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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Nasti TH, Yusuf N, Sherwani MA, Athar M, Timares L, Elmets CA. Regulatory T Cells Play an Important Role in the Prevention of Murine Melanocytic Nevi and Melanomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:165-174. [PMID: 33148679 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are benign proliferations of pigment cells that can occasionally develop into melanomas. There is a significant correlation between increased nevus numbers and melanoma development. Our previous reports revealed that 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced dysplastic nevi in C3H/HeN mice, with a potential to transform into melanomas. To understand the immune mechanisms behind this transformation, we applied increasing DMBA doses followed by TPA to the skin of C3H/HeN mice. We observed that increased doses of DMBA correlated well with increased numbers of nevi. The increased DMBA dose induced diminished immune responses and promoted the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) that resulted in increased IL10 and reduced IFNγ levels. Mice with increased nevus numbers had loss of p16 expression. These mice had increased migration of melanocytic cells to lymph nodes (LN) and a greater percent of LNs produced immortalized melanocytic cell lines. DMBA-induced immunosuppression was lost in CD4-knockout (KO) mice. Lymphocytes in the CD4KO mice produced less IL10 than CD8KO mice. Furthermore, CD4KO mice had significantly reduced nevus numbers and size compared with wild-type and CD8KO mice. These results suggest that Tregs play a vital role in the incidence of nevi and their progression to melanoma.Prevention Relevance: There has been little progress in developing novel strategies for preventing premalignant dysplastic nevi from becoming melanomas. In this study in mice, regulatory-T cells enhanced progression of benign nevi to malignant melanomas; and by inhibiting their activity, melanomas could be retarded. The findings identify new possibilities for melanoma prevention in high risk individuals.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/administration & dosage
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/chemically induced
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nevus, Pigmented/chemically induced
- Nevus, Pigmented/immunology
- Nevus, Pigmented/pathology
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/administration & dosage
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- The Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
- The Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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3
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Strandt H, Pinheiro DF, Kaplan DH, Wirth D, Gratz IK, Hammerl P, Thalhamer J, Stoecklinger A. Neoantigen Expression in Steady-State Langerhans Cells Induces CTL Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1626-1634. [PMID: 28739880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin hosts a variety of dendritic cells (DCs), which act as professional APC to control cutaneous immunity. Langerhans cells (LCs) are the only DC subset in the healthy epidermis. However, due to the complexity of the skin DC network, their relative contribution to either immune activation or immune tolerance is still not entirely understood. To specifically study the function of LCs in vivo, without altering the DC subset composition in the skin, we have generated transgenic mouse models for tamoxifen-inducible de novo expression of Ags in LCs but no other langerin+ DCs. Therefore, this system allows for LC-restricted Ag presentation to T cells. Presentation of nonsecreted OVA (GFPOVA) by steady-state LCs resulted in transient activation of endogenous CTL in transgenic mice. However, when these mice were challenged with OVA by gene gun immunization in the contraction phase of the primary CTL response they did not respond with a recall of CTL memory but, instead, with robust Ag-specific CTL tolerance. We found regulatory T cells (Tregs) enriched in the skin of tolerized mice, and depletion of Tregs or adoptive experiments revealed that Tregs were critically involved in CTL tolerance. By contrast, when OVA was presented by activated LCs, a recallable CTL memory response developed in transgenic mice. Thus, neoantigen presentation by epidermal LCs results in either robust CTL tolerance or CTL memory, and this decision-making depends on the activation state of the presenting LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strandt
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Helmholtz Centre of Infection Research, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Iris Karina Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Peter Hammerl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Stoecklinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; .,EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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4
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Percutaneous exposure to high-dose hapten induces systemic immunosuppression through the inhibition of dendritic cell migration. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:136-40. [PMID: 26642795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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6
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IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:753-60. [PMID: 22729249 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into monocytes, tissue macrophages and some dendritic cell (DC) subtypes requires the growth factor CSF1 and its receptor, CSF1R. Langerhans cells (LCs) and microglia develop from embryonic myeloid precursor cells that populate the epidermis and central nervous system (CNS) before birth. Notably, LCs and microglia are present in CSF1-deficient mice but absent from CSF1R-deficient mice. Here we investigated whether an alternative CSF1R ligand, interleukin 34 (IL-34), is responsible for this discrepancy. Through the use of IL-34-deficient (Il34(LacZ/LacZ)) reporter mice, we found that keratinocytes and neurons were the main sources of IL-34. Il34(LacZ/LacZ) mice selectively lacked LCs and microglia and responded poorly to skin antigens and viral infection of the CNS. Thus, IL-34 specifically directs the differentiation of myeloid cells in the skin epidermis and CNS.
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7
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Martins LEAM, Reis VMSD. Imunopatologia da dermatite de contato alérgica. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:419-33. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dermatite de contato alérgica é consequência de uma reação imune mediada por células T contra químicos de baixo peso molecular, denominados haptenos. É uma condição frequente que ocorre em todas as raças e faixas etárias e afeta a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. O mecanismo imunológico desta doença vem sendo revisto nas últimas décadas com significativo avanço no seu entendimento. A metabolização e o caminho dos haptenos, bem como a formação e o mecanismo de ação das células responsáveis tanto pela reação quanto pelo seu término, são discutidos neste artigo
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8
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Chu CC, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO. Harnessing dendritic cells in inflammatory skin diseases. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:28-41. [PMID: 21295490 PMCID: PMC3235550 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin immune system harbors a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies highlight a diverse functional specialization of skin DC subsets. In addition to generating cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens, skin DCs are involved in tolerogenic mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of immune homeostasis, as well as in pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in the skin when excessive immune responses are initiated and unrestrained. Harnessing DCs by directly targeting DC-derived molecules or selectively modulate DC subsets is a convincing strategy to tackle inflammatory skin diseases. In this review we discuss recent advances underlining the functional specialization of skin DCs and discuss the potential implication for future DC-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ching Chu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, 9th floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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9
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Functional redundancy of Langerhans cells and Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells in contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2752-9. [PMID: 20703247 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relative roles of Langerhans cells (LC), dermal dendritic cells (DC), and, in particular, the recently discovered Langerin(+) dermal DC subset in the induction and control of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses remain controversial. Using an inducible mouse model, in which LC and other Langerin(+) DC can be depleted by injection of diphtheria toxin, we previously reported impaired transport of topically applied antigen to draining lymph nodes and reduced CHS in the absence of all Langerin(+) skin DC. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with a selective depletion of LC exhibit attenuated CHS only upon sensitization with a low hapten dose but not with a high hapten dose. In contrast, when painting a higher concentration of hapten onto the skin, which leads to increased antigen dissemination into the dermis, CHS is still diminished in mice lacking all Langerin(+) skin DC. Taken together, these data suggest that the magnitude of a CHS reaction depends on the number of skin DC, which have access to the hapten, rather than on the presence or absence of a particular skin DC population. LC and (Langerin(+)) dermal DC thus seem to have a redundant function in regulating CHS.
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10
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Romani N, Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Langerhans cells and more: langerin-expressing dendritic cell subsets in the skin. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:120-41. [PMID: 20193016 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) that reside in epithelia. The best studied example is the LC of the epidermis. By electron microscopy, their identifying feature is the unique rod- or tennis racket-shaped Birbeck granule. The phenotypic hallmark is their expression of the C-type lectin receptor langerin/CD207. Langerin, however, is also expressed on a recently discovered population of DC in the dermis and other tissues of the body. These 'dermal langerin(+) dendritic cells' are unrelated to LCs. The complex field of langerin-negative dermal DCs is not dealt with here. In this article, we briefly review the history, ontogeny, and homeostasis of LCs. More emphasis is laid on the discussion of functional properties in vivo. Novel models using genetically engineered mice are contributing tremendously to our understanding of the role of LCs in eliciting adaptive immune responses against pathogens or tumors and in inducing and maintaining tolerance against self antigens and innocuous substances in vivo. Also, innate effector functions are increasingly being recognized. Current activities in this area are reviewed, and possibilities for future exploitation of LC in medicine, e.g. for the improvement of vaccines, are contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the heterogenous family of professional antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC). They are identified by the C-type lectin receptor Langerin and form a contiguous network in the epidermis. Consequently, LC are an integral part of the skin barrier to the environment and were considered to be critical inducers of skin immunity, whereas dermal DC were largely overlooked. However, with the identification of a distinct subset of Langerin expressing dermal DC, the situation in the skin has become more complex and the relative contribution of the different cutaneous DC populations in balancing immunity and tolerance has become a matter of active debate. Here, we briefly review the classical paradigm and recent challenges of LC function, before focusing on advances concerning their role in contact hypersensitivity and ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression obtained with in vivo LC ablation models. We then discuss novel LC/DC-specific gene targeting approaches currently used to dissect the role of the regulatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 to govern LC and DC function in vivo. This second generation of LC-specific genetically engineered mice will considerably extend our understanding of the molecular control of LC function in regulating skin immunity and tolerance in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Use of contact hypersensitivity in immunotoxicity testing. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 19967518 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The histopathological examination of lymphoid organs together with a T-dependent antibody (TDAR) assay are the primary components of preclinical immunotoxicity assessment. Additional testing including measurement of cellular immunity may be considered. Besides ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation assays, either delayed or contact hypersensitivity models can be used. Contact hypersensitivity testing is typically performed either in mice or in guinea pigs and is directly derived from classical models used for the detection of contact sensitizing chemicals. Whatever the selected model, it is comprised of a sensitizing phase where the animals are applied a strong contact sensitizer topically, then a rest phase, and finally an eliciting phase where sensitized animals are challenged topically with the same contact sensitizer.In mice, the ear-swelling test is the reference procedure in which mice are sensitized to the ear or shaved abdominal skin and then challenged on the ear. Ear swelling usually measured from ear thickness reflects a cell-mediated immune response. In guinea pigs, a strong sensitizer is applied on the shaved skin of the abdomen or the interscapular area. The sensitized animals are challenged on another area of the shaved abdomen, and the cell-mediated response is assessed semiquantitatively from the magnitude of induced erythema inconsistently associated with edema. Treatment or exposure with immunosuppressive chemicals can result in a significantly decreased ear swelling or skin reaction. Contact hypersensitivity models are seldom used nowadays in preclinical immunotoxicity testing, most likely because of the lack of standardization and extensive validation as well as their use being restricted to mice or guinea pigs.
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13
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Fukunaga A, Khaskhely NM, Sreevidya CS, Byrne SN, Ullrich SE. Dermal dendritic cells, and not Langerhans cells, play an essential role in inducing an immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3057-64. [PMID: 18292528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) serve as epidermal sentinels of the adaptive immune system. Conventional wisdom suggests that LCs encounter Ag in the skin and then migrate to the draining lymph nodes, where the Ag is presented to T cells, thus initiating an immune response. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator with potent biological effects. During inflammation, PAF mediates recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. We herein tested a hypothesis that PAF induces LC migration. Applying 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) to wild-type mice activated LC migration. In contrast, applying DNFB to PAF receptor-deficient mice or mice injected with PAF receptor antagonists failed to induce LC migration. Moreover, after FITC application the appearance of hapten-laden LCs (FITC+, CD11c+, Langerin+) in the lymph nodes of PAF receptor-deficient mice was significantly depressed compared with that found in wild-type mice. LC chimerism indicates that the PAF receptor on keratinocytes but not LCs is responsible for LC migration. Contrary to the diminution of LC migration in PAF receptor-deficient mice, we did not observe any difference in the migration of hapten-laden dermal dendritic cells (FITC+, CD11c+, Langerin-) into the lymph nodes of PAF receptor-deficient mice. Additionally, the contact hypersensitivity response generated in wild-type or PAF receptor-deficient mice was identical. Finally, dermal dendritic cells, but not LCs isolated from the draining lymph nodes after hapten application, activated T cell proliferation. These findings suggest that LC migration may not be responsible for the generation of contact hypersensitivity and that dermal dendritic cells may play a more important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukunaga
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Bennett CL, Noordegraaf M, Martina CAE, Clausen BE. Langerhans cells are required for efficient presentation of topically applied hapten to T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6830-5. [PMID: 17982073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in the control of T cell immunity due to their ability to stimulate naive T cells and direct effector function. Murine and human DC are composed of a number of phenotypically, and probably developmentally, distinct subsets, which may play unique roles in the initiation and regulation of T cell responses. The skin is populated by at least two subsets of DC: Langerhans cells (LC), which form a contiguous network throughout the epidermis, and dermal DC. LC have classically been thought vital to initiate T cell responses to cutaneous Ags. However, recent data have highlighted the importance of dermal DC in cutaneous immunity, and the requirement for LC has become unclear. To define the relative roles of LC and dermal DC, we and others generated mouse models in which LC were specifically depleted in vivo. Unexpectedly, these studies yielded conflicting data as to the role of LC in cutaneous contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Extending our initial finding, we demonstrate that topical Ag is inefficiently transported to draining lymph nodes in the absence of LC, resulting in suboptimal priming of T cells and reduced CHS. However, dermal DC may also prime cutaneous T cell responses, suggesting redundancy between the two different skin DC subsets in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Bennett
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Allan RS, Waithman J, Bedoui S, Jones CM, Villadangos JA, Zhan Y, Lew AM, Shortman K, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Migratory Dendritic Cells Transfer Antigen to a Lymph Node-Resident Dendritic Cell Population for Efficient CTL Priming. Immunity 2006; 25:153-62. [PMID: 16860764 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to act as key initiators of local T cell immunity. Here we show that after skin infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation required MHC class I-restricted presentation by nonmigratory CD8(+) DCs rather than skin-derived DCs. Despite a lack of direct presentation by migratory DCs, blocking their egress from infected skin substantially inhibited class I-restricted presentation and HSV-specific CTL responses. These results support the argument for initial transport of antigen by migrating DCs, followed by its transfer to the lymphoid-resident DCs for presentation and CTL priming. Given that relatively robust CTL responses were seen with small numbers of skin-emigrant DCs, we propose that this inter-DC antigen transfer functions to amplify presentation across a larger network of lymphoid-resident DCs for efficient T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys S Allan
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Ritter U, Osterloh A. A new view on cutaneous dendritic cell subsets in experimental leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2006; 196:51-9. [PMID: 16786361 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-006-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of their anatomical distribution epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are discussed to be crucial for antigen uptake and subsequent presentation to naïve T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes. The use of LC-specific markers like Langerin or knock-in mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the Langerin promotor now facilitates the dissection of LCs from other dendritic cell (DC) subsets. Surprisingly, current data indicate that LCs are not generally involved in the induction of cellular immune responses. Moreover, the widely accepted paradigm postulating that LCs in principle act as T cell activators is contested by recent publications. Consequently, the biological role of LCs, in particular in cutaneous immune responses, needs to be revisited. The experimental model of leishmaniasis represents a suitable model to study the origin of an antigen-specific T cell response in mice. With this model the transport and presentation of skin derived Leishmania (L.) major antigens can be monitored in vivo. Furthermore, the quality of T cell-DC interactions can be determined. Considering recent progress in LC research we propose a novel concept of LCs in T cell meditated immunity against L. major parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ritter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B. Langerhans cells--revisiting the paradigm using genetically engineered mice. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:132-9. [PMID: 16458606 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are prominent dendritic cells (DCs) in epithelia, but their role in immunity and tolerance is poorly defined. 'Knockin' mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the langerin (CD207) gene were recently developed in order to discriminate epidermal LCs from other DC subsets and at the same time to track their dynamics under steady-state or inflammatory conditions in vivo. Additional knockin mice expressing a diphtheria toxin receptor fused to EGFP were used to conditionally ablate LCs and assess their role in triggering hapten-specific T cell effectors through skin immunization. We review the insights that have been provided by these various knockin mice and discuss gaps in our knowledge of LCs that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Université de la Méditerrannée, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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18
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Viswanathan K, Daugherty C, Dhabhar FS. Stress as an endogenous adjuvant: augmentation of the immunization phase of cell-mediated immunity. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1059-69. [PMID: 16000327 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is thought to be immunosuppressive but paradoxically exacerbates inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We initially showed that acute stress enhances skin immunity. Such immunoenhancement could promote immunoprotection in case of wounding, infection or vaccination but could also exacerbate immunopathological diseases. Here we identify the molecular and cellular mediators of the immunoenhancing effects of acute stress. Compared with non-stressed mice, acutely stressed animals showed significantly greater pinna swelling and leukocyte infiltration, and up-regulated macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 gene expression at the site of primary antigen exposure. Stressed animals also showed enhanced maturation and trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) from skin to lymph nodes (LNs), higher numbers of activated macrophages in skin and LNs, increased T cell activation in LNs, and enhanced recruitment of surveillance T cells to skin. These findings show that important interactive components of innate (DCs and macrophages) and adaptive (surveillance T cells) immunity are mediators of the stress-induced enhancement of a primary immune response. Such enhancement during primary immunization may induce a long-term increase in immunologic memory resulting in subsequent augmentation of the immune response during secondary antigen exposure. Thus, the evolutionarily adaptive fight-or-flight stress response may protectively prepare the immune system for impending danger (e.g. infection and wounding by a predator), but may also contribute to stress-induced exacerbation of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Viswanathan
- Department of Biology, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, 4179 Postle Hall, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Kissenpfennig A, Henri S, Dubois B, Laplace-Builhé C, Perrin P, Romani N, Tripp CH, Douillard P, Leserman L, Kaiserlian D, Saeland S, Davoust J, Malissen B. Dynamics and function of Langerhans cells in vivo: dermal dendritic cells colonize lymph node areas distinct from slower migrating Langerhans cells. Immunity 2005; 22:643-54. [PMID: 15894281 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are prominent dendritic cells (DCs) in epithelia, but their role in immunity is poorly defined. To track and discriminate LCs from dermal DCs in vivo, we developed knockin mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the langerin (CD207) gene. By using vital imaging, we showed that most EGFP(+) LCs were sessile under steady-state conditions, whereas skin inflammation induced LC motility and emigration to lymph nodes (LNs). After skin immunization, dermal DCs arrived in LNs first and colonized areas distinct from slower migrating LCs. LCs reaching LNs under steady-state or inflammatory conditions expressed similar levels of costimulatory molecules. Langerin and EGFP were also expressed on thymic DCs and on blood-derived, CD8alpha(+) DCs from all secondary lymphoid organs. By using a similar knockin strategy involving a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) fused to EGFP, we demonstrated that LCs were dispensable for triggering hapten-specific T cell effectors through skin immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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20
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Nieuwenhuis EES, Gillessen S, Scheper RJ, Exley MA, Taniguchi M, Balk SP, Strominger JL, Dranoff G, Blumberg RS, Wilson SB. CD1d and CD1d-restricted iNKT-cells play a pivotal role in contact hypersensitivity. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:250-8. [PMID: 15810882 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted T-cells are activated by glycolipids presented by the major histocompatibility complex class-Ib molecule CD1d, found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). This interaction between APC, most notably dendritic cells (DC), and CD1d-restricted T-cells is an important regulatory step in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. It is well known that DC play a crucial role in the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), a frequently studied form of in vivo T-cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we show that CD1d-restricted T-cells are also necessary for CHS, because both wild-type mice treated systemically or topically with CD1d glycolipid antagonists and CD1d-restricted T-cell-null mice have markedly diminished CHS responses. Thus, pharmacologic antagonists of CD1d can be used as effective inhibitors of CHS, a prototype for a variety of delayed-type tissue hypersensitivity responses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dermatitis/pathology
- Dermatitis, Contact/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glycolipids/chemistry
- Hypersensitivity
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Oxazolone/chemistry
- Oxazolone/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylethanolamines/pharmacology
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
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21
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Jacobs JJL, Lehé CL, Cammans KDA, Das PK, Elliott GR. Assessment of contact allergens by dissociation of irritant and sensitizing properties. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:681-90. [PMID: 15251187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human organotypic skin explant culture (hOSEC) model is a promising alternative in vitro model for screening contact allergens. In this model, the chemical-induced migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) out of the epidermis, evaluated after a 24-h exposure period, is used as a measure of sensitizer potential. As skin irritants can also induce LC migration it is essential that concentrations of test chemicals are used that are not even weakly irritant. Using the hOSEC irritation model chemicals are classified as weak irritants if they are toxic after a 48-h exposure period. Toxicity is determined by methyl green-pyronine (MGP) staining of hOSEC. We studied three frequently used non-sensitizing skin irritants and six potent or frequent human sensitizers in a dose-response. A complete discrimination between non-sensitizers and contact sensitizers was obtained for the chemicals tested when the concentrations used were lower than the weak irritant concentrations. Frequency of positive allergen reactions in patch test of human populations correlated with the difference between weak irritant concentrations and the lowest concentration inducing significant LC migration. Sensitizer potency correlated with chemical irritancy as determined by keratinocyte death. For the compounds tested, the hOSEC model predicted allergenicity in humans better than the guinea pig maximization test and the mouse local lymph node assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J L Jacobs
- AmCOGG, AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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22
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Hamrah P, Chen L, Zhang Q, Dana MR. Novel expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3 and VEGF-C on corneal dendritic cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:57-68. [PMID: 12819011 PMCID: PMC1868166 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-3 (VEGFR-3) plays a critical role in embryonic cardiovascular development and is thought to be expressed exclusively on the lymphatic endothelium, high endothelial venules, and rarely on adult vascular endothelium. Recent evidence also suggests expression of VEGFR-3 on some tumor-associated macrophages. We have studied the expression of VEGFR-3, its ligand VEGF-C and the co-receptor neuropilin-2, in normal and inflamed corneas and characterized the phenotype and distribution of VEGFR-3(+) cells. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of VEGFR-3 on corneal dendritic cells (DC) and its up-regulation in inflammation. VEGFR-3(+) DC are CD11c(+)CD45(+)CD11b(+), and are mostly major histocompatibility (MHC) class II(-)CD80(-)CD86(-), indicating immature DC of a monocytic lineage. During inflammation, there is rapid increase in the number of VEGFR-3(+) DC in the cornea associated with heightened membranous expression as compared to a mostly intracellular expression in uninflamed tissue. VEGFR-3(+) DC in normal corneas are VEGF-C(-)neuropilin-2(-), but express VEGF-C in inflammation. Interestingly, similar cells are absent both in the normal and inflamed skin. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of VEGFR-3 and VEGF-C on tissue DC, which implicate a novel potential relationship between lymphangiogenesis and leukocyte trafficking in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Hamrah
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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23
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Cirrincione C, Pimpinelli N, Orlando L, Romagnoli P. Lamina propria dendritic cells express activation markers and contact lymphocytes in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2002; 73:45-52. [PMID: 11846200 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells are characterized by shape, structure, and membrane molecule expression; they contact T lymphocytes to present antigens and stimulate plasma cell differentiation in vitro. Dendritic cells are known to be present in healthy human gingiva and to be altered in HIV-associated periodontitis. Here, we address the phenotype, location, and intercellular relationships of dendritic cells in chronic periodontitis. METHODS Biopsies from patients with chronic periodontitis were analyzed by electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence for dendritic cells and lymphocyte markers. RESULTS Langerhans' cells were spread in oral epithelium but restricted to the basal layer in pocket epithelium; they did not usually express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II antigens nor contact lymphocytes. Dendritic cells were abundant in the lamina propria of pocket epithelium; they were MHC-II positive, admixed with CD4-positive and CD8-positive T lymphocytes, and, they expressed CD54, CD80, and CD86. Dendritic cells often contacted lymphocytes and were also located within plasma cell aggregates. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that prerequisites for mounting a T cell-mediated immune response exist in chronic periodontitis, although this response is limited to the lamina propria. These results suggest that T-cell responses offer limited protection and can contribute to tissue damage during periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cirrincione
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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24
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Bacci S, Alard P, Streilein JW. Evidence that ultraviolet B radiation transiently inhibits emigration of Langerhans cells from exposed epidermis, thwarting contact hypersensitivity induction. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3588-94. [PMID: 11745378 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3588::aid-immu3588>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) play a critical role in the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH), and ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) impairs CH induction in UVB-susceptible (UVB-S) mice via a TNF-alpha-dependent mechanism. A possible explanation of this effect is that UVR impairs CH in UVB-S mice by immobilizing LC transiently in the epidermis and upper dermis, thereby preventing their timely migration to draining lymph nodes. To test this hypothesis we examined in vitro and in vivo the effects of in vivo UVR on migration of Ia(+) cells from skin of UVB-S and UVB-resistant (UVB-R) mice. Dorsal surfaces of ears of mice were irradiated with 400 J/cm(2) UVB and either explanted in vitro or transplanted orthotopically to the thoracic wall of syngeneic recipients. After 24, 48, and 72 h the epidermis was recovered from these explants/grafts and the number of Ia(+) cells determined by immunohistochemistry. Culture medium obtained after explants were removed was also evaluated for content of Ia(+) cells. The density of Ia(+)-bearing cells in the epidermis of cultured untreated skin explants and of grafted skin fell progressively for both UVB-S and UVB-R skin during the observation period. The rate of decline in Ia(+) cells density during this interval was greatly impaired if the skin was exposed to UVR prior to excision; this effect was seen equally in UVB-S and UVB-R skin. Recovery of Ia(+) cells in the medium after removal of cultured untreated skin explants was maximum after 24 h and comparable in UVB-S and UVB-R skin. However, the number of Ia(+) cells recovered in the medium from UVB-exposed skin was significantly reduced only if the skin donor was UVB-S. We conclude that the ability of UVR to impede LC migration from epidermis is significantly greater for UVB-S mice, accounting in part for the failure of these mice after UVR to acquire CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bacci
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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25
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26
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Holíková Z, Hercogová J, Pizák J, Smetana K. Dendritic cells and their role in skin-induced immune responses. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001; 15:116-20. [PMID: 11495517 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This artide gives a brief review on dendritic cells (DC) with regard to their origin, life cyde and functions. The regulation of immune responses by DC functioning as antigen-presenting cells is discussed. Special attention is given to epidermal DC, e.g. Langerhans cells. The perspectives of DC-based therapy are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Holíková
- Center of Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
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27
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Gillessen S, Mach N, Small C, Mihm M, Dranoff G. Overlapping roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in eosinophil homeostasis and contact hypersensitivity. Blood 2001; 97:922-8. [PMID: 11159518 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mice rendered deficient in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) have established unique roles for these cytokines in pulmonary homeostasis, resistance to infection, and antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. In addition to these distinctive properties, however, GM-CSF and IL-3 also stimulate the development and activation of hematopoietic cells in many similar ways, raising the possibility that each factor might partially compensate for the other's absence in singly deficient mice. To test whether endogenous GM-CSF and IL-3 mediate redundant functions in vivo, we generated mice lacking both cytokines through sequential gene targeting experiments in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Surprisingly, doubly deficient animals, but not single knockouts, showed increased numbers of circulating eosinophils. Doubly deficient mice, moreover, developed weaker contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens applied epicutaneously than mice deficient in either factor alone. Together, these findings delineate overlapping roles for GM-CSF and IL-3 in hematopoiesis and immunity. (Blood. 2001;97:922-928)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gillessen
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Wang B, Fujisawa H, Zhuang L, Freed I, Howell BG, Shahid S, Shivji GM, Mak TW, Sauder DN. CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ type 1 cytotoxic T cells both play a crucial role in the full development of contact hypersensitivity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6783-90. [PMID: 11120799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD4(+) vs CD8(+) T cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) remains controversial. In this study, we used gene knockout (KO) mice deficient in CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells to directly address this issue. Mice lacking either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells demonstrated depressed CHS responses to dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The depression of CHS was more significant in CD8 KO mice than in CD4 KO mice. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of either CD8(+) T cells from CD4 KO mice or CD4(+) T cells from CD8 KO mice virtually abolished CHS responses. Lymph node cells (LNCs) from hapten-sensitized CD4 and CD8 KO mice showed a decreased capacity for transferring CHS. In vitro depletion of either CD4(+) T cells from CD8 KO LNCs or CD8(+) T cells from CD4 KO LNCs resulted in a complete loss of CHS transfer. LNCs from CD4 and CD8 KO mice produced significant amounts of IFN-gamma, indicating that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are able to secrete IFN-gamma. LNCs from CD8, but not CD4, KO mice were able to produce IL-4 and IL-10, suggesting that IL-4 and IL-10 are mainly derived from CD4(+) T cells. Intracellular cytokine staining of LNCs confirmed that IFN-gamma-positive cells consisted of CD4(+) (Th1) and CD8(+) (type 1 cytotoxic T) T cells, whereas IL-10-positive cells were exclusively CD4(+) (Th2) T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that both CD4(+) Th1 and CD8(+) type 1 cytotoxic T cells are crucial effector cells in CHS responses to dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone in C57BL/6 mice.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/prevention & control
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/administration & dosage
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxazolone/administration & dosage
- Oxazolone/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Chun K, Imai Y, Higashi N, Irimura T. Migration of dermal cells expressing a macrophage C‐type lectin during the sensitization phase of delayed‐type hypersensitivity. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.4.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐hee Chun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; and
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Higashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; and
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; and
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Kurimoto I, Kitazawa T, Streilein JW. Suprathreshold doses of hapten are required to induce both contact hypersensitivity and tolerance. J Dermatol Sci 2000; 24:48-59. [PMID: 10960778 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(00)00081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Whereas both high (conventional) and low (optimal) doses of epicutaneously applied hapten induce contact hypersensitivity in normal mice, only conventional doses retain their capacity to induce contact hypersensitivity after acute, low dose ultraviolet B radiation in UVB-resistant mice. Recent evidence indicates that conventional doses of hapten as well as acute, low dose ultraviolet B radiation destroy virtually all epidermal Langerhans cells, which leads to the conclusions that (a) dermal antigen presenting cells have a prominent role to play in contact hypersensitivity induction, and that (b) Langerhans cell provide this function only in normal skin, and only if non-toxic amounts of hapten are present. We have now explored the ability of suprathreshold, threshold, and sub-threshold doses of hapten to induce tolerance when painted on or injected into normal skin or skin exposed to ultraviolet B radiation. Our results indicate that a single exposure of low dose, ultraviolet B radiation generated tolerance-promoting signals within the epidermis when a threshold dose of hapten was painted on the exposed site. By contrast, suprathreshold doses of hapten painted on skin after four consecutive daily doses of ultraviolet B radiation led to tolerance that arose exclusively from cells within the dermis. In absence of ultraviolet B radiation, epicutaneously applied hapten failed uniformly to induce tolerance, whether applied at suprathreshold, threshold or sub-threshold doses. We conclude that normal skin lacks cells with inherent tolerance-promoting capacity, but that cells of this type can emerge within either epidermis or dermis after exposure to acute, low dose ultraviolet B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kurimoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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31
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Kimber I, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Bhushan M, Griffiths CE. Cytokines and chemokines in the initiation and regulation of epidermal Langerhans cell mobilization. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:401-12. [PMID: 10735943 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the wider family of dendritic cells. LC reside in the epidermis where they serve as sentinels of the immune system, their responsibilities being to sample the external environment for changes and challenges and to deliver information (antigen) to responsive T lymphocytes within skin draining lymph nodes. The ability of LC to migrate from the epidermis to regional lymph nodes is therefore of pivotal importance to the induction of cutaneous immune responses. The journey that LC have to make from the skin has a number of requirements. Initially it is necessary that LC disassociate themselves from surrounding keratinocytes and are liberated from other influences that encourage their retention in the epidermis. Subsequently, migrating LC must successfully traverse the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction and make their way, via afferent lymphatics, to draining lymph nodes. Effective entry into lymph nodes is necessary, as is correct positioning of cells within the paracortex. There is increasing evidence that both cytokines and chemokines, and their interaction with appropriate receptors expressed by LC, orchestrate the mobilization and movement of these cells. We here consider the parts played by these molecules, and how collectively they induce and direct LC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- AstraZeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, U.K.
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32
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Kurimoto I, Kitazawa T, Streilein JW. Studies of delayed systemic effects of ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) on the induction of contact hypersensitivity, 2. Evidence that interleukin-10 from UVR-treated epidermis is the critical mediator. Immunology 2000; 99:134-40. [PMID: 10651951 PMCID: PMC2327129 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) alters cutaneous immunity at the local site as well as systemically. Within 2-3 days of UVR exposure, recipient mice lose their capacity to develop contact hypersensitivity (CH) when hapten is painted on unexposed skin. This loss correlates temporally with a functional deficit among dendritic antigen-presenting cells within non-draining lymph nodes and spleen. In the experiments described, the delayed systemic immune deficiency following acute, low-dose UVR exposure was found to be eliminated with neutralizing anti-interleukin-10 (IL-10) antibody. Intracutaneous injection of IL-10 generated a deficiency of systemic immunity as well as a functional deficit among lymph node dendritic cells that was similar to that induced by UVR. The skin itself was found to be the source of the IL-10 responsible for these defects, and epidermis (presumably keratinocytes) rather than mast cells was found to be the source of IL-10 within UVR-exposed skin. The potential relationships are discussed between the delayed systemic immune deficit created by acute, low-dose UVR, and the systemic immune deficits caused by chronic, high-dose UVR and by a single, high-dose UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kurimoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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33
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Kurimoto I, Streilein JW. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha impairs contact hypersensitivity induction after ultraviolet B radiation via TNF-receptor 2 (p75). Exp Dermatol 1999; 8:495-500. [PMID: 10597139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute, low dose ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) impairs induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH) in genetically susceptible mice. Polymorphic alleles at the TNF-alpha locus dictate the susceptibility phenotype, and neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies restore CH induction in mice exposed to UVR. This circumstantial evidence strongly implicates TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of failed CH induction after UVR. Using mice genetically deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (p55) or TNF-receptor 2 (p75), we now report that the capacity of TNF-alpha to impair CH induction after UVR required signaling via TNF-receptor 2, rather than TNF-receptor 1. Moreover, acting via the same receptor, TNF-alpha altered the density and morphology of class II MHC-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells. However, UVR retained its capacity to induce tolerance in both TNF-receptor 1 and TNF-receptor 2 deficient mice, indicating that TNF-alpha plays no role in the systemic immune deficit created by UVR.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutralization Tests
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/radiation effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kurimoto
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CH)-induction begins when cutaneous antigen-presenting cells (APC) capture hapten that has been applied epicutaneously, and the process prepares hapten for presentation to T-cells. APCs are functionally plastic, are influenced by the microenvironment in which they reside, and their functional properties have a profound effect on the phenotype of the hapten-specific T-cells that they activate. Ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) distorts the cutaneous microenvironment, thereby altering local APC function, and changing the immune outcome from sensitization to unresponsiveness. Although UVR induces keratinocytes to produce TNF alpha and IL-10 (cytokines that have been implicated in failed CH-induction and tolerance, respectively, after UVR), dermal mast cells turn out to be the source of these immunomodulatory cytokines. Mast cell degranulation is triggered by CGRP released from UVR-exposed cutaneous nerve termini. Even in normal skin, cutaneous nerves influence the immune response to haptens. Substance P released from cutaneous nerves acts as an adjuvant, raising the immunogenicity of epicutaneously applied haptens. Thus, the nerves and the neuropeptides that these processes release contribute to the cutaneous microenvironment. By altering APC function, cutaneous nerves can dictate the quality and the quantity of immune responses to antigens of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Streilein
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Niizeki H, Kurimoto I, Streilein JW. A substance p agonist acts as an adjuvant to promote hapten-specific skin immunity. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:437-42. [PMID: 10201526 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Because substance p (SP) has been reported to be released from cutaneous sensory nerve endings after hapten application, we determined whether SP participates in contact hypersensitivity (CH) induction by using a SP agonist, GR73632 or delta-Aminovaleryl [Pro9, N-Me-Leu10]-substance P(7-11) and a SP antagonist, spantide I. When injected intradermally, SP agonist enhanced CH induced by conventional, but not optimal, sensitizing doses of hapten. By contrast, SP antagonist inhibited the induction of CH by optimal sensitizing doses of hapten. Moreover, SP agonist promoted CH induction and prevented tolerance when hapten was painted on skin exposed to acute, low-dose ultraviolet-B radiation. Intradermally injected SP agonist altered neither the density nor the morphology of epidermal Langerhans cells, implying that SP agonist enhanced the generation of hapten-specific immunogenic signals from the dermis. It is proposed that SP is a natural "adjuvant" that promotes the induction of CH within normal skin. Although exogenous SP agonist can prevent impaired CH and tolerance after ultraviolet-B radiation, the susceptibility of native SP to local neuropeptidases renders the neuropeptide unable to prevent the deleterious effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niizeki
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sato K, Imai Y, Irimura T. Contribution of Dermal Macrophage Trafficking in the Sensitization Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated cellular trafficking of dermal macrophages that express a macrophage calcium-type lectin (MMGL) during the sensitization of delayed-type hypersensitivity. In skin, dermal macrophages, but not epidermal Langerhans cells, have been shown to express MMGL. Epicutaneous sensitization by FITC produced a transient increase in MMGL-positive cells in regional lymph nodes. To directly investigate whether the increase was due to cell migration from dermis, MMGL-positive cells purified from skin were intradermally injected into syngeneic mice after labeling with a fluorescent cell tracer, followed by epicutaneous sensitization over the site of injection. MMGL-positive cells containing the tracer were found in the regional lymph nodes after sensitization. The majority of the MMGL-positive cell migrants were negative for FITC fluorescence despite the presence of FITC-labeled cells that included Langerhans cell migrants. Because the extent of MMGL-positive cell migration was greatly influenced by the selection of vehicles to dissolve FITC, the efficiency of sensitization was compared using the ear swelling test. Migration of both Langerhans cells (FITC-labeled cells) and MMGL-positive cells contributed positively to the efficiency of sensitization. Interestingly, MMGL-positive cell migration was induced by vehicle alone, even in the absence of FITC. These results suggest that migration of dermal MMGL-positive cells accounts for the adjuvant effects of vehicles at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Sato
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Cavani A, Mei D, Guerra E, Corinti S, Giani M, Pirrotta L, Puddu P, Girolomoni G. Patients with allergic contact dermatitis to nickel and nonallergic individuals display different nickel-specific T cell responses. Evidence for the presence of effector CD8+ and regulatory CD4+ T cells. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:621-8. [PMID: 9764843 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms underlying the expression of allergic contact dermatitis, we compared the characteristics of nickel (Ni)-specific T cell responses in 10 patients with allergic contact dermatitis to Ni and in 10 healthy, nonallergic individuals. CD4+ T cells purified from peripheral blood of both allergic and nonallergic subjects proliferated similarly to NiSO4 in vitro, with the responses mostly restricted to CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. In contrast, Ni-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected only in allergic patients. Limiting dilution assay confirmed a high frequency of Ni-specific CD4+ T cells in both individual categories, and of Ni-specific CD8+ T cells in allergic patients, but not in nonallergic persons. Ni-specific CD4+ T cell clones prepared from nonallergic subjects displayed lower interferon-gamma and higher interleukin-10 production compared with T cell clones from allergic patients. The T cell skin-homing receptor, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, was expressed on the large majority of specific CD4+ clones from both the groups. Finally, Ni-specific CD8+ clones prepared from patients also expressed the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen receptor, and released high interferon-gamma and no interleukin-4. In aggregate, the results suggest that the presence of specific CD8+ T cells and a distinct pattern of cytokine release (e.g., an augmented production of interleukin-10) by CD4+ T cells can be important elements in determining whether a hapten induces allergy or a silent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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