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Yimam M, Horm T, Cai S, O’Neal A, Jiao P, Hong M, Tea T, Jia Q. Discovery of Transfer Factors in Plant-Derived Proteins and an In Vitro Assessment of Their Immunological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7961. [PMID: 38138452 PMCID: PMC10745390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to pathogens leads to evolutionary selection of adaptive traits. Many species transfer immunological memory to their offspring to counteract future immune challenges. Transfer factors such as those found in the colostrum are among the many mechanisms where transfer of immunologic memory from one generation to the next can be achieved for an enhanced immune response. Here, a library of 100 plants with high protein contents was screened to find plant-based proteins that behave like a transfer factor moiety to boost human immunity. Aqueous extracts from candidate plants were tested in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytotoxicity assay using human cancerous lymphoblast cells-with K562 cells as a target and natural killer cells as an effector. Plant extracts that caused PBMCs to exhibit enhanced killing beyond the capability of the colostrum-based transfer factor were considered hits. Primary screening yielded an 11% hit rate. The protein contents of these hits were tested via a Bradford assay and Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE, where three extracts were confirmed to have high protein contents. Plants with high protein contents underwent C18 column fractionation using methanol gradients followed by membrane ultrafiltration to isolate protein fractions with molecular weights of <3 kDa, 3-30 kDa, and >30 kDa. It was found that the 3-30 kDa and >30 kDa fractions had high activity in the PBMC cytotoxicity assay. The 3-30 kDa ultrafiltrates from the top two hits, seeds from Raphanus sativus and Brassica juncea, were then selected for protein identification by mass spectrometry. The majority of the proteins in the fractions were found to be seed storage proteins, with a low abundance of proteins involved in plant defense and stress response. These findings suggest that Raphanus sativus or Brassica juncea extracts could be considered for further characterization and immune functional exploration with a possibility of supplemental use to bolster recipients' immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Yimam
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
| | - Teresa Horm
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, 12180 Park Ave. S, Tacoma, WA 98447, USA
| | - Shengxin Cai
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
| | | | - Ping Jiao
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
| | - Mei Hong
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
| | - Thida Tea
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen Inc., 2121 South State Street, Suite #400, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA; (S.C.); (P.J.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (Q.J.)
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Motais B, Charvátová S, Walek Z, Hájek R, Bagó JR. NK92 Expressing Anti-BCMA CAR and Secreted TRAIL for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: Preliminary In Vitro Assessment. Cells 2023; 12:2748. [PMID: 38067177 PMCID: PMC10706019 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) has witnessed improved patient outcomes through advancements in therapeutic approaches. Notably, allogeneic stem cell transplantation, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies have contributed to enhanced quality of life. Recently, a promising avenue has emerged with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed widely on MM cells. To mitigate risks associated with allogenic T cells, we investigated the potential of BCMA CAR expression in natural killer cells (NKs), known for potent cytotoxicity and minimal side effects. Using the NK-92 cell line, we co-expressed BCMA CAR and soluble tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) employing the piggyBac transposon system. Engineered NK cells (CAR-NK-92-TRAIL) demonstrated robust cytotoxicity against a panel of MM cell lines and primary patient samples, outperforming unmodified NK-92 cells with a mean difference in viability of 45.1% (±26.1%, depending on the target cell line). Combination therapy was explored with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZ) and γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), leading to a significant synergistic effect in combination with CAR-NK-92-TRAIL cells. This synergy was evident in cytotoxicity assays where a notable decrease in MM cell viability was observed in combinatorial therapy compared to single treatment. In summary, our study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of the CAR-NK-92-TRAIL cells for the treatment of MM. The synergistic impact of combining these engineered NK cells with BZ and GSI supports further development of allogeneic CAR-based products for effective MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Motais
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Charvátová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juli R. Bagó
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Asadzadeh R, Nafar M, Ahmadpoor P, Samavat S, Nikoueinejad H, Hosseinzadeh M, Mamizadeh N, Hatami S, Amirzargar A. Investigating the relationship between the number and activity of natural killer cells with increased cytomegalovirus and CMV disease after kidney transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2023; 80:101887. [PMID: 37451646 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections caused by the cytomegalovirus are one of the most common problems in patients after kidney transplant. We examined the association of the relationship between the number and activity of natural killer cells with increased cytomegalovirus and its related disease after kidney transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this analytical study, 58 new transplant patients in the Labbafinejad Hospital, who did not have any evidence of CMV infection, were evaluated based on the number and percentage of CD56+/16+, CD56+/16-, and CD69+ Natural Killer (NK) cells. RESULTS The results of this study showed that CD16+ and CD56+ cells in the group of CMV Ag-positive patients are less than negative patients (p = 0.003) and the difference between the two groups are significant (p = 0.01). However, CD69+ cells did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.1). Moreover, the absolute number of CD16+ and CD56+ cells declined significantly after infection with CMV unlike the CMV Ag - group(p = 0.003). DISCUSSION These results indicate that kidney transplant patients suffering from CMV infection after transplantation have a significantly reduced total number of NK cells. On the other hand, a slight decrease in the number of NK subgroups was observed with an increase in the peak serum levels of cyclosporine. As a consequence of these findings, it can be assumed that more dosage and a higher level of the drug will result in more severe immunosuppression and, consequently, increased susceptibility to CMV infections. Thus, taking the right dose of the drug would prevent viral infections and immune system from over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Asadzadeh
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nafar
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pedram Ahmadpoor
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shiva Samavat
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Morteza Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Nahid Mamizadeh
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeideh Hatami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Venglar O, Bago JR, Motais B, Hajek R, Jelinek T. Natural Killer Cells in the Malignant Niche of Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816499. [PMID: 35087536 PMCID: PMC8787055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a subset of CD3- CD7+ CD56+/dim lymphocytes with cytotoxic and suppressor activity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells. The overall potential of NK cells has brought them to the spotlight of targeted immunotherapy in solid and hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Nonetheless, NK cells are subjected to a variety of cancer defense mechanisms, leading to impaired maturation, chemotaxis, target recognition, and killing. This review aims to summarize the available and most current knowledge about cancer-related impairment of NK cell function occurring in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Venglar
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Hematooncology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Julio Rodriguez Bago
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Hematooncology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Benjamin Motais
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Roman Hajek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Hematooncology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.,Hematooncology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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5
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Fuchs S, Scheffschick A, Gunnarsson I, Brauner H. Natural Killer Cells in Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis - A Review of the Literature. Front Immunol 2022; 12:796640. [PMID: 35116030 PMCID: PMC8805084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)- associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of small- and medium-sized vessels. The three main types of AAV are granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). A growing number of studies focus on natural killer (NK) cells in AAV. NK cells are innate lymphoid cells with important roles in anti-viral and anti-tumor defense, but their roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity is less well established. In this review, we will present a summary of what is known about the number, phenotype and function of NK cells in patients with AAV. We review the literature on NK cells in the circulation of AAV patients, studies on tissue resident NK cells and how the treatment affects NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fuchs
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Scheffschick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Brauner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermato-Venereology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Kalousková B, Skořepa O, Cmunt D, Abreu C, Krejčová K, Bláha J, Sieglová I, Král V, Fábry M, Pola R, Pechar M, Vaněk O. Tumor Marker B7-H6 Bound to the Coiled Coil Peptide-Polymer Conjugate Enables Targeted Therapy by Activating Human Natural Killer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111597. [PMID: 34829829 PMCID: PMC8615638 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy is a promising tool for restoring immune surveillance and eradicating cancer cells. Hydrophilic polymers modified with coiled coil peptide tags can be used as universal carriers designed for cell-specific delivery of such biologically active proteins. Here, we describe the preparation of pHPMA-based copolymer conjugated with immunologically active protein B7-H6 via complementary coiled coil VAALEKE (peptide E) and VAALKEK (peptide K) sequences. Receptor B7-H6 was described as a binding partner of NKp30, and its expression has been proven for various tumor cell lines. The binding of B7-H6 to NKp30 activates NK cells and results in Fas ligand or granzyme-mediated apoptosis of target tumor cells. In this work, we optimized the expression of coiled coil tagged B7-H6, its ability to bind activating receptor NKp30 has been confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the binding stoichiometry of prepared chimeric biopolymer has been characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation. Furthermore, this coiled coil B7-H6-loaded polymer conjugate activates NK cells in vitro and, in combination with coiled coil scFv, enables their targeting towards a model tumor cell line. Prepared chimeric biopolymer represents a promising precursor for targeted cancer immunotherapy by activating the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kalousková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Ondřej Skořepa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Denis Cmunt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Celeste Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Kateřina Krejčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Bláha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Irena Sieglová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Merkt W, Salzer U, Thiel J, Jandova I, Bergner R, Venhoff AC, Venhoff N. Blood CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ natural killer cell distributions are heterogeneous in healthy adults and suppressed by azathioprine in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:26. [PMID: 33840389 PMCID: PMC8040212 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to induce targeted cell death in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Still, basic blood NK cell parameters are poorly defined. The aims of this study were 1) to establish reference values of NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults; 2) to describe these parameters in the prototype autoimmune disease group ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV); and 3) to investigate whether NK cell counts and percentages may be used as activity biomarkers in the care of AAV patients, as suggested by a preceding study. Methods CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages were determined in 120 healthy adults. Lymphocyte subset and clinical data from two German vasculitis centers were analyzed retrospectively (in total 407 measurements, including 201/49/157 measurements from 64/16/39 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), respectively). Results CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults were highly variable, not Gaussian distributed and independent of age and sex. NK cell percentages ranged from 1.9 to 37.9% of lymphocytes, and were significantly more dispersed in AAV (0.3 to 57.6%), while the median percentage was not different between AAV and healthy donors. In contrast, median NK cell counts were significantly lower in AAV compared to healthy donors. Sub-group analyses revealed that NK cell counts were low independent of AAV entity and disease activity. Azathioprine therapy was associated with significantly lower NK cell counts and percentages compared to non-azathioprine therapies. In 13.6% of azathioprine-treated patients, percentages were </= 1% which may be interpreted as temporary NK cell deficiency. NK cell counts and percentages could not separate active from inactive AAV. Conclusions NK cell counts and percentages in blood are heterogeneous and can presently not be recommended as biomarker in clinical care of AAV patients. Azathioprine treatment was associated with significantly low NK cells. These findings may be relevant for the development of drugs that aim at exploiting NK cell cytotoxicity and may help to identify patients at risk to develop malignant or infectious co-morbidities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ilona Jandova
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Raoul Bergner
- Department of Rheumatology, Nephrology, Haemato-Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ana C Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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8
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Martínez Bedoya D, Dutoit V, Migliorini D. Allogeneic CAR T Cells: An Alternative to Overcome Challenges of CAR T Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640082. [PMID: 33746981 PMCID: PMC7966522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as one of the major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy in the last decade. Outstanding results in hematological malignancies and encouraging pre-clinical anti-tumor activity against a wide range of solid tumors have made CAR T cells one of the most promising fields for cancer therapies. CAR T cell therapy is currently being investigated in solid tumors including glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor for which survival has only modestly improved over the past decades. CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, Her2, or IL-13Rα2 have been tested in GBM, but the first clinical trials have shown modest results, potentially due to GBM heterogeneity and to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Until now, the use of autologous T cells to manufacture CAR products has been the norm, but this approach has several disadvantages regarding production time, cost, manufacturing delay and dependence on functional fitness of patient T cells, often reduced by the disease or previous therapies. Universal “off-the-shelf,” or allogeneic, CAR T cells is an alternative that can potentially overcome these issues, and allow for multiple modifications and CAR combinations to target multiple tumor antigens and avoid tumor escape. Advances in genome editing tools, especially via CRISPR/Cas9, might allow overcoming the two main limitations of allogeneic CAR T cells product, i.e., graft-vs.-host disease and host allorejection. Here, we will discuss how allogeneic CAR T cells could allow for multivalent approaches and alteration of the tumor microenvironment, potentially allowing the development of next generation therapies for the treatment of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darel Martínez Bedoya
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Thibodeaux JJ, Nuñez D, Rivera A. A generalized within-host model of dengue infection with a non-constant monocyte production rate. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2020; 14:143-161. [PMID: 32122254 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2020.1733678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we generalize a previous model of within-host dengue infection with a nonconstant monocyte production rate. We establish the existence of three equilibria and give some local stability results. We then estimate three parameters in the model from clinical data for dengue virus serotype 2. It is then shown that the model can exhibit behaviours that are not possible under the assumption of constant monocyte production. Lastly, we perform a sensitivity analysis of the model in two contexts, antiviral treatment and immunostimulatory treatment. The results predict that antiviral treatments that reduce the viral replication rate in infected monocytes are the most effective, while immunostimulatory treatments that increase the rate at which infected monocytes are removed are best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Thibodeaux
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Nuñez
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Javeriana University Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Javeriana University Cali, Cali, Colombia
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10
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Binder C, Cvetkovski F, Sellberg F, Berg S, Paternina Visbal H, Sachs DH, Berglund E, Berglund D. CD2 Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32582179 PMCID: PMC7295915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein CD2 is a costimulatory receptor expressed mainly on T and NK cells that binds to LFA3, a cell surface protein expressed on e.g., antigen-presenting cells. CD2 has an important role in the formation and organization of the immunological synapse that is formed between T cells and antigen-presenting cells upon cell-cell conjugation and associated intracellular signaling. CD2 expression is upregulated on memory T cells as well as activated T cells and plays an important role in activation of memory T cells despite the coexistence of several other costimulatory pathways. Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to induce immune modulatory effects in vitro and clinical studies have proven the safety and efficacy of CD2-targeting biologics. Investigators have highlighted that the lack of attention to the CD2/LFA3 costimulatory pathway is a missed opportunity. Overall, CD2 is an attractive target for monoclonal antibodies intended for treatment of pathologies characterized by undesired T cell activation and offers an avenue to more selectively target memory T cells while favoring immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Binder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Sellberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Berg
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Horacio Paternina Visbal
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H Sachs
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erik Berglund
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Mitwasi N, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Koristka S, Berndt N, Jureczek J, Loureiro LR, Bergmann R, Máthé D, Hegedüs N, Kovács T, Zhang C, Oberoi P, Jäger E, Seliger B, Rössig C, Temme A, Eitler J, Tonn T, Schmitz M, Hassel JC, Jäger D, Wels WS, Bachmann M. "UniCAR"-modified off-the-shelf NK-92 cells for targeting of GD2-expressing tumour cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2141. [PMID: 32034289 PMCID: PMC7005792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific redirection of immune effector cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) demonstrated high therapeutic potential for targeting cancers of different origins. Beside CAR-T cells, natural killer (NK) cells represent promising alternative effectors that can be combined with CAR technology. Unlike T cells, primary NK cells and the NK cell line NK-92 can be applied as allogeneic off-the-shelf products with a reduced risk of toxicities. We previously established a modular universal CAR (UniCAR) platform which consists of UniCAR-expressing immune cells that cannot recognize target antigens directly but are redirected by a tumour-specific target module (TM). The TM contains an antigen-binding moiety fused to a peptide epitope which is recognized by the UniCAR molecule, thereby allowing an on/off switch of CAR activity, and facilitating flexible targeting of various tumour antigens depending on the presence and specificity of the TM. Here, we provide proof of concept that it is feasible to generate a universal off-the-shelf cellular therapeutic based on UniCAR NK-92 cells targeted to tumours expressing the disialoganglioside GD2 by GD2-specific TMs that are either based on an antibody-derived single-chain fragment variable (scFv) or an IgG4 backbone. Redirected UniCAR NK-92 cells induced specific killing of GD2-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, associated with enhanced production of interferon-γ. Analysis of radiolabelled proteins demonstrated that the IgG4-based format increased the in vivo half-life of the TM markedly in comparison to the scFv-based molecule. In summary, UniCAR NK-92 cells represent a universal off-the-shelf platform that is highly effective and flexible, allowing the use of different TM formats for specific tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mitwasi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Justyna Jureczek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liliana R Loureiro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedüs
- Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pranav Oberoi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Jäger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Rössig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children´s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiri Eitler
- Expermintal Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Expermintal Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Trispecific killer engager CD16xIL15xCD33 potently induces NK cell activation and cytotoxicity against neoplastic mast cells. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1580-1584. [PMID: 29980573 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018018176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
NK cell natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of patients with systemic mastocytosis are normal. Trispecific killer engagers (161533 TriKE) target NK cells from normal donors and systemic mastocytosis patients to kill mast cells.
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13
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Chen T, Liu C, Li L, Liu H, Wang T, Shao Z, Fu R. CD56 bright natural killer cells exhibit abnormal phenotype and function in severe aplastic anemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2019; 41:353-363. [PMID: 30779419 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD56bright NK cells have been highlighted to serve immunoregulatory functions. However, their roles in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) have not been elucidated. METHODS Here, we investigated the quantities, phenotypes, cytokine secretion abilities, and the cytotoxicities of peripheral CD56bright NK cells along with CD56dim NK cells obtained from patients with SAA, SAA in remission (R-SAA), and healthy controls (HC). RESULTS We observed the decreased quantities of CD56bright NK cells in SAA compared with in R-SAA and HC. In SAA, the quantities of CD56bright NK cells correlated with the disease severity. Activating receptors NKp46 and NKp44 on CD56bright NK cells were upregulated while inhibiting receptor NKG2A was downregulated in SAA. CD56bright NK cells obtained from SAA patients produced increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-γ in vitro compared with cells obtained from HC, while TNF-α and IL-13 productions were not different between two groups. Under a 7-day prestimulation with IL-2 and IL-12, the serum concentrations of which were higher in SAA patients, CD56bright NK obtained from HC also produced increased IL-10 mRNAs. There were no differences of cytotoxicites between CD56bright NK cells in SAA and in HC. CONCLUSION We discovered that CD56bright NK cells exhibited abnormal receptor expressions and cytokine production in SAA, and they were related with the severity of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - ChunYan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - LiJuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - ZongHong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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14
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Mahaweni NM, Ehlers FAI, Bos GMJ, Wieten L. Tuning Natural Killer Cell Anti-multiple Myeloma Reactivity by Targeting Inhibitory Signaling via KIR and NKG2A. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2848. [PMID: 30564241 PMCID: PMC6288976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are attractive candidates for allogeneic cell-based immunotherapy due to their potent antitumor effector function and good safety profile. NK cells express killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and the NKG2A receptor important for NK cells education as well as providing inhibitory signals upon encountering HLA-expressing target cells. Multiple myeloma (MM) is an example of a tumor expressing relatively high levels of HLA molecules. In this review, we discuss the functional relevance of inhibitory KIRs and NKG2A for NK cells anti-MM response and strategies to lower these inhibitory signaling to enhance clinical efficacy of allogeneic NK cells in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niken M Mahaweni
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Femke A I Ehlers
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard M J Bos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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15
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Mahaweni NM, Ehlers FAI, Sarkar S, Janssen JWH, Tilanus MGJ, Bos GMJ, Wieten L. NKG2A Expression Is Not per se Detrimental for the Anti-Multiple Myeloma Activity of Activated Natural Killer Cells in an In Vitro System Mimicking the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1415. [PMID: 29988376 PMCID: PMC6023990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is a promising therapy for cancer patients. Inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and NKG2A are required for NK cell licensing, but can also inhibit NK cell effector function. Upon reconstitution in a stem cell transplantation setting or after ex vivo NK expansion with IL-2, NKG2A is expressed on a large percentage of NK cells. Since the functional consequences of NKG2A co-expression for activated NK cells are not well known, we compared NKG2A+ vs NKG2A- NK cell subsets in response to K562 cells, multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and primary MM cells. NK cells were isolated from healthy donors (HLA-C1+C2+Bw4+) and activated overnight with 1,000 U/ml IL-2. NK cell degranulation in subsets expressing KIRs and/or NKG2A was assessed at 21 or 0.6% O2. Activated NKG2A+ NK cell subsets degranulated more vigorously than NKG2A- subsets both at 21 and 0.6% O2. This was irrespective of the presence of KIR and occurred in response to HLA-deficient K562 cells as well as HLA competent, lowly expressing HLA-E MM cell lines. In response to primary MM cells, no inhibitory effects of NKG2A were observed, and NKG2A blockade did not enhance degranulation of NKG2A+ subsets. KIR- NK cells expressing NKG2A degranulated less than their NKG2A- counterparts in response to MM cells having high levels of peptide-induced membrane HLA-E, suggesting that high surface HLA-E levels are required for NKG2A to inhibit activated NK cells. Addition of daratumumab, an anti-CD38 to trigger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, improved the anti-MM response for all subsets and degranulation of the KIR-NKG2A- "unlicensed" subset was comparable to KIR+ or NKG2A+ licensed subsets. This demonstrates that with potent activation, all subsets can contribute to tumor clearance. Additionally, subsets expressing KIRs mismatched with the HLA ligands on the target cell had the highest level of activation in response to MM cell lines as well as against primary MM. Our current study demonstrated that if NK cells are sufficiently activated, e.g., via cytokine or antibody activation, the (co-)expression of NKG2A receptor may not necessarily be a disadvantage for NK cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niken M Mahaweni
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Femke A I Ehlers
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Subhashis Sarkar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johanna W H Janssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G J Tilanus
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard M J Bos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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16
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Ma ESK. Recurrent Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1541:279-293. [PMID: 27910030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6703-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic chromosomal translocations are found to be associated with subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), for example t(8;14)(q24;q32) and Burkitt lymphoma, t(14;18)(q32;q21) and follicular lymphoma, and t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma. Only few recurrent cytogenetic aberrations have been identified in the T-cell NHL and the best known is the ALK gene translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Since lymph node or other tissue is seldom submitted for conventional cytogenetics study, alternative approaches for translocation detection are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH is more sensitive than PCR in the detection of lymphoma translocations since directly labeled large FISH probes that span the translocation breakpoints are used. Although the recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in NHL are not completely sensitive and specific for disease entities, unlike the scenario in acute leukemia, cytogenetic and molecular genetic study is commonly used to aid lymphoma diagnosis and classification. Currently, the main clinical utility is in the employment of interphase FISH panels to predict disease aggressiveness to guide therapy, for example identification of double-hit lymphoma, or in prognostication, for example risk-stratification in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The recent application of high-throughput sequencing to NHL not only advances the understanding of disease pathogenesis and classification, but allows the discovery of new drug targets, such as BRAF gene inhibition in hairy cell leukemia. Coupled with the increasing availability of novel molecular targeted therapeutic agents, the hope for the future is to translate the genetics and genomics information to achieve personalized medicine in NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond S K Ma
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong.
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17
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Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping Is Sensitive for the Early Diagnosis of De Novo Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia (ANKL): A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158827. [PMID: 27483437 PMCID: PMC4970793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia (ANKL) is a fatal hematological neoplasm characterized by a fulminating clinical course and extremely high mortality. Current diagnosis of this disease is not effective during the early stages and it is easily misdiagnosed as other NK cell disorders. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and flow cytometric immunophenotype of 47 patients with ANKL. Patients with extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) and chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cell (CLPD-NK), who were diagnosed during the same time period were used for comparisons. Abnormal NK cells in ANKL were found to have a distinctiveCD56bright/CD16dim immunophenotype and markedly increased Ki-67 expression, whereas CD57 negativity and reduced expression of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), CD161, CD7, CD8 and perforin were exhibited compared with other NK cell proliferative disorders (p<0.05). The positive rates of flow cytometry detection (97.4%) was higher than those of cytomorphological (89.5%), immunohistochemical (90%), cytogenetic (56.5%) and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computer tomography (18-FDG-PET/CT) examinations (50%) (p<0.05). ANKL is a highly aggressive leukemia with high mortality. Flow cytometry detection is sensitive for the early and differential diagnosis of ANKL with high specificity.
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18
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Béné MC, Le Bris Y, Robillard N, Wuillème S, Fouassier M, Eveillard M. Flow cytometry in hematological nonmalignant disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 38:5-16. [PMID: 26542092 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) has become an integral part of the diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies. However, several nonmalignant or premalignant disorders may benefit from this technology in hematology laboratories. This review provides information on the normal immunophenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets and their modifications in several clinical conditions. The usefulness of MFC and the specific markers that can be investigated in hyperlymphocytosis, infection, hypereosinophilia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and large granular lymphocyte disorders is described. Mention is also made of the developments of MFC for analyses of red blood cells or platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Béné
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Y Le Bris
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - N Robillard
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Wuillème
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Fouassier
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Eveillard
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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19
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Inghirami G, Chan WC, Pileri S. Peripheral T-cell and NK cell lymphoproliferative disorders: cell of origin, clinical and pathological implications. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:124-59. [PMID: 25510275 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinct clinical-biological properties. The normal cellular counterpart of these processes has been postulated based on functional and immunophenotypic analyses. However, T lymphocytes have been proven to be remarkably capable of modulating their properties, adapting their function in relationship with multiple stimuli and to the microenvironment. This impressive plasticity is determined by the equilibrium among a pool of transcription factors and by DNA chromatin regulators. It is now proven that the acquisition of specific genomic defects leads to the enforcement/activation of distinct pathways, which ultimately alter the preferential activation of defined regulators, forcing the neoplastic cells to acquire features and phenotypes distant from their original fate. Thus, dissecting the landscape of the genetic defects and their functional consequences in T-cell neoplasms is critical not only to pinpoint the origin of these tumors but also to define innovative mechanisms to re-adjust an unbalanced state to which the tumor cells have become addicted and make them vulnerable to therapies and targetable by the immune system. In our review, we briefly describe the pathological and clinical aspects of the T-cell lymphoma subtypes as well as NK-cell lymphomas and then focus on the current understanding of their pathogenesis and the implications on diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Pathology, and NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Melzer S, Zachariae S, Bocsi J, Engel C, Löffler M, Tárnok A. Reference intervals for leukocyte subsets in adults: Results from a population-based study using 10-color flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 88:270-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Heart Center Leipzig GmbH, Universität Leipzig; Strümpellstr. 39 Leipzig D-04289 Germany
| | - Silke Zachariae
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology; Universität Leipzig; Härtelstraße 16-18 Leipzig D- 04107 Germany
| | - Jozsef Bocsi
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Heart Center Leipzig GmbH, Universität Leipzig; Strümpellstr. 39 Leipzig D-04289 Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology; Universität Leipzig; Härtelstraße 16-18 Leipzig D- 04107 Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology; Universität Leipzig; Härtelstraße 16-18 Leipzig D- 04107 Germany
| | - Attila Tárnok
- LIFE; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Universität Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Heart Center Leipzig GmbH, Universität Leipzig; Strümpellstr. 39 Leipzig D-04289 Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig; Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
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21
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Li C, Tian Y, Wang J, Zhu L, Huang L, Wang N, Xu D, Cao Y, Li J, Zhou J. Abnormal immunophenotype provides a key diagnostic marker: a report of 29 cases of de novo aggressive natural killer cell leukemia. Transl Res 2014; 163:565-77. [PMID: 24524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive natural killer (NK) cell leukemia (ANKL) is a systemic neoplastic proliferation of NK cells with an aggressive clinical course. Currently, the diagnosis of ANKL remains challenging. In the current study, we report the clinical, laboratory, immunophenotypic, and genetic findings from 29 cases of de novo ANKL in a single center and evaluate the relative contribution of these features to the diagnosis of ANKL. Clinical features, laboratory findings, morphologic, cytogenetic features, and Epstein-Barr virus status were important factors for diagnosing aggressive NK cell leukemia. On the other hand, ANKL displays a strikingly abnormal immunophenotype in contrast to nonneoplastic NK cells. The immunophenotype of ANKL cells may differ from reactive NK cells in 4 respects. First, the CD45/linear side scatter gating of flow cytometry allows the initial identification of neoplastic subpopulations for additional immunophenotypic analysis in half of ANKL cases. Second, unusual expression of surface antigens in ANKL cells was a prominent feature. Third, the clonality of ANKL cells could be identified using antibodies against CD158a/h, CD158b, or CD158e. Last, the positive rate of Ki-67 expression in ANKL cells was generally high. Based on these findings, we provide an objective marker based on clinical data for the definite diagnosis of ANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Li
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Danmei Xu
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Haematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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22
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van Dongen JJM, Lhermitte L, Böttcher S, Almeida J, van der Velden VHJ, Flores-Montero J, Rawstron A, Asnafi V, Lécrevisse Q, Lucio P, Mejstrikova E, Szczepański T, Kalina T, de Tute R, Brüggemann M, Sedek L, Cullen M, Langerak AW, Mendonça A, Macintyre E, Martin-Ayuso M, Hrusak O, Vidriales MB, Orfao A. EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes. Leukemia 2012; 26:1908-75. [PMID: 22552007 PMCID: PMC3437410 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most consensus leukemia & lymphoma antibody panels consist of lists of markers based on expert opinions, but they have not been validated. Here we present the validated EuroFlow 8-color antibody panels for immunophenotyping of hematological malignancies. The single-tube screening panels and multi-tube classification panels fit into the EuroFlow diagnostic algorithm with entries defined by clinical and laboratory parameters. The panels were constructed in 2-7 sequential design-evaluation-redesign rounds, using novel Infinicyt software tools for multivariate data analysis. Two groups of markers are combined in each 8-color tube: (i) backbone markers to identify distinct cell populations in a sample, and (ii) markers for characterization of specific cell populations. In multi-tube panels, the backbone markers were optimally placed at the same fluorochrome position in every tube, to provide identical multidimensional localization of the target cell population(s). The characterization markers were positioned according to the diagnostic utility of the combined markers. Each proposed antibody combination was tested against reference databases of normal and malignant cells from healthy subjects and WHO-based disease entities, respectively. The EuroFlow studies resulted in validated and flexible 8-color antibody panels for multidimensional identification and characterization of normal and aberrant cells, optimally suited for immunophenotypic screening and classification of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Pham B, Piard-Ruster K, Silva R, Gallo A, Esquivel CO, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Changes in natural killer cell subsets in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2012; 16:176-82. [PMID: 22360401 PMCID: PMC3306774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are important in the immune response against tumors and virally infected cells. A balance between inhibitory and activating receptors controls the effector functions of NK cells. We examined the fate of circulating NK cells and the expression of the NK cell-activating receptors in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Blood specimens were collected from 38 pediatric liver transplant recipients before transplant, and at one wk, one, three, six, and nine months, and one yr post-transplant. PBMCs were isolated and analyzed for the levels of NK cell activation receptors NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D in the CD56(dim) CD16(+) and CD56(bright) CD16(+/-) subsets of NK cells. We demonstrated that there is a significant decrease in the percentage of circulating NK cells post-transplant (pretransplant 7.69 ± 1.54 vs. one wk post-transplant 1.73 ± 0.44) in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Interestingly, NKp30 expression is significantly increased, while NKp46 and NKG2D levels remain stable on the NK cells that persist at one wk post-transplant. These data indicate that the numbers and subsets of circulating NK cells are altered in children after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pham
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5492, USA
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24
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Effective elimination of acute myeloid leukemic cells by recombinant bispecific antibody derivatives directed against CD33 and CD16. J Immunother 2010; 33:599-608. [PMID: 20551837 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181dda225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain Fv triplebodies (sctb), consisting of a single polypeptide chain with 3 single-chain antibody variable fragments connected in tandem, were generated as antileukemic agents. A CD19-specific sctb of this format has previously been shown to be superior to a bispecific single-chain Fv antibody fragment (bsscFv) for the elimination of leukemic B-lineage cells, but corresponding targeted agents for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia are still lacking. For this purpose, both a bsscFv and a sctb specific for CD33 and the trigger molecule CD16 (FcgammaRIII) were produced. The sctb displayed 3.5-fold greater avidity for CD33 than the bsscFv 33xds16, whereas both had close to equal affinity for CD16. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions with human mononuclear cells as effectors, both the bsscFv 33xds16 and the sctb induced lysis of tumor cells with half maximum effective concentrations (EC50) in the low picomolar range. It is interesting to note that the sctb promoted equal lysis of human leukemia-derived cell lines at 10 to 200-fold lower concentrations than the bsscFv. Both molecules mediated ADCC of primary patient cells. In conclusion, both the bsscFv 33xds16 and the sctb 33xds16x33 eliminated acute myeloid leukemia cells in ADCC reactions, but the novel sctb format showed significantly greater specific activity.
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25
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Schleinitz N, Vély F, Harlé JR, Vivier E. Natural killer cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2010; 131:451-8. [PMID: 21039469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in tumour surveillance and in the early control of several microbial infections. In autoimmune disease their involvement in these processes has been evaluated in animal models, with conflicting results. Both a disease-controlling and a disease-promoting role have been suggested. In human autoimmune disease only a few studies, mainly descriptive, have demonstrated qualitative and quantitative modification of NK cells. These changes were observed on blood- or tissue-infiltrating NK cells. Taken together with our expanding knowledge of the genetical variability of NK cell receptors and NK cell physiology, these findings pave the way for the dissection of the role of NK cells in human autoimmune diseases. NK cells may be directly involved in these diseases through their potential autoreactivity or through their interaction with dendritic cells, macrophages or T lymphocytes, thereby inducing excessive inflammation or favouring the adaptive autoimmune response. Thus, NK cells may be implicated in the onset, the maintenance or the progression of autoimmune diseases. Some reports also suggest the involvement of NK cells in the treatment of human autoimmune disease by biotherapies. All these observations suggest that NK cells are involved in the complex processes of autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, further careful analysis of NK cells at different steps of these diseases, in different tissues and through combined genetical and functional studies will contribute to a better understanding of their role in autoimmune diseases. This knowledge might allow the development of new therapeutic strategies based on NK cells for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases.
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26
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Meyerson HJ. A practical approach to the flow cytometric detection and diagnosis of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:32-52. [PMID: 20858587 DOI: 10.1532/lh96.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The flow cytometric analysis of T-cell malignancies is difficult due to the heterogeneity of T-cells and the lack of convenient methods to detect T-cell clonality. Neoplastic T-cells are most often detected by their altered level of surface antigen expression, and detection requires an extensive knowledge of the phenotype of normal T-lymphocytes. This review focuses on the methods to distinguish malignant T-cells from their normal counterparts and the phenotypic features of the T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Meyerson
- Department of Pathology and Ireland Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 , USA.
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27
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Mirjačić Martinović K, Konjević G, Babović N, Inić M. The stage dependent changes in NK cell activity and the expression of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors in melanoma patients. J Surg Res 2010; 171:637-49. [PMID: 20828749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As NK cell antitumor activity is regulated by the balance between numerous activating and inhibitory receptors the aim of this study was to analyze the changes in these receptors expression as well as the differences in their association with NK cell activity in melanoma patients in different clinical stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three melanoma patients in the three different clinical stages and 17 healthy controls were analyzed for NK cell activity by the standard (51)Cr radioactive assay, as well as for the percentage and absolute number of CD3-CD56+ NK cells and their subsets and the expression of degranulation marker CD107a, activating NKG2D and CD161, and inhibitory KIR, CD158a, and CD158b receptors on CD3-CD56+ NK cells by flow cytometry. IFN-γ and TNF-α PBL production were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We show that contrary to nonmetastatic, metastatic melanoma patients have significantly impaired NK cell activity, lower CD107a expression, as well as decreased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, these melanoma patients have a significant decrease in the expression of activating NKG2D receptor, which positively correlates with NK cytotoxicity, and a significant increase in the expression of inhibitory CD158b on CD3-CD56+ NK cells compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that metastatic melanoma patients have significant changes in NK cell activity and the expression of activating as well as inhibitory NK cell receptors. These results indicate that only in this patient group, the blocking of inhibitory or enhancing of activating NK cell receptor expression may promote NK cell-mediated cytolysis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their known antiviral and host defense functions, emerging evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells may influence allograft outcomes after solid organ transplantation. Although it is accepted that NK cells are activated in the absence of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, little is known of how NK cell dynamics change after transplantation of a MHC disparate lung allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess this, we characterized longitudinal changes in NK cell frequency and phenotype, using flow cytometry, both in the peripheral blood and lung allograft in 34 patients undergoing lung transplantation. RESULTS NK cell frequency decreased with time from transplant with mature NK cells being replaced by a population of less differentiated NK cells expressing lower levels of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors. In contrast to peripheral blood, NK cells within the allograft consisted of a greater proportion of CD56 cells, expressed less killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, and demonstrated an activated phenotype. In clinically stable recipients, peripheral blood NK cells were not activated, however, this contrasted markedly with a small subset of patients experiencing acute allograft rejection or cytomegalovirus reactivation, whose NK cells demonstrated a more activated profile. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that NK cells become activated after MHC-mismatched lung transplantation.
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29
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Olteanu H, Schur BC, Bredeson C, Atallah E, Kroft SH. Expression of natural killer receptors in T- and NK-cells: comparison of healthy individuals, patients with prior stem cell transplant, and patients undergoing chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:481-7. [PMID: 20141431 DOI: 10.3109/10428190903552120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of natural killer receptors (NKRs) on peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells in patients who underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT), and compared these findings with results from healthy individuals (CTRL) and patients undergoing chemotherapy (CHEMO), respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry with antibodies against the NKRs CD158a, CD158b, CD158e (known as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs), and CD94. Expression of NKRs was evaluated separately in CD56+, CD57+, and CD56/CD57 (double +) subsets of T and NK cells. We found mainly differences in CD158a and CD94 expression between the three cohorts, with the SCT and CHEMO groups usually showing similar changes, when compared to the CTRL population. None of the patients with SCT or CHEMO demonstrated patterns of restricted NKR expression. Our results provide a comprehensive overview of KIR and CD94 expression in T and NK cells following SCT and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horatiu Olteanu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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30
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Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of natural killer cells: a distinct entity with subtypes correlating with normal natural killer cell subsets. Leukemia 2010; 24:881-4. [PMID: 20111066 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Konjević G, Mirjacić Martinović K, Vuletić A, Jurisić V, Spuzić I. Distribution of several activating and inhibitory receptors on CD3-CD16+ NK cells and their correlation with NK cell function in healthy individuals. J Membr Biol 2009; 230:113-23. [PMID: 19711124 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the distribution and density of a representative set of activating and inhibitory receptors on gated natural killer (NK) cells, as well as on their bright and dim subsets, and to correlate the receptor expression with NK cell activity for healthy individuals on CD3(-)CD16(+) NK cells. We show that in 43 healthy controls NK cell activity against K562 target cells was 37.34% (E:T, 80:1) by standard chromium release assay. The expression of receptors on NK cells and their subsets was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytotoxic CD3(-)CD16(bright) NK subset constituted 78.97%, while the regulatory CD3(-)CD16(dim) NK subset constituted 21.03% of NK cells. We show the distribution of NKG2D, CD161, CD158a, and CD158b receptors on CD3(-)CD16(+) NK cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), on gated NK cells, and on the CD3(-)CD16(bright) and CD3(-)CD16(dim) subsets. Contrary to CD158a and CD158b killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), there is a significant positive correlation of NKG2D and CD161 expression with NK cytotoxicity. We show the kinetics of change in CD3(-)CD16(+)NK/K562 conjugate composition, together with the stronger target binding capacity of CD16(bright) NK cells. Furthermore, we show that after coculture of PBLs with K562 the expression of CD107a, a degranulation marker, on CD3(-)CD16(+)NK cells and subsets is time dependent and significantly higher on the cytotoxic CD3(-)CD16(bright) NK subset. The novel data obtained regarding expression of NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors for healthy individuals may aid in detecting changes that are associated with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Konjević
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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32
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Schleinitz N, Chiche L, Guia S, Bouvier G, Vernier J, Morice A, Houssaint E, Harlé JR, Kaplanski G, Montero-Julian FA, Vély F. Pattern of DAP12 expression in leukocytes from both healthy and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6264. [PMID: 19606219 PMCID: PMC2707004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DAP12 is an ITAM-bearing transmembrane adaptor originally identified on the surface of Natural Killer cells. A broad expression among other immune cells was later found in myeloid and lymphoid cells. However, data on DAP12 expression pattern rely only on immunoblot and microarray analysis. Here, we describe the generation and the characterization of an anti-DAP12 monoclonal antibody. Using this novel reagent, we show that DAP12 expression is restricted to innate immune cells in basal condition. Since a decreased expression of DAP12 has been suggested in NK cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, we have further investigated the NK cell receptor repertoire and leukocyte expression of DAP12 in these patients and no major changes were detectable when compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schleinitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Chiche
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Guia
- U631-UMR6102, INSERM-CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Bouvier
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Cellular Analysis Departement, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Vernier
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Cellular Analysis Departement, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean Robert Harlé
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Kaplanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Vély
- UMR608, INSERM-Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Markel G, Seidman R, Besser MJ, Zabari N, Ortenberg R, Shapira R, Treves AJ, Loewenthal R, Orenstein A, Nagler A, Schachter J. Natural killer lysis receptor (NKLR)/NKLR-ligand matching as a novel approach for enhancing anti-tumor activity of allogeneic NK cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5597. [PMID: 19440333 PMCID: PMC2680030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NK cells are key players in anti tumor immune response, which can be employed in cell-based therapeutic modalities. One of the suggested ways to amplify their anti tumor effect, especially in the field of stem cell transplantation, is by selecting donor/recipient mismatches in specific HLA, to reduce the inhibitory effect of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs). Here we suggest an alternative approach for augmentation of anti tumor effect of allogeneic NK cells, which is founded on profile matching of donor NK lysis receptors (NKLR) phenotype with tumor lysis-ligands. Methodology/Principal Findings We show that an NKLR-mediated killing directly correlates with the NKLR expression intensity on NK cells. Considerable donor variability in the expression of CD16, NKp46, NKG2D and NKp30 on circulating NK cells, combined with the stability of phenotype in several independently performed tests over two months, indicates that NKLR-guided selection of donors is feasible. As a proof of concept, we show that melanoma cells are dominantly recognized by three NKLRs: NKG2D, NKp30 and NKp44. Notably, the expression of NKp30 on circulating NK cells among metastatic melanoma patients was significantly decreased, which diminishes their ability to kill melanoma cells. Ex vivo expansion of NK cells results not only in increased amount of cells but also in a consistently superior and predictable expression of NKG2D, NKp30 and NKp44. Moreover, expanded NK cultures with high expression of NKG2D or NKp30 were mostly derived from the corresponding NKG2Dhigh or NK30high donors. These NK cultures subsequently displayed an improved cytotoxic activity against melanoma in a HLA/KIR-ligand mismatched setup, which was NKLR-dependent, as demonstrated with blocking anti-NKG2D antibodies. Conclusions/Significance NKLR/NKLR-ligand matching reproducibly elicits enhanced NK anti-tumor response. Common NKLR recognition patterns of tumors, as demonstrated here in melanoma, would allow implementation of this approach in solid malignancies and potentially in hematological malignancies, either independently or in adjunction to other modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Markel
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Morice WG. The immunophenotypic attributes of NK cells and NK-cell lineage lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127:881-6. [PMID: 17509985 DOI: 10.1309/q49crj030l22mhlf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a distinct lymphocyte subset that, like cytotoxic T cells, recognize and destroy abnormal self-cells. Unlike T cells, however, NK cells lack a uniquely rearranged antigen receptor gene or a single defining immunophenotypic attribute. Furthermore, there is considerable functional and phenotypic overlap between NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, and the latter are induced by cellular activation to express many NK-associated antigens. These factors all contribute to difficulties in recognizing abnormal NK-cell expansions and distinguishing them from cytotoxic T cells in the clinical laboratory. Recently, new classes of NK-associated major histocompatibility complex receptors have been described that can be of value in evaluating NK-cell and cytotoxic T-cell populations. In this review, immunophenotyping approaches using antibodies to traditional and novel T- and NK- associated antigens that can be used to evaluate these cell types and diagnose NK-cell and cytotoxic T-cell disorders in the clinical laboratory setting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Morice
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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35
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Scquizzato E, Teramo A, Miorin M, Facco M, Piazza F, Noventa F, Trentin L, Agostini C, Zambello R, Semenzato G. Genotypic evaluation of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors in NK-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes. Leukemia 2007; 21:1060-9. [PMID: 17361229 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence-specific primers, the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotypes of 35 patients with natural killer (NK)-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes and of 50 normal subjects were investigated to evaluate whether genes coding for activating KIRs were more frequently detected in patients with NK-lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL). Genotype frequency indicated that the most frequently found gene content was eight genes in controls and 14 in patients (P<0.05). The KIR genotype analysis revealed that patient and, surprisingly, control KIR genotypes preferentially consisted of type B haplotypes characterized by the presence of multiple-activating KIRs. Evidence was also provided that the same KIR genotype was shared by a variable number of patients. Interestingly, the recurrent genotypes observed in the patient group were not found in controls. Concerning inhibitory genes, KIR2DL5a and 2DL5b were more frequently detected in patients than in controls (P<0.01), likely representing a discrete feature of the genetic repertoire of the patients. KIR gene repertoire analysis in patients suggests that the susceptibility to NK-LDGL might be related to the presence of activating KIR genes and supports the concept that these receptors may be involved in the priming of granular lymphocytes (GL) proliferation. Population analysis might disclose a genetic background predisposing to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scquizzato
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padova, Italy
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36
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Konjević G, Mirjacić Martinović K, Vuletić A, Jović V, Jurisić V, Babović N, Spuzić I. Low expression of CD161 and NKG2D activating NK receptor is associated with impaired NK cell cytotoxicity in metastatic melanoma patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:1-11. [PMID: 17295095 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a role in the innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. The activity of NK cells is regulated by functionally opposing, activating and inhibitory receptors whose balance ultimately determines whether target cells will be susceptible to NK cell mediated lysis. As melanoma is an immunogenic tumor, the effect of immunomodulating agents is consistently investigated. In this study in 79 metastatic melanoma (MM) patients and 52 controls NK activity, expression of activating NKG2D and CD161 receptors and KIR receptors, CD158a and CD158b, on freshly isolated PBL and NK cells were evaluated. Native NK cell activity of melanoma patients in clinical stage I-III and MM patients was determined against NK sensitive K562, NK resistant Daudi, human melanoma FemX, HeLa and HL 60 target tumor cell lines. In addition, predictive pretherapy immunomodulating effect after 18 h in vitro treatments of PBL of MM patients with rh IL-2, IFN-alpha (IFN), 13-cis retinoic acid (RA) and combination IFN-alpha and RA was evaluated with respect to NK cell lyses against K562 and FemX cell lines. In this study we show for the first time that low expression of CD161 and activating NKG2D receptors, without increased expression of KIR receptors CD158a and CD158b, as well as a decrease in the cytotoxic, CD16(bright) NK cell subset, is associated with a significant impairment in NK cell activity in MM patients. Furthermore, the predictive pretherapy finding that IL-2, IFN, IFN and RA, unlike RA alone, can enhance NK cell activity of MM patients against FemX melanoma tumor cell line can be of help in the design and development of therapeutic regimens, considering that it has recently been shown that low-dose combination of different immunomodulators represents the most promising approach in the therapy of MM.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- History, 17th Century
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Male
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR2DL3
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Konjević
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 14 Pasterova, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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37
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Ravet S, Scott-Algara D, Bonnet E, Tran HK, Tran T, Nguyen N, Truong LX, Theodorou I, Barré-Sinoussi F, Pancino G, Paul P. Distinctive NK-cell receptor repertoires sustain high-level constitutive NK-cell activation in HIV-exposed uninfected individuals. Blood 2007; 109:4296-305. [PMID: 17272507 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously associated high natural killer (NK)–cell activity and protection against HIV-1 infection in Vietnamese exposed uninfected intravascular drug users (EUs). Considering that activating and inhibitory signals sensed by NK-cell receptors regulate NK-cell activation, we performed phenotypic and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) transcript analyses of the NK-cell receptor (NKR) repertoire in 25 EUs, 19 HIV+ intravenous drug users, and 26 uninfected blood donors. Although NK-cell activation was not linked to a unique NKR repertoire in EUs, various patterns consistent with NK-cell activation were detected in EUs: high KIR3DS1/KIR3DL1 ratio associated with down-regulated KIR3DL1 transcript levels, KIR2DL3+ low-affinity receptor expansion associated to group HLA-C1 ligand in 2DS2−/2DL2− EUs, enhanced NKG2C/NKG2A ratio, and increased CD69 expression. Remarkably, EUs exhibited high constitutive degranulation activity in the absence of exogenous stimulation, as shown by the CD107a assay. Furthermore, CD161 expression was increased within the CD107a+ NK-cell compartment. Our results suggest that in response to viral exposition, particular genetic or regulated features of the NKR repertoire of EUs contribute to their high constitutive NK-cell potential. This might allow NK cells to generate a more rapid and effective immune response to HIV-1, thereby contributing to prevention toward infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- HIV Seronegativity/immunology
- HIV-1
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL3
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- Receptors, KIR3DS1
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/blood
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ravet
- Laboratoire Exploration NK, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, France
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38
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Abstract
The discovery of an unexpected level of diversity among the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors has led to a search for their role in human disease. Due to their polymorphism and also that of their human leukocyte antigen class I ligands, these studies are difficult to perform and complex to interpret. Nevertheless, as the number of data sets increase, consistent trends and themes are beginning to emerge in both viral and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize the findings from a number of disease association studies and discuss these in the context of the activating and inhibitory roles of the members of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim I Khakoo
- Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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39
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Fischer L, Hummel M, Burmeister T, Schwartz S, Thiel E. Skewed expression of natural-killer (NK)-associated antigens on lymphoproliferations of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Hematol Oncol 2006; 24:78-85. [PMID: 16598823 DOI: 10.1002/hon.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) or C-type lectin-like receptors are heterogeneously expressed on NK cells and small subsets of T cells and might provide a new diagnostic tool for LGL lymphoproliferations (LGLL). We investigated the diagnostic impact of these cell surface molecules in T- and NK-type LGLL. Using three-color flow cytometry we examined the expression patterns of KIR (CD158a/b/e/i), CD85j, lectin-like receptors (CD94, CD161, NKG2A/D) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp30/44/46) in 13 patients with LGLL (10 T-, 3 NK-LGLL) and compared them to those of the corresponding lymphocyte subsets in 20 control subjects. The presence of clonal TCR-gamma rearrangements and of Epstein Barr virus- (EBV) DNA were evaluated by PCR. All patients exhibited an altered expression of NK-associated markers. KIR were either lacking (6/13) or overexpressed (7/13). CD94 expression was significantly higher in all LGLL. NKG2A expression was significantly higher in NK-LGLL. Absence or overexpression was observed for NKG2A in T-LGLL and CD161 in most T/NK-LGLL. In NK-LGLL expression of NKp30 and NKp46 was significantly decreased, whereas CD85j was overexpressed. We consistently found a skewed expression pattern of novel NK markers as a pathological feature of LGLL. These antigens should be included in the diagnostic workup of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fischer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.
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40
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Sawada A, Sato E, Koyama M, Higuchi B, Kusuki S, Kim JY, Takeshita Y, Sakata A, Sakata N, Okamura T, Yasui M, Inoue M, Kawa K. NK-cell repertoire is feasible for diagnosing Epstein-Barr virus-infected NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease and evaluating the treatment effect. Am J Hematol 2006; 81:576-81. [PMID: 16823820 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) occasionally infects T and NK cells and causes EBV-infected T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), which comprises chronic active EBV infection, EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, mosquito allergy, hydroa vacciniforme, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and NK/T-cell lymphoma. The diagnosis is proven by the monoclonal proliferation of EBV-infected T or NK cells, which is a time-consuming and complicated method. T-cell monoclonality is helpful for the screening of EBV-infected T-cell LPD in patients with EBV-genome burden and is easily shown with T-cell-receptor rearrangement or the T-cell repertoire, whereas NK-cell monoclonality is difficult to prove due to its lacking such rearranged receptors. We investigated a set of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and also CD94-NKG2 heterodimers on NK cells, namely the NK-cell repertoire. Skewed repertoires were seen in all patients with EBV-infected NK-cell LPD, but not in any patients with EBV-infected T-cell LPD and were restored only after successful treatment. The normal KIR repertoire is variable for each individual and it seems difficult to detect minimal residual EBV-infected lymphocytes. However, the NK-cell repertoire is feasible for identifying EBV-infected NK-cell LPD and evaluating the treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Sawada
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo, Izumi City, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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41
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Bashirova AA, Martin MP, McVicar DW, Carrington M. The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene cluster: tuning the genome for defense. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2006; 7:277-300. [PMID: 16824023 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are molecules expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, which play an important role in innate immunity. KIR recognition of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I allotypes represents one component of the complex interactions between NK cells and their targets in determining NK cell reactivity. KIRs are encoded by a gene cluster at human chromosome 19q13.4. Despite their high degree of sequence identity, KIR genes encode proteins that have diverse recognition patterns (specific HLA class I allotypes) and confer opposing signals (activating or inhibitory) to the NK cell. The KIR gene cluster is highly polymorphic, with individual genes exhibiting allelic variability and individual haplotypes differing in gene content. The polymorphism of the KIR locus parallels that of the MHC, facilitating the adaptation of the immune system to a dynamic, challenging environment. This variation is associated with a growing number of human diseases, which is likely to extend to levels observed for the HLA loci. Here we review current progress in understanding KIR biology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman A Bashirova
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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42
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Schleinitz N, Hamidou M, Vély F, Paul P, Figarella-Branger D, Kaplanski G, Dignat-George F, Vivier E, Harlé JR. Les cellules natural killer : acquisitions récentes et implication en pathologie humaine. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:465-72. [PMID: 16368165 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of innate immunity. These last ten years our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulates NK cell function has greatly improved. Our purpose is to present a review of these new acquisitions and their potential implications in human disease. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS NK cell function is regulated by a repertoire of NK cell receptors and is diversified by recognition of MHC class I by a multigenic and multi-allelic family of NK receptors. Analysis of NK cell repertoire has been used to investigate features that characterize NK cells in pathological situations. Apart from their direct cytotoxic potential to eliminate target cells, recently identification of mechanisms that control NK cell mediated cytokine production and cross talk with dendritic cells emphasize the role of NK cells in the regulation of acquired immune response. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS These findings have lead to a better knowledge of the importance of the NK cells in several human diseases. It has been shown that NK cells are actors of the immunosurveillance of tumoral and infectious challenges. Allo or auto reactivity of the NK cell compartment have also been suggested in autoimmune diseases, infertility or foetal loss and transplantation. Ongoing research on NK cells in the fields of human diseases is increasing and will clarify the utility of the evaluation of the NK cell compartment and their receptors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schleinitz
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Conception, boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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43
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Abstract
MHC class I molecules are ligands for the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which are expressed by natural killer cells and T cells. The interactions between these molecules contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity. KIRs and MHC class I molecules are encoded by unlinked polymorphic gene families that distinguish all but the most related individuals. Combinations of MHC class I and KIR variants influence resistance to infections, susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and complications of pregnancy, as well as outcome after haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Such correlations raise the possibility that interplay between KIR and MHC class I polymorphisms has facilitated human survival in the presence of epidemic infections and has influenced both reproduction and population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas and leukemias are a rare but clinically important group of neoplasms. Most of these tumors are aggressive, with a high rate of mortality. They include extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas of nasal type and aggressive NK-cell leukemias. Both are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated and show similar epidemiologic features. A closely related entity seen mainly in children is hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma, which also is EBV positive. EBV influences the pathophysiology of these tumors, through the induction of cytokines and chemokines. The differential diagnosis of NK-cell malignancies includes fulminant EBV-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, a condition referred to in the past as fatal infectious mononucleosis. Benign proliferations of NK cells can be seen in association with viral infection. The disease formerly referred to as blastic NK-cell lymphoma is now considered to be a malignancy derived from a dendritic cell precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Nava
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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