caprara
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20139 Milano, Italy
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22
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Simper TN, Morris C, Lynn A, O'Hagan C, Kilner K. Responses to oral glucose challenge differ by physical activity volume and intensity: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:645-650. [PMID: 33308815 PMCID: PMC7749213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-hour postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Physical activity (PA) has short-term beneficial effects on post-meal glucose response. This study compared the oral glucose tolerance test results of 3 groups of people with habitually different levels of PA. METHODS Thirty-one adults without diabetes (age 25.9 ± 6.6 years; body mass index 23.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were recruited and divided into 3 groups based on self-reported PA volume and intensity: low activity < 30 min/day of moderate-intensity activity (n = 11), moderately active ≥ 30 min/day of moderate-intensity PA (n = 10), and very active ≥ 60 min/day of PA at high intensity (n = 10). Participants completed an oral glucose tolerance test (50 g glucose) with capillary blood samples obtained at baseline, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min post-ingestion. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups for age or body fat percentage or glycated hemoglobin (p > 0.05). The groups were significantly different in terms of baseline glucose level (p = 0.003) and, marginally, for gender (p = 0.053) and BMI (p = 0.050). There was a statistically significant effect of PA on the 1-h postprandial glucose results (p = 0.029), with differences between very active and low activity groups (p = 0.008) but not between the moderately active and low activity groups (p = 0.360), even when baseline glucose level and gender differences were accounted for. For incremental area under the curve there was no significant effect of activity group once gender and body fat percentage had been accounted for (p = 0.401). Those in the low activity group took 15 min longer to reach peak glucose level than those in the very active group (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION The results suggest that high levels of PA have a beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose profiles when compared to low and moderate levels of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor N Simper
- Food Group Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Cecile Morris
- Food Group Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Anthony Lynn
- Food Group Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ciara O'Hagan
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Karen Kilner
- Department for Health and Social Care Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
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23
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Bennie JA, De Cocker K, Duncan MJ. Associations of muscle-strengthening and aerobic exercise with self-reported components of sleep health among a nationally representative sample of 47,564 US adults. Sleep Health 2020; 7:281-288. [PMID: 33071201 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence demonstrates that physical activity is favorably associated with indicators of sleep health. However, population-based studies rarely examine the relationship between different physical activity modalities (ie, aerobic exercise vs muscle-strengthening exercise) with components of sleep health. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on the US 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Validated items assessed self-reported moderate-to-vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (MVPA), muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE), sleep duration, difficulties and disorders. Poisson regression assessed prevalence ratios (PR) of 5 components of detrimental sleep health (short sleep; long sleep; poor quality sleep; observed snoring; and observed breathing stoppage) separately for adults 18-64 years and ≥65 years, across 4 categories of physical activity guideline adherence (met neither [reference]; MSE only; MVPA only; met both). RESULTS The sample comprised 47,564 adults (mean age: 48.4 years; ±1.4; 51.6% female). Among those 18-64 years, with the exception of short sleep (4-6 hours), for all other detrimental sleep health components, the lowest PRs were observed among those meeting both MVPA-MSE guidelines. Among those aged ≥65 years, for all 5 detrimental sleep health components, compared to the other physical activity categories, the lowest PRs were observed among those meeting both MVPA-MSE guidelines. All associations remained after adjusting for potential confounders (sex, education, income, smoking, alcohol, depression, hypertension, diabetes). CONCLUSION A physical activity routine that includes both MVPA and MSE is likely to be beneficial for better sleep health. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish the temporal relationships between MVPA/MSE guideline adherence and sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Bennie
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ PALs), Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Education City, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield, Queensland 4300, Australia.
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ PALs), Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Education City, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield, Queensland 4300, Australia
| | - Mitch J Duncan
- School of Medicine & Public Health; Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
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24
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Lee AS, Johnson NA, McGill MJ, Overland J, Luo C, Baker CJ, Martinez-Huenchullan S, Wong J, Flack JR, Twigg SM. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Partial Crossover. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2281-2288. [PMID: 32647051 PMCID: PMC7440893 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty inactive adults with type 1 diabetes who had BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and HbA1c ≥7.5% were randomized to 12 weeks of either HIIT exercise intervention consisting of 4 × 4-min HIIT (85-95% peak heart rate) performed thrice weekly or usual care control. In a partial crossover design, the control group subsequently performed the 12-week HIIT intervention. The primary end point was the change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks. Glycemic and cardiometabolic outcomes were measured at 0, 12, and 24 weeks. RESULTS Participants were aged 44 ± 10 years with diabetes duration 19 ± 11 years and BMI 30.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2. HbA1c decreased from 8.63 ± 0.66% at baseline to 8.10 ± 1.04% at 12 weeks in the HIIT intervention group (P = 0.01); however, this change was not significantly different from the control group (HIIT -0.53 ± 0.61%, control -0.14 ± 0.48%, P = 0.08). In participants who undertook at least 50% of the prescribed HIIT intervention, the HbA1c reduction was significantly greater than control (HIIT -0.64 ± 0.64% [n = 9], control -0.14 ± 0.48% [n = 15], P = 0.04). There were no differences in insulin dose, hypoglycemia on continuous glucose monitoring, blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight, or body composition between groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c with a 12-week HIIT intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes. However, glycemic control may improve for people who undertake HIIT with greater adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J McGill
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Overland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Connie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Callum J Baker
- Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sergio Martinez-Huenchullan
- Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jencia Wong
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Flack
- Diabetes Centre, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Wake AD. Antidiabetic Effects of Physical Activity: How It Helps to Control Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2909-2923. [PMID: 32884317 PMCID: PMC7443456 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s262289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in clinical care of the patients, research updates, and public health interventions, there is still an increase in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality because of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. It has increased alarmingly, putting this disease in the dimension of an epidemic. Diabetes is associated with several complications which increase the risk of many serious health problems on the other side. Therefore, this review was aimed to discuss the antidiabetic effects of physical activity (PA) on type 2 DM (T2DM) by summarizing the significant studies on this topic. This review found that several studies have recommended the utilization of PA for the effective management of T2DM. PA is a non-pharmacologic therapy which is a significant strategy for the management of T2DM and is an appropriate lifestyle modification approach to be practiced by these patients. The studies showed that PA has antidiabetic effects which are evidenced by its substantial role in improving the blood glucose (BG) levels of the individuals with T2DM where it helps them to control their levels of glucose in the blood. It plays a significant role in glycemic control of this disease by lowering the BG levels through possible mechanisms such as decreasing insulin resistance, increasing production of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), lowering visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increasing pancreatic β-cell functions, using glucose for energy, and so on. In turn, the controlled glycemia helps to prevent the complications associated with uncontrolled T2DM and this would further improve the overall health of the patients and the burden on the health professionals as well. Finally, this review concludes that PA is the cornerstone in the management of T2DM. It also suggests that more attention is needed to its significance in the prevention, glycemic control, and its role in the management of the morbidity and mortality associated with T2DM. Practical PA recommendations and suggestions for the future direction of research in this area are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Dabi Wake
- Nursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Assela, Oromia, Ethiopia
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26
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Association of Reallocating Time in Different Intensities of Physical Activity with Weight Status Changes among Normal-Weight Chinese Children: A National Prospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165761. [PMID: 32784949 PMCID: PMC7459607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Time spent in different intensity-specific physical activities is codependent, but the substitution effect of different activities on weight status changes in children remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the prospective association between reallocating time in different intensities of physical activity and weight status changes among Chinese children. Methods: A national sample of 15,100 normal-weight children aged 7–18 years (46.7% boys) were recruited in September 2013 and followed up for nine months. Vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA), moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA), walking, and sedentary time were obtained by International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Height and weight were objectively measured, by which body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score were calculated. Weight status was classified by the Chinese criteria for 7- to 18-year-old children. Isotemporal substitution analyses (including single-factor model, partition model, and isotemporal substitution model) were applied to examine the association of time allocation with weight status changes. Results: Each 30 min/day of increase in VPA was favorably associated with a 13.2% reduced risk of incident overweight/obesity in a single-factor model and a 15.6% reduced risk in a partition model. Negative associations were found between VPA, MPA, walking and the risk of being underweight in the single-factor model, but not in the partition model. In substitution models, replacing 30 min/day sedentary time with an equal amount of VPA was favorably associated with a 16.1% reduction of the risk of being overweight/obese. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for promoting vigorous-intensity physical activity in children.
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27
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Moreno-Cabañas A, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Alvarez-Jimenez L, Mora-Rodriguez R. Substitution of parts of aerobic training by resistance training lowers fasting hyperglycemia in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:69-76. [PMID: 32659116 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine the effects of substituting parts of aerobic training (AT) by resistance training (RT) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors. MetS patients (aged 56 ± 7 years; body mass index 33 ± 5 kg·m-2 and 3.9 ± 0.8 MetS factors) were randomized to undergo 1 of the following isocaloric, 16-week long exercise programs: (i) cycling 4 bouts of 4-min at 90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) followed by 3 sets of 12 repetitions of 3 lower limb free-weight exercises (high-intensity interval training (HIIT)+RT group; n = 33), (ii) cycling 5 bouts of 4 min at 90% of HRmax (HIIT+HIIT group; n = 33), or (iii) no exercise control group (n = 21). We measured the evolution of all 5 MetS components (z score), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), leg strength and power (leg press 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and countermovement jump (CMJ)), fasting blood glucose (FG), fasting insulin, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment 2). Both training groups improved maximal oxygen uptake similarly (170 ± 310 and 190 ± 210 mL O2·min-1; P < 0.001) and z score (-0.12 ± 0.29 and -0.12 ± 0.31 for HIIT+RT and HIIT+HIIT, respectively; P < 0.02). However, only HIIT+RT improved CMJ (P = 0.002) and leg press 1RM above the HIIT+HIIT group (21% vs 6%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, FG only decreased in the HIIT+RT group (5%; P = 0.026, time × group). Our findings suggest that substitution of part of HIIT by leg RT improves glucose control in MetS individuals. Novelty Most studies addressing the efficacy of endurance versus resistance training are not matched by energy expenditure. We found that substituting 20% of AT with RT reduces hyperglycemia in MetS individuals. Training recommendations to regain glycemic control in MetS individuals should include resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Juan Fernando Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Laura Alvarez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain.,Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
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28
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Parry SA, Hodson L. Managing NAFLD in Type 2 Diabetes: The Effect of Lifestyle Interventions, a Narrative Review. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1381-1406. [PMID: 32146704 PMCID: PMC7140753 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing. As a strong association between these two diseases exist, it is unsurprising that the number of patients with coexisting NAFLD and T2D is also increasing. These patients display a deleterious metabolic profile (e.g. hypertriglyceridemia), and increased mortality rates relative to those with only NAFLD or T2D in isolation; therefore, effective treatment strategies are required. Here we review the available intervention studies that have investigated the effects of changes in lifestyle (diet and exercise/physical activity) on NAFLD in patients with both NAFLD and T2D. On the basis of the available evidence, it appears that the addition of any kind of exercise (i.e. resistance, aerobic, or high-intensity intermittent exercise) is beneficial for patients with both NAFLD and T2D. These effects appear to occur independently of changes in body weight. Hypocaloric diets leading to weight loss are also effective in improving metabolic parameters in patients with both NAFLD and T2D, with data indicating that ~ 7–10% weight loss is required in order to observe beneficial effects. It is unclear if multidisciplinary interventions incorporating changes in both diet and physical activity levels are a more effective treatment strategy in this population than diet or exercise interventions in isolation. In conclusion, it is clear that lifestyle interventions are an effective treatment strategy in patients with both NAFLD and T2D, although further research is required to optimise these interventions and determine their scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siôn A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
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29
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Safarzade A, Alizadeh H, Bastani Z. The effects of circuit resistance training on plasma progranulin level, insulin resistance and body composition in obese men. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0050. [PMID: 32146440 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Progranulin (PGRN) is implicated in obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of circuit resistance training (CRT) on plasma PGRN, IR and body composition in obese men. Materials and methods Twenty-eight healthy obese men [age: 36 ± 7.7 years, body weight (BW): 96.4 ± 15.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 32.4 ± 4.5 kg/m2] completed the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of control and training. Subjects in the training group underwent training for 8 weeks, 3 times a week. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were taken before the commencement of the exercise protocol and 72 h after the last training session. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to measure IR. Results BW, BF%, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), HOMA-IR and plasma PGRN levels except lean body mass (LBM) were significantly reduced in the training group (p < 0.05). Additionally, except for LBM, subjects in the training group had significantly decreased BW, BF%, BMI, WHR, HOMA-IR and plasma PGRN levels compared to changes in those in the control group (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the changes in plasma PGRN and the changes in insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI (p < 0.05). Conclusions The findings showed that 8 weeks of CRT improved body composition and IR which were accompanied by reduced plasma PGRN levels. This study suggests that CRT has the potential for obese individuals to counteract obesity-associated health impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Safarzade
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.,Athletic Performance and Health Research Center, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Hamid Alizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Zainab Bastani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Sari Branch, Sari, Iran
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30
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Domínguez-Muñoz FJ, Villafaina S, García-Gordillo MA, Hernández-Mocholi MÁ, Collado-Mateo D, Adsuar JC, Gusi N. Effects of 8-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training on the HbA1c, Quality of Life, Physical Fitness, Body Composition and Foot Health Status in People with T2DM: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1317. [PMID: 32085626 PMCID: PMC7068407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an 8-week whole-body vibration (WBV) on the quality of life, physical fitness, body composition, glycosylate hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, and foot health status in people with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It was performed as a double-blinded randomized controlled trial of 90 people with T2DM. Primary care facilities were used. The 8-week WBV training consisted of maintaining a knee flexion at 45° during five to nine series of 30-60 s in a vibration frequency that oscillated between 12.5-18.5 and 30 s of recovery between series. The placebo group had to perform the same protocol but without vibration. Participants performed the protocol three times per week. The WBV training significantly reduced the fat mass (%) of people with T2DM. However, significant effects of WBV training were not found in the quality of life, physical fitness, foot health status, lipid profile, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, or HbA1c. Nevertheless, within groups enhances were found in HbA1c, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, foot health status, health-related quality of life, timed-up and go test, and chair-stand test in both WBV and placebo groups. WBV was shown to be beneficial for reducing the fat mass and lipid profile of people with T2DM. The improvements of the placebo group could be due to both the social benefits of enrolling in an intervention and the physical fitness benefits of isometric contractions. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of WBV and to establish a dose-response relationship in people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Domínguez-Muñoz
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (F.J.D.-M.); (M.Á.H.-M.); (N.G.)
| | - Santos Villafaina
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (F.J.D.-M.); (M.Á.H.-M.); (N.G.)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Hernández-Mocholi
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (F.J.D.-M.); (M.Á.H.-M.); (N.G.)
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José C. Adsuar
- Health Economy Motricity and Education (HEME), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Narcis Gusi
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (F.J.D.-M.); (M.Á.H.-M.); (N.G.)
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Zhai L, Liu Y, Zhao W, Chen Q, Guo T, Wei W, Luo Z, Huang Y, Ma C, Huang F, Dai X. Aerobic and resistance training enhances endothelial progenitor cell function via upregulation of caveolin-1 in mice with type 2 diabetes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:10. [PMID: 31900223 PMCID: PMC6942272 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the effect of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT) or a combination of AT and RT (AT+RT) on the function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in mice with type 2 diabetes and the potential effective mechanisms Methods Eight-week-old db/db male mice were used as type 2 diabetic animal models in this study. Mice were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 5), AT group (n = 5), RT group (n = 5) and AT+RT group (n = 5). Mice in the control group remained sedentary with no specific training requirement. Mice were motivated to perform AT, RT or AT+RT by a gentle pat on their body for 3 or 4 days/week for 14 days. AT was performed by treadmill running, RT was performed by ladder climbing and AT+RT involved both AT and RT. Bone-derived EPCs were isolated after 14 days of the intervention. EPC expression of CD31, CD34, CD133, CD144 and VEGFR2 was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Fluorescence detection was performed on attached mononuclear cells to detect double-positive EPCs. We then explored the effect of caveolin-1 knockdown (lentiviral vector with caveolin-1-siRNA) on the proliferation and adherence of EPCs and the concentration of caveolin-1 and PI3K/AKT via western blot analyses. Results Compared to the mice in the control group, the mice in the AT, RT and AT+RT groups presented significant increases in proliferation and adherence after 14 days of intervention. AT+RT induced an increase in EPC adherence, which was greater than that of the control, RT and AT groups. Caveolin-1 knockdown inhibited the EPC proliferative and adherent abilities. The AT+RT group showed higher levels of caveolin-1 and p-AKT than the control group, but these changes were decreased by caveolin-1-siRNA transfection. Conclusion Combined AT and RT is an effective way to improve EPC function through upregulation of caveolin-1 in mice with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wenpiao Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Guangxi JiangBin Hospital, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qingyun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhuchun Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yanfeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Cui Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Xia Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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32
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Whillier S. Exercise and Insulin Resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:137-150. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Jiang H, Zhang B, Jia D, Yang W, Sun A, Ge J. Insights from Exercise-induced Cardioprotection-from Clinical Application to Basic Research. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3751-3761. [PMID: 31593529 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191008102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has long been recognized as a beneficial living style for cardiovascular health. It has been applied to be a central component of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), post cardiac surgery or transplantation. Although the effect of exercise is multifactorial, in this review, we focus on the specific contribution of regular exercise on the heart and vascular system. We will summarize the known result of clinical findings and possible mechanisms of chronic exercise on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beijian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daile Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ferioli M, Zauli G, Maiorano P, Milani D, Mirandola P, Neri LM. Role of physical exercise in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in inflammation, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging process. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14852-14864. [PMID: 30767204 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetic heritage for decades has been considered to respond only to gene promoters or suppressors, with specific roles for oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes. Epigenetics is progressively attracting increasing interest because it has demonstrated the capacity of these regulatory processes to regulate the gene expression without modifying gene sequence. Several factors may influence epigenetics, such as lifestyles including food selection. A role for physical exercise is emerging in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In this review, we resume physiological and pathological implications of epigenetic modification induced by the physical activity (PA). Inflammation and cancer mechanisms, immune system, central nervous system, and the aging process receive benefits due to PA through epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, the modulation of epigenetic processes by physical exercise positively influences prevention, development, and the course of inflammatory and cancer diseases, as well as neurodegenerative illnesses. This growing field of studies gives rise to a new role for PA as an option in prevention strategies and to integrate pharmacological therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Maiorano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Beaudry KM, Devries MC. Nutritional Strategies to Combat Type 2 Diabetes in Aging Adults: The Importance of Protein. Front Nutr 2019; 6:138. [PMID: 31555655 PMCID: PMC6724448 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pre-diabetes (PD) and type II diabetes (T2D) has risen dramatically in recent years affecting an estimated 422 million adults worldwide. The risk of T2D increases with age, with the sharpest rise in diagnosis occurring after age 40. With age, there is also a progressive decline in muscle mass starting after the age of 30. The decline in muscle mass and function due to aging is termed sarcopenia and immediately precedes the sharp rise in T2D. The purpose of the current review is to discuss the role of protein to attenuate declines in muscle mass and insulin sensitivity to prevent T2D and sarcopenia in aging adults. The current recommended dietary allowance for protein consumption is set at 0.8 g/kg/day and is based on dated studies on young healthy men and may not be sufficient for older adults. Protein consumption upwards of 1.0-1.5 g/kg/day in older adults is able to induce improvements in glycemic control and muscle mass. Obesity, particularly central or visceral obesity is a major risk factor in the development of PD and T2D. However, the tissue composition of weight loss in older adults includes both lean body mass and fat mass and therefore may have adverse metabolic consequences in older adults who are already at a high risk of lean body mass loss. High protein diets have the ability to increase weight loss while preserving lean body mass therefore inducing "high-quality weight loss," which provides favorable metabolic changes in older adults. High protein diets also induce beneficial outcomes on glycemic markers due to satiety, lowered post-prandial glucose response, increased thermogenesis, and the ability to decrease rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The consumption of dairy specific protein consumption has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity by improving body composition, enhancing insulin release, accelerating fat oxidation, and stimulating rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older adults. Exercise, specifically resistance training, also works synergistically to attenuate the progression of PD and T2D by further stimulating rates of MPS thereby increasing muscle mass and inducing favorable changes in glycemic control independent of lean body mass increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Michaela C Devries
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes affects an increasing number of pregnancies. Regular exercise is recommended for pregnant women without diabetes, but whether exercise during pregnancy also benefits women with gestational diabetes (GDM) or preexisting (type 1 or type 2) diabetes or if these women have any specific risks is unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence suggests that low- to moderate-intensity exercise improves blood glucose and may delay insulin initiation for women with GDM. Exercise is also safe, with no reports of increased maternal or neonatal complications. Few studies evaluated exercise as adjunct therapy for pregnant women with preexisting diabetes, precluding a thorough assessment in this population. Low- to moderate-intensity exercise during pregnancy safely improves glycemic control among women with GDM. More studies are needed to evaluate the impact of exercise in pregnant women with preexisting diabetes. Whether a specific type, volume, or timing of activity is most effective is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Peters
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, and Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine, H-450, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Anne-Sophie Brazeau
- McGill University School of Human Nutrition, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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37
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Pourranjbar M, Arabnejad N, Naderipour K, Rafie F. Effects of Aerobic Exercises on Serum Levels of Myonectin and Insulin Resistance in Obese and Overweight Women. J Med Life 2019; 11:381-386. [PMID: 30894898 PMCID: PMC6418335 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Obesity is associated with cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes and insulin resistance. Myonectin is a myokine mostly secreted from skeletal muscles and inversely associated with obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercises on serum levels of myonectin and insulin resistance in obese and overweight women. Materials and Methods: Eighty obese women were assigned to exercise (34) and control groups (46). The exercise program comprised three weekly 45-minute sessions of aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks that included running with 50–70% of maximum heart rate (first 2 weeks – 50%; second week – 60%; third week – 65%; and the last 2 weeks by 70% of maximum heart rate). Twenty-four hours before and after the training session, fasting myonectin serum levels were measured. ANCOVA was used to assess differences between the groups. Results: Serum levels of myonectin in the experimental group increased significantly (P=0.000); however, insulin resistance significantly decreased in the experimental group (P=0.000). Conclusion: Therefore, considering the role of myonectin in increasing fatty acid uptake, exercise training can play an essential role in decreasing obesity-related diseases and metabolic syndrome; this effect is partly related to the roles of myonectin. Therefore, the use of this type of exercise is recommended to reduce the risk of diseases associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pourranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Forouzan Rafie
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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38
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Knox A, Sculthorpe N, Grace F. Caucasian and south Asian men show equivalent improvements in surrogate biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health following 6-weeks of supervised resistance training. F1000Res 2019; 7:1334. [PMID: 30918627 PMCID: PMC6419981 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15376.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The South Asian population have greater cardiovascular risk than their age-matched Caucasian counterparts, characterized by unfavorable biomarkers. South Asians may also be partially resistant to the pleiotropic benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health. There is a current absence of studies that compare markers of cardio-metabolic health between Caucasians and South Asians employing resistance exercise. This study set out to compare the response in biomarkers of cardio-metabolic health in Caucasians and South Asians in response to resistance exercise. Methods: Caucasian (n=15, 25.5 ± 4.8 yrs) and South Asian (n=13, 25.4 ± 7.0 yrs) males completed a 6-week progressive resistance exercise protocol. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, and their product insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TRIGS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), asymmetric dimythylarginine (ADMA), L-arginine (L-ARG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were established at baseline and following resistance exercise. Results: There were significant improvements in fasting glucose, TC, LDL, HDL and VEGF in both groups following resistance exercise ( p<0.05, for all). No change was observed in insulin, HOMA-IR, TRIGS, ADMA, L-ARG following resistance exercise ( p>0.05, in both groups). CRP increased in the South Asian group ( p<0.05) but not the Caucasian group ( p>0.05) Conclusions: The cardio-metabolic response to resistance exercise is comparable in young Caucasian and South Asian males though inflammatory response to exercise may be prolonged in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Knox
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, ML3 0JB, UK
| | - Fergal Grace
- School of Health Science and Psychology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
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39
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Bennie JA, Teychenne MJ, De Cocker K, Biddle SJH. Associations between aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercise with depressive symptom severity among 17,839 U.S. adults. Prev Med 2019; 121:121-127. [PMID: 30786252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For the prevention and management of chronic diseases, global physical activity guidelines state that an adult should engage in regular moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity (MVPA; e.g. walking, cycling, running) and muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE; e.g. strength/resistance training). However, the associations between combined MVPA-MSE with chronic health conditions are rarely examined in large population studies. In particular, little is known associations between combined MVPA-MSE with depressive disorders, one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. The aim of this study is to describe the associations between MVPA and MSE with depressive symptom severity among a large sample of U.S. adults. Data were drawn from the U.S. 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. During phone interviews, MVPA, MSE and depressive symptom severity were assessed by validated questionnaires. Poisson regression with a robust error or variance were used to assess prevalence ratios (PR) of depressive symptom severity (mild, moderate, moderately severe/severe) across categories of physical activity guideline adherence (met neither [reference]; MSE only; MVPA only; met both), adjusting for a set of potential cofounders. Data were available on 17,839 adults (18-85 years). When compared with those meeting neither guideline, for mild, moderate and moderately severe/severe depressive symptoms, the PRs were lowest among meeting both guidelines (range: 0.26-0.54), followed by MVPA only (range: 0.36-0.62) and MSE only (range: 0.49-0.84). Among a large sample of U.S. adults, compared to other guideline adherence categories, meeting both MVPA-MSE guidelines was associated with a lowest likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Bennie
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ PALs), Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Megan J Teychenne
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ PALs), Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ PALs), Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:335-349. [PMID: 30724412 PMCID: PMC6430910 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long‐term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of clinical sciences and services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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41
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Xiong Y, Wu Z, Zhang B, Wang C, Mao F, Liu X, Hu K, Sun X, Jin W, Kuang S. Fndc5 loss-of-function attenuates exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:5876-5886. [PMID: 30721625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801754rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (Fndc5) is a transmembrane protein highly expressed in the skeletal muscle. It was reported that exercise promotes the shedding of the extracellular domain of Fndc5, generating a circulating peptide (irisin) that cross-talks to adipose tissues to convert lipid-storing white adipocytes to energy-catabolizing beige adipocytes. However, the requirement of Fndc5 in mediating the beneficial effect of exercise remains to be determined. Here, we created a mouse model of Fndc5 mutation through transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated DNA targeting. The Fndc5 mutant mice have normal skeletal muscle development, growth, regeneration, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism at resting state, even when fed a high-fat diet. In response to running exercise, however, the Fndc5 mutant mice exhibit reduced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and have lower maximal oxygen consumption compared with the exercised wild-type mice. Mechanistically, Fndc5 mutation attenuates exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue that is crucial for the metabolic benefits of physical activities. These data provide genetic evidence that Fndc5 is dispensable for muscle development and basal metabolism but essential for exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissues in mice.-Xiong, Y., Wu, Z., Zhang, B., Wang, C., Mao, F., Liu, X., Hu, K., Sun, X., Jin, W., Kuang, S. Fndc5 loss-of-function attenuates exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihuan Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Fengyi Mao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Keping Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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42
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Carlson L, Jonker B, Westcott WL, Steele J, Fisher JP. Neither repetition duration nor number of muscle actions affect strength increases, body composition, muscle size, or fasted blood glucose in trained males and females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:200-207. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key variable within resistance training (RT) is that of repetition duration: the time (seconds) taken to perform the concentric and eccentric muscle actions of a repetition. Research has produced equivocal results with regard to strength and muscle mass increases; many studies have created parity in the number of repetitions, but there has been disparity in the load used and the time under load (TUL). The purpose of this study was to compare load- and TUL-matched groups performing resistance exercise using different repetition durations. Fifty-nine male and female participants were randomized into 3 groups: 2s:4s (n = 18), 10s:10s (n = 20), or a group that performed 30 s of eccentric, 30 s of concentric, and 30 s of eccentric muscle actions (e.g., 1.5 repetitions; n = 21). Participants were supervised in one-on-one RT sessions 2 days/week for 10 weeks. Outcomes were 10 repetitions maximum (RM) and predicted 1RM for chest press, leg press, and pulldown exercises, as well as body composition, upper arm and thigh muscle mass, and fasted blood glucose. Analyses revealed significant increases in strength for all exercises but no between-group differences and no statistically significant time course changes for the other variables. Repetition duration does not affect the increases in strength in trained participants when exercise is performed to momentary failure. Because time constraints and perceived difficulty are often cited as barriers to exercise, it is important to recognize that the low-volume (single-set), machine-based protocol employed herein produced worthwhile strength increases in trained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carlson
- Discover Strength, 10160 6th Avenue North, Suite A, Plymouth, MN 55441, USA
| | - Brandon Jonker
- Discover Strength, 10160 6th Avenue North, Suite A, Plymouth, MN 55441, USA
| | | | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
- ukactive Research Institute, ukactive, 26–28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK
| | - James P. Fisher
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
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43
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Ross M, Lithgow H, Hayes L, Florida-James G. Potential Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Exercise and Physical Activity on the Ageing Process. Subcell Biochem 2019; 91:311-338. [PMID: 30888658 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise in young adults has been consistently shown to improve various aspects of physiological and psychological health but we are now realising the potential benefits of exercise with advancing age. Specifically, exercise improves cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and metabolic health through reductions in oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation and modulating cellular processes within a variety of tissues. In this this chapter we will discuss the effects of acute and chronic exercise on these processes and conditions in an ageing population, and how physical activity affects our vasculature, skeletal muscle function, our immune system, and cardiometabolic risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Hannah Lithgow
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Lawrence Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
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Santiago JCP, Ngo HV, Jickeli C, Peter A, Hallschmid M. Intensifying sleep slow oscillations does not improve metabolic control in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:1-7. [PMID: 30172070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired sleep quality and sleep loss compromise glucose homeostasis and metabolic function, but the mechanisms linking sleep and metabolic health are largely unclear. In order to gain insight into the relevance of specific electrophysiological sleep characteristics for metabolic control, we assessed the acute effect on glucose homeostasis as well as energy intake and expenditure of enhancing slow oscillatory activity, a hallmark of slow-wave sleep, by closed-loop auditory stimulation in healthy men. Twenty-two young, normal-weight men underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), indirect calorimetry and the assessment of ad-libitum breakfast intake in the morning after nocturnal sleep with or without auditory stimulation in phase with the ongoing rhythmic occurrence of slow oscillation up-states during 210 min of slow-wave sleep in the first night-half. Stimulation vs. no stimulation strongly increased slow oscillatory activity without changing overall sleep structure, but did not alter fasting or oGTT-stimulated measures of glucose homeostasis. Food intake and energy expenditure were likewise comparable between conditions. Findings indicate that in healthy humans electrophysiological sleep quality is tuned to allow for optimal metabolic control. Future studies should investigate the potential of sleep stage-specific interventions to enhance metabolic control and well-being in patients with metabolic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Santiago
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hong-Viet Ngo
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Carola Jickeli
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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45
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Bennie JA, Ding D, Khan A, Stamatakis E, Biddle SJ, Kim J. Run, lift, or both? Associations between concurrent aerobic-muscle strengthening exercise with adverse cardiometabolic biomarkers among Korean adults. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 27:738-748. [PMID: 30861691 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318817899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical exercise interventions show that combining moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and muscle strengthening exercise (MSE) has more favourable cardiometabolic health benefits than engaging in only one mode of physical activity. However, few studies have examined these associations among community-based samples and none among Asian adults. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 9120 participants aged 20-80 years from the 2014-2015 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Fasting blood samples were analysed for adverse cardiometabolic biomarkers (e.g. high glucose/glycohaemoglobin/triglycerides) and MVPA and MSE were assessed using validated questionnaires. Poisson regression models examined the association between the individual and total number of adverse biomarkers across categories of MVPA-MSE guideline adherence (met neither (reference); met MSE only; met MVPA only; met both) and prevalence ratios are reported adjusted for covariates (e.g. age, education, smoking, waist circumference and sitting time). RESULTS The mean ± SD age was 46.2 ± 16.3 years and 50.3% of the participants were women. Compared with meeting neither guideline, meeting both guidelines had the lowest prevalence ratios for four out of eight individual adverse cardiometabolic biomarkers. In a sex-stratified analysis of men, only meeting both guidelines had a lower prevalence ratio for ≥4 adverse biomarkers (prevalence ratio 0.67; 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.85). For women, the prevalence ratio for ≥4 adverse biomarkers was lowest among those meeting both guidelines (prevalence ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.66), followed by MSE only (prevalence ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.42-0.96) and MVPA only (prevalence ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.65-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Among a large sample of Korean adults, concurrent MVPA-MSE was independently associated with favourable cardiometabolic outcomes. This study supports public health action to promote adherence to MVPA-MSE guidelines to enhance cardiovascular health among Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Bennie
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Ding Ding
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Asaduzzaman Khan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart Jh Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Laboratory, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Korea
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Stinkens R, Brouwers B, Jocken JW, Blaak EE, Teunissen-Beekman KF, Hesselink MK, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, Goossens GH. Exercise training-induced effects on the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype in humans with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1585-1593. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent studies have indicated that physical exercise may improve adipose tissue function. We investigated the effects of a 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program on adipocyte morphology and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue function in metabolically well-phenotyped subjects with obesity. Men with obesity ( n = 21) participated in a 12-wk supervised, progressive, combined exercise training program consisting of aerobic exercise (30 min at 70% of maximal power output 2 times/wk) and resistance exercise (3 × 10 repetitions at 60% of 1 repeated maximum 1 time/wk), with adjustment of exercise intensity every 4 wk. At baseline and after intervention, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected to determine 1) adipocyte morphology, 2) gene expression of markers for lipolysis, inflammation, browning, adipokines, and mitochondrial biogenesis/function, 3) protein expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and 4) ex vivo basal and β2-adrenergic stimulated lipolysis. The exercise training program, which increased maximal aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001) and muscle strength ( P < 0.001), slightly reduced adipose tissue mass (~0.7 kg, P = 0.021) but did not affect abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size ( P = 0.744), adipose tissue gene expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, browning, lipolysis, inflammation and adipokines, total OXPHOS protein content ( P = 0.789), or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis ( P = 0.555). A 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue gene/protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis in male subjects with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies that investigated the effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function in well-phenotyped humans are scarce. We demonstrate that 12 wk of supervised exercise training improved physical fitness and peripheral insulin sensitivity but did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology, adipose tissue gene and protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function, or β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis in men with obesity. A prolonged and/or more intense training program may be required to improve human adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karianna F. Teunissen-Beekman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Lipidomic Profiles of the Heart and Circulation in Response to Exercise versus Cardiac Pathology: A Resource of Potential Biomarkers and Drug Targets. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2757-2772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Del Pozo-Cruz J, García-Hermoso A, Alfonso-Rosa RM, Alvarez-Barbosa F, Owen N, Chastin S, Del Pozo-Cruz B. Replacing Sedentary Time: Meta-analysis of Objective-Assessment Studies. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:395-402. [PMID: 30122216 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aim was to summarize estimates of the potential benefits for cardiometabolic risk markers and all-cause mortality of replacing time spent in sedentary behaviors with light-intensity physical activity or with moderate to vigorous physical activity, from studies using device-based measurement. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Four databases covering the period up to December 2016 were searched and analyzed (February 2017). Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. For the meta-analyses, the estimated regression coefficients (β) and 95% CIs were analyzed for BMI, waist circumference, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pooled relative rate and 95% CIs were calculated for fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance values. Hazard ratios were extracted from studies of all-cause mortality risk. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Ten studies (with 17,390 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Reallocation of 30 minutes of sedentary time to light-intensity physical activity was associated with reductions in waist circumference, fasting insulin, and all-cause mortality risk; and with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to moderate to vigorous physical activity was associated with reductions in BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and all-cause mortality (not pooled) and with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Replacing sedentary time with either light-intensity physical activity or moderate to vigorous physical activity may be beneficial, but when sedentary time is replaced with moderate to vigorous physical activity, the predicted impacts are stronger and apparent for a broader range of risk markers. These findings point to potential benefits of replacing sedentary time with light-intensity physical activity, which may benefit those less able to tolerate or accommodate higher-intensity activities, including many older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Del Pozo-Cruz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Rosa M Alfonso-Rosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Area of Human Motricity and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Alvarez-Barbosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Cardenal Espinola CEU, Seville, Spain
| | - Neville Owen
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sebastien Chastin
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Sports and Movement Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Borja Del Pozo-Cruz
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Reddy R, Wittenberg A, Castle JR, El Youssef J, Winters-Stone K, Gillingham M, Jacobs PG. Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2018; 43:406-414.e1. [PMID: 30414785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.08.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical exercise is recommended for individuals with type 1 diabetes, yet the effects of exercise on glycemic control are not well established. We evaluated the impact of different modes of exercise on glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes. METHODS In a 3-week randomized crossover trial, 10 adults with type 1 diabetes (4 men and 6 women, aged 33±6 years; duration of diabetes, 18±10 years; glycated hemoglobin level, 7.4%±1%) were assigned to 3 weeks of intervention: aerobic exercise (treadmill at 60% of maximum volume of oxygen utilization), resistance training (8 to 12 repetitions of 5 upper and lower body exercises at 60% to 80% of 1 repetition maximum) or no exercise (control). During each exercise week, participants completed 2 monitored 45 min exercise sessions. For each week of the study, we analyzed participants' insulin pump data, sensor glucose data and meal intake using a custom smart-phone application. The primary outcome was the percentage of time in range (glucose >3.9 mmol/L and ≤10 mmol/L) for the 24 h after each bout of exercise or rest during the control week. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT:02687893). RESULTS Aerobic exercise caused a mean glucose reduction during exercise of 3.94±2.67 mmol/L, whereas the reduction during resistance training was 1.33±1.78 mmol/L (p=0.007). The mean percentage time in range for the 24 h after resistance training was significantly greater than that during the control period (70% vs. 56%, p=0.013) but not after aerobic exercise (60%). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that when various confounders are considered, resistance training could improve glycemic control in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amanda Wittenberg
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica R Castle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph El Youssef
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kerri Winters-Stone
- School of Nursing, Human Performance Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter G Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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