1
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Aksoy O, Lind J, Sunder-Plaßmann V, Vallet S, Podar K. Bone marrow microenvironment- induced regulation of Bcl-2 family members in multiple myeloma (MM): Therapeutic implications. Cytokine 2023; 161:156062. [PMID: 36332463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Multiple Myeloma (MM) the finely tuned homeostasis of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is disrupted. Evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis) represents a hallmark of cancer. Besides genetic aberrations, the supportive and protective MM BM milieu, which is constituted by cytokines and growth factors, intercellular and cell: extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and exosomes, in particular, plays a key role in the abundance of pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family (i.e., Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL) in tumor cells. Moreover, microenvironmental cues have also an impact on stability- regulating post-translational modifications of anti-apoptotic proteins including de/phosphorylation, polyubiquitination; on their intracellular binding affinities, and localization. Advances of our molecular knowledge on the escape of cancer cells from apoptosis have informed the development of a new class of small molecules that mimic the action of BH3-only proteins. Indeed, approaches to directly target anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members are among today's most promising therapeutic strategies and BH3-mimetics (i.e., venetoclax) are currently revolutionizing not only the treatment of CLL and AML, but also hold great therapeutic promise in MM. Furthermore, approaches that activate apoptotic pathways indirectly via modification of the tumor microenvironment have already entered clinical practice. The present review article will summarize our up-to-date knowledge on molecular mechanisms by which the MM BM microenvironment, cytokines, and growth factors in particular, mediates tumor cell evasion from apoptosis. Moreover, it will discuss some of the most promising science- derived therapeutic strategies to overcome Bcl-2- mediated tumor cell survival in order to further improve MM patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Aksoy
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Judith Lind
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Vincent Sunder-Plaßmann
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Klaus Podar
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.
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2
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Burt P, Cornelis R, Geißler G, Hahne S, Radbruch A, Chang HD, Thurley K. Data-Driven Mathematical Model of Apoptosis Regulation in Memory Plasma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091547. [PMID: 35563853 PMCID: PMC9102437 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory plasma cells constitutively produce copious amounts of antibodies, imposing a critical risk factor for autoimmune disease. We previously found that plasma cell survival requires secreted factors such as APRIL and direct contact to stromal cells, which act in concert to activate NF-κB- and PI3K-dependent signaling pathways to prevent cell death. However, the regulatory properties of the underlying biochemical network are confounded by the complexity of potential interaction and cross-regulation pathways. Here, based on flow-cytometric quantification of key signaling proteins in the presence or absence of the survival signals APRIL and contact to the stromal cell line ST2, we generated a quantitative model of plasma cell survival. Our model emphasizes the non-redundant nature of the two plasma cell survival signals APRIL and stromal cell contact, and highlights a requirement for differential regulation of individual caspases. The modeling approach allowed us to unify distinct data sets and derive a consistent picture of the intertwined signaling and apoptosis pathways regulating plasma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Burt
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Gustav Geißler
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahne
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Cytometry, Technische Universität, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-D.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Kevin Thurley
- German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (P.B.); (R.C.); (G.G.); (S.H.); (A.R.)
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Biomathematics Division, Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-D.C.); (K.T.)
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3
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Al-Odat O, von Suskil M, Chitren R, Elbezanti W, Srivastava S, Budak-Alpddogan T, Jonnalagadda S, Aggarwal B, Pandey M. Mcl-1 Inhibition: Managing Malignancy in Multiple Myeloma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699629. [PMID: 34349655 PMCID: PMC8327170 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cells neoplasm. The overexpression of Bcl-2 family proteins, particularly myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MM. The overexpression of Mcl-1 is associated with drug resistance and overall poor prognosis of MM. Thus, inhibition of the Mcl-1 protein considered as a therapeutic strategy to kill the myeloma cells. Over the last decade, the development of selective Mcl-1 inhibitors has seen remarkable advancement. This review presents the critical role of Mcl-1 in the progression of MM, the most prominent BH3 mimetic and semi-BH3 mimetic that selectively inhibit Mcl-1, and could be used as single agent or combined with existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Odat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Max von Suskil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Robert Chitren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Weam Elbezanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.,Department of Hematology, Cooper Health University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Subash Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | | | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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4
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Berdeja JG, Laubach JP, Richter J, Stricker S, Spencer A, Richardson PG, Chari A. Panobinostat From Bench to Bedside: Rethinking the Treatment Paradigm for Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 21:752-765. [PMID: 34340951 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) presents a therapeutic challenge due to the development of drug resistance. Panobinostat is an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that affects multiple cellular pathways and has demonstrated the ability to resensitize refractory-multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies, as well as in patients with RRMM in clinical trials. Synergy of panobinostat with a number of different classes of antimyeloma drugs (proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies) has also been shown. Panobinostat is a promising HDACi for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, we present a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies of panobinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus G Berdeja
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN
| | - Jacob P Laubach
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Andrew Spencer
- Alfred Hospital - Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
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5
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Lernoux M, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Susceptibility of multiple myeloma to B-cell lymphoma 2 family inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114526. [PMID: 33741332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a biologically complex hematological disorder defined by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells producing excessive monoclonal immunoglobulin that interacts with components of the bone marrow microenvironment, resulting in the major clinical features of MM. Despite the development of numerous protocols to treat MM patients, this cancer remains currently incurable; due in part to the emergence of resistant clones, highlighting the unmet need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Accumulating evidence suggests that the survival of MM molecular subgroups depends on the expression profiles of specific subsets of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 family members. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the anti-myeloma activities of the potent BCL-2 family protein inhibitors, individually or in combination with conventional therapeutic options, and provides an overview of the strong rationale to clinically investigate such interventions for MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lernoux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Gao G, Lu J, Zhang Q, Ding Y. Inhibition of U87 Glioma Cell Growth by Baicalein Through Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Arrest. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.844.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Leng Y, Dai Y, Orlowski RZ, Grant S. Positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a therapeutic target in human multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59476-59491. [PMID: 28938651 PMCID: PMC5601747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the positive RNA Pol II regulator, P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor b), in maintenance of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and bortezomib (btz) resistance was investigated in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Mcl-1 was up-regulated in all MM lines tested, including bortezomib-resistant lines, human MM xenograft mouse models, and primary CD138+ MM cells. Mcl-1 over-expression significantly reduced bortezomib lethality, indicating a functional role for Mcl-1 in bortezomib resistance. MM cell lines, primary MM specimens, and murine xenografts exhibited constitutive P-TEFb activation, manifested by high CTD (carboxy-terminal domain) S2 phosphorylation, associated with a) P-TEFb subunit up-regulation i.e., CDK9 (42 and 55 kDa isoforms) and cyclin T1; and b) marked CDK9 (42 kDa) T186 phosphorylation. In marked contrast, normal hematopoietic cells failed to exhibit up-regulation of p-CTD, CDK9, cyclin T1, or Mcl-1. CDK9 or cyclin T1 shRNA knock-down dramatically inhibited CTD S2 phosphorylation and down-regulated Mcl-1. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas CDK9 knock-out triggered apoptosis in MM cells and dramatically diminished cell growth. Pan-CDK e.g., dinaciclib or alvocidib and selective CDK9 inhibitors (CDK9i) recapitulated the effects of genetic P-TEFb disruption. CDK9 shRNA or CDK9 inhibitors significantly potentiated the susceptibility of MM cells, including bortezomib-resistant cells, to proteasome inhibitors. Analogously, CDK9 or cyclin T1 knock-down or CDK9 inhibitors markedly increased BH3-mimetic lethality in bortezomib-resistant cells. Finally, pan-CDK inhibition reduced human drug-naïve or bortezomib-resistant CD138+ cells and restored bone marrow architecture in vivo. Collectively, these findings implicate constitutive P-TEFb activation in high Mcl-1 maintenance in MM, and validate targeting the P-TEFb complex to circumvent bortezomib-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yun Leng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Myeloma and Lymphoma, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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8
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Dexamethasone-induced cell death is restricted to specific molecular subgroups of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26922-34. [PMID: 26323097 PMCID: PMC4694963 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its cytotoxic effect in lymphoid cells, dexamethasone is widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). However, only a subset of myeloma patients responds to high-dose dexamethasone. Despite the undeniable anti-myeloma benefits of dexamethasone, significant adverse effects have been reported. We re-evaluate the anti-tumor effect of dexamethasone according to the molecular heterogeneity of MM. We demonstrated that the pro-death effect of dexamethasone is related to the genetic heterogeneity of MM because sensitive cell lines were restricted to MAF and MMSET signature subgroups, whereas all CCND1 cell lines (n = 10) were resistant to dexamethasone. We demonstrated that the glucocorticoid receptor expression was an important limiting factor for dexamethasone-induced cell death and we found a correlation between glucocorticoid receptor levels and the induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) under dexamethasone treatment. By silencing GILZ, we next demonstrated that GILZ is necessary for Dex induced apoptosis while triggering an imbalance between anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Finally, the heterogeneity of the dexamethasone response was further confirmed in vivo using myeloma xenograft models. Our findings suggested that the effect of dexamethasone should be re-evaluated within molecular subgroups of myeloma patients to improve its efficacy and reduce its adverse effects.
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9
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Hamouda MA, Jacquel A, Robert G, Puissant A, Richez V, Cassel R, Fenouille N, Roulland S, Gilleron J, Griessinger E, Dubois A, Bailly-Maitre B, Goncalves D, Mallavialle A, Colosetti P, Marchetti S, Amiot M, Gomez-Bougie P, Rochet N, Deckert M, Avet-Loiseau H, Hofman P, Karsenti JM, Jeandel PY, Blin-Wakkach C, Nadel B, Cluzeau T, Anderson KC, Fuzibet JG, Auberger P, Luciano F. BCL-B (BCL2L10) is overexpressed in patients suffering from multiple myeloma (MM) and drives an MM-like disease in transgenic mice. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1705-22. [PMID: 27455953 PMCID: PMC4995074 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciano et al. generate transgenic mice expressing the Bcl-B gene under the control of the VH promoter and Eµ enhancer and show that these mice recapitulate the characteristic features of human MM. Multiple myeloma (MM) evolves from a premalignant condition known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). However, the factors underlying the malignant transformation of plasmocytes in MM are not fully characterized. We report here that Eµ-directed expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-B protein in mice drives an MM phenotype that reproduces accurately the human disease. Indeed, with age, Eµ-bcl-b transgenic mice develop the characteristic features of human MM, including bone malignant plasma cell infiltration, a monoclonal immunoglobulin peak, immunoglobulin deposit in renal tubules, and highly characteristic bone lytic lesions. In addition, the tumors are serially transplantable in irradiated wild-type mice, underlying the tumoral origin of the disease. Eµ-bcl-b plasmocytes show increased expression of a panel of genes known to be dysregulated in human MM pathogenesis. Treatment of Eµ-bcl-b mice with drugs currently used to treat patients such as melphalan and VELCADE efficiently kills malignant plasmocytes in vivo. Finally, we find that Bcl-B is overexpressed in plasmocytes from MM patients but neither in MGUS patients nor in healthy individuals, suggesting that Bcl-B may drive MM. These findings suggest that Bcl-B could be an important factor in MM disease and pinpoint Eµ-bcl-b mice as a pertinent model to validate new therapies in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Amine Hamouda
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Valentine Richez
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Romeo Cassel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nina Fenouille
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- Team 7, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Griessinger
- Team 4, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Alix Dubois
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Beatrice Bailly-Maitre
- Team 8, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Diogo Goncalves
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Pascal Colosetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marchetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Rochet
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marcel Deckert
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Herve Avet-Loiseau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037, INSERM-Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS)-CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Michel Karsenti
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Jeandel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France CNRS UMR 7370, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Cluzeau
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jean-Gabriel Fuzibet
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Luciano
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
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10
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Punnoose EA, Leverson JD, Peale F, Boghaert ER, Belmont LD, Tan N, Young A, Mitten M, Ingalla E, Darbonne WC, Oleksijew A, Tapang P, Yue P, Oeh J, Lee L, Maiga S, Fairbrother WJ, Amiot M, Souers AJ, Sampath D. Expression Profile of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 Predicts Pharmacological Response to the BCL-2 Selective Antagonist Venetoclax in Multiple Myeloma Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1132-44. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Dong H, Carlton ME, Lerner A, Epstein PM. Effect of cAMP signaling on expression of glucocorticoid receptor, Bim and Bad in glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant leukemic and multiple myeloma cells. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:230. [PMID: 26528184 PMCID: PMC4602131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of cAMP signaling induces apoptosis in glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant CEM leukemic and MM.1 multiple myeloma cell lines, and this effect is enhanced by dexamethasone in both glucocorticoid-sensitive cell types and in glucocorticoid-resistant CEM cells. Expression of the mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR) promoters 1A3, 1B and 1C, expression of mRNA and protein for GR, and the BH3-only proapoptotic proteins, Bim and Bad, and the phosphorylation state of Bad were examined following stimulation of the cAMP and glucocorticoid signaling pathways. Expression levels of GR promoters were increased by cAMP and glucocorticoid signaling, but GR protein expression was little changed in CEM and decreased in MM.1 cells. Stimulation of these two signaling pathways induced Bim in CEM cells, induced Bad in MM.1 cells, and activated Bad, as indicated by its dephosphorylation on ser112, in both cell types. This study shows that leukemic and multiple myeloma cells, including those resistant to glucocorticoids, can be induced to undergo apoptosis by stimulating the cAMP signaling pathway, with enhancement by glucocorticoids, and the mechanism by which this occurs may be related to changes in Bim and Bad expression, and in all cases, to activation of Bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Michael E Carlton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Adam Lerner
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
| | - Paul M Epstein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
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12
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Immunotherapy with liposome-bound TRAIL overcomes partial protection to soluble TRAIL-induced apoptosis offered by down-regulation of Bim in leukemic cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17:657-67. [PMID: 25967100 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Apo2-Ligand/TRAIL secreted by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes plays an important role immunosurveillance controlling tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, the fact that Apo2L/TRAIL is capable of inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in normal cells makes this death ligand a promising anti-tumor agent. Previous data from our group demonstrated that Apo2L/TRAIL was physiologically released as transmembrane protein inserted in lipid vesicles, called exosomes. Recently, we demonstrated that artificial lipid nanoparticles coated with bioactive Apo2L/TRAIL (LUV-TRAIL) resembling the natural exosomes, greatly improved Apo2L/TRAIL activity and were able to induce apoptosis in hematological malignancies. In this study, we have deepened in the underlying mechanism of action of LUV-TRAIL in hematologic cells. METHODS/PATIENTS Cytotoxic ability of LUV-TRAIL was assessed on Jurkat cells either over-expressing the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 or down-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bim previously generated in our laboratory. We also tested LUV-TRAIL cytotoxic ability against primary human leukemic cells from T-cell ALL patient. RESULTS Silencing Bim but not Mcl-1 over-expression partially protects Jurkat cells from apoptosis induced by sTRAIL. LUV-TRAIL induced caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and killed Jurkat-Mcl1 and Jurkat-shBim more efficiently than sTRAIL independently of the mitochondrial pathway. On the other hand, LUV-TRAIL were clearly more cytotoxic against primary leukemic cells from a T-cell ALL patient than sTRAIL. CONCLUSION Tethering Apo2L/TRAIL to the surface of lipid nanoparticles greatly increases its bioactivity and could be of potential use in anti-tumor therapeutics.
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14
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ZHANG YANG, ZHU XIAOBO, HOU KUN, ZHAO JINCHUAN, HAN ZHIGUO, ZHANG XIAONA. Mcl-1 downregulation sensitizes glioma to bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2277-84. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Bieghs L, Lub S, Fostier K, Maes K, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Johnsen HE, Overgaard MT, Larsson O, Axelson M, Nyegaard M, Schots R, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The IGF-1 receptor inhibitor picropodophyllin potentiates the anti-myeloma activity of a BH3-mimetic. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11193-208. [PMID: 25008202 PMCID: PMC4294345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABT-analogous 737, 263 and 199 are BH3 mimetics showing potent anti-myeloma (MM) activity, but only on defined molecular subgroups of MM patients presenting a Bcl-2high/Mcl-1low profile. IGF-1 is a major survival factor in MM regulating the expression of Bcl-2 proteins and might therefore be a resistance factor to these ABT-analogous. We first show that IGF-1 protected human MM cell lines (HMCLs) against ABT-737. Concurrently, the IGF-1 receptor inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP) synergistically sensitized HMCL, primary human MM and murine 5T33MM cells to ABT-737 and ABT-199 by further decreasing cell viability and enhancing apoptosis. Knockdown of Bcl-2 by shRNA protected MM cells to ABT-737, while Mcl-1 shRNA sensitized the cells. PPP overcame the Bcl-2 dependency of ABT-737, but failed to completely overcome the protective effect of Mcl-1. In vivo, co-treatment of 5T33MM bearing mice significantly decreased tumor burden and prolonged overall survival both in a prophylactic and therapeutic setting. Interestingly, proteasome inhibitor resistant CD138- 5T33MM cells were more sensitive to ABT-737, whereas PPP alone targeted the CD138+ cells more effectively. After co-treatment, both subpopulations were targeted equally. Together, the combination of an IGF-1R inhibitor and an ABT-analogue displays synergistic anti-myeloma activity providing the rational for further (pre)clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Bieghs
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susanne Lub
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karel Fostier
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans E. Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Axelson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rik Schots
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Yokokura S, Yurimoto S, Matsuoka A, Imataki O, Dobashi H, Bandoh S, Matsunaga T. Calmodulin antagonists induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo in human multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:882. [PMID: 25424011 PMCID: PMC4258255 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy for which novel therapeutic agents are needed. Calmodulin (CaM) antagonists have been reported to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis in various tumor models. However, the antitumor effects of CaM antagonists on MM are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of naphthalenesulfonamide derivative selective CaM antagonists W-7 and W-13 on MM cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Methods The proliferative ability was analyzed by the WST-8 assay. Cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry after staining of cells with PI. Apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry after double-staining of cells by Annexin-V/PI. Molecular changes of cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by Western blot. Intracellular calcium levels and mitochondrial membrane potentials were determined using Fluo-4/AM dye and JC-10 dye, respectively. Moreover, we examined the in vivo anti-MM effects of CaM antagonists using a murine xenograft model of the human MM cell line. Results Treatment with W-7 and W-13 resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in various MM cell lines. W-7 and W-13 induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest by downregulating cyclins and upregulating p21cip1. In addition, W-7 and W-13 induced apoptosis via caspase activation; this occurred partly through the elevation of intracellular calcium levels and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and through inhibition of the STAT3 phosphorylation and subsequent downregulation of Mcl-1 protein. In tumor xenograft mouse models, tumor growth rates in CaM antagonist-treated groups were significantly reduced compared with those in the vehicle-treated groups. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that CaM antagonists induce cell cycle arrest, induce apoptosis via caspase activation, and inhibit tumor growth in a murine MM model and raise the possibility that inhibition of CaM might be a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yokokura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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17
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A Bim-targeting strategy overcomes adaptive bortezomib resistance in myeloma through a novel link between autophagy and apoptosis. Blood 2014; 124:2687-97. [PMID: 25208888 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-564534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bim contributes to resistance to various standard and novel agents. Here we demonstrate that Bim plays a functional role in bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and that targeting Bim by combining histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) with BH3 mimetics (eg, ABT-737) overcomes bortezomib resistance. BH3-only protein profiling revealed high Bim levels (Bim(hi)) in most MM cell lines and primary CD138(+) MM samples. Whereas short hairpin RNA Bim knockdown conferred bortezomib resistance in Bim(hi) cells, adaptive bortezomib-resistant cells displayed marked Bim downregulation. HDACI upregulated Bim and, when combined with ABT-737, which released Bim from Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, potently killed bortezomib-resistant cells. These events were correlated with Bim-associated autophagy attenuation, whereas Bim knockdown sharply increased autophagy in Bim(hi) cells. In Bim(low) cells, autophagy disruption by chloroquine (CQ) was required for HDACI/ABT-737 to induce Bim expression and lethality. CQ also further enhanced HDACI/ABT-737 lethality in bortezomib-resistant cells. Finally, HDACI failed to diminish autophagy or potentiate ABT-737-induced apoptosis in bim(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Thus, Bim deficiency represents a novel mechanism of adaptive bortezomib resistance in MM cells, and Bim-targeting strategies combining HDACIs (which upregulate Bim) and BH3 mimetics (which unleash Bim from antiapoptotic proteins) overcomes such resistance, in part by disabling cytoprotective autophagy.
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18
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Plasmacytomagenesis in Eμ-v-abl transgenic mice is accelerated when apoptosis is restrained. Blood 2014; 124:1099-109. [PMID: 24986687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice susceptible to plasma cell tumors provide a useful model for human multiple myeloma. We previously showed that mice expressing an Eµ-v-abl oncogene solely develop plasmacytomas. Here we show that loss of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim or, to a lesser extent, overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 or Mcl-1, significantly accelerated the development of plasmacytomas and increased their incidence. Disease was preceded by an increased abundance of plasma cells, presumably reflecting their enhanced survival capacity in vivo. Plasmacytomas of each genotype expressed high levels of v-abl and frequently harbored a rearranged c-myc gene, probably as a result of chromosome translocation. As in human multiple myelomas, elevated expression of cyclin D genes was common, and p53 deregulation was rare. Our results for plasmacytomas highlight the significance of antiapoptotic changes in multiple myeloma, which include elevated expression of Mcl-1 and, less frequently, Bcl-2, and suggest that closer attention to defects in Bim expression is warranted.
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19
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Abulwerdi F, Liao C, Mady AS, Gavin J, Shen C, Cierpicki T, Stuckey J, Showalter HDH, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. 3-Substituted-N-(4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)arylsulfonamides as a novel class of selective Mcl-1 inhibitors: structure-based design, synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4111-33. [PMID: 24749893 PMCID: PMC4033665 DOI: 10.1021/jm500010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is a validated and attractive target for cancer therapy. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in many cancers results in disease progression and resistance to current chemotherapeutics. Utilizing high-throughput screening, compound 1 was identified as a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor and its binding to the BH3 binding groove of Mcl-1 was confirmed by several different, but complementary, biochemical and biophysical assays. Guided by structure-based drug design and supported by NMR experiments, comprehensive SAR studies were undertaken and a potent and selective inhibitor, compound 21, was designed which binds to Mcl-1 with a Ki of 180 nM. Biological characterization of 21 showed that it disrupts the interaction of endogenous Mcl-1 and biotinylated Noxa-BH3 peptide, causes cell death through a Bak/Bax-dependent mechanism, and selectively sensitizes Eμ-myc lymphomas overexpressing Mcl-1, but not Eμ-myc lymphoma cells overexpressing Bcl-2. Treatment of human leukemic cell lines with compound 21 resulted in cell death through activation of caspase-3 and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardokht
A. Abulwerdi
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ahmed S. Mady
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jordan Gavin
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chenxi Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeanne
A. Stuckey
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - H. D. Hollis Showalter
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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CD28-mediated pro-survival signaling induces chemotherapeutic resistance in multiple myeloma. Blood 2014; 123:3770-9. [PMID: 24782505 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-530964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic resistance remains a significant hurdle in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and is significantly mediated by interactions between MM cells and stromal cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. Despite the importance of these interactions, the specific molecules and downstream signaling components involved remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that the prototypic T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28, which is also expressed on MM cells, is a key mediator of MM survival and apoptotic resistance. Crosslinking CD28 by agonistic antibodies or myeloid dendritic cells (DC; these express the CD28 ligands CD80/CD86) prevents apoptosis caused by chemotherapy or serum withdrawal. We now report that CD28 pro-survival signaling is dependent upon downstream activation of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt, inactivation of the transcription factor FoxO3a, and decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim. Conversely, blocking the CD28-CD80/CD86 interaction between MM cells and DC in vitro abrogates the DC's ability to protect MM cells against chemotherapy-induced death. Consistent with these observations, in vivo blockade of CD28-CD80/CD86 in the Vk*MYC murine myeloma model sensitizes MM cells to chemotherapy and significantly reduces tumor burden. Taken together, our findings suggest that CD28 is an important mediator of MM survival during stress and can be targeted to overcome chemotherapy resistance.
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21
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Jin Y, Ding K, Li H, Xue M, Shi X, Wang C, Pan J. Ponatinib efficiently kills imatinib-resistant chronic eosinophilic leukemia cells harboring gatekeeper mutant T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα: roles of Mcl-1 and β-catenin. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:17. [PMID: 24472312 PMCID: PMC3928078 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα in a subset of chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is a gatekeeper mutation that is resistant to many tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (e.g., imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib), similar to T315I Bcr-Abl. Therefore, novel TKIs effective against T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα are needed. Ponatinib (AP24534) is a novel orally bioavailable TKI against T315I Bcr-Abl, but it is not clear whether ponatinib is effective against T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ponatinib on T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα. METHODS Molecular docking analysis in silico was performed. The effects of ponatinib on PDGFRα signaling pathways, apoptosis and cell cycling were examined in EOL-1, BaF3 cells expressing either wild type (WT) or T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα. The in vivo antitumor activity of ponatinib was evaluated with xenografted BaF3-T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα cells in nude mice models. RESULTS Molecular docking analysis revealed that ponatinib could bind to the DFG (Asp-Phe-Gly)-out state of T674I PDGFRα. Ponatinib potently inhibited the phosphorylation of WT and T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα and their downstream signaling molecules (e.g., Stat3, Stat5). Ponatinib strikingly inhibited the growth of both WT and T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα-carrying CEL cells (IC50: 0.004-2.5 nM). It induced apoptosis in CEL cells with caspase-3-dependent cleavage of Mcl-1, and inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin to decrease its stability and pro-survival functions. In vivo, ponatinib abrogated the growth of xenografted BaF3-T674I FIP1L1-PDGFRα cells in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Ponatinib is a pan-FIP1L1-PDGFRα inhibitor, and clinical trials are warranted to investigate its efficacy in imatinib-resistant CEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingxuan Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Gomez-Bougie P, Amiot M. Apoptotic machinery diversity in multiple myeloma molecular subtypes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:467. [PMID: 24391642 PMCID: PMC3870331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma-cell (PC) malignancy that is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and prognosis. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently preceded development of MM. The presence of primary IgH translocations and the universal overexpression of cyclin D genes led to a molecular classification of MM patients into different disease subtypes. Since Bcl-2 family proteins determine cell fate, we analyzed a publicly available Affymetrix gene expression of 44 MGUS and 414 newly diagnosed MM patients to investigate (1) the global change of Bcl-2 family members in MM versus MGUS (2) whether the four major subtypes defined as hyperdiploid, CyclinD1, MAF, and MMSET, display specific apoptotic machineries. We showed that among the main anti-apoptotic members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1), Mcl-1 up-regulation discriminated MM from MGUS, in agreement with the prominent role of Mcl-1 in PC differentiation. Surprisingly, the expression of multi-domain pro-apoptotic Bak and Bax were increased during the progression of MGUS to MM. The combined profile of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 was sufficient to distinguish MM molecular groups. While specific pro-apoptotic members expression was observed for each MM subtypes, CyclinD1 subgroup, was identified as a particular entity characterized by a low expression of BH3-only (Puma, Bik, and Bad) and multi-domain pro-apoptotic members (Bax and Bak). Our analysis supports the notion that MM heterogeneity is extended to the differential expression of the Bcl-2 family content in each MM subgroup. The influence of Bcl-2 family profile in the survival of the different patient groups will be further discussed to establish the potential consequences for therapeutic interventions. Finally, the use of distinct pro-survival members in the different steps of immune responses to antigen raises also the question of whether the different Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic profile could reflect a different origin of MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gomez-Bougie
- INSERM, U892 , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; CNRS, UMR 6299 , Nantes , France ; Service d'Hématologie CHU de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Martine Amiot
- INSERM, U892 , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; CNRS, UMR 6299 , Nantes , France
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Granulysin induces apoptotic cell death and cleavage of the autophagy regulator Atg5 in human hematological tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:410-23. [PMID: 24269628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human CTL and NK cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work demonstrated that granulysin caused cell death through mitochondrial damage with release of AIF and cytochrome c. However, the molecular mechanism and, especially, the type of cell death were still not well defined. In the present work we show that granulysin-induced cell death is apoptotic, with phosphatidylserine exposure preceding membrane breakdown and with caspase 3 activation. Granulysin-induced apoptosis is prevented in Jurkat cells over-expressing Bcl-xL or Bcl2, or lacking Bak and Bax or Bim expression, suggesting a central role of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This apoptotic process is initiated by intracellular Ca(2+) increase and mitochondrial ROS generation. We have tested granulysin against other hematological tumor cells such as multiple myeloma cell lines, and cells from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients, finding different degrees of sensitivity. We also show that granulysin induces the cleavage of Atg5 in the complex formed with Atg12, without affecting autophagy. In conclusion, granulysin induces apoptosis on hematological tumor cells and on cells from B-CLL patients, opening the door to research on its use as a new anti-tumoral treatment.
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Prolonged early G(1) arrest by selective CDK4/CDK6 inhibition sensitizes myeloma cells to cytotoxic killing through cell cycle-coupled loss of IRF4. Blood 2012; 120:1095-106. [PMID: 22718837 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-415984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 by gain of function or loss of inhibition is common in human cancer, including multiple myeloma, but success in targeting CDK with broad-spectrum inhibitors has been modest. By selective and reversible inhibition of CDK4/CDK6, we have developed a strategy to both inhibit proliferation and enhance cytotoxic killing of cancer cells. We show that induction of prolonged early-G(1) arrest (pG1) by CDK4/CDK6 inhibition halts gene expression in early-G(1) and prevents expression of genes programmed for other cell-cycle phases. Removal of the early-G(1) block leads to S-phase synchronization (pG1-S) but fails to completely restore scheduled gene expression. Consequently, the IRF4 protein required to protect myeloma cells from apoptosis is markedly reduced in pG1 and further in pG1-S in response to cytotoxic agents, such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The coordinated loss of IRF4 and gain of Bim sensitize myeloma tumor cells to bortezomib-induced apoptosis in pG1 in the absence of Noxa and more profoundly in pG1-S in cooperation with Noxa in vitro. Induction of pG1 and pG1-S by reversible CDK4/CDK6 inhibition further augments tumor-specific bortezomib killing in myeloma xenografts. Reversible inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 in sequential combination therapy thus represents a novel mechanism-based cancer therapy.
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Chen S, Dai Y, Pei XY, Myers J, Wang L, Kramer LB, Garnett M, Schwartz DM, Su F, Simmons GL, Richey JD, Larsen DG, Dent P, Orlowski RZ, Grant S. CDK inhibitors upregulate BH3-only proteins to sensitize human myeloma cells to BH3 mimetic therapies. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4225-37. [PMID: 22693249 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BH3 mimetic drugs induce cell death by antagonizing the activity of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that function as transcriptional repressors downregulate the Bcl-2 family member Mcl-1 and increase the activity of selective BH3 mimetics that fail to target this protein. In this study, we determined whether CDK inhibitors potentiate the activity of pan-BH3 mimetics directly neutralizing Mcl-1. Specifically, we evaluated interactions between the prototypical pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol and the pan-BH3 mimetic obatoclax in multiple myeloma (MM) cells in which Mcl-1 is critical for survival. Coadministration of flavopiridol and obatoclax synergistically triggered apoptosis in both drug-naïve and drug-resistant MM cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that flavopiridol inhibited Mcl-1 transcription but increased transcription of Bim and its binding to Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. Obatoclax prevented Mcl-1 recovery and caused release of Bim from Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, accompanied by activation of Bax/Bak. Whether administered singly or in combination with obatoclax, flavopiridol also induced upregulation of multiple BH3-only proteins, including BimEL, BimL, Noxa, and Bik/NBK. Notably, short hairpin RNA knockdown of Bim or Noxa abrogated lethality triggered by the flavopiridol/obatoclax combination in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings show that CDK inhibition potentiates pan-BH3 mimetic activity through a cooperative mechanism involving upregulation of BH3-only proteins with coordinate downregulation of their antiapoptotic counterparts. These findings have immediate implications for the clinical trial design of BH3 mimetic-based therapies that are presently being studied intensively for the treatment of diverse hematopoietic malignancies, including lethal multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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The cap-translation inhibitor 4EGI-1 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma through Noxa induction. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1660-7. [PMID: 22510748 PMCID: PMC3349175 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are frequently addicted to deregulated oncogenic protein translation. The small molecule 4EG-I selectively inhibits the cap-dependent translation of mRNAs. As multiple myeloma is an incurable disease that requires new therapeutic approaches, we investigated whether targeting the translation initiation pathway could be a target for myeloma therapy. METHODS Six myeloma cell lines and primary samples were included in this study. The 4EGI-1 effect was determined by AnnexinV staining and caspase activation. Modification of Bcl-2 protein expression was analysed, and the significance of modified proteins was analysed by knock-down experiments. RESULTS We demonstrated that 4EGI-1 impaired the assembly of the eIF4F complex and decreased the expression of the eIF4E-regulated proteins in myeloma cells. Furthermore, we showed that 4EGI-1 induced strong apoptosis in five out of six myeloma cell lines. Apoptosis is associated with the activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. The 4EGI-1 triggered Noxa induction only in cells undergoing apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, Noxa silencing prevented myeloma cells from 4EGI-1-induced apoptosis. Finally, Noxa induction led to a disruption of Mcl-1/Bim complexes in parallel to the generation of 'Mcl-1-free Noxa'. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the use of inhibitors that directly target the translation initiation complex eIF4F could represent a potential novel approach for multiple myeloma therapy.
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Mayola E, Gallerne C, Esposti DD, Martel C, Pervaiz S, Larue L, Debuire B, Lemoine A, Brenner C, Lemaire C. Withaferin A induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1014-27. [PMID: 21710254 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A high resistance and heterogeneous response to conventional anti-cancer chemotherapies characterize malignant cutaneous melanoma, the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer. Withaferin A (WFA), a withanolide derived from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera, has been reported for its anti-tumorigenic activity against various cancer cells. For the first time, we examined the death-inducing potential of WFA against a panel of four different human melanoma cells and investigated the cellular mechanisms involved. WFA induces apoptotic cell death with various IC50 ranging from 1.8 to 6.1 μM. The susceptibility of cells toward WFA-induced apoptosis correlated with low Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2/Bim ratios. In all cell lines, the apoptotic process triggered by WFA involves the mitochondrial pathway and was associated with Bcl-2 down regulation, Bax mitochondrial translocation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) dissipation, caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation and DNA fragmentation. WFA cytotoxicity requires early reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione depletion, the inhibition of ROS increase by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine resulting in complete suppression of mitochondrial and nuclear events. Altogether, these results support the therapeutic potential of WFA against human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Mayola
- INSERM UMR S-769, Université Paris-Sud 11, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Colli ML, Nogueira TC, Allagnat F, Cunha DA, Gurzov EN, Cardozo AK, Roivainen M, Op de beeck A, Eizirik DL. Exposure to the viral by-product dsRNA or Coxsackievirus B5 triggers pancreatic beta cell apoptosis via a Bim / Mcl-1 imbalance. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002267. [PMID: 21977009 PMCID: PMC3178579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in recent decades is probably related to modifications in environmental factors. Viruses are among the putative environmental triggers of T1D. The mechanisms regulating beta cell responses to viruses, however, remain to be defined. We have presently clarified the signaling pathways leading to beta cell apoptosis following exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and a diabetogenic enterovirus (Coxsackievirus B5). Internal dsRNA induces cell death via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In this process, activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and protein synthesis inhibition, leading to downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1). Mcl-1 decrease results in the release of the BH3-only protein Bim, which activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Indeed, Bim knockdown prevented both dsRNA- and Coxsackievirus B5-induced beta cell death, and counteracted the proapoptotic effects of Mcl-1 silencing. These observations indicate that the balance between Mcl-1 and Bim is a key factor regulating beta cell survival during diabetogenic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Cunha
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra K. Cardozo
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Op de beeck
- Virology Unit, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Xiang Y, Remily-Wood ER, Oliveira V, Yarde D, He L, Cheng JQ, Mathews L, Boucher K, Cubitt C, Perez L, Gauthier TJ, Eschrich SA, Shain KH, Dalton WS, Hazlehurst L, Koomen JM. Monitoring a nuclear factor-κB signature of drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.005520. [PMID: 21846842 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.005520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of acquired drug resistance results from multiple compensatory mechanisms acting to prevent cell death. Simultaneous monitoring of proteins involved in drug resistance is a major challenge for both elucidation of the underlying biology and development of candidate biomarkers for assessment of personalized cancer therapy. Here, we have utilized an integrated analytical platform based on SDS-PAGE protein fractionation prior to liquid chromatography coupled to multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, a versatile and powerful tool for targeted quantification of proteins in complex matrices, to evaluate a well-characterized model system of melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). Quantitative assays were developed to measure protein expression related to signaling events and biological processes relevant to melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma, specifically: nuclear factor-κB subunits, members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis-regulating proteins, and Fanconi Anemia DNA repair components. SDS-PAGE protein fractionation prior to liquid chromatography coupled to multiple reaction monitoring methods were developed for quantification of these selected target proteins in amounts of material compatible with direct translation to clinical specimens (i.e. less than 50,000 cells). As proof of principle, both relative and absolute quantification were performed on cell line models of MM to compare protein expression before and after drug treatment in naïve cells and in drug resistant cells; these liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring results are compared with existing literature and Western blots. The initial stage of a systems biology platform for examining drug resistance in MM has been implemented in cell line models and has been translated to MM cells isolated from a patient. The ultimate application of this platform could assist in clinical decision-making for individualized patient treatment. Although these specific assays have been developed to monitor MM, these techniques are expected to have broad applicability in cancer and other types of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Touzeau C, Dousset C, Bodet L, Gomez-Bougie P, Bonnaud S, Moreau A, Moreau P, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Amiot M, Le Gouill S. ABT-737 induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma cells with a Bcl-2high/Mcl-1low profile and synergizes with other antineoplastic agents. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5973-81. [PMID: 21821698 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is considered to be incurable. ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic that targets Bcl-2, which is overexpressed in MCL and implicated in drug resistance. The present work investigated the antitumor effect of ABT-737. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Six MCL cell lines and primary MCL cells (n = 13) were used. Sensitivity to ABT-737 was assessed, and expression levels of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were analyzed. Finally, ABT-737 was combined with other cytotoxic agents to promote tailored therapy. RESULTS MINO and GRANTA-519 cell lines were highly sensitive to ABT-737 [the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) = 20 and 80 nmol/L, respectively], whereas other cell lines were resistant. In primary MCL cells, 46% of patients' samples were sensitive to ABT-737. The analysis of protein expression levels revealed that both sensitive cell lines and primary MCL cells could be characterized by a Bcl-2(high)/Mcl-1(low) profile, whereas resistant MCL cells contained high levels of Mcl-1. ABT-737 induced a rapid disruption of both Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2/Bik complexes. In addition, silencing of Mcl-1 by siRNA sensitized MCL cell lines to ABT-737. Similarly, flavopiridol, which induces Mcl-1 downregulation, in combination with ABT-737 led to a synergistic anti-MCL effect in ABT-737-resistant cell lines. This synergy was also observed when ABT-737 was combined with either bortezomib or cytarabine. CONCLUSIONS The present work shows that ABT-737 induces strong apoptosis in MCL cells expressing a Bcl-2(high)/Mcl-1(low) profile. In ABT-737-resistant MCL cells, downregulation of Mcl-1 overcomes Mcl-1-induced resistance and synergizes ABT-737 effects. Our results strongly support the use of ABT-737 according to the Bcl-2/Mcl-1 tumor cell profiles in the treatment of MCL.
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Cho SJ, Kim YJ, Surh YJ, Kim BM, Lee SK. Ibulocydine is a novel prodrug Cdk inhibitor that effectively induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19662-71. [PMID: 21478145 PMCID: PMC3103345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently associated with abnormalities in cell cycle regulation, leading to increased activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) due to the loss, or low expression of, Cdk inhibitors. In this study, we showed that ibulocydine (an isobutyrate prodrug of the specific Cdk inhibitor, BMK-Y101) is a candidate anti-cancer drug for HCC. Ibulocydine has high activity against Cdk7/cyclin H/Mat1 and Cdk9/cyclin T. Ibulocydine inhibited the growth of HCC cells more effectively than other Cdk inhibitors, including olomoucine and roscovitine, whereas ibulocydine as well as the other Cdk inhibitors and BMK-Y101 minimally influenced the growth of normal hepatocyte cells. Ibulocydine induced apoptosis in HCC cells, most likely by inhibiting Cdk7 and Cdk9. In vitro treatment of HCC cells with ibulocydine rapidly blocked phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, a process mediated by Cdk7/9. Anti-apoptotic gene products such as Mcl-1, survivin, and X-linked IAP (XIAP) are crucial for the survival of many cell types, including HCC. Following the inhibition of RNA polymerase II phosphorylation, ibulocydine caused rapid down-regulation of Mcl-1, survivin, and XIAP, thus inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, ibulocydine effectively induced apoptosis in HCC xenografts with no toxic side effects. These results suggest that ibulocydine is a strong candidate anti-cancer drug for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Cho
- From the Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, College of Pharmacy, The Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- From the Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, College of Pharmacy, The Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Lee
- From the Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, College of Pharmacy, The Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
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Zhang S, Farag SS. From cell biology to therapy: ENMD-2076 in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1015-28. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.584869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rubert J, Qian Z, Andraos R, Guthy DA, Radimerski T. Bim and Mcl-1 exert key roles in regulating JAK2V617F cell survival. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21247487 PMCID: PMC3037340 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The JAK2V617F mutation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms and is found in the vast majority of patients suffering from polycythemia vera and in roughly every second patient suffering from essential thrombocythemia or from primary myelofibrosis. The V617F mutation is thought to provide hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitors with a survival and proliferation advantage. It has previously been shown that activated JAK2 promotes cell survival by upregulating the anti-apoptotic STAT5 target gene Bcl-xL. In this study, we have investigated the role of additional apoptotic players, the pro-apoptotic protein Bim as well as the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Methods Pharmacological inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 signaling in JAK2V617F mutant SET-2 and MB-02 cells was used to study effects on signaling, cell proliferation and apoptosis by Western blot analysis, WST-1 proliferation assays and flow cytometry. Cells were transfected with siRNA oligos to deplete candidate pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to assess the impact of JAK2 inhibition on complexes of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Results Treatment of JAK2V617F mutant cell lines with a JAK2 inhibitor was found to trigger Bim activation. Furthermore, Bim depletion by RNAi suppressed JAK2 inhibitor-induced cell death. Bim activation following JAK2 inhibition led to enhanced sequestration of Mcl-1, besides Bcl-xL. Importantly, Mcl-1 depletion by RNAi was sufficient to compromise JAK2V617F mutant cell viability and sensitized the cells to JAK2 inhibition. Conclusions We conclude that Bim and Mcl-1 have key opposing roles in regulating JAK2V617F cell survival and propose that inactivation of aberrant JAK2 signaling leads to changes in Bim complexes that trigger cell death. Thus, further preclinical evaluation of combinations of JAK2 inhibitors with Bcl-2 family antagonists that also tackle Mcl-1, besides Bcl-xL, is warranted to assess the therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Rubert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Manohar SM, Rathos MJ, Sonawane V, Rao SV, Joshi KS. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P276-00 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by inhibition of Cdk9-T1 and RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. Leuk Res 2011; 35:821-30. [PMID: 21216463 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
P276-00 is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor especially potent for Cdk9-T1, Cdk4-D1 and Cdk1-B. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells. Treatment of MM cell lines with P276-00 resulted in apoptosis that correlated with transcription inhibition and a significant decline in Mcl-1 protein levels with the appearance of cleaved PARP in these cells. In vivo studies of P276-00 confirmed antitumor activity in RPMI-8226 xenograft. These results suggest that P276-00 causes multiple myeloma cell death by disrupting the balance between cell survival and apoptosis through inhibition of transcription and downregulation of Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Pharmacology, Piramal Life Sciences Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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35
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Maginn EN, Browne PV, Hayden P, Vandenberghe E, MacDonagh B, Evans P, Goodyer M, Tewari P, Campiani G, Butini S, Williams DC, Zisterer DM, Lawler MP, McElligott AM. PBOX-15, a novel microtubule targeting agent, induces apoptosis, upregulates death receptors, and potentiates TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:281-9. [PMID: 21179037 PMCID: PMC3031893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, much progress has been made in the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, a major limitation of existing chemotherapeutic drugs is the eventual emergence of resistance; hence, the development of novel agents with new mechanisms of action is pertinent. Here, we describe the activity and mechanism of action of pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-15 (PBOX-15), a novel microtubule-targeting agent, in multiple myeloma cells. Methods: The anti-myeloma activity of PBOX-15 was assessed using NCI-H929, KMS11, RPMI8226, and U266 cell lines, and primary myeloma cells. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, cytochrome c release, and mitochondrial inner membrane depolarisation were analysed by flow cytometry; gene expression analysis was carried out using TaqMan Low Density Arrays; and expression of caspase-8 and Bcl-2 family of proteins was assessed by western blot analysis. Results: Pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-15 induced apoptosis in ex vivo myeloma cells and in myeloma cell lines. Death receptor genes were upregulated in both NCI-H929 and U266 cell lines, which displayed the highest and lowest apoptotic responses, respectively, following treatment with PBOX-15. The largest increase was detected for the death receptor 5 (DR5) gene, and cotreatment of both cell lines with tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), the DR5 ligand, potentiated the apoptotic response. In NCI-H929 cells, PBOX-15-induced apoptosis was shown to be caspase-8 dependent, with independent activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. A caspase-8-dependent decrease in expression of BimEL preceded downregulation of other Bcl-2 proteins (Bid, Bcl-2, Mcl-1) in PBOX-15-treated NCI-H929 cells. Conclusion: PBOX-15 induces apoptosis and potentiates TRAIL-induced cell death in multiple myeloma cells. Thus, PBOX-15 represents a promising agent, with a distinct mechanism of action, for the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Maginn
- John Durkan Leukaemia Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Wang X, Sinn AL, Pollok K, Sandusky G, Zhang S, Chen L, Liang J, Crean CD, Suvannasankha A, Abonour R, Sidor C, Bray MR, Farag SS. Preclinical activity of a novel multiple tyrosine kinase and aurora kinase inhibitor, ENMD-2076, against multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:313-25. [PMID: 20560971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ENMD-2076 is a novel, orally-active molecule that has been shown to have significant activity against aurora and multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. We investigated the activity of ENMD-2076 against multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro and in vivo. ENMD-2076 showed significant cytotoxicity against MM cell lines and primary cells, with minimal cytotoxicity to haematopoietic progenitors. ENMD-2076 inhibited the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway and downregulated survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis as early as 6 h after treatment. With longer treatment (24-48 h), ENMD-2076 also inhibited aurora A and B kinases, and induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. In non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with H929 human plasmacytoma xenografts, oral treatment with ENMD-2076 (50, 100, 200 mg/kg per day) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of tumour growth. Immunohistochemical staining of excised tumours showed significant reduction in phospho-Histone 3 (pH3), Ki-67, and angiogenesis, and also a significant increase in cleaved caspase-3 at all dose levels compared to tumours from vehicle-treated mice. In addition, a significant reduction in p-FGFR3 was observed on Western blot. ENMD-2076 shows significant activity against MM cells in vitro and in vivo, and acts on several pathways important for myeloma cell growth and survival. These results provide preclinical rationale for clinical investigation of ENMD-2076 in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Nakaya A, Sagawa M, Muto A, Uchida H, Ikeda Y, Kizaki M. The gold compound auranofin induces apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cells through both down-regulation of STAT3 and inhibition of NF-κB activity. Leuk Res 2010; 35:243-9. [PMID: 20542334 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of NF-κB and STAT3 plays an important role in the cellular proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells. We first found that auranofin (AF), a coordinated gold compound, induced a significant level of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and subsequent apoptosis of myeloma cells. Further, AF inhibited constitutive and IL-6-induced activation of JAK2 and phosphorylation of STAT3 followed by the decreased expression of Mcl-1. AF down-regulated the activation of NF-κB, and the combination of AF and a specific NF-κB inhibitor resulted in a marked decrease of Mcl-1 expression. These results suggest that AF inhibits both IL-6 induced-JAK/STAT pathway and NF-κB activation in myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nakaya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Sun Z, Cheng Z, Taylor CA, McConkey BJ, Thompson JE. Apoptosis induction by eIF5A1 involves activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:798-809. [PMID: 20232312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A1 (eIF5A1) in apoptosis was examined using HT-29 and HeLa S3 cells. eIF5A is the only known protein to contain the unusual amino acid, hypusine, and eIF5A1 is one of two human eIF5A family members. Two observations indicated that eIF5A1 is involved in apoptosis. First, siRNA-mediated suppression of eIF5A1 resulted in inhibition of apoptosis induced by various apoptotic stimuli, and second, adenovirus-mediated over-expression of eIF5A1 strongly induced apoptotic cell death. A mutant of eIF5A1 incapable of being hypusinated also induced apoptosis when over-expressed indicating that unhypusinated eIF5A1 is the pro-apoptotic form of the protein. Over-expression of eIF5A1 or of the mutant resulted in loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, translocation of Bax to the mitochondria, release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, up-regulation of p53, and up-regulation of Bim, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein. In addition, Bim(L) and Bim(S), the pro-apoptotic alternative spliced forms of Bim, were induced in response to over-expression of eIF5A1. Thus eIF5A1 appears to induce apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Proteomic analyses indicated that, of 1,899 proteins detected, 131 showed significant changes in expression (P or=1.5) within 72 h of eIF5A1 up-regulation. Among these are proteins involved in translation and protein folding, transcription factors, proteins mediating proteolysis, and a variety of proteins known to be directly involved in apoptosis. These observations collectively indicate that unhypusinated eIF5A1 plays a central role in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Karnak D, Xu L. Chemosensitization of prostate cancer by modulating Bcl-2 family proteins. Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11:699-707. [PMID: 20298153 DOI: 10.2174/138945010791170888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in oncology is the development of chemoresistance. This often occurs as cancer progresses and malignant cells acquire mechanisms to resist insults that would normally induce apoptosis. The onset of androgen independence in advanced prostate cancer is a prime example of this phenomenon. Overexpression of the pro-survival/anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 are hallmarks of this transition. Here we outline the evolution of therapeutics designed to either limit the source or disrupt the interactions of these pro-survival proteins. By either lessening the stoichiometric abundance of Bcl-2/xL/Mcl-1 in reference to their pro-apoptotic foils or freeing these pro-apoptotic proteins from their grip, these treatments aim to sensitize cells to chemotherapy by priming cells for death. DNA anti-sense and RNA interference have been effectively employed to decrease Bcl-2 family mRNA and protein levels in cell culture models of advanced prostate cancer. However, clinical studies are lagging due to in vivo delivery challenges. The burgeoning field of nanoparticle delivery holds great promise in helping to overcome the challenge of administering highly labile nucleic acid based therapeutics. On another front, small molecule inhibitors that block the hetero-dimerization of pro-survival with pro-apoptotic proteins have significant clinical advantages and have advanced farther in clinical trials with promising early results. Most recently, a peptide has been discovered that can convert Bcl-2 from a pro-survival to a pro-apoptotic protein. The future may lie in targeting multiple steps of the apoptotic pathway, including Bcl-2/xL/Mcl-1, to debilitate the survival capacity of cancer cells and make chemotherapy induced death their only option.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karnak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5637, USA
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40
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De Bruyne E, Bos TJ, Schuit F, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Thorrez L, Atadja P, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Vanderkerken K. IGF-1 suppresses Bim expression in multiple myeloma via epigenetic and posttranslational mechanisms. Blood 2010; 115:2430-40. [PMID: 20086250 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important growth and survival factor in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we demonstrate that IGF-1 induces significant down-regulation of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim in MM cells. Reduced Bim levels by RNA interference (RNAi) protected cells from drug-induced cell death. The IGF-1-mediated down-regulation of Bim was the result of (1) reduced transcription by activation of the Akt pathway and inactivation of the transcription factor FoxO3a, (2) increased proteasome-mediated degradation of the Bim extra-long protein by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and (3) epigenetic regulation of both the Bim and the FoxO3a promoter. Treatment of cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 resulted in a clear up-regulation in the expression of Bim. Furthermore, the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine (decitabine) significantly increased the effects of LBH589. On IGF-1 treatment, the Bim promoter region was found to be unmethylated, whereas chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the IGF-1-treated cells showed both a reduced histone H3 tail Lys9 (H3K9) acetylation and an increased H3K9 dimethylation, which contributed actively to its silencing. These data identify a new mechanism in the IGF-1-dependent survival of MM cells and emphasize the need for IGF-1-targeted drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Ménoret E, Gomez-Bougie P, Surget S, Trichet V, Oliver L, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Amiot M. Mcl-1(128-350) fragment induces apoptosis through direct interaction with Bax. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:487-92. [PMID: 19968986 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mcl-1 full-length (Mcl-1(1-350)), a tightly regulated protein, plays an important role in protecting cells against apoptosis. Cleavage of Mcl-1 at Asp127 by caspase (Mcl-1(C1)) contributes to the regulation of Mcl-1 expression, but its pro-apoptotic function remains controversial. Here, we reported that Mcl-1(128-350) expression induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. We demonstrated that Mcl-1(128-350) but not Mcl-1(1-350) interacts with Bax. This interaction required an intact BH3 Mcl-1(128-350) domain and leads to Bax activation and translocation to mitochondria. The silencing of Bax, but not of Bak, prevented Mcl-1(128-350) induced apoptosis. In conclusion, Mcl-1(128-350) exerts a pro-apoptotic function governed by its capacity to interact with Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ménoret
- INSERM, UMR892, CRCNA, Institut de Recherche thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes Cedex1, France
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42
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López-Royuela N, Balsas P, Galán-Malo P, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Bim is the key mediator of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and of its potentiation by rapamycin in human myeloma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:311-22. [PMID: 19914305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used in anti-myeloma therapy and their action is potentiated by rapamycin, a mTOR inhibitor. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly characterized. We show here that dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis in MM.1S and OPM-2 cells is characterized by Bax and Bak conformational changes, DeltaPsi(m) loss, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Rapamycin, which had minimal cytotoxic effect by itself, strongly potentiated Dex-induced apoptosis. Apoptotic gene expression profiling showed an increase in mRNA levels of Bim in MM.1S cells after Dex treatment and further increases in both cell lines when co-treated with rapamycin. Western blot analysis revealed a moderate increase in Bim protein levels in both MM.1S and OPM-2 cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that most Bim was complexed to Mcl-1 in untreated cells. Upon treatment with Dex, and specially Dex plus rapamycin, Bim-Mcl-1 complex was disrupted and Bim was found associated to a CHAPS-insoluble fraction. Overexpression of Mcl-1 stabilized Bim-Mcl-1 complexes upon treatment with Dex or Dex+rapamycin and fully prevented apoptosis. Gene silencing of Bim inhibited for the most part Dex-induced apoptosis and, to a large extent, apoptosis induced by Dex plus rapamycin. These results, taken together, indicate that Bim protein is the key mediator of apoptosis induced by Dex and also responsible for the potentiating effect of rapamycin, providing molecular criteria for the use of glucocorticoids combined with mTOR inhibitors in myeloma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria López-Royuela
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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43
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Chiron D, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Amiot M, Bataille R, Jego G. TLR3 ligand induces NF-{kappa}B activation and various fates of multiple myeloma cells depending on IFN-{alpha} production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4471-8. [PMID: 19299748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells express TLR. It has been shown that TLR ligands induce the proliferation, survival, and immune surveillance escape of MM cells through MyD88-TLR pathways. Deciphering TLR function in MM cells will help in understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell growth. In this study, we examined the response of MM cells to the MyD88-independent/TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-beta-dependent TLR3. Deregulation of NF-kappaB pathway is a feature of MM cells, and we wondered whether TLR3 activation could mobilize the NF-kappaB pathway. We show that five of seven human myeloma cell line (HMCL) cells expressed TLR3. In the presence of the synthetic TLR3 ligand (poly(I:C)), activation of NF-kappaB pathway was observed in three of five selected TLR3(+) HMCL, NCI-H929, RPMI 8226, and KMM1. In agreement with NF-kappaB activation, only these three HMCL responded to poly(I:C), although by either an increase (KMM1) or a decrease (NCI-H929, RPMI 8226) of proliferation. We show that KMM1 increase of proliferation was prevented by NF-kappaB inhibitor. In contrast, inhibition of proliferation in both NCI-H929 and RPMI 8226 was due to IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis. We next demonstrated that p38 MAPK pathway controlled both IFN-alpha secretion and IFN-alpha-mediated cell death. Moreover, cell death also involved activation of ERK1/2 pathway. In conclusion, our results show that TLR3 ligand induces NF-kappaB pathway activation in MM and support a switching function of type I IFN in the functional outcome of TLR3 triggering in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chiron
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes, France
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44
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Romagnoli M, Séveno C, Wuillème-Toumi S, Amiot M, Bataille R, Minvielle S, Barillé-Nion S. The imbalance between Survivin and Bim mediates tumour growth and correlates with poor survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:180-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Jourdan M, Reme T, Goldschmidt H, Fiol G, Pantesco V, De Vos J, Rossi JF, Hose D, Klein B. Gene expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins in malignant and normal plasma cells. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:45-58. [PMID: 19183193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The survival of malignant plasma cells is a key event in disease occurrence, progression and chemoresistance. Using DNA-microarrays, we analysed the expression of genes coding for 58 proteins linked with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, caspases and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. We considered six memory B cells (MBC), seven plasmablasts (PPC), seven bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) and purified myeloma cells (MMC) from 92 newly-diagnosed patients. Forty out of the 58 probe sets enabled the separation of MBC, PPC and BMPC in three homogeneous clusters, characterized by an elevated expression of TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10B, BCL2A1, CASP8, CASP9 and PMAIP1 genes for MBC, of FAS, FADD, AIFM1, BIRC5, CASP CASP2, CASP3 and CASP6 for PPC and of BCL2, MCL1, BID, BIRC3 and XIAP for BMPC. Thus, B cell differentiation was associated with change of expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. Regarding MMC, the major finding was TRAIL upregulation that might be counteracted by a high osteoprotegerin production by BM stromal cells and a decreased expression of FAS, APAF1 and BNIP3 compared to normal BMPC. Out of the 40 genes, CASP2 and BIRC5 expression in MMC had adverse prognosis in two independent series of previously-untreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Jourdan
- INSERM U847, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2006, Montpellier, France
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46
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Kuroda J, Taniwaki M. Involvement of BH3-only proteins in hematologic malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 71:89-101. [PMID: 19022681 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins determines life or death for cancer cells. In this context, BH3-only proteins (such as Bim), members of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, act as key initiators of apoptosis by activating Bax and Bak through liberating them from anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members. This then leads to the disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane, and eventually promotes proteolytic cascades for cellular dismantling. We here review the growing evidence of how BH3-only proteins are involved in tumorigenesis and in apoptosis induced by anti-cancer agents in hematologic malignancies. A deeper understanding of the roles of BH3-only proteins in cell death regulation may yield crucial insights for the further development of more effective and rational cell killing strategies. Recent developments in the direct therapeutic manipulation of Bcl-2 proteins using BH3-mimicking agents, such as ABT-737 or GX15-070, for hematologic malignancies are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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47
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Pietrzak M, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. p53-dependent repression of the human MCL-1 gene encoding an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family: the role of Sp1 and of basic transcription factor binding sites in the MCL-1 promoter. Biol Chem 2008; 389:383-93. [PMID: 18208354 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
p53 regulates transcription of one anti-apoptotic and four pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family, but nothing is known about the regulation of MCL-1, another antiapoptotic member of this family, by p53. Confocal microscopic analysis of COS1, HEK 293 and HeLa cells transfected with a p53 expression plasmid demonstrated a decrease in the signal of endogenous MCL-1 compared to neighboring non-transfected cells. Transcription regulation assays showed that the 1826 bp human MCL-1 promoter fragment was repressed up to 30-fold by wild-type p53 in a dose-dependent manner. As shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Sp1 binding to the sites located in the -295 to +16 MCL-1 promoter fragment was decreased in the presence of p53. However, the MCL-1 promoter devoid of all Sp1 binding sites was still repressed by p53, albeit 2-fold weaker than the wild-type promoter. Overexpression of Sp1 reduced p53-dependent repression of the MCL-1 promoter only up to 2.2-fold. Transcription regulation assays performed with MCL-1 promoter deletion mutants showed that most of the p53 inhibitory effect was mediated by the -41 to +16 bp promoter fragment containing binding sites only for TATA-binding protein and other basal transcription factors. We propose a novel, promoter-based mechanism by which p53 down-regulates expression of the antiapoptotic MCL-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Targeting MEK/MAPK signal transduction module potentiates ATO-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through multiple signaling pathways. Blood 2008; 112:2450-62. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We demonstrate that blockade of the MEK/ERK signaling module, using the small-molecule inhibitors PD184352 or PD325901 (PD), strikingly enhances arsenic trioxide (ATO)–induced cytotoxicity in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) and in tumor cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) through a caspase-dependent mechanism. In HMCLs retaining a functional p53, PD treatment greatly enhances the ATO-induced p53 accumulation and p73, a p53 paralog, cooperates with p53 in caspase activation and apoptosis induction. In HMCLs carrying a nonfunctional p53, cotreatment with PD strikingly elevates the (DR4 + DR5)/(DcR1 + DcR2) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors ratio and caspase-8 activation of ATO-treated cells. In MM cells, irrespective of p53 status, the combined PD/ATO treatment increases the level of the proapoptotic protein Bim (PD-mediated) and decreases antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 (ATO-mediated). Moreover, Bim physically interacts with both DR4 and DR5 TRAIL receptors in PD/ATO-treated cells, and loss of Bim interferes with the activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in response to PD/ATO. Finally, PD/ATO treatment induces tumor regression, prolongs survival, and is well tolerated in vivo in a human plasmacytoma xenograft model. These preclinical studies provide the framework for testing PD325901 and ATO combination therapy in clinical trials aimed to improve patient outcome in MM.
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49
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Eberle J, Hossini AM. Expression and function of bcl-2 proteins in melanoma. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:409-19. [PMID: 19506730 PMCID: PMC2691663 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785699571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 proteins are critical regulators of mitochondrial membrane permeability and the proapoptotic mitochondrial pathway. The family encloses pro- and antiapoptotic factors encoded by over 15 genes, which frequently give rise to alternative splice products. Antiapoptotic, proapoptotic multidomain, and proapoptotic BH3-only proteins are characterized by the presence of at least one of four Bcl-2 homology domains (BH 1-4). Their expression and activities are controlled by survival pathways as MAP kinases and protein kinase B/Akt, which are in touch with a number of transcription factors. In melanoma, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathways and Bcl-2 proteins appear of particular importance for apoptosis resistance, which has been addressed in clinical trials applying antisense-Bcl-2. Overexpression or induction of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins as well as the use of small molecule mimetics for the proapoptotic BH3 domain are further promising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eberle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Dexamethasone-induced apoptotic mechanisms in myeloma cells investigated by analysis of mutant glucocorticoid receptors. Blood 2008; 112:1338-45. [PMID: 18515658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-124156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells is unknown, although previous work suggests that either transactivation through the glucocorticoid response element (GRE), transrepression of NF-kappaB, phosphorylation of RAFTK (Pyk2), or induction of Bim is important. We studied this question by ectopically expressing mutant glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the dexamethasone-resistant MM1R cell line, which has lost its GR. Lentiviral-mediated reexpression of wild-type GR restored GRE transactivation, NF-kappaB transrepression, RAFTK phosphorylation, Bim induction, and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. We then reexpressed 4 GR mutants, each possessing various molecular effects, into MM1R cells. A perfect correlation was present between induction of GRE transactivation and induction of apoptosis. In contrast, NF-kappaB transrepression and RAFTK phosphorylation were not required for apoptosis. Although not required for dexamethasone-mediated apoptosis, NF-kappaB inhibition achieved by gene transfer suggested that NF-kappaB transrepression could contribute to apoptosis in dexamethasone-treated cells. Dexamethasone treatment of MM1R cells expressing a mutant incapable of inducing apoptosis successfully resulted in RAFTK (Pyk2) phosphorylation and Bim induction indicating the latter GR-mediated events were not sufficient to induce apoptosis. MM1R cells expressing mutant GRs will be helpful in defining the molecular mechanisms of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of myeloma cells.
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