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Detanico T, Heiser RA, Aviszus K, Bonorino C, Wysocki LJ. Self-tolerance checkpoints in CD4 T cells specific for a peptide derived from the B cell antigen receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:82-91. [PMID: 21622865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Linked recognition of Ag by B and T lymphocytes is ensured in part by a state of tolerance acquired by CD4 T cells to germline-encoded sequences within the B cell Ag receptor (BCR). We sought to determine how such tolerance is attained when a peptide from the BCR variable (V) region is expressed by small numbers of B cells as it is in the physiological state. Mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeras were generated using donor BM from mice with B cells that expressed a transgene (Tg)-encoded κ L chain and BM from TCR Tg mice in which the CD4 T cells (CA30) were specific for a Vκ peptide encoded by the κTg. In chimeras where few B cells express the κTg, many CA30 cells were deleted in the thymus. However, a substantial fraction survived to the CD4 single-positive stage. Among single-positive CA30 thymocytes, few reached maturity and migrated to the periphery. Maturation was strongly associated with, and likely promoted by, expression of an endogenous TCR α-chain. CD4(+) CA30 cells that reached peripheral lymphoid tissues were Ag-experienced and anergic, and some developed into regulatory cells. These findings reveal several checkpoints and mechanisms that enforce a state of self-tolerance in developing T cells specific for BCR V region sequences, thus ensuring that T cell help to B cells occurs through linked recognition of foreign Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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2
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Snyder CM, Zhang X, Wysocki LJ. Negligible class II MHC presentation of B cell receptor-derived peptides by high density resting B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3865-73. [PMID: 11937540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting B lymphocytes have been credited with inducing T cell tolerance to Ig-derived and monovalent self-Ags that are internalized via the B cell receptor (BCR). These conclusions are predicated upon the assumptions that resting B cells display BCR-associated peptides in class II MHC and that the cells remain quiescent during the course of experimental manipulation. To determine whether resting B cells display BCR-associated epitopes in class II MHC, we devised a sensitive assay that averted potential activation of B cells by Ag and minimized activation by prolonged culture. Ex vivo, Percoll-fractionated B cells expressing a kappa transgene encoding a T cell epitope were cultured with a reactive T cell hybridoma for 12 h. Whereas low density, LPS-activated, and BCR-activated B cells elicited significant IL-2 from the T cell hybridoma, resting high density B cells did not. Parallel results were obtained with normal B cells expressing a second epitope encoded by an endogenous V(H) gene. Anergic B cells, which are uniformly low density, also significantly stimulated the T cell hybridoma. Finally, longer culture periods with normal B cells resulted in a higher degree of B cell activation and significant stimulation of reactive T cell hybridomas. Our results provide evidence that activation of B cells profoundly enhances the processing and presentation of BCR-associated Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Snyder
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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3
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Rasmussen IB, Lunde E, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. The principle of delivery of T cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells applied to peptides from influenza virus, ovalbumin, and hen egg lysozyme: implications for peptide vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10296-301. [PMID: 11517321 PMCID: PMC56955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.181336898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) increases CD4(+) T cell activation, and this observation can be exploited in the development of new vaccines. We have chosen an antigen-targeting approach in which we make recombinant antibodies (Abs) with T cell epitopes in their constant region and APC-specific variable regions. Three commonly used model epitopes, amino acids 110-120 of hemagglutinin, 323-339 of ovalbumin, and 46-61 of hen egg lysozyme, were introduced as loops in the C(H)1 domain of human IgG3. For all three epitopes, we show that the recombinant molecules are secreted from transfected cells. The epitopes are presented to specific T cells, and targeting to IgD on B cells in vitro enhances the presentation efficiency by 10(4) to 10(5) compared with the free peptide. After i.v. injection, the epitopes targeted to IgD are presented by splenic APCs to activate specific T cells, whereas little or no activation could be detected without targeting, even after the amount of antigen injected was increased 100-fold or more. Because a wide variety of T cell epitopes, in terms of both length and secondary structure, can be tolerated in loops in constant domains of Abs, the Ab constant region seems to have the intrinsic stability that is needed for this fusion molecule strategy. It might thus be possible to load the Ab with several different epitopes in loops in different domains and thereby make a targeted multisubunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Post Box 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cantor
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Bartnes K, Hannestad K. Native IgG2a(b) is barely antigenic to major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T cells owing to inefficient internalization by professional antigen-presenting cells. Immunology 2000; 99:510-22. [PMID: 10792498 PMCID: PMC2327188 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide epitopes derived from immunoglobulin variable regions represent tumour-specific antigens on B-cell neoplasms and can be recognized by syngeneic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cells. Immunoglobulin peptide/MHC class II complexes may also be involved in autoimmunity and CD4+ T-cell-mediated B-cell regulation. Thus, the IgG2a(b) H-chain allopeptide gamma2a(b) 435-451 presented on I-Ad mimics the epitope implicated in herpes simplex virus-induced autoimmune stromal keratitis and is the target of T helper 1 (Th1) clones that suppress IgG2a(b) production in vivo. We here report that spleen and thymus cells constitutively present the autologous gamma2a(b) epitope to a gamma2a(b) 435-451/I-A(d) reactive T-cell hybridoma as a function of the animal housing conditions (specific pathogen-free or not) and the serum levels of IgG2a(b). Constitutive presentation in the spleen was predominantly performed by dendritic cells. Whereas spleen cells poorly presented native IgG2a(b) to a gamma2a(b) 435-451/I-A(d) reactive T-cell hybridoma, IgG2a(b) in the form of immune complexes were presented > 200-fold more efficiently owing to internalization via low-affinity FcgammaR on macrophages. The antigenicity could also be improved by homotypic aggregation and by targeting IgG2a(b) to complement receptors on the A20 B-cell lymphoma. Mice without detectable IgG2a(b)-containing immune complexes typically exhibited minimal constitutive presentation. Nevertheless, native IgG2a(b) can sensitize antigen-presenting cells in vivo, as mice that were devoid of immune complexes and carried an IgG2a(b)-producing tumour did present constitutively, even at physiological IgG2a(b) serum levels. Whereas the amounts of IgG released from most B-cell lymphomas may be too low to allow spontaneous priming of tumour-specific MHC class II-restricted T cells, administration of tumour immunoglobulin in aggregated form might improve the efficacy of idiotype vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartnes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, School of Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
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6
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Lunde E, Munthe LA, Vabø A, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Antibodies engineered with IgD specificity efficiently deliver integrated T-cell epitopes for antigen presentation by B cells. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:670-5. [PMID: 10404160 DOI: 10.1038/10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a strategy for improving the stimulation of T cells during immune responses by constructing recombinant antibodies that enhance the delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells, such as B cells. These antibodies have variable regions specific for surface molecules on B cells, and a constant region with an inserted antigen. In vitro, such antibodies make B cells approximately 1000-fold more efficient at presenting antigen and stimulating specific T cells. In vivo, the antibodies turn B cells of the spleen into potent stimulators of T cells. This approach may be useful for the generation of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lunde
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Wysocki LJ, Zhang X, Smith DS, Snyder CM, Bonorino C. Somatic origin of T-cell epitopes within antibody variable regions: significance to monoclonal therapy and genesis of systemic autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 1998; 162:233-46. [PMID: 9602368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During an immune response, specific antibody variable region genes are diversified by a somatic point mutation process that generates de novo "foreign" V-region sequences. This creates an interesting problem in immune regulation because B cells are highly proficient at self-presenting V-region peptides in the context of class II MHC. Though our studies indicate that the corresponding T-cell repertoire attains a state of tolerance to germline-encoded antibody V-region diversity, it is presently unknown whether the same is true of mutationally generated diversity. On the basis of immunoregulatory considerations, we hypothesize that contact exclusion or tolerance normally precludes T cells from helping B cells via self-presented mutant V-region peptides. The lack of recurrent somatic mutations that create known T-cell epitopes in antibody V regions lends some support to this idea. In contrast, our studies of spontaneously autoreactive B cells in systemic autoimmune disease strongly suggest that precursors of such cells are recruited by T-cell help directed to self-presented mutant idiopeptides. Failures in tolerance or contact exclusion mechanisms may be responsible for this apparently abnormal event. In addition to their importance in immune regulation, somatic mutations or other differences from germline-encoded V-region sequence may be largely responsible for undesirable patient responses to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. These reactions might be averted or diminished by inducing tolerance in the T-cell repertoire with synthetic peptide correlates of non-germline-encoded V-region sequences in humanized antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Wysocki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80207, USA.
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8
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Lunde E, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Immunoglobulin as a vehicle for foreign antigenic peptides immunogenic to T cells. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:1167-76. [PMID: 9566764 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) molecules may serve as targeting vehicles for delivery of foreign antigenic peptides to antigen presenting cells (APC). An attractive strategy is to substitute segments between beta-strands of immunoglobulin (Ig) constant (C)-region domains with antigenic peptides. For this to work, the mutant Ab must maintain its conformation so that it can be secreted from transfected cells. Furthermore, the antigenic peptides must be excised by the processing machinery of APC and loaded onto major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. To test this, we have introduced a peptide of eleven amino acids (a.a.) as either of three different loops in the first C-region domain of the heavy (H) chain (CH1) of human IgG3. When the resulting mutant H chain genes were expressed in a fibroblast cell line equipped with proper class II molecules, the H chains were retained intracellularly, probably due to the light (L) chain deficiency of the fibroblasts. Nevertheless, by the endogenous class II processing pathway, presentation of the epitope to CD4+ cells was observed for all three mutants. The presentation efficiency, however, depended on the position of the peptide in the H chain. This could be due to influence of flanking sequences, which differ in the three loop replacement mutants. When L chain-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) lambda cells were transfected with the same constructs, two out of the three mutant Ig were secreted. The mutants had the expected antigen specificity and were recognized by anti-IgG Ab. When added exogenously to dendritic cell APC, the mutant IgG3 were processed, and the liberated foreign epitopes presented to T cells. The results suggest that the loops connecting beta-strands in the Ig fold may be replaced by foreign peptides, which upon processing become stimulatory to CD4+ T cells. Combined with the well-known targeting function of antibodies, this principle may be useful for construction of a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lunde
- Institute for Immunology and Rheumatology, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Bartnes K, Hannestad K. Engagement of the B lymphocyte antigen receptor induces presentation of intrinsic immunoglobulin peptides on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1124-30. [PMID: 9174601 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
By means of the clonotypic variable region, the immunoglobulin (Ig) is a tumor-specific antigen on B cell neoplasms. We report that engagement of the B cell antigen receptor (BcR) promotes presentation of peptides derived from the B cell's intrinsic Ig to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cells. Thus, anti-Ig endowed normal, ex vivo B lymphocytes from H-2d, Ig constant heavy chain allotype b (IgCHb) mice with the capacity to stimulate an I-Ad-restricted T cell clone which recognizes the gamma 2ab 435-451 allopeptide. The corresponding self gamma 2aa peptide is cryptic and 6000-fold less antigenic than the gamma 2ab allopeptide. Even so, the syngeneic B cell lymphoma A20 which expresses surface(s) IgG2aa, was also recognized by the T cells after BcR ligation. Thus, anti-Ig triggered the disclosure of a cryptic tumor antigen determinant. We propose that autoantigens, by engaging the BcR of self-reactive B cells, induce presentation of intrinsic Ig peptides to which the T helper cell (Th) repertoire is not tolerant. In this way, B cells with anti-self potential may be activated without Th recognition of nominal autoantigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Tromsø School of Medicine, Norway
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10
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Reitan SK, Hannestad K. A syngeneic idiotype is immunogenic when borne by IgM but tolerogenic when joined to IgG. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1601-8. [PMID: 7614988 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some syngeneic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) elicit immune responses like conventional T-dependent antigens. To find out whether the heavy chain class (isotype) plays a role for the immunogenicity of an idiotype (Id), we isolated rare subclones of an IgM mAb (termed Id3) in which the variable region of the heavy chain (VH) is associated with a new constant region (CH). The VH-Id3 gene is a member of the murine 36-60 family and probably has three replacement mutations. The light chain V gene is germ-line V lambda 2. IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b variants of Id3 were purified from protein-free medium and injected without adjuvant into BALB/c mice. The parental 19S IgM mAb given subcutaneously (s.c.) elicited a vigorous humoral response against Id3; in comparison, monomeric 8S IgM was a much weaker immunogen. Unlike IgM, multiple challenges with the IgG switch variants failed to induce anti-Id3 Ab. IgG variants gained immunogenicity if they were purified from medium containing fetal calf serum, mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant or injected into mice primed with IgM-Id3. Pretreatment with 100 micrograms s.c. + 50 micrograms of the IgG2a variant extinguished the Ab response to parental IgM, but the response to adjuvant-free bovine serum albumin was intact. Therefore, the tolerance induced by the IgG2a switch variant is antigen-specific and not due to toxicity. Significant inhibition of the Ab response to parental IgM was observed after treatment with 4 micrograms of the IgG2a switch variant. Administration of the IgG1 and IgG2b switch variants also inhibited this response significantly. Thus, the outcome of an encounter with Id3 is strongly influenced by the CH isotype to which the Id is joined. This suggests novel ways to minimize unwanted Ab responses against Id of human therapeutic mAb. In the context of the theory of Id networks, we suggest that dominant B cell clones can preempt anti-Id Ab responses against themselves by early switching from IgM to IgG secretion, before immunogenic IgM Ab have had time to activate anti-Id B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Reitan
- Department of Immunology, University of Tromsø School of Medicine, Norway
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11
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Majlessi L, Rujithamkul N, Bordenave G. Mechanisms of T-cell-induced allotypic suppression of mouse IgG2a(b) and of tolerance acquisition to this allotype. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 146:213-24. [PMID: 8577984 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)80257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Majlessi
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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12
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Bartnes K, Rekdal O, Briand JP, Hannestad K. Th1 clones that suppress IgG2ab specifically recognize an allopeptide determinant comprising residues 435-451 of gamma 2ab. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2655-60. [PMID: 7691612 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that gamma 2ab/I-A(d)-specific Th1 clones from BALB/c mice (gamma 2aa, H-2d) mediated a long-lasting, selective suppression of serum IgG2ab levels when transferred to newborn (BALB/c x B10.D2)F1 (gamma 2a/b, H-2d) mice (Bartnes, K. and Hannestad, K. Eur. J. Immunol. 1991. 21: 2365). We here analyze the peptide specificity of hybridomas derived from two suppressive T cell clones. The shortest synthetic peptide with optimal antigenicity comprises gamma 2ab residues 435-451 (Kabat numbering). The determinant core encompasses the gamma 2ab 440-446 (KLRVQKS) sequence which contains an I-A(d) allele-specific motif. Challenge with single amino acid-substituted gamma 2ab 435-447 analogs revealed that residues K440, R442 and K445 which are shared by the autologous and allogeneic gamma 2a, as well as residues Q444 and S446 which represent allogeneic differences, are critical for recognition. We obtained evidence that K440, R442 and Q444 are epitope residues, while K445 and S446 contribute to anchoring of the peptide to I-A(d). Amino acids located outside of the core also influence antigenicity, the most striking effect being a 340-870-fold augmentation of potency when gamma 2ab 437-451 is extended by F436. IgG2ab required processing in order to stimulate the hybridomas. The data support the contention that the Th1 clones specific for Fc of gamma 2ab mediated IgG2ab suppression by cognate interaction with sIgG2ab+ B cells that presented a C gamma 2ab peptide(s) derived from their endogenous Ig on major histocompatibility complex class II. The T cells cross-reacted weakly with peptide 435-451 of the autologous gamma 2aa allotype. This opens the possibility that self-peptides from Ig C regions can target B cells for regulatory interactions with autologous Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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13
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Demotz S, Lanzavecchia A. Presentation of self-peptides: consequences for self nonself discrimination and allorecognition. Int Rev Immunol 1993; 10:321-6. [PMID: 8294845 DOI: 10.3109/08830189309061707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Demotz
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Among the self antigens, immunoglobulins, and in particular idiotypes, are of special interest because of their extreme sequence heterogeneity and their postulated involvement in regulatory interactions in the immune system. We have therefore studied antigen processing and presentation of variable region peptides, processed idiotypes, to MHC class II molecule-restricted T cells. The immunoglobulin used has been the lambda 2(315) light chain produced by the BALB/c MOPC 315 plasmacytoma (alpha, lambda 2). The minimum length of a stimulatory synthetic idiotypic peptide comprises residues 91-101 of lambda 2(315) and is presented by the I-E(d) molecule to CD4+ T cells. T cell clones with specificity for the 91-101(lambda 2(315))/I-E(d) complex utilize a limited TCR repertoire and are of both Th1 and Th2 type. For presentation, extracellular lambda 2(315) requires endocytosis and processing, as previously described for conventional exogenous antigens. In addition, a B lymphoma cell can process and present its own endogenous lambda 2(315). This was shown by transfecting manipulated lambda 2(315) gene variants into B lymphoma cells, followed by evaluation of the APC function of the transfectants. These studies demonstrated that surface expression or secretion of lambda 2(315) is not necessary for presentation and suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum may be a processing compartment. To extend our findings to naive Id+ B cells and anti-Id T cells, we have generated lambda 2(315)-transgenic as well as TCR-transgenic mice. A model is presented for a T-B cell interaction based on presentation of processed idiotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogen
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway
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15
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Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation is critical to the generation and maintenance of self tolerance. The hemoglobin system has provided important data on self antigen processing and presentation in vivo. Hemoglobin/Ia complexes were detectable in the thymus before the time of positive and negative selection. In addition, thymic epithelial cells were shown to lack the costimulatory factors necessary to trigger T cell clone proliferation. We have extended these findings to the renal proximal tubule. This class II MHC-expressing epithelial cell was demonstrated to process and present foreign as well as self antigens to T cell hybridomas. Current studies are examining whether this epithelial cell possesses the costimulatory factors required to fully stimulate T cell clones, or whether the proximal tubule may play an important role in the maintenance of self tolerance. In addition we describe the exciting model of murine autoimmune myocarditis. We have demonstrated that this is a T cell mediated disease and believe that cardiac antigen presenting cells constitutively process and present the inciting self antigen, myosin. These studies may provide important insights into autoimmunity and self tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Hagerty
- Department of Medicine, Jewish Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
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16
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Moudgil KD, Ametani A, Grewal IS, Kumar V, Sercarz EE. Processing of self-proteins and its impact on shaping the T cell repertoire, autoimmunity and immune regulation. Int Rev Immunol 1993; 10:365-77. [PMID: 8294849 DOI: 10.3109/08830189309061711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles 90024
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17
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Smith SC, Allen PM. Expression of myosin-class II major histocompatibility complexes in the normal myocardium occurs before induction of autoimmune myocarditis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:9131-5. [PMID: 1409614 PMCID: PMC50079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.19.9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining how an autoimmune response is initiated is essential to understanding the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Self-reactive T cells, self-protein, and a failure of tolerance to that self-protein are all involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease; yet it is not clear how self-reactive T cells find the target self-protein to initiate an autoimmune response. Although a variety of self-proteins have been shown to be presented on both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, the relationship of these self-proteins to autoimmune disease has not been established. To explore this further, we generated a T-cell hybridoma that recognizes mouse cardiac myosin, the self-protein that induces murine autoimmune myocarditis. Using this hybridoma as a probe to detect myosin-class II MHC complexes, we isolated a class II MHC+/CD45+ residential antigen-presenting cell (APC) population directly from the hearts of normal mice and looked for evidence of endogenous processing of cardiac myosin by these APC. In this report we show that myosin-class II MHC complexes are found on residential APC in the normal mouse heart. Induction of autoimmune myocarditis increased the expression of myosin-class II MHC in the heart and enhanced their APC functions. This result is a direct demonstration that epitopes of a self-antigen involved in initiating an autoimmune disease are endogenously processed and presented within the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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18
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Schirmbeck R, Zerrahn J, Kuhröber A, Kury E, Deppert W, Reimann J. Immunization with soluble simian virus 40 large T antigen induces a specific response of CD3+ CD4- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:759-66. [PMID: 1312473 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 (B6) mice (H-2b) were immunized with the large tumor antigen (T Ag) of simian virus 40 (SV40). Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous sensitization with soluble T Ag specifically primed cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). T Ag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were detected in a cytotoxicity assay after specific in vitro restimulation of effector cell populations from mice immunized with 2-10 micrograms purified, soluble T Ag and boosted with an injection of 2 micrograms T Ag 2-4 weeks after priming. Cells used for in vitro restimulation and as targets in cytotoxicity assays were syngeneic (B6-derived) RBL5 lymphoma cells expressing SV40 T Ag after transfection with a T Ag-encoding expression vector. Effector cells of this response were H-2 class I-restricted CD3+ CD4-CD8+ CTL. The magnitude of the anti-T Ag CTL response of B6 mice stimulated by soluble virus protein was comparable to the anti-T Ag CTL response of SV40-infected B6 mice. Injections of denatured or native T Ag protein primed CTLp equally well, but immunization with an equal dose of antigen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvants inefficiently stimulated CTLp.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Ulm, FRG
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19
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Chen SS. Genesis of host IgE competence: perinatal IgE tolerance induced by IgE processed and presented by IgE Fc receptor (CD23)-bearing B cells. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:343-8. [PMID: 1531635 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A murine model for studying life-long IgE tolerance was previously developed in this laboratory by perinatal IgE injection into neonates. Herein, we demonstrated that normal and immortal CD23+ B cell lines presented processed IgE via CD23-mediated endocytic pathway and triggered perinatal IgE tolerance. The observations were as followed: (a) CD23 on normal B cells or B cell hybridomas mediated IgE-dependent perinatal IgE tolerance and total IgE deficiency; and lack of either antigen-specific IgE or total IgE did not correlate with elevated levels of autologous anti-IgE in individual mice; (b) IgE tolerance-inducing capacity of CD23+ B cell hybridomas was augmented by treatment with antigen-IgE complexes or interleukin 4, and significantly inhibited by anti-CD23 prior to IgE pulsing; (c) antigen-IgE complexes were endocytosed and degraded in acid hydrolases-containing vesicles; and IgE tolerance was abrogated by treating IgE-pulsed 17A11 at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C followed immediately by fixation, and by treating IgE-pulsed 17A11 with metabolic inhibitors that elevated intracellular pH of the endocytic vesicles. In conclusion, this study suggested that one pivotal step of genetic control of IgE responses may be exercised at the early developmental stage of T cells of the IgE lineage, and that CD23 may facilitate capture of endogenously secreted IgE, and mediate endocytic processing and presentation of self IgE epitope(s), and thus contribute to the genesis of host IgE competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Chen
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0905
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20
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Abstract
Two models to account for an antigen-specific IgE isotypic response are proposed. Both models assume a first-tiered IgE production induced by antigen and IL-4; however, the processed IgE or Ag-IgE immune complexes stimulate T epsilon cells differently in the two models. In Model I, we propose that T epsilon cells express conventional T-cell receptors which recognize IgE isotypic determinants. Model IA proposes that IgE fragments are processed and recognized along with class II MHC molecules, and T epsilon cell preferentially act on antigen-activated IgE-committed B epsilon cells via recognition of processed membrane IgE determinants but not antigens; thus T epsilon cells are in principle capable of modulating non-antigen-specific polyclonal IgE responses. Model IB proposes that IgE function as a class-restriction determinant for nominal antigens analogous to that of class II molecules, and T epsilon cells exert stringent antigen-specific IgE isotypic responses by recognizing nominal antigens restricted to IgE. T epsilon cells thus exert antigen-specific and IgE concerted immunoregulation, and do not participate in modulating polyclonal IgE production. Model II proposes a heterotypic interaction of IgE with a cell interaction receptor (or IgE Fc receptor) on T cells. T epsilon cells modulate antigen-specific IgE isotypic responses via ligation with IgE-antigen immune complexes on B-cell surface; thus, T epsilon cells in principle contribute to polyclonal IgE responses.
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21
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Bartnes K, Hannestad K. Igh-1b-specific CD4+CD8- T cell clones of the Th1 subset selectively suppress the Igh-1b allotype in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:2365-71. [PMID: 1680695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830211011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T helper (Th) cells specific for peptides from the variable (V) regions of syngeneic immunoglobulin (Ig) (idiopeptides) opens the possibility that Th cells regulate B cell functions via idiopeptide-based cognate T-B interactions. As a model for such interactions we investigated the influence of Ig allotype-specific T cells on the differentiation of H-2-syngeneic B cells expressing that particular Ig allotype. We established a BALB/c (H-2d, Iga) CD4+CD8- T cell line and clones of the Th1 subset (interleukin 2+, interleukin 4-, interferon-gamma+, tumor necrosis factor-alpha+) that recognized Igh-1 (IgG2a) of the b allotype (Igh-1b) together with I-Ad. These T cells specifically suppressed surface Igh-1b+ B cells in vitro and in vivo. In 12 out of 15 6-week-old (BALB/c X B10.D2)F1 mice neonatally injected with Igh-1b-specific T cells, the serum Igh-1b concentrations were less than 5% of the levels in the controls. Thus, allotype suppression can be accomplished solely by adoptive transfer of Igh-1b-specific CD4+ T cells. The in vivo suppression was specific for Igh-1b+ B cells as the recipients' levels of Igh-1a and Igh-4b (IgG1b) were unaffected. The V beta 14-specific anti-T cell receptor (TcR) monoclonal antibody 14-2 inhibited activation of hybridomas derived from two of the clones. Collectively the data indicate that suppression resulted from cognate interactions between allopeptide-specific TcR alpha/beta+ T cells and normal unmanipulated B lymphocytes presenting their endogenous Igh-1b in association with MHC class II molecules. The data support the possibility that normal B cells can be suppressed by idiopeptide-specific T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Tromsø, School of Medicine, Norway
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22
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Bikoff EK. Class II-restricted IgG2ab-specific T cells recognize a signal-minus form of the V-CH3b antigen. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:1411-7. [PMID: 1904360 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the question when and where self peptides become associated with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules for tolerance induction, we recently developed a system in which the intracellular site(s) of antigen expression could be manipulated using gene cloning techniques. We previously constructed a truncated IgGa gene comprising a variable (V) domain and the CH3 domain (not including the membrane exons) from the IgG2ab heavy (H) chain. The secreted form of the V-CH3b protein was expressed at high levels under control of the Ig H chain enhancer in Ia+ B lymphoma cells and was efficiently recognized by class II-restricted IgG2ab-specific T cell hybrids. Here we describe a modified V-CH3b gene construct in which the sequences encoding the signal peptide were deleted. A strong argument can be made that the signal-less V-CH3b protein is predominantly expressed in the cytosol. We show that transfected L cell lines expressing the signal-less form of the V-CH3b protein can stimulate class II-restricted IgG2ab-specific T cells. Cell mixing experiments indicate that this response cannot be due to passive uptake of soluble antigenic peptides released into culture supernatants. These experiments demonstrate that a cytoplasmic protein having no obvious means of reaching the cell surface can be presented to class II-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Bikoff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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23
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Sundblad A, Huetz F, Portnoï D, Coutinho A. Stimulation of B and T cells by in vivo high dose immunoglobulin administration in normal mice. J Autoimmun 1991; 4:325-39. [PMID: 1679333 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(91)90028-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with a preparation of pooled normal murine IgG (400 mg/kg/day, on five consecutive days) and studied 8, 15, and 60 days later. High dose IgG administration increased the total numbers of splenic activated B and CD4+ (but not CD8+) T cells, as well as the numbers of splenic Ig-secreting cells, particularly in the IgG isotypes. Reactivities to some autoantigens, but not to bacterial or other heteroantigens, were selectively amplified amongst IgM-secreting cells. IgG administration did not alter the specific primary immune response to heterologous erythrocytes or bacterial dextran. No cellular alterations were detected in the lymph nodes or peritoneal cavity of treated animals. Most of these effects subsided with time, but some autoantibody reactivities remained elevated 60 days later. The present results suggest that the therapeutic effects of high dose IgG administration which have been reported in human diseases might be associated with the immunostimulatory activities of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sundblad
- Unite d'Immunobiologie, URA 359 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Bikoff EK, Eckhardt LA. Presentation of IgG2a antigens to class II-restricted T cells by stably transfected B lymphoma cells. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1903-9. [PMID: 2479567 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830191022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a panel of BALB/c T cells specific for IgG2a of the b allotype in association with I-Ad. We used DNA-mediated gene transfer techniques to localize antigenic determinants recognized by responding T cells. Initially a truncated IgG2aa gene comprising a variable domain and the CH3 domain (not including the membrane exons) from the BALB/c IgG2aa heavy chain was introduced into myeloma cells. The V-CH3 protein was expressed at high levels under control of the Ig heavy chain enhancer. Secretion of the V-CH3 protein did not require assembly of H-H dimers or an association with light chains. To generate stably transfected B cell lines that would stimulate our class II-restricted T cells, we replaced most of the BALB/c IgG2aa CH3 exon with CH3 coding sequences from a C57BL/6 IgG2ab cDNA clone and introduced these constructs into Ia+ B lymphoma cells. The IgG2ab CH3-transfected B cells were recognized by BALB/c Igh-1b-specific T cell hybrids in the absence of exogenous antigen. Experiments using glutaraldehyde-fixed cells as stimulators indicate that presentation of the secreted form of V-IgG2ab CH3 requires processing. We found that a significant fraction of the endogenously synthesized V-IgG2ab CH3 protein was, however, present as already processed antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Bikoff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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25
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Yurin VL, Rudensky AY, Mazel SM, Blechman JM. Immunoglobulin-specific T-B cell interaction. II. T cell clones recognize the processed form of B cells' own surface immunoglobulin in the context of the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1685-91. [PMID: 2507327 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the preceding report (Eur. J. Immunol. 1989. 19: 1677) we have demonstrated that normal B cells, including small B cells, are capable of presenting Ig kappa-1b allotypic determinants of their endogeneously synthesized Ig+ to Ig kappa-1b-immune major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cells. A panel of Ig kappa-1b allotype-specific T cell clones from August rats has been developed to study further the presentation of self surface Ig by B cells from Ig kappa-1-congeneic August.1b rats. All the clones studied were of the T helper/inducer phenotype (W3/25+,OX8-) and restricted by the RT-1Bc molecule. These clones responded both to the serum IgG(Ig kappa-1b) in the presence of irradiated spleen cells (SC) from August rats and to the Ig kappa-1b-bearing irradiated B cells from August.1b rats. SC presentation of secreted IgG was much less effective than B cell presentation of membrane Ig. Using CNBr cleavage of isolated C kappa (Ig kappa-1b) domain followed by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of the derived antigenic peptides, the kappa chain sequence between amino acids 176 and 214 has been identified as the T cell epitope recognized by all T cell clones in association with RT-1Bc. The fragment 176-214 of the Ig kappa-1b allotype differs from that of Ig kappa-1a allotype by three amino acid substitutions at positions 184, 185, 188. T cell recognition of pL kappa-1b(176-214) required no additional processing by the antigen-presenting cell: the efficient presentation of the peptide but not of intact IgG(Ig kappa-1b) by the paraformaldehyde-fixed SC was observed. These data provide clear-cut evidence for an absolute requirement of the processing of Ig molecules for T cell recognition to occur in our experimental system. Although the fixation of B cells from August.1b rats diminished their Ig kappa-1b-presenting ability, fixed Ig kappa-1b+ B cells were still able to induce Ig kappa-1b-specific T cell clone responses. Our results suggest that B cells can express the processed form of self-synthesized surface Ig in addition to intact surface Ig molecules. The former can be recognized by MHC-restricted T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Yurin
- Laboratory of Immunology, All-Union Research Institute for Genetics, Moscow, USSR
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26
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Rudensky AY, Yurin VL. Immunoglobulin-specific T-B cell interaction. I. Presentation of self immunoglobulin determinants by B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1677-83. [PMID: 2477255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig)-specific T-B cell interactions have been studied in the model of T cell recognition of the kappa chain Ig kappa-1b allotype in Ig kappa-1-congeneic rat strains. An efficient presentation of endogenous Ig allotypic determinants by irradiated spleen cells from (WAG.1b x August)F1 (RT-1u/c; Ig kappa-1b/1a) rats to Ig kappa-1b-specific lymph node T cells from Ig kappa-1-congeneic (WAG x August)F1 (RT-1u/c; Ig kappa-1a) rats was demonstrated. This presentation was found to be sensitive to high irradiation doses (greater than 1000 rad). By fractionation of Ig kappa-1b+ F1 spleen cells on Percoll density gradient we have shown that a radioresistant, low-density fraction, consisting mainly of macrophages (M phi) and dendritic cells, triggers only weak Ig kappa-1b-specific T cell response. The high level of response was observed against radiosensitive spleen cell fractions of intermediate and high density, suggesting that B cells were the main antigen-presenting cells (APC) of Ig kappa-1b determinants of endogenous Ig. This conclusion was confirmed in the experiments using purified B cells from Ig kappa-1b-bearing rats. Earlier we have shown that the responsiveness of August (RT-1c; Ig kappa-1a) and WAG (RT-1u; Ig kappa-1a) rats to Ig kappa-1b in vivo is controlled by the dominant allele of an RT-1-linked Ir gene. August and (August X WAG)F1 rats were found to be responders to Ig kappa-1b while WAG rats were nonresponders. The same pattern of Ir gene-controlled reactivity was demonstrated using an Ig kappa-1b-specific T cell proliferation assay. Ig kappa-1b-specific F1 T cell response was only observed when Ig kappa-1b+ B cells or IgG (Ig kappa-1b)-pulsed M phi-bearing responder major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype were used as the APC. Anti-RT-1 monoclonal antibody inhibition studies suggested that the RT-1Bc molecule is the main restricting element of T cell recognition of Ig kappa-1b+ B cell as well as exogenous IgG (Ig kappa-1b). We have demonstrated allelic exclusion of Ig kappa-1b presenting function by negatively and positively selecting for Ig kappa-1b+ and Ig kappa-1a+ B cells from heterozygous F1(Ig kappa-1b/1a) rats. This clearly indicate that the B cells presented exclusively Ig kappa-1b allotypic determinants of their own Ig.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Rudensky
- Laboratory of Immunology, All-Union Research Institute for Genetics, Moscow, USSR
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27
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Benaroch P, Bordenave G. T-cell-induced chronic immunoglobulin allotypic suppression in mouse. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1989; 140:307-13; discussion 339-45. [PMID: 2569222 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(89)90068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Benaroch
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kourilsky
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, U277 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lorenz
- Dept. of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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