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Su R, Zhang T, Wang H, Yan G, Wu R, Zhang X, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. New sights of low dose IL-2: Restoration of immune homeostasis for viral infection. Immunology 2024; 171:324-338. [PMID: 37985960 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection poses a significant threat to human health. In addition to the damage caused by viral replication, the immune response it triggers often leads to more serious adverse consequences. After the occurrence of viral infection, in addition to the adverse consequences of infection, chronic infections can also lead to virus-related autoimmune diseases and tumours. At the same time, the immune response triggered by viral infection is complex, and dysregulated immune response may lead to the occurrence of immune pathology and macrophage activation syndrome. In addition, it may cause secondary immune suppression, especially in patients with compromised immune system, which could lead to the occurrence of secondary infections by other pathogens. This can often result in more severe clinical outcomes. Therefore, regarding the treatment of viral infections, restoring the balance of the immune system is crucial in addition to specific antiviral medications. In recent years, scientists have made an interesting finding that low dose IL-2 (ld-IL-2) could potentially have a crucial function in regulating the immune system and reducing the chances of infection, especially viral infection. Ld-IL-2 exerts immune regulatory effects in different types of viral infections by modulating CD4+ T subsets, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and so on. Our review summarised the role of IL-2 or IL-2 complexes in viral infections. Ld-IL-2 may be an effective strategy for enhancing host antiviral immunity and preventing infection from becoming chronic; additionally, the appropriate use of it can help prevent excessive inflammatory response after infection. In the long term, it may reduce the occurrence of infection-related autoimmune diseases and tumours by promoting the restoration of early immune homeostasis. Furthermore, we have also summarised the application of ld-IL-2 in the context of autoimmune diseases combined with viral infections; it may be a safe and effective strategy for restoring immune homeostasis without compromising the antiviral immune response. In conclusion, focusing on the role of ld-IL-2 in viral infections may provide a new perspective for regulating immune responses following viral infections and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Gaofei Yan
- Second department, Hamony Long Stomatological Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital Boston, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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2
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Gao H, Li K, Ai K, Geng M, Cao Y, Wang D, Yang J, Wei X. Interleukin-12 induces IFN-γ secretion and STAT signaling implying its potential regulation of Th1 cell response in Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108974. [PMID: 37482205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
As a pleiotropic cytokine consisting of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) features in inflammation regulation and anti-bacterial immunity. While IL-12 homologs have been identified in non-mammalian species, the precise mechanisms by which IL-12 contributes to early adaptive immune responses in vertebrates remain incompletely understood. Herein, an evolutionary conserved Oreochromis niloticus IL-12 (defined as OnIL-12) was identified by synteny characterization, structural comparisons and phylogenetic pattern of IL-12p35b and IL-12p40a. IL-12p35b and IL-12p40a exhibited widespread expression in lymphoid-related tissues of tilapia, while their mRNA expression in head-kidney demonstrated a significant increase after Edwardsiella piscicida infection. Compared with other lymphocytes, recombinant OnIL-12 (rOnIL-12) displayed stronger affinity binding to T cells. Although stimulation of lymphocytes with the p35b or p40a subunit resulted in a significant induction of IFN-γ expression, rOnIL-12 showed stronger potential to promote IFN-γ expression than these subunits. rOnIL-12 not only elevated the mRNA expression level Th1 cell-associated transcription factor T-bet in lymphocytes, but also increased the proportion of CD4-1+IFN-γ+ lymphocytes. Moreover, the mRNA and phosphorylation levels of STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 were enhanced by rOnIL-12. These findings will offer previous evidence for further exploration into the regulatory mechanisms of Th1 cellular immunity in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ming Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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3
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Jaime Garcia D, Chagnot A, Wardlaw JM, Montagne A. A Scoping Review on Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Small Vessel Disease: Molecular Insights from Human Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13114. [PMID: 37685924 PMCID: PMC10488088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) is a highly prevalent disorder of the brain's microvessels and a common cause of dementia as well as ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes. Though much about the underlying pathophysiology of SVD remains poorly understood, a wealth of recently published evidence strongly suggests a key role of microvessel endothelial dysfunction and a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the development and progression of the disease. Understanding the causes and downstream consequences associated with endothelial dysfunction in this pathological context could aid in the development of effective diagnostic and prognostic tools and provide promising avenues for potential therapeutic interventions. In this scoping review, we aim to summarise the findings from clinical studies examining the role of the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in SVD, focussing on biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction detectable in biofluids, including cell adhesion molecules, BBB transporters, cytokines/chemokines, inflammatory markers, coagulation factors, growth factors, and markers involved in the nitric oxide cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jaime Garcia
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (D.J.G.); (J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - Audrey Chagnot
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (D.J.G.); (J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - Axel Montagne
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (D.J.G.); (J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pal L, Nandani R, Kumar P, Swami B, Roy G, Bhaskar S. Macrophages Are the Key Players in Promoting Hyper-Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of TB-IRIS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775177. [PMID: 34899731 PMCID: PMC8662811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TB-IRIS is an abnormal inflammatory response in a subset of HIV-TB co-infected patients shortly after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Therapy in these patients could have greatly improved the life expectancy as ART reconstitutes the function and number of CD4+ T cells and many patients see improvement in symptoms but paradoxically up to 54% of co-infected patients develop TB-IRIS. Different studies have indicated that both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathology of IRIS but the role of macrophages in abnormal activation of CD4+ T cells is poorly understood. Since macrophages are one of the major antigen-presenting cells and are infected by M.tb at a high frequency, they are very much likely to be involved in the development of TB-IRIS. In this study, we have developed a mouse model of experimental IRIS, in which M.tb-infected T-cell knockout mice undergo a fatal inflammatory disease after CD4+ T cell reconstitution. Lung macrophages and blood monocytes from M.tb-infected TCRβ-/- mice showed upregulated expression of cell surface activation markers and also showed higher mRNA expression of inflammation-associated chemokines and matrix metalloproteases responsible for tissue damage. Furthermore, cytokine and TLR signaling feedback mechanism to control excessive inflammation was also found to be dysregulated in these macrophages under lymphopenic conditions. Previous studies have shown that hyperactive CD4+ T cells are responsible for disease induction and our study shows that somehow macrophages are in a higher activated state when infected with M.tb in an immune-deficient condition, which results in excessive activation of the adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of TB-IRIS would facilitate identification of prospective biomarkers for disease development in HIV-TB co-infected patients before starting antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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6
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Ye C, Yano H, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: Structure, Function and Its Impact on Immune-Related Diseases. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:391-406. [PMID: 34788131 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses is maintained through immunoregulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an inhibitory cytokine that belongs to the IL-12 family, is capable of potently suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35) to limit inflammatory responses. Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have indicated that IL-35 plays an important role in controlling immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biology of IL-35 and its contribution in different diseases, and we discuss the potential of and barriers to harnessing IL-35 as a clinical biomarker or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ye
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Snyder ME, Sembrat J, Noda K, Myerburg MM, Craig A, Mitash N, Harano T, Furukawa M, Pilewski J, McDyer J, Rojas M, Sanchez P. Human Lung-Resident Macrophages Colocalize with and Provide Costimulation to PD1 hi Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:1230-1244. [PMID: 33306940 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2403oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) play a critical role in the defense against inhaled pathogens. The isolation and study of human lung tissue-resident memory T cells and lung-resident macrophages (MLR) are limited by experimental constraints. Objectives: To characterize the spatial and functional relationship between MLR and human lung tissue-resident memory T cells using ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). Methods: TRM and MLR were isolated using EVLP and intraperfusate-labeled CD45 antibody. Cells isolated after 6 hours of EVLP were analyzed using spectral flow cytometry. Spatial relationships between CD3+ and CD68+ cells were explored with multiplexed immunohistochemistry. Functional relationships were determined by using coculture and T-cell-receptor complex signal transduction. Measurements and Main Results: Lungs from 8 research-consenting organ donors underwent EVLP for 6 hours. We show that human lung TRM and MLR colocalize within the human lung, preferentially around the airways. Furthermore, we found that human lung CD8+ TRM are composed of two functionally distinct populations on the basis of PD1 (programed cell death receptor 1) and ZNF683 (HOBIT) protein expression. We show that MLR provide costimulatory signaling to PD1hi CD4+ and CD8+ lung TRM,, augmenting the effector cytokine production and degranulation of TRM. Conclusions: EVLP provides an innovative technique to study resident immune populations in humans. Human MLR colocalize with and provide costimulation signaling to TRM, augmenting their effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Snyder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,Department of Immunology.,Starzl Transplantation Institute, and
| | - John Sembrat
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andrew Craig
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Nilay Mitash
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Takashi Harano
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Masashi Furukawa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John McDyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,Starzl Transplantation Institute, and
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Pablo Sanchez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Asha K, Khanna M, Kumar B. Current Insights into the Host Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:59-83. [PMID: 34661891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections often lead to severe illnesses varying from mild or asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Common viral infections, including but not limited to influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and coronavirus, are often the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Since the lungs are continuously exposed to foreign particles, including respiratory pathogens, it is also well equipped for recognition and antiviral defense utilizing the complex network of innate and adaptive immune cells. Immediately upon infection, a range of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and an interferon response is generated, thereby making the immune response a two edged sword, on one hand it is required to eliminate viral pathogens while on other hand it's prolonged response can lead to chronic infection and significant pulmonary damage. Since vaccines to all respiratory viruses are not available, a better understanding of the virus-host interactions, leading to the development of immune response, is critically needed to design effective therapies to limit the severity of inflammatory damage, enhance viral clearance and to compliment the current strategies targeting the virus. In this chapter, we discuss the host responses to common respiratory viral infections, the key players of adaptive and innate immunity and the fine balance that exists between the viral clearance and immune-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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9
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Li SS, Saleh M, Xiang RF, Ogbomo H, Stack D, Huston SH, Mody CH. Natural killer cells kill Burkholderia cepacia complex via a contact-dependent and cytolytic mechanism. Int Immunol 2020; 31:385-396. [PMID: 31051036 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which includes B. cenocepacia and B. multivorans, pose a life-threatening risk to patients with cystic fibrosis. Eradication of Bcc is difficult due to the high level of intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and failure of many innate immune cells to control the infection. Because of the pathogenesis of Bcc infections, we wondered if a novel mechanism of microbial host defense involving direct antibacterial activity by natural killer (NK) cells might play a role in the control of Bcc. We demonstrate that NK cells bound Burkholderia, resulting in Src family kinase activation as measured by protein tyrosine phosphorylation, granule release of effector proteins such as perforin and contact-dependent killing of the bacteria. These studies provide a means by which NK cells could play a role in host defense against Bcc infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marwah Saleh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shaunna H Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Mahmoud SY, Svensson F, Zoufir A, Módos D, Afzal AM, Bender A. Understanding Conditional Associations between ToxCast in Vitro Readouts and the Hepatotoxicity of Compounds Using Rule-Based Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:137-153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y. Mahmoud
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Azedine Zoufir
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dezső Módos
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Avid M. Afzal
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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11
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Larosa M, Zen M, Gatto M, Jesus D, Zanatta E, Iaccarino L, Inês L, Doria A. IL-12 and IL-23/Th17 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:42-51. [PMID: 30664357 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218824547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Our article is focused on emerging pathogenetic pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, IL-12 and IL-23 have been described as emerging cytokines in SLE pathogenesis. We know that IL-23 stimulates Th17 cells to produce IL-17. We try to point out the importance of IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE and to focus on the interaction between this axis and IL-12. Ustekinumab, a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody directed towards the p40 shared subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, has been recently investigated in SLE, suggesting a potential novel therapeutic strategy in SLE. To our knowledge, there are no reviews which simultaneously focus on IL-12 an IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE. Thus, we believe our work will be of interest to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Larosa
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Zen
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Diogo Jesus
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabetta Zanatta
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luis Inês
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.,3 Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,4 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andrea Doria
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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12
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Chen X, Liu S, Goraya MU, Maarouf M, Huang S, Chen JL. Host Immune Response to Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:320. [PMID: 29556226 PMCID: PMC5845129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens responsible for severe respiratory infection in humans and animals worldwide. Upon detection of IAV infection, host immune system aims to defend against and clear the viral infection. Innate immune system is comprised of physical barriers (mucus and collectins), various phagocytic cells, group of cytokines, interferons (IFNs), and IFN-stimulated genes, which provide first line of defense against IAV infection. The adaptive immunity is mediated by B cells and T cells, characterized with antigen-specific memory cells, capturing and neutralizing the pathogen. The humoral immune response functions through hemagglutinin-specific circulating antibodies to neutralize IAV. In addition, antibodies can bind to the surface of infected cells and induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement activation. Although there are neutralizing antibodies against the virus, cellular immunity also plays a crucial role in the fight against IAVs. On the other hand, IAVs have developed multiple strategies to escape from host immune surveillance for successful replication. In this review, we discuss how immune system, especially innate immune system and critical molecules are involved in the antiviral defense against IAVs. In addition, we highlight how IAVs antagonize different immune responses to achieve a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mohsan Ullah Goraya
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Maarouf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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13
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Nilofar Danishmalik S, Lee SH, Sin JI. Tumor regression is mediated via the induction of HER263-71- specific CD8+ CTL activity in a 4T1.2/HER2 tumor model: no involvement of CD80 in tumor control. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26771-26788. [PMID: 28460461 PMCID: PMC5432296 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CT26/HER2 and 4T1.2/HER2 tumor models, CT26/HER2 cells form tumors that continue to grow, whereas 4T1.2/HER2 cells form tumors that eventually regress. Here, we investigated the differences in the behaviors of these two cell lines. When immune cells from 4T1.2/HER2 tumor-bearing animals were stimulated with HER2 class I peptides, they displayed a 2-fold increase in IFN-γ levels, in response to the peptides, HER263-71 and HER2342-350. In contrast, extremely high levels of antigen-non-specific IFN-γ production were observed with immune cells and sera from CT26/HER2 tumor-bearing mice. However, IFN-γ had no effect on tumor progression in the CT26/HER2 model, as determined by an IFN-γ knockout assay. 4T1.2/HER2 tumor-bearing mice displayed CTL activity in response to HER263-71 but not to HER2342-350, whereas no such induction was observed in CT26/HER2 tumor-bearing mice. When 4T1.2/HER2 cell-challenged mice were depleted of CD8+ T cells, they lost their tumor-regressing activity, suggesting an antitumor role of HER263-71-specific CD8+ CTLs in the control of this tumor type. CT26/HER2 cells also expressed CD80. However, CD80-transfected 4T1.2/HER2 and CD80-non-expressing CT26/HER2 cells failed to alter their tumorigenicity, suggesting no role of CD80 in tumor control. Despite increased levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor, they were not associated with tumor progression in the CT26/HER2 model, as determined by a cell depletion assay. Overall, these data show that, contrary to CT26/HER2 tumors, 4T1.2/HER2 tumors regress via the induction of HER263-71-specific CD8+ CTLs and that CD80 is not associated with the regression of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Nilofar Danishmalik
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea
| | - Si-Hyeong Lee
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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14
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Bernal-Estévez DA, García O, Sánchez R, Parra-López CA. Monitoring the responsiveness of T and antigen presenting cell compartments in breast cancer patients is useful to predict clinical tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 29334915 PMCID: PMC5769526 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination of mice with tumors treated with Doxorubicin promotes a T cell immunity that relies on dendritic cell (DC) activation and is responsible for tumor control in vaccinated animals. Despite Doxorubicin in combination with Cyclophosphamide (A/C) is widely used to treat breast cancer patients, the stimulating effect of A/C on T and APC compartments and its correlation with patient’s clinical response remains to be proved. Methods In this prospective study, we designed an in vitro system to monitor various immunological readouts in PBMCs obtained from a total of 17 breast cancer patients before, and after neoadjuvant anti-tumor therapy with A/C. Results The results show that before treatment, T cells and DCs, exhibit a marked unresponsiveness to in vitro stimulus: whereas T cells exhibit poor TCR internalization and limited expression of CD154 in response to anti-CD3/CD28/CD2 stimulation, DCs secrete low levels of IL-12p70 and limited CD83 expression in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, after treatment the responsiveness of T and APC compartments was recovered, and furthermore, this recovery correlated with patients’ residual cancer burden stage. Conclusions Our results let us to argue that the model used here to monitor the T and APC compartments is suitable to survey the recovery of immune surveillance and to predict tumor response during A/C chemotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3982-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bernal-Estévez
- Department of Microbiology, Graduated School in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Immunology and Clinical Oncology Research Group (GIIOC), Fundación Salud de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar García
- Servicio de seno y tejidos blandos, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ramiro Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Graduated School in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Clínica del Seno, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Parra-López
- Department of Microbiology, Graduated School in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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15
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The Secrets of T Cell Polarization. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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16
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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Wu T, Mester T, Gupta S, Sun F, Smith TJ, Douglas RS. Thyrotropin and CD40L Stimulate Interleukin-12 Expression in Fibrocytes: Implications for Pathogenesis of Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2016; 26:1768-1777. [PMID: 27612658 PMCID: PMC5175425 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased numbers of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, known as fibrocytes, populate the peripheral circulation, orbit, and thyroid of patients with Graves' disease (GD). These cells have been implicated in the development of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. They can differentiate into myofibroblasts or adipocytes, produce inflammatory cytokines, and remodel tissue. This study sought to determine whether thyrotropin (TSH) and CD40 ligand (CD40L), implicated in the pathogenesis of GD, induce interleukin-12 (IL-12) in human fibrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS IL-12 protein concentrations and mRNA levels were measured by Luminex and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Flow cytometry assessed intracellular IL-12 concentrations. Vector containing IL-12p40 promoter was transfected into cultured fibrocytes, and promoter activity was monitored using luciferase assay. RESULTS TSH and CD40L stimulated intracellular IL-12 protein accumulation in peripheral blood fibrocytes. Inhibiting Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity diminished IL-12 expression in fibrocytes, while TSH did not induce promoter activity. TSH-mediated IL-12 production required de novo synthesized proteins and augmented IL-12 mRNA stability. IL-12 production mediated by CD40L required tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. CONCLUSION TSH and CD40L induce IL-12 expression in fibrocytes, and Akt and NF-κB mediate this activity. Given the importance of IL-12 in immune function, its production by fibrocytes may promote an inflammatory immune response and tissue remodeling in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tünde Mester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shivani Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fengyuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Raymond S. Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Okwor I, Jia P, Uzonna JE. Interaction of Macrophage Antigen 1 and CD40 Ligand Leads to IL-12 Production and Resistance in CD40-Deficient Mice Infected with Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3218-26. [PMID: 26304989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies indicate that the interaction of CD40 and CD40L is critical for IL-12 production and resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis, others suggest that this pathway may be dispensable. In this article, we compared the outcome of Leishmania major infection in both CD40- and CD40L-deficient mice after treatment with rIL-12. We show that although CD40 and CD40L knockout (KO) mice are highly susceptible to L. major, treatment with rIL-12 during the first 2 wk of infection causes resolution of cutaneous lesions and control of parasite replication. Interestingly, although treated CD40 KO mice remained healed, developed long-term immunity, and were resistant to secondary L. major challenge, treated CD40L KO reactivated their lesion after cessation of rIL-12 treatment. Disease reactivation in CD40L KO mice was associated with impaired IL-12 and IFN-γ production and a concomitant increase in IL-4 production by cells from lymph nodes draining the infection site. We show that IL-12 production by dendritic cells and macrophages via CD40L-macrophage Ag 1 (Mac-1) interaction is responsible for the sustained resistance in CD40 KO mice after cessation of rIL-12 treatment. Blockade of CD40L-Mac-1 interaction with anti-Mac-1 mAb led to spontaneous disease reactivation in healed CD40 KO mice, which was associated with impaired IFN-γ response and loss of infection-induced immunity after secondary L. major challenge. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role of CD40L-Mac-1 interaction in IL-12 production, development, and maintenance of optimal Th1 immunity in mice infected with L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; and
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; and Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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Okwor I, Xu G, Tang H, Liang Y, Fu YX, Uzonna JE. Deficiency of CD40 Reveals an Important Role for LIGHT in Anti-Leishmania Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:194-202. [PMID: 26026056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that LIGHT and its receptor herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) are important for development of optimal CD4(+) Th1 cell immunity and resistance to primary Leishmania major infection in mice. In this study, we further characterized the contributions of this molecule in dendritic cell (DC) maturation, initiation, and maintenance of primary immunity and secondary anti-Leishmania immunity. Flow-cytometric studies showed that CD8α(+) DC subset was mostly affected by HVEM-Ig and lymphotoxin β receptor-Ig treatment. LIGHT signaling is required at both the priming and the maintenance stages of primary anti-Leishmania immunity but is completely dispensable during secondary immunity in wild type mice. However, LIGHT blockade led to impaired IL-12 and IFN-γ responses and loss of resistance in healed CD40-deficient mice after L. major challenge. The protective effect of LIGHT was mediated primarily via its interaction with lymphotoxin β receptor on CD8α(+) DCs. Collectively, our results show that although LIGHT is critical for maintenance of primary Th1 response, it is dispensable during secondary anti-Leishmania immunity in the presence of functional CD40 signaling as seen in wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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20
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Shen HH, Bai BK, Wang YQ, Zhou GDE, Hou J, Hu Y, Zhao JM, Li BS, Huang HL, Mao PY. Serum soluble CD40 is associated with liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:999-1005. [PMID: 25667667 PMCID: PMC4316966 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble cluster of differentiation 40 (sCD40) is proteolytically cleaved from membrane-bound CD40 and binds to CD154, thereby inhibiting CD40-CD154-mediated immune responses. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of sCD40 in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The sCD40 levels in sera from 132 patients with CHB and 33 healthy individuals were retrospectively measured. sCD40 concentrations in patients with CHB were higher than those in healthy controls, and sCD40 levels correlated positively with serum levels of the liver dysfunction biomarkers alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). sCD40 concentrations increased with a rise in the severity of liver necroinflammation and fibrosis. Patients with >75% liver tissue staining positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen expression showed significantly lower sCD40 levels than those who stained negative for the HBV antigen. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of sCD40 was greater than that of ALT and AST; thus, sCD40 levels have a high diagnostic accuracy for detecting severe liver inflammation in patients with CHB, and could serve as an immunological marker of hepatic tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Shen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Ke Bai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Qing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing 305 Hospital, Beijing 100017, P.R. China
| | - Guang-DE Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Sen Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Li Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Yong Mao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: genetic, immunological, and clinical features of inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:454-70. [PMID: 25453225 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare condition characterized by predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria, in otherwise healthy individuals with no overt abnormalities in routine hematological and immunological tests. MSMD designation does not recapitulate all the clinical features, as patients are also prone to salmonellosis, candidiasis and tuberculosis, and more rarely to infections with other intramacrophagic bacteria, fungi, or parasites, and even, perhaps, a few viruses. Since 1996, nine MSMD-causing genes, including seven autosomal (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12RB1, ISG15, and IRF8) and two X-linked (NEMO, and CYBB) genes have been discovered. The high level of allelic heterogeneity has already led to the definition of 18 different disorders. The nine gene products are physiologically related, as all are involved in IFN-γ-dependent immunity. These disorders impair the production of (IL12B, IL12RB1, IRF8, ISG15, NEMO) or the response to (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IRF8, CYBB) IFN-γ. These defects account for only about half the known MSMD cases. Patients with MSMD-causing genetic defects may display other infectious diseases, or even remain asymptomatic. Most of these inborn errors do not show complete clinical penetrance for the case-definition phenotype of MSMD. We review here the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with inborn errors of IFN-γ-dependent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France, EU.
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NY, USA; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
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22
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Haverkamp MH, Marciano BE, Frucht DM, Jain A, van de Vosse E, Holland SM. Correlating interleukin-12 stimulated interferon-γ production and the absence of ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis (EDA) in patients with mutations in NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:436-43. [PMID: 24682681 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-9998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with hypomorphic mutations in Nuclear Factor-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) are immunodeficient (ID) and most display ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis (EDA). We compared cytokine production by NEMO-ID patients with and without EDA. METHODS PBMCs of NEMO-ID patients, four with EDA carrying E315A, C417R, D311N and Q403X, and three without EDA carrying E315A, E311_L333del and R254G, were cultured with PHA, PHA plus IL-12p70, LPS, LPS plus IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1β. The production of various cytokines was measured in the supernatants. Fifty-nine healthy individuals served as controls. RESULTS PBMCs of NEMO-ID patients without EDA produce subnormal amounts of IFN-γ after stimulation with PHA, but normal amounts of IFN-γ after PHA plus IL-12p70. In contrast, IFN-γ production by patients with EDA was low in both cases. Patients with EDA also generate lower PHA-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β than controls, whereas the production of these cytokines by patients without EDA was normal. CONCLUSION Responses of PBMCs in NEMO-ID patients with EDA to PHA with and without IL-12p70 appear less robust than in NEMO-ID patients without EDA. This possibly indicates a better preserved NEMO function in our patients without EDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margje H Haverkamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Olin MR, Pluhar GE, Andersen BM, Shaver R, Waldron NN, Moertel CL. Victory and defeat in the induction of a therapeutic response through vaccine therapy for human and canine brain tumors: a review of the state of the art. Crit Rev Immunol 2014; 34:399-432. [PMID: 25404047 PMCID: PMC4485925 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014011577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tumor immunotherapy using tumor lysate-based vaccines has made great advances over recent decades. Cancer vaccines aim to elicit adaptive immune responses through various pathways by providing tumor and tumor-associated antigens with an immune stimulant or adjuvant. These anti-tumor vaccines are therefore developed as personalized treatments. Utilizing tumors as a source of vaccine antigens in immunotherapy has demonstrated promising results with minimal toxicity. However, to date, researchers have failed to overcome the overpowering immune suppressive effects within the tumor microenvironment. Immune suppression occurs naturally via multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms serve an important homeostatic role restoring a normal tissue microenvironment following an inflammatory response. Due to these suppressive mechanisms and the inherent heterogeneity of tumors, it is imperative to then elicit and maintain a specific tumoricidal response if vaccine therapy or some other combination of reagents is chosen. In this review, we focus on the historical use of tumors as a source of antigens to elicit a tumoricidal response and the limitations encountered that prevent greater success in immunotherapy. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of various vaccines and their ineffectiveness due to tumor-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Olin
- Department of Pediatrics. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445
| | - G. Elizabeth Pluhar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Brian M. Andersen
- Department of Pediatrics. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445
| | - Rob Shaver
- Department of Pediatrics. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445
| | - Nate N. Waldron
- Department of Pediatrics. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445
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Terhune J, Berk E, Czerniecki BJ. Dendritic Cell-Induced Th1 and Th17 Cell Differentiation for Cancer Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:527-49. [PMID: 26344346 PMCID: PMC4494209 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cellular immunotherapies against cancer requires the generation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The type of T-cell response generated (e.g., Th1 or Th2) will determine the efficacy of the therapy, and it is generally assumed that a type-1 response is needed for optimal cancer treatment. IL-17 producing T-cells (Th17/Tc17) play an important role in autoimmune diseases, but their function in cancer is more controversial. While some studies have shown a pro-cancerous role for IL-17, other studies have shown an anti-tumor function. The induction of polarized T-cell responses can be regulated by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are key regulators of the immune system with the ability to affect both innate and adaptive immune responses. These properties have led many researchers to study the use of ex vivo manipulated DCs for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. While Th1/Tc1 cells are traditionally used for their potent anti-tumor responses, mounting evidence suggests Th17/Tc17 cells should be utilized by themselves or for the induction of optimal Th1 responses. It is therefore important to understand the factors involved in the induction of both type-1 and type-17 T-cell responses by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terhune
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Erik Berk
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Klug-Micu GM, Stenger S, Sommer A, Liu PT, Krutzik SR, Modlin RL, Fabri M. CD40 ligand and interferon-γ induce an antimicrobial response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocytes. Immunology 2013; 139:121-8. [PMID: 23289765 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to activate antimicrobial pathways in infected macrophages is essential to host defence against many intracellular pathogens. Here, we compared the ability of two T-cell-mediated mechanisms to trigger antimicrobial responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans, CD40 activation and the release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Given that IFN-γ activates a vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial response, we focused on induction of the key components of this pathway. We show that activation of human monocytes via CD40 ligand (CD40L) and IFN-γ, alone, and in combination, induces the CYP27b1-hydroxylase, responsible for the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) to the bioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The activation of the vitamin D pathway by CD40L and IFN-γ results in up-regulated expression of the antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin and DEFB4, as well as induction of autophagy. Finally, activation of monocytes via CD40L and IFN-γ results in an antimicrobial activity against intracellular M. tuberculosis. Our data suggest that at least two parallel T-cell-mediated mechanisms, CD40L and IFN-γ, activate the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway and trigger antimicrobial activity against intracellular M. tuberculosis, thereby contributing to human host defence against intracellular infection.
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Andersen BM, Ohlfest JR. Increasing the efficacy of tumor cell vaccines by enhancing cross priming. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:155-64. [PMID: 22809568 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been attempted for more than a century, and investment has intensified in the last 20 years. The complexity of the immune system is exemplified by the myriad of immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation. While anti-tumor immunity has been achieved experimentally with multiple effector cells and molecules, particular promise is shown for harnessing the CD8 T cell response. Tumor cell-based vaccines have been employed in hundreds of clinical trials to date and offer several advantages over subunit and peptide vaccines. However, tumor cell-based vaccines, often aimed at cross priming tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, have shown modest success in clinical trials. Here we review the mechanisms of cross priming and discuss strategies to increase the efficacy of tumor cell-based vaccines. A synthesis of recent findings on tissue culture conditions, cell death, and dendritic cell activation reveals promising new avenues for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, United States
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Inoue N, Watanabe M, Yamada H, Takemura K, Hayashi F, Yamakawa N, Akahane M, Shimizuishi Y, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Associations Between Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Prognosis and Functional Polymorphisms of Susceptibility Genes, CTLA4, PTPN22, CD40, FCRL3, and ZFAT, Previously Revealed in Genome-wide Association Studies. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1243-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shiny C, Krushna NSA, Haripriya K, Babu S, Elango S, Manokaran G, Narayanan RB. Recombinant Wolbachia surface protein (WSP)-induced T cell responses in Wuchereria bancrofti infections. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:787-97. [PMID: 21786068 PMCID: PMC3518551 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease characterized by downregulation of the host's immune response in asymptomatic carriers along with profound hyperreactivity in chronic patients apart from putatively immune endemic normals. The endosymbiont Wolbachia, a bacterium of filarial nematodes has received much attention as possible chemotherapeutic target and its involvement in disease pathogenesis. The role of recombinant Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP), one of the most abundantly expressed proteins of the endosymbiont, in modulating cell-mediated immune responses in patients harboring Wuchereria bancrofti infections was evaluated in the current study. rWSP-induced lymphoproliferation with peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested an impaired proliferative response in asymptomatic microfilaremic (MF) and symptomatic chronic pathology (CP) patients compared to endemic normals (EN). This was further supported by a significantly diminished expression of CD69 along with elevated levels of CD127 and CD62L in filarial patients (MF and CP) compared to EN. Further, rWSP induced the expression of regulatory T cell markers CTLA-4 and CD25 along with suppressor cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in MF and CP patients compared to EN. However, the rWSP-stimulated expression of IFN-γ was diminished significantly in filarial patients compared to endemic normals. Thus, these findings suggest that WSP may also contribute to the suppression of immune responses seen in filarial patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Shiny
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - N. S. A. Krushna
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - K. Haripriya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - S. Babu
- NIH-TRC-ICER SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Chetpet, Chennai 600003, India
| | - S. Elango
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai 600006, India
| | - G. Manokaran
- Apollo Hospital, Greams Road, Chennai 600006, India
| | - R. B. Narayanan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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Sakai H, Okafuji I, Nishikomori R, Abe J, Izawa K, Kambe N, Yasumi T, Nakahata T, Heike T. The CD40-CD40L axis and IFN-γ play critical roles in Langhans giant cell formation. Int Immunol 2011; 24:5-15. [PMID: 22058328 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Langhans giant cells (LGCs) is one of the signatures of systemic granulomatous disorders such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. However, the pathophysiological mechanism leading to LGC formation, especially the contribution of the T cells abundantly found in granulomas, has not been fully elucidated. To examine the role of T cells in LGC formation, a new in vitro method for the induction of LGCs was developed by co-culturing human monocytes with autologous T cells in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA). This system required close contact between monocytes and T cells, and CD4+ T cells were more potent than CD8+ T cells in inducing LGC formation. Antibody inhibition revealed that a CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction and IFN-γ were essential for LGC formation, and the combination of exogenous soluble CD40L (sCD40L) and IFN-γ efficiently replaced the role of T cells. Dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), a known fusion-related molecule in monocytes, was up-regulated during LGC formation. Moreover, knock-down of DC-STAMP by siRNA inhibited LGC formation, revealing that DC-STAMP was directly involved in LGC formation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that T cells played a pivotal role in a new in vitro LGC formation system, in which DC-STAMP was involved, and occurred via a molecular mechanism that involved CD40-CD40L interaction and IFN-γ secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Krushna NSA, Shiny C, Manokaran G, Elango S, Babu S, Narayanan RB. Immune responses to recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog (Bm-33) in patients with human lymphatic filariaisis. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:407-15. [PMID: 20927633 PMCID: PMC3515686 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor homolog (rBm-33) were investigated in patients with human lymphatic filariasis (microfilaremics (MF) and chronic pathology (CP)) along with endemic normals (EN). Flow cytometric analysis (24 h) revealed CD4(+) T cell activation in patients (MF and CP) compared to normals (EN), with increased expression of CD69 and diminished levels of CD62L and CD127. This was associated with an elevated expression of CD154 but not CD28 and CTLA4 in CP patients. However, Bm-33-induced cytokine expression profile (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-β) did not exhibit any significant difference between normals and patients at the same time point. Although CD4(+) T cell activation was observed initially in filarial patients (24 h), lymphoproliferation studies (96 h) suggested diminished proliferation compared to normals, indicating functional inactivation in the former upon prolonged antigen exposure. This indicates that rBm-33 induces an early T cell activation in MF and CP patients followed by a decreased lymphoproliferation that might contribute to immune suppression in these individuals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/therapeutic use
- Brugia malayi/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/blood
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Helminth Proteins/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- N. S. A. Krushna
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
| | - C. Shiny
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
| | - G. Manokaran
- Apollo Hospital, Greams Road, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - S. Elango
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - S. Babu
- NIH-TRC-ICER SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Chetpet, Chennai 600 003, India
| | - R. B. Narayanan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
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Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Swain SL. Control of innate immunity by memory CD4 T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 780:57-68. [PMID: 21842365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5632-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How memory CD4 T cells contribute to protection upon pathogen -challenge is not fully understood. Beyond traditional helper functions for CD8 T cell and B cell responses, memory CD4 T cells can have a potent impact on the character and a magnitude of inflammatory responses. Here we discuss how memory CD4 T cell control of innate immunity at early time points after pathogen encounters can influence protective responses. We also discuss important aspects of the mechanism whereby memory CD4 T cells directly and indirectly impact the activation status of antigen-presenting cells and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from multiple cell types. We suggest that control of innate immune responses by the adaptive immune system is a powerful protective mechanism associated with the memory state and represents an important fail-safe in the face of pathogens that fail to trigger robust inflammatory responses through conserved pattern recognition receptors.
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Human CD14hi monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells provide a cell contact-dependent costimulatory signal for early CD40 ligand expression. Blood 2010; 117:1585-94. [PMID: 20634374 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-130252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L on CD4(+) T cells plays a vital role in the activation of antigen-presenting cells, thus catalyzing a positive feedback loop for T-cell activation. Despite the pivotal juxtaposition of CD40L between antigen-presenting cells and T-cell activation, only a T-cell receptor stimulus is thought to be required for early CD40L surface expression. We show, for the first time, that CD40L expression on peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells is highly dependent on a cell-cell interaction with CD14(hi)CD16(-) monocytes. Interactions with ICAM-1, LFA-3, and to a lesser extent CD80/CD86 contribute to this enhancement of CD40L expression but are not themselves sufficient. The contact-mediated increase in CD40L expression is dependent on new mRNA and protein synthesis. Circulating myeloid dendritic cells also possess this costimulatory activity. By contrast, CD14(lo)CD16(+) monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B-cell lymphoma lines, and resting, activated, and Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized primary B cells all lack the capacity to up-regulate early CD40L. The latter indicates that a human B cell cannot activate its cognate T cell to deliver CD40L-mediated help. This finding has functional implications for the role of biphasic CD40L expression, suggesting that the early phase is associated with antigen-presenting cell activation, whereas the late phase is related to B-cell activation.
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Yoshida M, Jo JI, Tabata Y. Augmented anti-tumor effect of dendritic cells genetically engineered by interleukin-12 plasmid DNA. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2010; 21:659-75. [PMID: 20338099 DOI: 10.1163/156856209x434674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to genetically engineer dendritic cells (DC) for biological activation and evaluate their anti-tumor activity in a tumor-bearing mouse model. Mouse DC were incubated on the surface of culture dishes which had been coated with the complexes of a cationized dextran and luciferase plasmid DNA complexes plus a cell adhesion protein, Pronectin, for gene transfection (reverse transfection). When compared with the conventional transfection where DC were transfected in the medium containing the complexes, the level of gene expression by the reverse method was significantly higher and the time period of gene expression was prolonged. Following the reverse transfection of DC by a plasmid DNA of mouse interleukin-12 (mIL-12) complexed with the cationized dextran, the mIL-12 protein was secreted at higher amounts for a longer time period. When injected intratumorally into mice carrying a mass of B16 tumor cells, the DC genetically activated showed significant anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Enhanced IL-12p40 production by phenylarsine oxide is mediated by cAMP response element in macrophages. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:745-51. [PMID: 20512473 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a membrane-permeable trivalent arsenical, is widely used as an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. It reacts with vicinal sulfhydryl groups of proteins to form stable ring structures. Here we show the regulatory function of PAO in immune responses from macrophages. PAO significantly induced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-12p40 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. The mRNA expression and the gene promoter activity of IL-12p40 were enhanced by PAO. These results suggest that PAO may enhance IL-12p40 production at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the effects of PAO on several signaling molecules regulating IL-12p40 expression were investigated. PAO attenuated the induced binding activity of cAMP response element (CRE), but not of NF-kappaB. Moreover, CRE promoter activity was dose-dependently inhibited by PAO and the increased secretion of IL-12p40 by PAO was reduced by forskolin, a cAMP activator. These results suggest that PAO enhances IL-12p40 production by inhibiting CRE activity.
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LOSS OF CD40 ENDOGENOUS S-NITROSYLATION DURING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN ENDOTOXEMIC MICE AND PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS. Shock 2010; 33:626-33. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cb88e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Kwak-Kim J, Park JC, Ahn HK, Kim JW, Gilman-Sachs A. Immunological Modes of Pregnancy Loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:611-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Flatz L, Rieger T, Merkler D, Bergthaler A, Regen T, Schedensack M, Bestmann L, Verschoor A, Kreutzfeldt M, Brück W, Hanisch UK, Günther S, Pinschewer DD. T cell-dependence of Lassa fever pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000836. [PMID: 20360949 PMCID: PMC2847900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), is endemic in West Africa, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality. In spite of ongoing research efforts, LF pathogenesis and mechanisms of LASV immune control remain poorly understood. While normal laboratory mice are resistant to LASV, we report that mice expressing humanized instead of murine MHC class I (MHC-I) failed to control LASV infection and develop severe LF. Infection of MHC-I knockout mice confirmed a key role for MHC-I-restricted T cell responses in controlling LASV. Intriguingly we found that T cell depletion in LASV-infected HHD mice prevented disease, irrespective of high-level viremia. Widespread activation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, manifest through inducible NO synthase expression, and elevated IL-12p40 serum levels indicated a systemic inflammatory condition. The absence of extensive monocyte/macrophage activation in T cell-depleted mice suggested that T cell responses contribute to deleterious innate inflammatory reactions and LF pathogenesis. Our observations in mice indicate a dual role for T cells, not only protecting from LASV, but also enhancing LF pathogenesis. The possibility of T cell-driven enhancement and immunopathogenesis should be given consideration in future LF vaccine development. Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality in West Africa. Yet the mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood. Here we propose a concept whereby the body's immune defense either defeats LASV rapidly or, if unsuccessful, becomes an essential facilitator of disease. This latter paradoxical postulate stems from observations in genetically engineered (HHD) mice, which we found to be susceptible to LF. HHD mice differ from resistant wild type mice in that they have a humanized repertoire of T cells, a main component of the mammalian immune system. Counterintuitively, we could protect HHD mice against LF by experimentally removing their T cells. We further found that LF correlated with widespread activation of macrophages, which again depended on T cells. Similar to T cells, macrophages are important players in our body's defense system, but their inflammatory products are also candidate mediators of LF. Taken together, these findings suggest that LF may represent an inappropriate host response to infection. Specifically, our study demonstrates a two-faced role of T cell responses against LASV. Such detrimental aspects of immune defense need to be given consideration in future LF vaccine development, to avoid enhancement of disease in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Flatz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommy Regen
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Bestmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Unilabs Dr. Weber, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- W.H.O. Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Yang KM, Ntrivalas E, Cho HJ, Kim NY, Beaman K, Gilman-Sachs A, Kwak-Kim J. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Women with Multiple Implantation Failures and Recurrent Pregnancy Losses have Increased Peripheral Blood T Cell Activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:370-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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40
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Ni J, Zhu YN, Zhong XG, Ding Y, Hou LF, Tong XK, Tang W, Ono S, Yang YF, Zuo JP. The chemokine receptor antagonist, TAK-779, decreased experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing inflammatory cell migration into the central nervous system, without affecting T cell function. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:2046-56. [PMID: 20050195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The C-C chemokine receptor CCR5, and the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR3 are involved in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses, and in the migration and activation of these cells. To determine whether blockade of these chemokine receptors modulated inflammatory responses in the central nervous sytem (CNS), we investigated the effect of a non-peptide chemokine receptor antagonist, TAK-779, in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE was induced by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55. TAK-779 was injected s.c. once a day after immunization. Disease incidence and severity (over 3 weeks) were monitored by histopathological evaluation and FACS assay of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the spinal cord, polymerase chain reaction quantification of mRNA expression, assay of T cell proliferation, by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. KEY RESULTS Treatment with TAK-779 reduced incidence and severity of EAE. It strongly inhibited migration of CXCR3/CCR5 bearing CD4+, CD8+ and CD11b+ leukocytes to the CNS. TAK-779 did not reduce proliferation of anti-MOG T cells, the production of IFN-gamma by T cells or CXCR3 expression on T cells. In addition, TAK-779 did not affect production of IL-12 by antigen-presenting cells, CCR5 induction on T cells and the potential of MOG-specific T cells to transfer EAE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TAK-779 restricted the development of MOG-induced EAE. This effect involved reduced migration of inflammatory cells into the CNS without affecting responses of anti-MOG T cells or the ability of MOG-specific T cells to transfer EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ni
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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41
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Chatzigeorgiou A, Lyberi M, Chatzilymperis G, Nezos A, Kamper E. CD40/CD40L signaling and its implication in health and disease. Biofactors 2009; 35:474-83. [PMID: 19904719 DOI: 10.1002/biof.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a transmembrane receptor of the tumor necrosis factor gene superfamily is expressed on a variety of cells, such as monocytes, B-cells, antigen presenting cells, endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. The interaction between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) enhances the expression of cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, mainly through the stimulation of nuclear factor kappa B. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular and cellular characteristics of CD40 and CD40L, the mechanisms that regulate their expression, the cellular responses they stimulate and finally their implication in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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42
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Gurung P, Kucaba TA, Ferguson TA, Griffith TS. Activation-induced CD154 expression abrogates tolerance induced by apoptotic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6114-23. [PMID: 19841180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The decision to generate a productive immune response or tolerance often depends on the context in which T cells first see Ag. Using a classical system of tolerance induction, we examined the immunological consequence of Ag encountered in the presence of naive or activated apoptotic cells. Naive apoptotic cells induced tolerance when injected i.v.; however, previously activated apoptotic cells induced immunity. Further analysis revealed a key role for CD154, as tolerance resulted after i.v. injection of either naive or activated apoptotic CD154(-/-) T cells, while coinjection of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb with naive apoptotic T cells induced robust immunity. Dendritic cells fed activated apoptotic T cells in vitro produced IL-12p40 in a CD154-dependent manner, and the use of IL-12p40(-/-) mice or mAb-mediated neutralization of IL-12 revealed a link between CD154, IL-12, and the ability of activated apoptotic T cells to induce immunity rather than tolerance. Collectively, these results show that CD154 expression on apoptotic T cells can determine the outcome of an immune response to Ag recognized within the context of the apoptotic cells and suggest that the balance between naive and activated apoptotic T cells may dictate whether a productive immune response is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA
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Suttles J, Stout RD. Macrophage CD40 signaling: A pivotal regulator of disease protection and pathogenesis. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein activates dendritic cells and induces a Th1 polarization. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2979-88. [PMID: 19398539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01411-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disorder and a major problem in farmed ruminants. This disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an important pathogen that causes Johne's disease in animals and also has been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease in humans, but little is known about the protective immune responses to this microorganism. Fibronectin attachment protein (FAP) is a member of a family of fibronectin-binding proteins produced by several species of mycobacteria which is important in the pathogenesis of M. avium. Addition of recombinant FAP to human respiratory tract organ cultures inhibits M. avium binding to areas where there is epithelial damage. We characterized the role of FAP in promoting adaptive and innate immune responses. FAP functionally activated dendritic cells by augmenting the expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex class I, and major histocompatibility complex class II. Moreover, FAP induced the allogeneic immunostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells by stimulating dendritic cell production of Th1-promoting interleukin-12. FAP also increased the production of gamma interferon by T cells in mixed-lymphocyte reactions, which would be expected to contribute to the Th1 polarization of the immune response. The expression of surface markers and cytokine production in dendritic cells was mediated by both mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB pathways. These results show that FAP modulates the adaptive immune responses to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by inducing maturation and activation of dendritic cells, which drives Th1 polarization.
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Sommer S, Pudrith CB, Colvin CJ, Coussens PM. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis suppresses expression of IL-12p40 and iNOS genes induced by signalling through CD40 in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Advances in cytokine biology have helped us understand the complex communication that takes place between antigen-presenting cells and cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells, which collectively mediate an appropriate immune response to a plethora of pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. The interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family remains one of the most important and includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and the recently identified IL-35. All four are heterodimeric cytokines, composed of an alpha chain (p19, p28, or p35) and a beta chain (p40 or Ebi3), and signal through unique pairings of five receptor chains (IL-12Rbeta1, IL-12Rbeta2, IL-23R, gp130, and WSX-1). Despite the interrelationship between the cytokines themselves and their receptors, their source, activity, and kinetics of expression are quite different. Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of these cytokines. However, interpretation of these data has been complicated by the recent realization that p40(-/-), p35(-/-), and Ebi3(-/-) mice all lack more than one cytokine (IL-12/IL-23, IL-12/IL-35, and IL-27/IL-35, respectively). In this review, we compare and contrast the biology of this expanded IL-12 family and re-evaluate data derived from the analysis of these dual cytokine-deficient mice. We also discuss how the opposing characteristics of the IL-12 family siblings may help to promote a balanced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Collison
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Baker RL, Wagner DH, Haskins K. CD40 on NOD CD4 T cells contributes to their activation and pathogenicity. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:385-92. [PMID: 18951762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our goals in this study were to investigate conditions under which T cells from NOD mice express CD40 and to determine how CD40 on autoreactive CD4 T cells contributes to their pathogenicity in T1D. Using CD40-positive diabetogenic T cell clones and CD4 T cells from NOD mice, we examined expression of CD40 upon activation through the TCR and costimulation through either CD28 or CD40. Our results indicate that CD40 expression is increased upon activation with antigen/MHC and that activation of NOD CD4 T cells through TCR/CD40 rapidly induced CD40 expression. Furthermore, CD40 costimulation promoted T cell proliferation to the same extent as costimulation through TCR/CD28. Importantly, costimulation of CD4 T cells through CD40 also interfered with T cell homeostasis by altering regulation of CTLA-4 expression. Through CD40-CD154 blocking studies, we demonstrated that signaling between T cells through CD40 and its ligand contributes to activation of pathogenic T cells and that blocking CD40 on T cells abrogates their ability to transfer diabetes. Thus, costimulation through CD40 on NOD T cells contributes to their pathogenicity by providing additional pathways for activation and by inhibiting upregulation of CTLA-4 during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Immunology. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of forbidden foods that should not be eaten goes back to the Garden of Eden and apart from its religious meanings it may also have foreshadowed the concept of foods that can provoke adverse reactions. Thus we could say that allergic diseases have plagued mankind since the beginning of life on earth. The prophet Job was affected by a condition that following the rare symptoms described by the Holy Bible might be identified as a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD). The earliest record of an apparently allergic reaction is 2621 B.C., when death from stinging insects was first described by hieroglyphics carved into the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Menes depicting his death following the sting of a wasp. In 79 A.D., the death of the Roman admiral Pliny the Elder was ascribed to the SO2-rich gases emanating from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) was probably the first to describe how cow’s milk (CM) could cause gastric upset and hives, proposing dietetic measures including both treatment and prevention for CM allergy.
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Soferman R, Rosenzwig I, Fireman E. Interleukin-12 peripheral blood levels in asthmatic children. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2007; 3:128-33. [PMID: 20525118 PMCID: PMC2873609 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-3-4-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) was measured in 45 asthmatic children aged 3 to 16 years. The assessments were performed on 20 children during an episode of acute exacerbation and on 25 children during remission. There was no significant difference between the mean IL-12 level during exacerbation (1.63 ± 2.08 pg/mL) and during remission (0.88 ± 0.56 pg/mL) (p = .83). A positive, but insignificant, correlation was found between forced expiratory volume in 1 second and IL-12 (p = .634). IL-12 levels were significantly lower in children with a positive family history of asthma (1.13 ± 1.78 pg/mL) compared with those without (1.31 ± 1.06 pg/mL) (p < .012), supporting the theory that the gene-environment interactions affect the immune responses. IL-12 peripheral blood levels had no detectable impact on the course of established asthma in the study population.
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Bishop GA, Moore CR, Xie P, Stunz LL, Kraus ZJ. TRAF proteins in CD40 signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 597:131-51. [PMID: 17633023 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-70630-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily molecule CD40 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types following activation signals, and constitutively on B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD40 signals to cells stimulate kinase activation, gene expression, production of a antibody and a variety of cytokines, expression or upregulation of surface molecules, and protection or promotion of apoptosis. Initial steps in CD40-mediated signal cascades involve the interactions of CD40 with various members of the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic proteins. This review summarizes current understanding of the nature of these interactions, and how they induce and regulate CD40 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City VAMC, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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