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Scapigliati G. Functional aspects of fish lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:200-208. [PMID: 23707785 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
After almost 40 years of studies in comparative immunology, some light has been shed on the evolutive immunobiology of vertebrates, and experimental evidences have shown that acquired immunity, defined by somatic recombination of antigen-binding molecules and memory, is an achievement as ancient as jawless vertebrates. However, the molecular processes generating antigen receptors evolved independently between jawless and jawed fishes, and produced lymphocytic cells with similar functions but employing different sets of genes. In recent years, data have been provided describing some in vitro and in vivo functional responses of fish lymphocytes. After a long gap, the number of specific markers for fish lymphocytes is increasing, thus allowing a first characterisation of lymphocyte subsets. Overall, in the near future it will be possible to open a new chapter in fish immunology and investigate functional immunity of lymphocyte responses by combining the extensive knowledge on immune gene products with markers for molecules and cells. The present review summarizes current knowledge on functional features of fish lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Luer CA, Walsh CJ, Bodine AB, Wyffels JT, Scott TR. The elasmobranch thymus: Anatomical, histological, and preliminary functional characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402730408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chardin H, Vilain C, Charlemagne J. Characterization of axolotl heavy and light immunoglobulin chains by monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1987; 6:627-35. [PMID: 2449389 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1987.6.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Axolotl specific antibodies to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) were purified by affinity chromatography from the sera of animals immunized with 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC). The purified anti-TNP/DNP antibodies, when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, were constituted of high molecular weight molecules, which in reducing conditions, were separated into heavy 72-88 kD and light 27-30 kD polypeptides. The axolotl heavy antibody chains strongly bound Concanavalin-A and migrate faster in SDS-PAGE after endoglycosidase-F (Endo-F) treatment. Using the same techniques, no carbohydrate components were detected onto light chains. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained against these purified axolotl immunoglobulins (Ig) and their specificities were studied by immunoblotting. MAbs 33.45.1 and 33.101.2 respectively recognized heavy and light chains determinants of the Ig molecule. These determinants were resistant to Endo-F digestion, suggesting that the two MAbs were not directed to polypeptide-associated N-linked high mannose or complex oligosaccharides. MAbs 33.45.1 and 33.101.2 were compared to 11.5.2, an anti-axolotl thymocytes MAb which was reactive for both axolotl leucocytes and soluble Ig. MAb 11.5.2 reacted in immunoblotting against several high molecular weight axolotl serum proteins, including heavy Ig chains. Light chains were not recognized. However, 11.5.2 did not further recognize Endo-F treated Ig, suggesting its specificity for a carbohydrate determinant of the heavy chain, and link to a large diversity of soluble or membrane glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chardin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Abstract
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against mammalian intermediate filament (IF) proteins were used to demonstrate IF expression in tissues and lymphoma tumors of northern pikes, Esox lucius L., from the Aland Islands of Finland by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Frozen sections of pike tissues demonstrated IFs in a manner confirming their evolutionary conservation and subclass specificity. Tumor cells showed morphological resemblance to head kidney cells and were positive for vimentin while negative for cytokeratin, desmin, neurofilament proteins, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The results show that the neoplasm is a mesenchymal as opposed to an epithelial, muscle, neural, or glial tumor, and is probably hemic cell derived. A rabbit anti-pike IgM antiserum showed that up to 90% of mononuclear (MN) cells isolated on Ficoll-Isopaque gradients from peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney were surface- and cytoplasmic-immunoglobulin positive by indirect immunofluorescence, while a maximum of 5% of tumor cells were positive. A maximum of 5% of MN cells from hemic tissues exhibited rosettes when incubated with AET-treated sheep red blood cells; however, only 1% of cells in the tumor formed rosettes. Lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed on MN cells from hemic tissues and tumor using phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, tuberculin purified protein derivative and lipopolysaccharide W in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum or autologous pike plasma. Proliferation indices in hemic tissues were similar in the groups. However, all proliferation indices in tissues were significantly higher than corresponding values in the tumor. These assays show that pike MN cells respond when stimulated by T and B cell mitogens, but that this reactivity is lacking in the tumor.
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DeLuca D, Wilson M, Warr GW. Lymphocyte heterogeneity in the trout, Salmo gairdneri, defined with monoclonal antibodies to IgM. Eur J Immunol 1983; 13:546-51. [PMID: 6347695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody to trout serum IgM was tested by immunofluorescence analysis with lymphocytes from thymus, spleen and head kidney. By visual examination, the antibody reacted with only a subpopulation of lymphocytes. The mean values +/- SE for positive cells were 5.2 +/- 2.3% in the thymus, 30.3 +/- 7.9% in the spleen and 12.4 +/- 3.0% in the head kidney. Flow cytofluorometric analysis revealed evidence of heterogeneity by size among the membrane IgM-positive cells of the head kidney and spleen. Depletion of head kidney cells positive for surface IgM by an immune affinity adherence technique of panning, using monoclonal anti-IgM, significantly reduced the mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide but not to concanavalin A. It is suggested that this information supports the existence of distinct subpopulations of fish lymphocytes that may be homologous in certain respects to mammalian T and B type cells.
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Negm H, Mansour MH. Phylogenesis of lymphocyte diversity. I. Immunoglobulin determinants on the lymphocyte surface of the lizard Agama stellio. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1982; 6:519-532. [PMID: 6182037 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(82)80038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Zettergren LD. Ontogeny and distribution of cells in B lineage in the American leopard frog, Rana pipiens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1982; 6:311-320. [PMID: 6980149 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(82)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two-color immunofluorescence techniques were used in order to trace the development and distribution of cells expressing immunoglobulin in Rana pipiens. Evidence is provided which suggests that (i) embryo-larval urogenital tissues are sites of generation of cells in B lineage, (ii) during ontogeny, there is a sequential expression of immunoglobulin isotypes on B cell surfaces, (iii) larvae are able to produce the full range of immunoglobulin clases found in adults, and (iv) at least two subpopulations of lymphocytes exist in Rana pipiens, sIg+ and sIg-; thymocytes and presumably peripheral T cells lack conventional surface immunoglobulin. Some ontogenetic and phylogenetic implications are discussed.
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Hadji-Azimi I, Schwager J. Xenopus laevis larval thymocytes do not express surface immunoglobulin. Cell Immunol 1980; 53:389-94. [PMID: 6996841 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fiebig H, Scherbaum I, Ambrosius H. Evolutionary origin of the T lymphocyte receptor--I. Immunochemical investigation of immunoglobulin-like cell surface protein of carp thymocytes. Mol Immunol 1980; 17:971-84. [PMID: 6163976 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(80)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Marchalonis JJ, Warr GW, Wang AC, Burns WH, Burton RC. An Fab-related surface component of some normal and neoplastic human and marmoset T cells. Demonstration, functional analysis and partial characterization. Mol Immunol 1980; 17:877-91. [PMID: 6163971 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(80)90036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ruben LN, Edwards BF. Phylogeny of the emergence of T-B collaboration in humoral immunity. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1980; 9:55-89. [PMID: 6988165 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9131-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Warr GW. Membrane immunoglobulins of vertebrate lymphocytes. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1980; 9:141-70. [PMID: 6988162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9131-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Moseley JM, Beatty EA, Marchalonis JJ. Molecular properties of T-lymphoma immunoglobulin. II. Peptide composition of the heavy chain. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1979; 6:1-18. [PMID: 107242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1979.tb00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain structural information and to facilitate studies of the covalent structure of T-cell immunoglobulin, we have performed investigations of the peptide fragments of the heavy chain of this molecule, on a comparative basis, with heavy chains of serum immunoglobulins. T-cell immunoglobulin was isolated from 125I-labelled culture medium of monoclonal continuously cultured T-lymphoma cells by means of immunoadsorbents. Peptides were prepared from the purified 125I-labelled heavy chain by means of cleavage with cyanogen bromide or digestion with trypsin. We then resolved these peptides and compared them with those peptides derived from 131I-labelled murine mu, gamma and alpha chains separately and in mixed label experiments by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing buffers, 2 dimensional peptide mapping and ion exchange chromatography. The profiles of the radiolabelled peptides obtained from the T-lymphoma heavy chains were quite distinct from those of murine gamma chains but indicated a structural similarity to both mu and alpha chains, which share some common peptides. These results are consistent with the antigenic and physicochemical data available and suggest that T-cell immunoglobulin is a new isotype that shows similarities to IgA and IgM, but of which the precise nature of the constant region has yet to be delineated.
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Binz H, Wigzell H. Recognition of antigens by T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1978; 22:93-112. [PMID: 85255 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly summarizes our knowledge of antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T lymphocyte receptor which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined. However, it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor, and that the receptor is made up of heavy chains of a new immunoglobulin class which has to be further characterized and which we call Tau-chain. The variable region of the T lymphocyte receptors share idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B lymphocyte receptors. The possible linkage between the T cell idiotypes present on the Tau-chains and molecules which are under the control of genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the species are discussed. In the last part of the review two methods for the induction of specific transplantation tolerance in adult animals are described. These methods are based on the concept that T lymphocytes reactive against alloantigens bear idiotypic determinants against which a specific auto-immune response can be initiated.
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Warr GW, Marton G, Szenberg A, Marchalonis JJ. Reactions of chicken antibodies with immunoglobulins of mouse serum and T cells. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1978; 15:615-22. [PMID: 83961 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(78)90033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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DeLuca D, Warr GW, Marchalonis JJ. Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins and antigen binding in the genus Carassius (Teleostii). Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:525-30. [PMID: 357164 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mattes MJ, Steiner LA. Antisera to frog immunoglobulins cross-react with a periodate-sensitive cell surface determinant. Nature 1978; 273:761-3. [PMID: 78454 DOI: 10.1038/273761a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Etlinger HM, Hodgins HO, Chiller JM. Evolution of the lymphoid system. II. Evidence for immunoglobulin determinants on all rainbow trout lymphocytes and demonstration of mixed leukocyte reaction. Eur J Immunol 1977; 7:881-7. [PMID: 75803 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830071212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Indirect fluorescent antibody analyses utilizing antiserum specific for rainbow trout serum immunoglobulin (Ig) demonstrated that essentially all rainbow trout lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, anterior kidney and peripheral blood possess either Ig determinants or structures which cross-react with those determinants found on serum Ig. Peripheral blood leukocytes from rainbow trout were found to be caple of participating in a mixed leukocyte reaction. This observation is discussed in terms of the evolution of T cell function.
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Ruben LN, Warr GW, Decker JM, Marchalonis JJ. Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphoid heterogeneity and the hapten/carrier effect in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Cell Immunol 1977; 31:266-83. [PMID: 872223 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Warr GW, Marchalonis JJ. Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins: detection, characterization, and occurrence in disease of the lymphoid system. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1977; 7:185-226. [PMID: 828087 DOI: 10.3109/10408367709151578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface immunoglobulins (Igs) of lymphocytes are of considerable interest because these molecules probably function as receptors for antigen, and knowledge of their molecular properties should provide information on the mechanisms of immune differentiation. The density and types of surface Ig on a cell provide markers useful in indicating the class of a lymphocyte and its stage of maturity. Moreover, knowledge of the specificities of the surface Ig of neoplastic lymphocytes might suggest the nature of agents involved in the generation of the disease. Two broad classes of lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) active in antibody secretion, and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) which mediate cellular immune reactions, and their subpopulations must be considered with reference to the nature, origin, and function of their surface immunoglobulin. This article analyzes direct and indirect methods for the demonstration of surface Igs and describes certain physicochemical properties of isolated surface Ig molecules. Roles of these surface molecules in recognition of antigen, initiation of all differentiation, and cooperation among lymphocytes and accessory cells are discussed.
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Warr GW, DeLuca D, Marchalonis JJ. Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2476-80. [PMID: 1065902 PMCID: PMC430614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) of splenocytes and thymocytes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, was demonstrated by indirect fluorescent-antibody techniques. Observations on shedding and resynthesis indicated that the thymocyte Ig was endogenously produced. The lymphocyte surface proteins were radioiodinated using the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction, and the labeled Ig molecules were isolated by specific precipitation and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgM-like membrane Igs of splenocytes and thymocytes were shown to differ in their ease of solubilization with nonionic detergent, and in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/electrophoretic mobility of their heavy chains. The significance of these observations for the evolution of T-cell recognition is discussed.
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Warr GW, Decker JM, Marchalonis JJ. Evolutionary and developmental aspects of T-cell recognition. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1976; 5:281-301. [PMID: 786862 DOI: 10.3109/08820137609044281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies relating to the nature of the antigen-specific T-cell receptor are reviewed in the light of present knowledge of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. It is suggested that this evidence supports the concept that immunoglobulin (Ig) is the T-cell receptor, and that the following conclusions may be tentatively drawn.
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Schreiner GF, Unanue ER. Membrane and cytoplasmic changes in B lymphocytes induced by ligand-surface immunoglobulin interaction. Adv Immunol 1976; 24:37-165. [PMID: 798475 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Marchalonis JJ. Surface immunoglobulins of B and T lymphocytes: molecular properties, association with the cell membrane, and a unified model of antigen recognition. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 1976; 5:125-60. [PMID: 793773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8142-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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