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Becknell B, El-Harakeh M, Rodriguez-Tirado F, Grounds KM, Li B, Kercsmar M, Wang X, Jackson AR. Keratin 5 basal cells are temporally regulated developmental and tissue repair progenitors in bladder urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F1078-F1090. [PMID: 38634130 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Urothelium forms a distensible yet impermeable barrier, senses and transduces stimuli, and defends the urinary tract from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injuries. Biochemical and genetic labeling studies support the existence of one or more progenitor populations with the capacity to rapidly regenerate the urothelium following injury, but slow turnover, a low mitotic index, and inconsistent methodologies obscure progenitor identity. The progenitor properties of basal keratin 5 urothelial cells (K5-UCs) have been previously investigated, but those studies focused on embryonic or adult bladder urothelium. Urothelium undergoes desquamation and apoptosis after birth, which requires postnatal proliferation and restoration. Therefore, we mapped the fate of bladder K5-UCs across postnatal development/maturation and following administration of cyclophosphamide to measure homeostatic and reparative progenitor capacities, respectively. In vivo studies demonstrate that basal K5-UCs are age-restricted progenitors in neonates and juveniles, but not in adult mice. Neonatal K5-UCs retain a superior progenitor capacity in vitro, forming larger and more differentiated urothelial organoids than adult K5-UCs. Accordingly, K5-UC transcriptomes are temporally distinct, with enrichment of transcripts associated with cell proliferation and differentiation in neonates. Induction of urothelial proliferation is sufficient to restore adult K5-UC progenitor capacity. Our findings advance the understanding of urothelial progenitors and support a linear model of urothelial formation and regeneration, which may have significant impact on therapeutic development or tissue engineering strategies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fate mapping reveals an important linear relationship, whereby bladder basal urothelial cells give rise to intermediate and superficial cells in an age-restricted manner and contribute to tissue repair. Neonatal basal cells reprise their role as superior progenitors in vitro and display distinct transcriptional signatures, which suggest progenitor function is at least partially cell intrinsic. However, the urothelium progenitor niche cannot be overlooked, since FGF7 rescues adult basal cell progenitor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becknell
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mohammad El-Harakeh
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Felipe Rodriguez-Tirado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kelly M Grounds
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Birong Li
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Macie Kercsmar
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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2
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Fashemi BE, Rougeau AK, Salazar AM, Bark SJ, Chappidi R, Brown JW, Cho CJ, Mills JC, Mysorekar IU. A new role for IFRD1 in regulation of ER stress in bladder epithelial homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574887. [PMID: 38260387 PMCID: PMC10802459 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A healthy bladder requires the homeostatic maintenance of and rapid regeneration of urothelium upon stress/injury/infection. Several factors have been identified to play important roles in urothelial development, injury and disease response, however, little is known about urothelial regulation at homeostasis. Here, we identify a new role for IFRD1, a stress-induced gene that has recently been demonstrated to play a critical role in adult tissue proliferation and regeneration, in maintenance of urothelial function/ homeostasis in a mouse model. We show that the mouse bladder expresses IFRD1 at homeostasis and its loss alters the global transcriptome of the bladder with significant accumulation of cellular organelles including multivesicular bodies with undigested cargo, lysosomes and mitochondria. We demonstrate that IFRD1 interacts with several mRNA-translation-regulating factors in human urothelial cells and that the urothelium of Ifrd1 -/- mice reveal decreased global translation and enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Ifrd1 -/- bladders have activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, specifically the PERK arm, with a concomitant increase in oxidative stress and spontaneous exfoliation of urothelial cells. Further, we show that such increase in cell shedding is associated with a compensatory proliferation of the basal cells but impaired regeneration of superficial cells. Finally, we show that upon loss of IFRD1, mice display aberrant voiding behavior. Thus, we propose that IFRD1 is at the center of many crucial cellular pathways that work together to maintain urothelial homeostasis, highlighting its importance as a target for diagnosis and/or therapy in bladder conditions.
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3
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Ramal M, Corral S, Kalisz M, Lapi E, Real FX. The urothelial gene regulatory network: understanding biology to improve bladder cancer management. Oncogene 2024; 43:1-21. [PMID: 37996699 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The urothelium is a stratified epithelium composed of basal cells, one or more layers of intermediate cells, and an upper layer of differentiated umbrella cells. Most bladder cancers (BLCA) are urothelial carcinomas. Loss of urothelial lineage fidelity results in altered differentiation, highlighted by the taxonomic classification into basal and luminal tumors. There is a need to better understand the urothelial transcriptional networks. To systematically identify transcription factors (TFs) relevant for urothelial identity, we defined highly expressed TFs in normal human bladder using RNA-Seq data and inferred their genomic binding using ATAC-Seq data. To focus on epithelial TFs, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from patient-derived organoids recapitulating features of basal/luminal tumors. We classified TFs as "luminal-enriched", "basal-enriched" or "common" according to expression in organoids. We validated our classification by differential gene expression analysis in Luminal Papillary vs. Basal/Squamous tumors. Genomic analyses revealed well-known TFs associated with luminal (e.g., PPARG, GATA3, FOXA1) and basal (e.g., TP63, TFAP2) phenotypes and novel candidates to play a role in urothelial differentiation or BLCA (e.g., MECOM, TBX3). We also identified TF families (e.g., KLFs, AP1, circadian clock, sex hormone receptors) for which there is suggestive evidence of their involvement in urothelial differentiation and/or BLCA. Genomic alterations in these TFs are associated with BLCA. We uncover a TF network involved in urothelial cell identity and BLCA. We identify novel candidate TFs involved in differentiation and cancer that provide opportunities for a better understanding of the underlying biology and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ramal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Corral
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Aresta Branco MSL, Perrino BA, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Spatial mapping of ectonucleotidase gene expression in the murine urinary bladder. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1306500. [PMID: 38098806 PMCID: PMC10719621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1306500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is important for normal bladder function, as it is thought to initiate the voiding reflex and modulate smooth muscle tone. The availability of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides (aka purines) at receptor sites of various cell types in the bladder wall is regulated by ectonucleotidases (ENTDs). ENTDs hydrolyze purines such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) with varying preference for the individual substrate. Therefore, the end effect of extracellular purines may depend significantly on the type of ENTD that is expressed in close proximity to the target cells. ENTDs likely have distinct cellular associations, but the specific locations of individual enzymes in the bladder wall are poorly understood. We used RNAscope™, an RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technology, to visualize the distribution and measure the levels of gene expression of the main recognized ectonucleotidases in large high-resolution images of murine bladder sections. The relative gene expression of ENTDs was Entpd3 > Alpl >> Enpp1 = Entpd2 >> Enpp3 > Entpd1 (very low to no signal) in the urothelium, Entpd1 ≥ Entpd2 >> Enpp3 > Enpp1 = Alpl ≥ Nt5e (very low to no signal) in the lamina propria, and Entpd1 >> Nt5e = Entpd2 >> Enpp1 > Alpl = Enpp3 in the detrusor. These layer-specific differences might be important in compartmentalized regulation of purine availability and subsequent functions in the bladder wall and may explain reported asymmetries in purine availability in the bladder lumen and suburothelium/lamina propria spaces.
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Fink EE, Sona S, Tran U, Desprez PE, Bradley M, Qiu H, Eltemamy M, Wee A, Wolkov M, Nicolas M, Min B, Haber GP, Wessely O, Lee BH, Ting AH. Single-cell and spatial mapping Identify cell types and signaling Networks in the human ureter. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1899-1916.e6. [PMID: 35914526 PMCID: PMC9381170 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering offers a promising treatment strategy for ureteral strictures, but its success requires an in-depth understanding of the architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and signaling pathways underlying tissue regeneration. Here, we define and spatially map cell populations within the human ureter using single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial gene expression, and immunofluorescence approaches. We focus on the stromal and urothelial cell populations to enumerate the distinct cell types composing the human ureter and infer potential cell-cell communication networks underpinning the bi-directional crosstalk between these compartments. Furthermore, we analyze and experimentally validate the importance of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in adult progenitor cell maintenance. The SHH-expressing basal cells support organoid generation in vitro and accurately predict the differentiation trajectory from basal progenitor cells to terminally differentiated umbrella cells. Our results highlight the essential processes involved in adult ureter tissue homeostasis and provide a blueprint for guiding ureter tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Fink
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Surbhi Sona
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Desprez
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Urology, CHU Lille, Claude Huriez Hospital, Université Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthew Bradley
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hong Qiu
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Eltemamy
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alvin Wee
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Madison Wolkov
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marlo Nicolas
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Georges-Pascal Haber
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Byron H Lee
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Angela H Ting
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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6
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Jackson AR, Narla ST, Bates CM, Becknell B. Urothelial progenitors in development and repair. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1721-1731. [PMID: 34471946 PMCID: PMC8942604 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Urothelium is a specialized multilayer epithelium that lines the urinary tract from the proximal urethra to the kidney. In addition to proliferation and differentiation during development, urothelial injury postnatally triggers a robust regenerative capacity to restore the protective barrier between the urine and tissue. Mounting evidence supports the existence of dedicated progenitor cell populations that give rise to urothelium during development and in response to injury. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis for urothelial patterning and repair will inform tissue regeneration therapies designed to ameliorate a number of structural and functional defects of the urinary tract. Here, we review the current understanding of urothelial progenitors and the signaling pathways that govern urothelial development and repair. While most published studies have focused on bladder urothelium, we also discuss literature on upper tract urothelial progenitors. Furthermore, we discuss evidence supporting existence of context-specific progenitors. This knowledge is fundamental to the development of strategies to regenerate or engineer damaged or diseased urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W308, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sridhar T Narla
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Rangos Research Building, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15224, PA, USA
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Rangos Research Building, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15224, PA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W308, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Narla ST, Duara JL, Bushnell DS, Nouraie M, Holden J, Pfister K, Lucas PC, Sims‐Lucas S, Bates CM. Role of ERK signaling in bladder urothelium in response to cyclophosphamide injury. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:10.14814/phy2.15378. [PMID: 35854647 PMCID: PMC9296905 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice with inducible urothelial deletion of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (ShhCreERT2;Fgfr2Fl/Fl ) injured with cyclophosphamide had aberrant basal cell endoreplication and poor regeneration. The endoreplication correlated with an absence of phosphorylated (activated) ERK expression in urothelium. We assessed whether inhibiting ERK activity phenocopied the urothelial defects in injured Fgfr2 mutant mice. We co-administered cyclophosphamide and an ERK inhibitor (ERKi) systemically in mice and assessed general histology and immunofluorescence for various markers post injury. Since AKT also signals downstream of FGFR2, we assessed effects of an AKT inhibitor (AKTi) on cyclophosphamide injury. ERK knockdown did not affect urothelial injury or proliferation 24 h after cyclophosphamide. Conversely, ERK inhibition led to larger basal cell nuclei, more submucosal hemorrhage and attenuated uroplakin staining 3 days after injury versus vehicle-treated mice. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, ERKi-treated mice had a trend for more Ki67+ urothelial cells and had statistically fewer phospho-Histone H3+ cells normalized to Ki67 and higher basal cell DNA content, consistent with endoreplication 3 days after injury. Ten days after injury, ERKi-treated mice still had signs of poor urothelial regeneration with absent or aberrant expression of differentiation markers and ectopic lumenal expression of keratin 14 (basal progenitor marker). Co-administration of the AKTi led to no apparent urothelial defects 3 days after cyclophosphamide. Thus, ERK knockdown (but not AKT knockdown) leads to urothelial regenerative responses after cyclophosphamide reminiscent of Fgfr2 mutant mice. Together, it appears that FGFR2 acts through ERK to prevent aberrant urothelial basal cell endoreplication and ensure normal regeneration after cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Tatarao Narla
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Joanne Lindsey Duara
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel Scott Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Department of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jacqueline Holden
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Katherine Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sunder Sims‐Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carlton Matthew Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of NephrologyUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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8
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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9
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Dayem AA, Song K, Lee S, Kim A, Cho SG. New therapeutic approach with extracellular vesicles from stem cells for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35410640 PMCID: PMC9152582 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.5.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disorder characterized by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia, and frequency. The prevalence of IC/BPS is increasing as diagnostic criteria become more comprehensive. Conventional pharmacotherapy against IC/BPS has shown suboptimal effects, and consequently, patients with end-stage IC/BPS are subjected to surgery. The novel treatment strategies should have two main functions, anti-inflammatory action and the regeneration of glycosaminoglycan and urothelium layers. Stem cell therapy has been shown to have dual functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic option for IC/BPS, but they come with several shortcomings, such as immune activation and tumorigenicity. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) hold numerous therapeutic cargos and are thus a viable cell-free therapeutic option. In this review, we provide a brief overview of IC/BPS pathophysiology and limitations of the MSC-based therapies. Then we provide a detailed explanation and discussion of therapeutic applications of EVs in IC/BPS as well as the possible mechanisms. We believe our review will give an insight into the strengths and drawbacks of EV-mediated IC/BPS therapy and will provide a basis for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Soobin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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10
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Dayem AA, Song K, Lee S, Kim A, Cho SG. New therapeutic approach with extracellular vesicles from stem cells for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. BMB Rep 2022; 55:205-212. [PMID: 35410640 PMCID: PMC9152582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disorder characterized by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia, and frequency. The prevalence of IC/BPS is increasing as diagnostic criteria become more comprehensive. Conventional pharmacotherapy against IC/BPS has shown suboptimal effects, and consequently, patients with end-stage IC/BPS are subjected to surgery. The novel treatment strategies should have two main functions, anti-inflammatory action and the regeneration of glycosaminoglycan and urothelium layers. Stem cell therapy has been shown to have dual functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic option for IC/BPS, but they come with several shortcomings, such as immune activation and tumorigenicity. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) hold numerous therapeutic cargos and are thus a viable cell-free therapeutic option. In this review, we provide a brief overview of IC/BPS pathophysiology and limitations of the MSC-based therapies. Then we provide a detailed explanation and discussion of therapeutic applications of EVs in IC/BPS as well as the possible mechanisms. We believe our review will give an insight into the strengths and drawbacks of EV-mediated IC/BPS therapy and will provide a basis for further development. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(5): 205-212].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Soobin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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11
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Chen Z, Liu L, Chen Y, Liu M, Peng Xiang A, Deng C, Jiang MH. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:659-673. [PMID: 35648087 PMCID: PMC9216508 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a bladder syndrome of unclear etiology with no generally accepted treatment. Growing evidence suggest that periostin (POSTN) is an important homeostatic component in the tissue repair and regeneration in adulthood, but its function in urinary bladder regeneration is still unknown. Here we investigate whether POSTN is involved in bladder tissue repair in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis model. POSTN is primarily expressed in bladder stroma (detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria) and upregulated in response to CYP-induced injury. POSTN deficiency resulted in more severe hematuria, aggravated edema of the bladder, and delayed umbrella cell recovery. Besides, less proliferative urothelial cells (labeled by pHH3, Ki67, and EdU) and lower expression of Krt14 (a urothelial stem cell marker) were detected in POSTN−/− mice post CYP exposure, indicating a limited urothelial regeneration. Further investigations revealed that POSTN could induce Wnt4 upregulation and activate AKT signaling, which together activates β-catenin signaling to drive urothelial stem cell proliferation. In addition, POSTN can promote resident macrophage proliferation and polarization to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which favors urothelial regeneration. Furthermore, we generated injectable P-GelMA granular hydrogel as a biomaterial carrier to deliver recombinant POSTN into the bladder, which could increase urothelial stem cells number, decrease umbrella cells exfoliation, and hence alleviate hematuria in a CYP-induced interstitial cystitis model. In summary, our findings identify a pivotal role of POSTN in bladder urothelial regeneration and suggest that intravesical biomaterials-assisted POSTN delivery may be an efficacious treatment for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minjie Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Chunhua Deng, Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87335633; Fax: +86 20 87332200;
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Mei Hua Jiang, Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87330639; Fax: +86 20 87330709;
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12
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Alterations of Chromatin Regulators in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236040. [PMID: 34885146 PMCID: PMC8656749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Urinary bladder cancer is one of the ten major cancers worldwide, with higher incidences in males, in smokers, and in highly industrialized countries. New therapies beyond cytotoxic chemotherapy are urgently needed to improve treatment of these tumors. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying their development may help in this regard. Recently, it was discovered that a group of proteins regulating the state of chromatin and thus gene expression is exceptionally and frequently affected by gene mutations in bladder cancers. Altered function of these mutated chromatin regulators must therefore be fundamental in their development, but how and why is poorly understood. Here we review the current knowledge on changes in chromatin regulators and discuss their possible consequences for bladder cancer development and options for new therapies. Abstract Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent histological type of cancer in the urinary bladder. Genomic changes in UC activate MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways, which increase cell proliferation and survival, interfere with cell cycle and checkpoint control, and prevent senescence. A more recently discovered additional category of genetic changes in UC affects chromatin regulators, including histone-modifying enzymes (KMT2C, KMT2D, KDM6A, EZH2), transcription cofactors (CREBBP, EP300), and components of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF (ARID1A, SMARCA4). It is not yet well understood how these changes contribute to the development and progression of UC. Therefore, we review here the emerging knowledge on genomic and gene expression alterations of chromatin regulators and their consequences for cell differentiation, cellular plasticity, and clonal expansion during UC pathogenesis. Our analysis identifies additional relevant chromatin regulators and suggests a model for urothelial carcinogenesis as a basis for further mechanistic studies and targeted therapy development.
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Tham SM, Rahmat JN, Chiong E, Wu Q, Esuvaranathan K, Mahendran R. Intravesical High Dose BCG Tokyo and Low Dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF+IFN α Induce Systemic Immunity in a Murine Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121766. [PMID: 34944584 PMCID: PMC8698822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates a short therapy schedule for bladder cancer using BCG Tokyo. BCG Tokyo was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, RAW macrophages and the murine bladder cancer cell line, MB49PSA, and compared to other BCG strains. BCG Tokyo > BCG TICE at inducing cytokine production. In vivo, high dose (1 × 107 colony forming units (cfu)) and low dose (1 × 106 cfu) BCG Tokyo with and without cytokine genes (GMCSF + IFNα) were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice (n = 12–16 per group) with orthotopically implanted MB49PSA cells. Mice were treated with four instillations of cytokine gene therapy and BCG therapy. Both high dose BCG alone and low dose BCG combined with cytokine gene therapy were similarly effective. In the second part the responsive groups, mice (n = 27) were monitored by urinary PSA analysis for a further 7 weeks after therapy cessation. More mice were cured at day 84 than at day 42 confirming activation of the immune system. Cured mice resisted the re-challenge with subcutaneous tumors unlike naïve, age matched mice. Antigen specific T cells recognizing BCG, HY and PSA were identified. Thus, fewer intravesical instillations, with high dose BCG Tokyo or low dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF + IFNα gene therapy, can induce effective systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
| | - Juwita N. Rahmat
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6601-3982; Fax: +65-6777-8427
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14
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Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212446. [PMID: 34830328 PMCID: PMC8624175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-α signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arkadii K. Beilin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadya G. Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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15
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López-Cortés R, Vázquez-Estévez S, Fernández JÁ, Núñez C. Proteomics as a Complementary Technique to Characterize Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215537. [PMID: 34771699 PMCID: PMC8582709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although immunohistochemistry is a routine technique in clinics, and genomics has been rapidly incorporated, proteomics is a step behind. This general situation is also the norm in bladder cancer research. This review shows the contributions of proteomics to the molecular classification of bladder cancer, and to the study of histopathology due to tissue insults caused by tumors. Furthermore, the importance of proteomics for understanding the cellular and molecular changes as a consequence of the therapy of bladder cancer cannot be neglected. Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and is conventionally classified as either non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive. In addition, histological variants exist, as organized by the WHO-2016 classification. However, innovations in next-generation sequencing have led to molecular classifications of BC. These innovations have also allowed for the tracing of major tumorigenic pathways and, therefore, are positioned as strong supporters of precision medicine. In parallel, immunohistochemistry is still the clinical reference to discriminate histological layers and to stage BC. Key contributions have been made to enlarge the panel of protein immunomarkers. Moreover, the analysis of proteins in liquid biopsy has also provided potential markers. Notwithstanding, their clinical adoption is still low, with very few approved tests. In this context, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has remained a step behind; hence, we aimed to develop them in the community. Herein, the authors introduce the epidemiology and the conventional classifications to review the molecular classification of BC, highlighting the contributions of proteomics. Then, the advances in mass spectrometry techniques focusing on maintaining the integrity of the biological structures are presented, a milestone for the emergence of histoproteomics. Within this field, the review then discusses selected proteins for the comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms of BC. Finally, because there is still insufficient knowledge, this review considers proteomics as an important source for the development of BC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Sergio Vázquez-Estévez
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.V.-E.); (J.Á.F.)
| | - Javier Álvarez Fernández
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.V.-E.); (J.Á.F.)
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Tate T, Xiang T, Wobker SE, Zhou M, Chen X, Kim H, Batourina E, Lin CS, Kim WY, Lu C, Mckiernan JM, Mendelsohn CL. Pparg signaling controls bladder cancer subtype and immune exclusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6160. [PMID: 34697317 PMCID: PMC8545976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pparg, a nuclear receptor, is downregulated in basal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be muscle invasive and amplified in luminal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be non-muscle invasive. Bladder cancers derive from the urothelium, one of the most quiescent epithelia in the body, which is composed of basal, intermediate, and superficial cells. We find that expression of an activated form of Pparg (VP16;Pparg) in basal progenitors induces formation of superficial cells in situ, that exit the cell cycle, and do not form tumors. Expression in basal progenitors that have been activated by mild injury however, results in luminal tumor formation. We find that these tumors are immune deserted, which may be linked to down-regulation of Nf-kb, a Pparg target. Interestingly, some luminal tumors begin to shift to basal subtype tumors with time, down-regulating Pparg and other luminal markers. Our findings have important implications for treatment and diagnosis of bladder cancer. PPARg is differentially expressed in bladder cancer subtypes. Here, the authors show in mice that when an activated form of PPARg is expressed in basal bladder cells tumours do not form, however in the presence of injury the basal cells differentiate into luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James M Mckiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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17
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Cheng X, Lai H, Luo W, Zhang M, Miao J, Song W, Xing S, Wang J, Gao WQ. Single-cell analysis reveals urothelial cell heterogeneity and regenerative cues following cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:446. [PMID: 33953164 PMCID: PMC8099875 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug to treat cancer with side effects that trigger bladder injury and hemorrhagic cystitis. Although previous studies have demonstrated that certain cell subsets and communications are activated to drive the repair and regeneration of bladder, it is not well understood how distinct bladder cell subsets function synergistically in this process. Here, we used droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the cell types within the murine bladder mucous layer under normal and injured conditions. Our analysis showed that superficial cells are directly repaired by cycling intermediate cells. We further identified two resident mesenchymal lineages (Acta2+ myofibroblasts and Cd34+ fibroblasts). The delineation of cell-cell communications revealed that Acta2+ myofibroblasts upregulated Fgf7 expression during acute injury, which activated Fgfr signaling in progenitor cells within the basal/intermediate layers to promote urothelial cell growth and repair. Overall, our study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular dynamics during cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury and may help identify important niche factors contributing to the regeneration of injured bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huadong Lai
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juju Miao
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichen Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunpeng Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Li Y, Liu Y, Gao Z, Zhang L, Chen L, Wu Z, Liu Q, Wang S, Zhou N, Chai TC, Shi B. Single-cell transcriptomes of mouse bladder urothelium uncover novel cell type markers and urothelial differentiation characteristics. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13007. [PMID: 33538002 PMCID: PMC8016651 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Much of the information to date in terms of subtypes and function of bladder urothelial cells were derived from anatomical location or by the expression of a small number of marker genes. To have a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of bladder urothelial cells, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize mouse bladder urothelium. Materials and methods A total of 18,917 single cells from mouse bladder urothelium were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing. The expression of the novel cell marker was confirmed by immunofluorescence using urinary tract infection models. Results Unsupervised clustering analysis identified 8 transcriptionally distinct cell subpopulations from mouse bladder urothelial cells. We discovered a novel type of bladder urothelial cells marked by Plxna4 that may be involved with host response and wound healing. We also found a group of basal‐like cells labelled by ASPM that could be the progenitor cells of adult bladder urothelium. ASPM+ urothelial cells are significantly increased after injury by UPEC. In addition, specific transcription factors were found to be associated with urothelial cell differentiation. At the last, a number of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome–regulating genes were found differentially expressed among different urothelial cell subpopulations. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of bladder urothelial cells, which is fundamental to understanding the biology of bladder urothelium and associated bladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengdong Gao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Lekai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Boston University/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
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19
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Narla ST, Bushnell DS, Schaefer CM, Nouraie M, Tometich JT, Hand TW, Bates CM. Loss of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) Leads to Defective Bladder Urothelial Regeneration after Cyclophosphamide Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:631-651. [PMID: 33385344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide may cause hemorrhagic cystitis and eventually bladder urothelial cancer. Genetic determinants for poor outcomes are unknown. We assessed actions of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 in urothelium after cyclophosphamide exposure. Conditional urothelial deletion of Fgfr2 (Fgfr2KO) did not affect injury severity or proliferation of keratin 14+ (KRT14+) basal progenitors or other urothelial cells 1 day after cyclophosphamide exposure. Three days after cyclophosphamide exposure, Fgfr2KO urothelium had defective regeneration, fewer cells, larger basal cell bodies and nuclei, paradoxical increases in proliferation markers, and excessive replication stress versus controls. Fgfr2KO mice had evidence of pathologic basal cell endoreplication associated with absent phosphorylated ERK staining and decreased p53 expression versus controls. Mice with conditional deletion of Fgfr2 in urothelium enriched for KRT14+ cells reproduced Fgfr2KO abnormalities after cyclophosphamide exposure. Fgfr2KO urothelium had defects up to 6 months after injury versus controls, including larger basal cells and nuclei, more persistent basal and ectopic lumenal KRT14+ cells, and signs of metaplasia (attenuated E-cadherin staining). Mice missing one allele of Fgfr2 also had (less severe) regeneration defects and basal cell endoreplication 3 days after cyclophosphamide exposure versus controls. Thus, reduced FGFR2/ERK signaling apparently leads to abnormal urothelial repair after cyclophosphamide exposure from pathologic basal cell endoreplication. Patients with genetic variants in FGFR2 or its ligands may have increased risks of hemorrhagic cystitis or urothelial cancer from persistent and ectopic KRT14+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar T Narla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin T Tometich
- Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Infectious Disease Section, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Infectious Disease Section, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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20
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Does the Urothelium of Old Mice Regenerate after Chitosan Injury as Quickly as the Urothelium of Young Mice? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103502. [PMID: 32429113 PMCID: PMC7278990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of organisms leads to a decreased ability of tissue to regenerate after injury. The regeneration of the bladder urothelium after induced desquamation with biopolymer chitosan has been studied in young mice but not in old mice. Chitosan is a suitable inducer of urothelial desquamation because it is known to be non-toxic. We used chitosan for desquamation of urothelial cells in order to compare the dynamics of urothelial regeneration after injury between young and old mice. Our aim was to determine whether the urothelial function and structure of old mice is restored as fast as in young mice, and to evaluate the inflammatory response due to chitosan treatment. We discovered that the urothelial function restored comparably fast in both age groups and that the urothelium of young and old mice recovered within 5 days after injury, although the onset of proliferation and differentiation appeared later in old mice. Acute inflammation markers showed some differences in the inflammatory response in young versus old mice, but in both age groups, chitosan caused short-term acute inflammation. In conclusion, the restoration of urothelial function is not impaired in old mice, but the regeneration of the urothelial structure in old mice slightly lags behind the regeneration in young mice.
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22
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Abdal Dayem A, Kim K, Lee SB, Kim A, Cho SG. Application of Adult and Pluripotent Stem Cells in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Therapy: Methods and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030766. [PMID: 32178321 PMCID: PMC7141265 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a multifactorial, chronic disease without definite etiology characterized by bladder-related pelvic pain. IC/BPS is associated with pain that negatively affects the quality of life. There are various therapeutic approaches against IC/BPS. However, no efficient therapeutic agent against IC/BPS has been discovered yet. Urothelium dysfunction is one of the key factors of IC/BPS-related pathogenicity. Stem cells, including adult stem cells (ASCs) and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs), possess the abilities of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into various cell types, including urothelial and other bladder cells. Therefore, stem cells are considered robust candidates for bladder regeneration. This review provides a brief overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of IC/BPS as well as a summary of ASCs and PSCs. The potential of ASCs and PSCs in bladder regeneration via differentiation into bladder cells or direct transplantation into the bladder and the possible applications in IC/BPS therapy are described in detail. A better understanding of current studies on stem cells and bladder regeneration will allow further improvement in the approaches of stem cell applications for highly efficient IC/BPS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (A.A.D.); (K.K.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (A.A.D.); (K.K.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (A.A.D.); (K.K.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (S.-G.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2030-7675 (A.K.); +82-2-450-4207 (S.-G.C.); Fax: +82-2-2030-7748 (A.K.); +82-2-450-4207 (S.-G.C.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (A.A.D.); (K.K.); (S.B.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (S.-G.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2030-7675 (A.K.); +82-2-450-4207 (S.-G.C.); Fax: +82-2-2030-7748 (A.K.); +82-2-450-4207 (S.-G.C.)
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23
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Narla ST, Bushnell DS, Schaefer CM, Nouraie M, Bates CM. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Reduces Injury and Leads to Early Recovery from Cyclophosphamide Bladder Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:108-124. [PMID: 31654636 PMCID: PMC6943803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) improves cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury. To understand the mechanisms, we subcutaneously administered KGF to mice 24 hours before i.p. cyclophosphamide administration, followed by histologic assays and immunostaining. In vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline)-pretreated mice, nonapoptotic superficial cell death from 2 to 6 hours and apoptosis in intermediate and basal cells from 4 to 24 hours was observed after cyclophosphamide. Despite superficial cell loss, KGF suppressed intermediate and basal cell apoptosis, likely via AKT signaling. At 6 and 24 hours after cyclophosphamide, KGF-pretreated mice also had apparent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-driven proliferation of mostly keratin 5 (KRT5)+/KRT14- intermediate cells. At 1 to 28 days after cyclophosphamide treatment, mostly KRT14+ basal progenitor cells proliferated in response to injury, peaking at 3 days in both treatment groups; however, proliferation rates were lower in the KGF group at 3 days, consistent with less injury. Three days after injury, unlike controls, KGF-pretreated mice had regenerated superficial cells. At 10 and 28 days after cyclophosphamide treatment, KGF-pretreated mice had little proliferation and marked restoration of urothelial layers, whereas the phosphate-buffered saline group had ongoing regeneration. Administration of KGF to uninjured mice reproduced ERK-driven KRT5+/KRT14- proliferation seen in injured mice; KRT14+ cells were unaffected. KGF pretreatment blocks cyclophosphamide-induced intermediate and basal cell apoptosis, likely by phosphorylated AKT, and drives phosphorylated ERK-mediated KRT5+/KRT14- cell proliferation, leading to early urothelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar T Narla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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24
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Wang J, Batourina E, Schneider K, Souza S, Swayne T, Liu C, George CD, Tate T, Dan H, Wiessner G, Zhuravlev Y, Canman JC, Mysorekar IU, Mendelsohn CL. Polyploid Superficial Cells that Maintain the Urothelial Barrier Are Produced via Incomplete Cytokinesis and Endoreplication. Cell Rep 2019; 25:464-477.e4. [PMID: 30304685 PMCID: PMC6351079 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is an epithelia barrier lined by a luminal layer of binucleated, octoploid, superficial cells. Superficial cells are critical for production and transport of uroplakins, a family of proteins that assemble into a waterproof crystalline plaque that helps protect against infection and toxic substances. Adult urothelium is nearly quiescent, but rapidly regenerates in response to injury. Yet the mechanism by which binucleated, polyploid, superficial cells are produced remains unclear. Here, we show that superficial cells are likely to be derived from a population of binucleated intermediate cells, which are produced from mononucleated intermediate cells via incomplete cytokinesis. We show that binucleated intermediate and superficial cells increase DNA content via endoreplication, passing through S phase without entering mitosis. The urothelium can be permanently damaged by repetitive or chronic injury or disease. Identification of the mechanism by which superficial cells are produced may be important for developing strategies for urothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Spenser Souza
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Theresa Swayne
- Confocal and Specialized Microscopy Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher D George
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregory Wiessner
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yelena Zhuravlev
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology and Immunology and Center for Reproductive Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Ruiz García S, Deprez M, Lebrigand K, Cavard A, Paquet A, Arguel MJ, Magnone V, Truchi M, Caballero I, Leroy S, Marquette CH, Marcet B, Barbry P, Zaragosi LE. Novel dynamics of human mucociliary differentiation revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing of nasal epithelial cultures. Development 2019; 146:dev.177428. [PMID: 31558434 PMCID: PMC6826037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The upper airway epithelium, which is mainly composed of multiciliated, goblet, club and basal cells, ensures proper mucociliary function and can regenerate in response to assaults. In chronic airway diseases, defective repair leads to tissue remodeling. Delineating key drivers of differentiation dynamics can help understand how normal or pathological regeneration occurs. Using single-cell transcriptomics and lineage inference, we have unraveled trajectories from basal to luminal cells, providing novel markers for specific populations. We report that: (1) a precursor subgroup of multiciliated cells, which we have entitled deuterosomal cells, is defined by specific markers, such as DEUP1, FOXN4, YPEL1, HES6 and CDC20B; (2) goblet cells can be precursors of multiciliated cells, thus explaining the presence of hybrid cells that co-express markers of goblet and multiciliated cells; and (3) a repertoire of molecules involved in the regeneration process, such as keratins or components of the Notch, Wnt or BMP/TGFβ pathways, can be identified. Confirmation of our results on fresh human and pig airway samples, and on mouse tracheal cells, extend and confirm our conclusions regarding the molecular and cellular choreography at work during mucociliary epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Deprez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Kevin Lebrigand
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Amélie Cavard
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Agnès Paquet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | | | - Virginie Magnone
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Marin Truchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | | | - Sylvie Leroy
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Pulmonology Department, Nice 06000, France
| | | | - Brice Marcet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
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26
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Günes C, Wezel F, Southgate J, Bolenz C. Implications of TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity in urothelial carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:386-393. [PMID: 29599449 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity imparts eukaryotic cells with unlimited proliferation capacity, one of the cancer hallmarks. Over 90% of human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tumours are positive for telomerase activity. Telomerase activation can occur through several mechanisms. Mutations in the core promoter region of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) cause telomerase reactivation in 60-80% of UCBs, whereas the prevalence of these mutations is lower in urothelial cancers of other origins. TERT promoter mutations are the most frequent genetic alteration across all stages of UCB, indicating a strong selection pressure during neoplastic transformation. TERT promoter mutations could arise during regeneration of normal urothelium and, owing to consequential telomerase reactivation, might be the basis of UCB initiation, which represents a new model of urothelial cancer origination. In the future, TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity might have diagnostic and therapeutic applications in UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Department of Biology, Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of York, York, UK
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27
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Jackson AR, Hoff ML, Li B, Ching CB, McHugh KM, Becknell B. Krt5 + urothelial cells are developmental and tissue repair progenitors in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F757-F766. [PMID: 31322419 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00171.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in children; however, current management strategies do not safeguard against progression to end-stage renal disease, highlighting the need for interventions to limit or reverse obstructive nephropathy. Experimental UTO triggers renal urothelial remodeling that culminates in the redistribution of basal keratin 5-positive (Krt5+) renal urothelial cells (RUCs) and the generation of uroplakin-positive (Upk)+ RUCs that synthesize a protective apical urothelial plaque. The cellular source of Upk+ RUCs is currently unknown, limiting the development of strategies to promote renal urothelial remodeling as a therapeutic approach. In the present study, we traced the origins of adult Upk+ RUCs during normal development and in response to UTO. Fate mapping analysis demonstrated that adult Upk+ RUCs derive from embryonic and neonatal Krt5+ RUCs, whereas Krt5+ RUCs lose this progenitor capacity and become lineage restricted by postnatal day 14. However, in response to UTO, postnatal day 14-labeled adult Krt5+ RUCs break their lineage restriction and robustly differentiate into Upk+ RUCs. Thus, Krt5+ RUCs drive renal urothelial formation during normal ontogeny and after UTO by differentiating into Upk+ RUCs in a temporally restricted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Monica L Hoff
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Birong Li
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christina B Ching
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Becknell
- Nephrology Urology Research Affinity Group, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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28
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Mouse and human urothelial cancer organoids: A tool for bladder cancer research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4567-4574. [PMID: 30787188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803595116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy that has a relatively poor outcome. Lack of culture models for the bladder epithelium (urothelium) hampers the development of new therapeutics. Here we present a long-term culture system of the normal mouse urothelium and an efficient culture system of human bladder cancer cells. These so-called bladder (cancer) organoids consist of 3D structures of epithelial cells that recapitulate many aspects of the urothelium. Mouse bladder organoids can be cultured efficiently and genetically manipulated with ease, which was exemplified by creating genetic knockouts in the tumor suppressors Trp53 and Stag2. Human bladder cancer organoids can be derived efficiently from both resected tumors and biopsies and cultured and passaged for prolonged periods. We used this feature of human bladder organoids to create a living biobank consisting of bladder cancer organoids derived from 53 patients. Resulting organoids were characterized histologically and functionally. Organoid lines contained both basal and luminal bladder cancer subtypes based on immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Common bladder cancer mutations like TP53 and FGFR3 were found in organoids in the biobank. Finally, we performed limited drug testing on organoids in the bladder cancer biobank.
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29
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Young FP, Ende D, Epstein RJ. Beyond BCG: the approaching era of personalised bladder-sparing therapies for non-muscle-invasive urothelial cancers. Future Oncol 2019; 15:409-420. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has been slow. Despite longstanding use of intravesical therapies (e.g., Bacille Calmette-Guerin; BCG) to complement cystoscopic resection of high-grade lesions, many patients still develop recurrences requiring cystectomy, while others suffer side-effects of BCG without definite benefit. Many questions remain: for example, how many patients receive intravesical prophylaxis without efficacy? Which high-risk patients are best managed with early cystectomy? Could systemic therapies and/or radiotherapy extend bladder preservation times? Such questions may soon be refined by clinicopathologic non-muscle invasive bladder cancer signatures that predict sensitivity to cytotoxic, immune and targeted therapies. Hypothesis-based trials using these signatures should lead to more rational adjuvant treatments, longer bladder preservation times, and better quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P Young
- University of New South Wales Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Ende
- Department of Urologic Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Epstein
- University of New South Wales Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Clinical Informatics & Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, 370 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Sone M, Toyoda T, Cho YM, Akagi JI, Matsushita K, Mizuta Y, Morikawa T, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Immunohistochemistry of γ-H2AX as a method of early detection of urinary bladder carcinogenicity in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:868-876. [PMID: 30701581 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) has been demonstrated as a DNA damage marker both in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported the effects of genotoxic carcinogens in the urinary bladder of rats by immunohistochemical analysis of γ-H2AX using samples from 28-day repeated-dose tests. To evaluate the application of γ-H2AX as a biomarker of carcinogenicity in the bladder, we examined species differences in γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of mice. Six-week-old male B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with 12 chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, p-cresidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), classified as genotoxic bladder carcinogens, induced significant increases in γ-H2AX levels in the bladder urothelium. In contrast, genotoxic (2-nitroanisole, glycidol, N-nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) and non-genotoxic (dimethylarsinic acid and melamine) non-bladder carcinogens did not upregulate γ-H2AX. Importantly, 2-nitroanisole, a potent genotoxic bladder carcinogen in rats, significantly increased the proportion of γ-H2AX-positive cells in rats only, reflecting differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder between rats and mice. Significant upregulation of γ-H2AX was also induced by uracil, a non-genotoxic bladder carcinogen that may be associated with cell proliferation, as demonstrated by increased Ki67 expression. 2-AAF caused γ-H2AX formation mainly in the superficial layer, together with reduced and disorganized expression of uroplakin III, unlike in rats, suggesting the mouse-specific cytotoxicity of 2-AAF in umbrella cells. These results suggest γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker reflecting species differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sone
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizuta
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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31
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Boumelhem BB, Fraser ST, Assinder SJ. Differentiation of Urothelium from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2029:103-115. [PMID: 31273737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9631-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder and urethra are derived from the definitive endoderm during development. Cellular signaling molecules important to the developmental specification of the urothelium are also implicated in the dysregulation of the tissue repair mechanism characteristic of bladder disease. Hence, a complete understanding of the regulation of urothelium development is central to understanding the processes of bladder disease, and in development of simple chemically defined methods for use in regenerative medicine. Key to this is a suitable in vitro model that readily allows for the prosecution of biologically pertinent questions. Here a method for differentiating urothelium from mouse embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions is described. The method includes a description of flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis of definitive endoderm markers Cxcr4, c-Kit, and FoxA2, and of terminally differentiated urothelial cell markers Upk1b and Upk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badwi B Boumelhem
- Disciplines of Physiology, Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- Disciplines of Physiology, Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Assinder
- Disciplines of Physiology, Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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32
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Jackson AR, Li B, Cohen SH, Ching CB, McHugh KM, Becknell B. The uroplakin plaque promotes renal structural integrity during congenital and acquired urinary tract obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1019-F1031. [PMID: 29897287 PMCID: PMC6230727 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00173.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract obstruction represents a common cause of kidney injury across the human life span, resulting in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Yet, the extent of obstructive renal damage can be heterogeneous between individuals, implying the existence of unknown mechanisms that protect against or accelerate kidney injury. In this study, we investigated the role of urothelial remodeling in renal adaptation during congenital and acquired obstruction. In the Megabladder ( Mgb-/-) model of congenital obstruction and unilateral ureteral ligation model of acute obstruction, progressive hydronephrosis is strongly associated with dynamic reorganization of the renal urothelium, which elaborates a continuous uroplakin (Upk) plaque. This led us to postulate that the Upk plaque prevents parenchymal injury during urinary tract obstruction. To test this hypothesis, we interbred Mgb-/- and Upk1b-/- mice, which lack the critical Upk1b subunit for Upk plaque formation. Upk1b-/-; Mgb-/- mice experienced an accelerated onset of bilateral hydronephrosis with severe (>67%) parenchymal loss, leading to renal failure and mortality in adolescence. To investigate the function of the renal Upk plaque during acute obstruction, we destabilized the Upk plaque by Upk1b deletion or genetically depleted Upk+ cells following unilateral ureteral obstruction. Both of these strategies accelerated renal parenchymal loss following ureteral ligation, attesting to a conserved, stabilizing role for Upk plaque deposition in the acutely obstructed kidney. In aggregate, these complementary experiments provide the first evidence that the Upk plaque confers an essential, protective adaptation to preserve renal parenchymal integrity during congenital and acquired urinary tract obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shira H Cohen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christina B Ching
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Anatomy, Ohio State University School of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Nephrology Section, Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
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33
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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34
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Goriki A, Seiler R, Wyatt AW, Contreras-Sanz A, Bhat A, Matsubara A, Hayashi T, Black PC. Unravelling disparate roles of NOTCH in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:345-357. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Abashev TM, Metzler MA, Wright DM, Sandell LL. Retinoic acid signaling regulates Krt5 and Krt14 independently of stem cell markers in submandibular salivary gland epithelium. Dev Dyn 2018; 246:135-147. [PMID: 27884045 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has been demonstrated to be important for growth and branching morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic salivary gland epithelium. However, it is not known whether RA functions directly within epithelial cells or in associated tissues that influence morphogenesis of salivary epithelium. Moreover, downstream targets of RA regulation have not been identified. RESULTS Here, we show that canonical RA signaling occurs in multiple tissues of embryonic mouse salivary glands, including epithelium, associated parasympathetic ganglion neurons, and nonneuronal mesenchyme. By culturing epithelium explants in isolation from other tissues, we demonstrate that RA influences epithelium morphogenesis by direct action in that tissue. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of RA signaling represses cell proliferation and expression of FGF10 signaling targets, and upregulates expression of basal epithelial keratins Krt5 and Krt14. Importantly, we show that the stem cell gene Kit is regulated inversely from Krt5/Krt14 by RA signaling. CONCLUSIONS RA regulates Krt5 and Krt14 expression independently of stem cell character in developing salivary epithelium. RA, or chemical inhibitors of RA signaling, could potentially be used for modulating growth and differentiation of epithelial stem cells for the purpose of re-populating damaged glands or generating bioengineered organs. Developmental Dynamics 246:135-147, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Abashev
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melissa A Metzler
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Diana M Wright
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
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36
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Roberts KJ, Kershner AM, Beachy PA. The Stromal Niche for Epithelial Stem Cells: A Template for Regeneration and a Brake on Malignancy. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:404-410. [PMID: 29017054 PMCID: PMC5679442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stromal restraint of cancer growth and progression-emerging as a widespread phenomenon in epithelial cancers such as bladder, pancreas, colon, and prostate-appears rooted in stromal cell niche activity. During normal tissue repair, stromal niche signals, often Hedgehog-induced, promote epithelial stem cell differentiation as well as self-renewal, thus specifying a regenerating epithelial pattern. In the case of cancerous tissue, stromal cell-derived differentiation signals in particular may provide a brake on malignant growth. Understanding and therapeutic harnessing of the role of stroma in cancer restraint may hinge on our knowledge of the signaling programs elaborated by the stromal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Roberts
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Kershner
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Balsara ZR, Li X. Sleeping beauty: awakening urothelium from its slumber. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F732-F743. [PMID: 28122714 PMCID: PMC5407074 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bladder urothelium is essentially quiescent but regenerates readily upon injury. The process of urothelial regeneration harkens back to the process of urothelial development whereby urothelial stem/progenitor cells must proliferate and terminally differentiate to establish all three urothelial layers. How the urothelium regulates the level of proliferation and the timing of differentiation to ensure the precise degree of regeneration is of significant interest in the field. Without a carefully-orchestrated process, urothelial regeneration may be inadequate, thereby exposing the host to toxins or pathogens. Alternatively, regeneration may be excessive, thereby setting the stage for tumor development. This review describes our current understanding of urothelial regeneration. The current controversies surrounding the identity and location of urothelial progenitor cells that mediate urothelial regeneration are discussed and evidence for each model is provided. We emphasize the factors that have been shown to be crucial for urothelial regeneration, including local growth factors that stimulate repair, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk, which ensures feedback regulation. Also highlighted is the emerging concept of epigenetic regulation of urothelial regeneration, which additionally fine tunes the process through transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes and growth and differentiation factors. Finally, we emphasize how several of these pathways and/or programs are often dysregulated during malignant transformation, further corroborating their importance in directing normal urothelial regeneration. Together, evidence in the field suggests that any attempt to exploit regenerative programs for the purposes of enhanced urothelial repair or replacement must take into account this delicate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarine R Balsara
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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38
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Kullmann FA, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Wolf-Johnston A, Gauthier C, Kanai A, Birder LA, Apodaca G. Urothelial proliferation and regeneration after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F85-F102. [PMID: 28331065 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal, intermediate, and superficial cell layers of the urothelium undergo rapid and complete recovery following acute injury; however, the effects of chronic injury on urothelial regeneration have not been well defined. To address this discrepancy, we employed a mouse model to explore urothelial changes in response to spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition characterized by life-long bladder dysfunction. One day post SCI there was a focal loss of umbrella cells, which are large cells that populate the superficial cell layer and normally express uroplakins (UPKs) and KRT20, but not KRT5, KRT14, or TP63. In response to SCI, regions of urothelium devoid of umbrella cells were replaced with small superficial cells that lacked KRT20 expression and appeared to be derived in part from the underlying intermediate cell layer, including cells positive for KRT5 and TP63. We also observed KRT14-positive basal cells that extended thin cytoplasmic extensions, which terminated in the bladder lumen. Both KRT14-positive and KRT14-negative urothelial cells proliferated 1 day post SCI, and by 7 days, cells in the underlying lamina propria, detrusor, and adventitia were also dividing. At 28 days post SCI, the urothelium appeared morphologically patent, and the number of proliferative cells decreased to baseline levels; however, patches of small superficial cells were detected that coexpressed UPKs, KRT5, KRT14, and TP63, but failed to express KRT20. Thus, unlike the rapid and complete restoration of the urothelium that occurs in response to acute injuries, regions of incompletely differentiated urothelium were observed even 28 days post SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Wolf-Johnston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Gauthier
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Kanai
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lori A Birder
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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39
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Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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40
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Chan YY, Sandlin SK, Kurzrock EA, Osborn SL. The Current Use of Stem Cells in Bladder Tissue Regeneration and Bioengineering. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5010004. [PMID: 28536347 PMCID: PMC5423492 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathological processes including neurogenic bladder and malignancy necessitate bladder reconstruction, which is currently performed using intestinal tissue. The use of intestinal tissue, however, subjects patients to metabolic abnormalities, bladder stones, and other long-term sequelae, raising the need for a source of safe and reliable bladder tissue. Advancements in stem cell biology have catapulted stem cells to the center of many current tissue regeneration and bioengineering strategies. This review presents the recent advancements in the use of stem cells in bladder tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Y Chan
- Department of Urology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Samantha K Sandlin
- Department of Urology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Eric A Kurzrock
- Department of Urology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Osborn
- Department of Urology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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41
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Guo C, Balsara ZR, Hill WG, Li X. Stage- and subunit-specific functions of polycomb repressive complex 2 in bladder urothelial formation and regeneration. Development 2017; 144:400-408. [PMID: 28049658 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Urothelium is the protective lining of the urinary tract. The mechanisms underlying urothelial formation and maintenance are largely unknown. Here, we report the stage-specific roles of PRC2 epigenetic regulators in embryonic and adult urothelial progenitors. Without Eed, the obligatory subunit of PRC2, embryonic urothelial progenitors demonstrate reduced proliferation with concomitant dysregulation of genes including Cdkn2a (p16), Cdkn2b (p15) and Shh. These mutants display premature differentiation of keratin 5-positive (Krt5+) basal cells and ectopic expression of squamous-like differentiation markers. Deletion of Ezh2, the major enzymatic component of PRC2, causes upregulation of Upk3a+ superficial cells. Unexpectedly, Eed and Eed/Ezh2 double mutants exhibit delayed superficial cell differentiation. Furthermore, Eed regulates the proliferative and regenerative capacity of adult urothelial progenitors and prevents precocious differentiation. Collectively, these findings uncover the epigenetic mechanism by which PRC2 controls urothelial progenitor cell fate and the timing of differentiation, and further suggest an epigenetic basis of urothelial maintenance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zarine R Balsara
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Warren G Hill
- Laboratory of Voiding Dysfunction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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de Graaf P, van der Linde EM, Rosier PFWM, Izeta A, Sievert KD, Bosch JLHR, de Kort LMO. Systematic Review to Compare Urothelium Differentiation with Urethral Epithelium Differentiation in Fetal Development, as a Basis for Tissue Engineering of the Male Urethra. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:257-267. [PMID: 27809709 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-engineered (TE) urethra is desirable in men with urethral disease (stricture or hypospadias) and shortage of local tissue. Although ideally a TE graft would contain urethral epithelium cells, currently, bladder epithelium (urothelium) is widely used, but morphologically different. Understanding the differences and similarities of urothelium and urethral epithelium could help design a protocol for in vitro generation of urethral epithelium to be used in TE grafts for the urethra. PURPOSE To understand the development toward urethral epithelium or urothelium to improve TE of the urethra. METHODS A literature search was done following PRISMA guidelines. Articles describing urethral epithelium and bladder urothelium development in laboratory animals and humans were selected. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies on development of urethral epithelium and 29 studies on development of urothelium were included. Both tissue linings derive from endoderm and although adult urothelium and urethral epithelium are characterized by different gene expression profiles, the signaling pathways underlying their development are similar, including Shh, BMP, Wnt, and FGF. The progenitor of the urothelium and the urethral epithelium is the early fetal urogenital sinus (UGS). The urethral plate and the urothelium are both formed from the p63+ cells of the UGS. Keratin 20 and uroplakins are exclusively expressed in urothelium, not in the urethral epithelium. Further research has to be done on unique markers for the urethral epithelium. CONCLUSION This review has summarized the current knowledge about embryonic development of urothelium versus urethral epithelium and especially focuses on the influencing factors that are potentially specific for the eventual morphological differences of both cell linings, to be a basis for developmental or tissue engineering of urethral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra de Graaf
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter F W M Rosier
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ander Izeta
- 3 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia , San Sebastián, Spain .,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra , San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - J L H Ruud Bosch
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laetitia M O de Kort
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Papafotiou G, Paraskevopoulou V, Vasilaki E, Kanaki Z, Paschalidis N, Klinakis A. KRT14 marks a subpopulation of bladder basal cells with pivotal role in regeneration and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11914. [PMID: 27320313 PMCID: PMC4915139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is a specialized epithelium that lines the urinary tract. It consists of three different cell types, namely, basal, intermediate and superficial cells arranged in relatively distinct cell layers. Normally, quiescent, it regenerates fast upon injury, but the regeneration process is not fully understood. Although several reports have indicated the existence of progenitors, their identity and exact topology, as well as their role in key processes such as tissue regeneration and carcinogenesis have not been clarified. Here we show that a minor subpopulation of basal cells, characterized by the expression of keratin 14, possesses self-renewal capacity and also gives rise to all cell types of the urothelium during natural and injury-induced regeneration. Moreover, these cells represent cells of origin of urothelial cancer. Our findings support the hypothesis of basally located progenitors with profound roles in urothelial homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papafotiou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Paraskevopoulou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasilaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Kanaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Klinakis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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44
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Why Serological Responses during Cystitis are Limited. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010019. [PMID: 26907352 PMCID: PMC4810140 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency of urinary tract infections (UTIs), some of which appear to be endogenous relapses rather than reinfections by new isolates, point to defects in the host's memory immune response. It has been known for many decades that, whereas kidney infections evoked an antibody response to the infecting bacteria, infections limited to the bladder failed to do so. We have identified the existence of a broadly immunosuppressive transcriptional program associated with the bladder, but not the kidneys, during infection of the urinary tract that is dependent on bladder mast cells. This involves the localized secretion of IL-10 and results in the suppression of humoral immune responses in the bladder. Mast cell-mediated immune suppression could suggest a role for these cells in critically balancing the needs to clear infections with the imperative to prevent harmful immune reactions in the host.
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Georgas KM, Armstrong J, Keast JR, Larkins CE, McHugh KM, Southard-Smith EM, Cohn MJ, Batourina E, Dan H, Schneider K, Buehler DP, Wiese CB, Brennan J, Davies JA, Harding SD, Baldock RA, Little MH, Vezina CM, Mendelsohn C. An illustrated anatomical ontology of the developing mouse lower urogenital tract. Development 2015; 142:1893-908. [PMID: 25968320 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malformation of the urogenital tract represents a considerable paediatric burden, with many defects affecting the lower urinary tract (LUT), genital tubercle and associated structures. Understanding the molecular basis of such defects frequently draws on murine models. However, human anatomical terms do not always superimpose on the mouse, and the lack of accurate and standardised nomenclature is hampering the utility of such animal models. We previously developed an anatomical ontology for the murine urogenital system. Here, we present a comprehensive update of this ontology pertaining to mouse LUT, genital tubercle and associated reproductive structures (E10.5 to adult). Ontology changes were based on recently published insights into the cellular and gross anatomy of these structures, and on new analyses of epithelial cell types present in the pelvic urethra and regions of the bladder. Ontology changes include new structures, tissue layers and cell types within the LUT, external genitalia and lower reproductive structures. Representative illustrations, detailed text descriptions and molecular markers that selectively label muscle, nerves/ganglia and epithelia of the lower urogenital system are also presented. The revised ontology will be an important tool for researchers studying urogenital development/malformation in mouse models and will improve our capacity to appropriately interpret these with respect to the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Georgas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane Armstrong
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine E Larkins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Centre for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205/10, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Hanbin Dan
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie B Wiese
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jane Brennan
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard A Baldock
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chad M Vezina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Sun W, Wilhelmina Aalders T, Oosterwijk E. Identification of potential bladder progenitor cells in the trigone. Dev Biol 2014; 393:84-92. [PMID: 24992712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cells are specialized epithelial cells in the bladder that serve as a barrier toward excreted urine. The urothelium consists of superficial cells (most differentiated cells), intermediate cells, and basal cells; the latter have been considered as urothelium progenitor cells. In this study, BrdU or EdU was administrated to pregnant mice during E8-E13 for 2 consecutive days when bladder development occurs. The presence of label retaining cells was investigated in bladders from offspring. In 6 months old mice ~1% of bladder cells retained labeling. Stem cell markers as defined for other tissues (e.g., p63, CD44, CD117, trop2) co-localized or were in close vicinity to label retaining cells, but they were not uniquely limited to these cells. Remarkably, label retaining cells were distributed in all three cell layers (p63+, CK7+, and CK20+) of the urothelium and concentrated in the bladder trigone. This study demonstrates that bladder progenitor cells are present in all cell layers and reside mostly in the trigone. Understanding the geographic location of slow cycling cells provides crucial information for tissue regenerative purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Sun
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tilly Wilhelmina Aalders
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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