1
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Agbakwuru D, Wetzel SA. The Biological Significance of Trogocytosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:87-129. [PMID: 39242376 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the intercellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated proteins between cells. Trogocytosis is an underappreciated phenomenon that has historically routinely been dismissed as an artefact. With a greater understanding of the process and the implications it has on biological systems, trogocytosis has the potential to become a paradigm changer. The presence on a cell of molecules they don't endogenously express can alter the biological activity of the cell and could also lead to the acquisition of new functions. To better appreciate this phenomenon, it is important to understand how these intercellular membrane exchanges influence the function and activity of the donor and the recipient cells. In this chapter, we will examine how the molecules acquired by trogocytosis influence the biology of a variety of systems including mammalian fertilization, treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn, viral and parasitic infections, cancer immunotherapy, and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Agbakwuru
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Scott A Wetzel
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
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2
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Lu Z, McBrearty N, Chen J, Tomar VS, Zhang H, De Rosa G, Tan A, Weljie AM, Beiting DP, Miao Z, George SS, Berger A, Saggu G, Diehl JA, Koumenis C, Fuchs SY. ATF3 and CH25H regulate effector trogocytosis and anti-tumor activities of endogenous and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1342-1358.e7. [PMID: 36070682 PMCID: PMC10496461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector trogocytosis between malignant cells and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contributes to immune evasion through antigen loss on target cells and fratricide of antigen-experienced CTLs by other CTLs. The mechanisms regulating these events in tumors remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-derived factors (TDFs) stimulated effector trogocytosis and restricted CTLs' tumoricidal activity and viability in vitro. TDFs robustly altered the CTL's lipid profile, including depletion of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC inhibited trogocytosis and prevented CTL's inactivation and fratricide. Mechanistically, TDFs induced ATF3 transcription factor that suppressed the expression of 25HC-regulating gene-cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Stimulation of trogocytosis in the intratumoral CTL by the ATF3-CH25H axis attenuated anti-tumor immunity, stimulated tumor growth, and impeded the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell adoptive therapy. Through use of armored CAR constructs or pharmacologic agents restoring CH25H expression, we reversed these phenotypes and increased the efficacy of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noreen McBrearty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jinyun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivek S Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gianluca De Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aiwen Tan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Miao
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Subin S George
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison Berger
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Gurpanna Saggu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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3
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Hasim MS, Marotel M, Hodgins JJ, Vulpis E, Makinson OJ, Asif S, Shih HY, Scheer AK, MacMillan O, Alonso FG, Burke KP, Cook DP, Li R, Petrucci MT, Santoni A, Fallon PG, Sharpe AH, Sciumè G, Veillette A, Zingoni A, Gray DA, McCurdy A, Ardolino M. When killers become thieves: Trogocytosed PD-1 inhibits NK cells in cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj3286. [PMID: 35417234 PMCID: PMC9007500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trogocytosis modulates immune responses, with still unclear underlying molecular mechanisms. Using leukemia mouse models, we found that lymphocytes perform trogocytosis at high rates with tumor cells. While performing trogocytosis, both Natural Killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells acquire the checkpoint receptor PD-1 from leukemia cells. In vitro and in vivo investigation revealed that PD-1 on the surface of NK cells, rather than being endogenously expressed, was derived entirely from leukemia cells in a SLAM receptor-dependent fashion. PD-1 acquired via trogocytosis actively suppressed NK cell antitumor immunity. PD-1 trogocytosis was corroborated in patients with clonal plasma cell disorders, where NK cells that stained for PD-1 also stained for tumor cell markers. Our results, in addition to shedding light on a previously unappreciated mechanism underlying the presence of PD-1 on NK and cytotoxic T cells, reveal the immunoregulatory effect of membrane transfer occurring when immune cells contact tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Hasim
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Marotel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Hodgins
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elisabetta Vulpis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia J. Makinson
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Asif
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Han-Yun Shih
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amit K. Scheer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia MacMillan
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felipe G. Alonso
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly P. Burke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David P. Cook
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - André Veillette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Douglas A. Gray
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arleigh McCurdy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CI3, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Reed J, Reichelt M, Wetzel SA. Lymphocytes and Trogocytosis-Mediated Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1478. [PMID: 34204661 PMCID: PMC8231098 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the intercellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated molecules. This underappreciated process has been described in a variety of biological settings including neuronal remodeling, fertilization, viral and bacterial spread, and cancer, but has been most widely studied in cells of the immune system. Trogocytosis is performed by multiple immune cell types, including basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, γδ T cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. Although not expressed endogenously, the presence of trogocytosed molecules on cells has the potential to significantly impact an immune response and the biology of the individual trogocytosis-positive cell. Many studies have focused on the ability of the trogocytosis-positive cells to interact with other immune cells and modulate the function of responders. Less understood and arguably equally important is the impact of these molecules on the individual trogocytosis-positive cell. Molecules that have been reported to be trogocytosed by cells include cognate ligands for receptors on the individual cell, such as activating NK cell ligands and MHC:peptide. These trogocytosed molecules have been shown to interact with receptors on the trogocytosis-positive cell and mediate intracellular signaling. In this review, we discuss the impact of this trogocytosis-mediated signaling on the biology of the individual trogocytosis-positive cell by focusing on natural killer cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Reed
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Madison Reichelt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Scott A. Wetzel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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5
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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Reed J, Wetzel SA. Assessing in vitro and in vivo Trogocytosis By Murine CD4 + T cells. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3607. [PMID: 33659572 PMCID: PMC7842502 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to lymphocyte activation and the formation of an immunological synapse between the lymphocyte and the APC. At the immunological synapse APC membrane and associated membrane proteins can be transferred to the lymphocyte in a process called trogocytosis. The detection of trogocytosed molecules provides insights to the activation state, antigen specificity, and effector functions and differentiation of the lymphocytes. Here we outline our protocol for identifying trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, antigen presenting cells are surface biotinylated and pre-loaded with magnetic polystyrene beads before incubating for a short time with in vitro activated CD4+ T cell blasts (90 min) or naïve T cells (3-24 h). After T cell recovery and APC depletion by magnetic separation trogocytosis positive (trog+) cells are identified by streptavidin staining of trogocytosed, biotinylated APC membrane proteins. Their activation phenotype, effector function, and effector differentiation are subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry immediately or after subsequent incubation. Similarly, trogocytosis-positive cells can be identified and similarly analyzed by flow cytometry. Previous studies have described methods for analyzing T cell trogocytosis to identify antigen-specific cells or the antigenic epitopes recognized by the cells. With the current protocol, the effects of trogocytosis on the individual T cell or the ability of trog+ T cells to modulate the activation and function of other immune cells can be assessed over an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Reed
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Scott A. Wetzel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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7
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Reed J, Wetzel SA. Trogocytosis-Mediated Intracellular Signaling in CD4 + T Cells Drives T H2-Associated Effector Cytokine Production and Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2873-2887. [PMID: 30962293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been observed to acquire APC-derived membrane and membrane-associated molecules through trogocytosis in diverse immune settings. Despite this, the consequences of trogocytosis on the recipient T cell remain largely unknown. We previously reported that trogocytosed molecules on CD4+ T cells engage their respective surface receptors, leading to sustained TCR signaling and survival after APC removal. Using peptide-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and transfected murine fibroblasts expressing antigenic MHC:peptide complexes as APC, we show that trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells display effector cytokines and transcription factor expression consistent with a TH2 phenotype. In vitro-polarized TH2 cells were found to be more efficient at performing trogocytosis than TH1 or nonpolarized CD4+ cells, whereas subsequent trogocytosis-mediated signaling induced TH2 differentiation in polarized TH1 and nonpolarized cells. Trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells generated in vivo also display a TH2 phenotype in both TCR-transgenic and wild-type models. These findings suggest that trogocytosis-mediated signaling impacts CD4+ T cell differentiation and effector cytokine production and may play a role in augmenting or shaping a TH2-dominant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Reed
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Scott A Wetzel
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
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8
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Li KJ, Wu CH, Shen CY, Kuo YM, Yu CL, Hsieh SC. Membrane Transfer from Mononuclear Cells to Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Transduces Cell Survival and Activation Signals in the Recipient Cells via Anti-Extrinsic Apoptotic and MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156262. [PMID: 27258015 PMCID: PMC4892539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of membrane transfer (trogocytosis) between polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) remains unclear. We investigated the biological/immunological effects and molecular basis of trogocytosis among various immune cells in healthy individuals and patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). By flow cytometry, we determined that molecules in the immunological synapse, including HLA class-I and-II, CD11b and LFA-1, along with CXCR1, are exchanged among autologous PMNs, CD4+ T cells, and U937 cells (monocytes) after cell-cell contact. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the integrin adhesion molecule CD11a in U937 unexpectedly enhanced the level of total membrane transfer from U937 to PMN cells. Functionally, phagocytosis and IL-8 production by PMNs were enhanced after co-culture with T cells. Total membrane transfer from CD4+ T to PMNs delayed PMN apoptosis by suppressing the extrinsic apoptotic molecules, BAX, MYC and caspase 8. This enhancement of activities of PMNs by T cells was found to be mediated via p38- and P44/42-Akt-MAP kinase pathways and inhibited by the actin-polymerization inhibitor, latrunculin B, the clathrin inhibitor, Pitstop-2, and human immunoglobulin G, but not by the caveolin inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin. In addition, membrane transfer from PMNs enhanced IL-2 production by recipient anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activated MNCs, and this was suppressed by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (PD98059) and protein kinase C (Rottlerin). Of clinical significance, decreased total membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs in patients with active SLE suppressed mononuclear IL-2 production. In conclusion, membrane transfer from MNCs to PMNs, mainly at the immunological synapse, transduces survival and activation signals to enhance PMN functions and is dependent on actin polymerization, clathrin activation, and Fcγ receptors, while membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs depends on MAP kinase and PKC signaling. Defective membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs in patients with active systemic lupus erythematous suppressed activated mononuclear IL-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Jen Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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LeMaoult J, Caumartin J, Daouya M, Switala M, Rebmann V, Arnulf B, Carosella ED. Trogocytic intercellular membrane exchanges among hematological tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:24. [PMID: 25887663 PMCID: PMC4371622 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the transfer of plasma membrane fragments and the molecules they contain between one donor and one acceptor/acquirer cell. Through trogocytosis, acceptor cells temporarily display and use cell-surface molecules they do not express themselves, but borrow from other cells. Here, we investigated whether liquid tumors possessed a trogocytic capability, if immune escape molecules could be acquired by tumor cells, transferred between cells of the same tumor, and if this could benefit the tumor as a whole.For this, we investigated trogocytosis in hematological cell lines and freshly isolated hematological tumor cells. We demonstrate that hematological tumor lines possess a trogocytic capability that allows them to capture membranes that contain the immune-inhibitory molecule HLA-G from allogeneic as well as from autologous sources. We further show that freshly isolated hematological tumor cells also possess these capabilities. This work reports for the first time the trogocytic capabilities of liquid tumor cells and introduces the notion of immune escape strategy sharing among tumor cells through trogocytosis of membrane-bound immune-inhibitory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel LeMaoult
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E_5 Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Julien Caumartin
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E_5 Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,Biology and Biotechnology Ph.D. Program, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.
| | - Marina Daouya
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E_5 Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Magdalena Switala
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Bertrand Arnulf
- Département d'Immuno-Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France. .,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E_5 Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.
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10
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Out-of-sequence signal 3 as a mechanism for virus-induced immune suppression of CD8 T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004357. [PMID: 25255454 PMCID: PMC4177909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are known to induce a transient state of immune suppression often associated with an inhibition of T cell proliferation in response to mitogen or cognate-antigen stimulation. Recently, virus-induced immune suppression has been linked to responses to type 1 interferon (IFN), a signal 3 cytokine that normally can augment the proliferation and differentiation of T cells exposed to antigen (signal 1) and co-stimulation (signal 2). However, pre-exposure of CD8 T cells to IFN-inducers such as viruses or poly(I∶C) prior to antigen signaling is inhibitory, indicating that the timing of IFN exposure is of essence. We show here that CD8 T cells pretreated with poly(I∶C) down-regulated the IFN receptor, up-regulated suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), and were refractory to IFNβ-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation. When exposed to a viral infection, these CD8 T cells behaved more like 2-signal than 3-signal T cells, showing defects in short lived effector cell differentiation, reduced effector function, delayed cell division, and reduced levels of survival proteins. This suggests that IFN-pretreated CD8 T cells are unable to receive the positive effects that type 1 IFN provides as a signal 3 cytokine when delivered later in the signaling process. This desensitization mechanism may partially explain why vaccines function poorly in virus-infected individuals.
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11
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Chung B, Stuge TB, Murad JP, Beilhack G, Andersen E, Armstrong BD, Weber JS, Lee PP. Antigen-specific inhibition of high-avidity T cell target lysis by low-avidity T cells via trogocytosis. Cell Rep 2014; 8:871-882. [PMID: 25088413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccine conditions predominantly elicit low-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are non-tumor-cytolytic but indistinguishable by tetramer staining or enzyme-linked immunospot from high-avidity CTLs. Using CTL clones of high or low avidity for melanoma antigens, we show that low-avidity CTLs can inhibit tumor lysis by high-avidity CTLs in an antigen-specific manner. This phenomenon operates in vivo: high-avidity CTLs control tumor growth in animals but not in combination with low-avidity CTLs specific for the same antigen. The mechanism involves stripping of specific peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) via trogocytosis by low-avidity melanoma-specific CTLs without degranulation, leading to insufficient levels of specific pMHC on target cell surface to trigger lysis by high-avidity CTLs. As such, peptide repertoire on the cell surface is dynamic and continually shaped by interactions with T cells. These results describe immune regulation by low-avidity T cells and have implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brile Chung
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology (CITI), City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tor B Stuge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Light Microscopy Imaging Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John P Murad
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology (CITI), City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Georg Beilhack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily Andersen
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology (CITI), City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brian D Armstrong
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology (CITI), City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Light Microscopy Imaging Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Moffitt Cancer Center, University of Southern Florida, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology (CITI), City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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12
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Dhainaut M, Moser M. Regulation of immune reactivity by intercellular transfer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:112. [PMID: 24734030 PMCID: PMC3975099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently proposed that T lymphocytes, which closely interact with APCs, can extract surface molecules from the presenting cells when they dissociate. These observations question the classical view of discrete interactions between phenotypically defined cell populations. In this review, we summarize some reports suggesting that membrane exchange at the immune synapse can be a vector for intercellular communication and envisage some consequences on the biology of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Dhainaut
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
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13
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Ortega SB, Kashi VP, Tyler AF, Cunnusamy K, Mendoza JP, Karandikar NJ. The disease-ameliorating function of autoregulatory CD8 T cells is mediated by targeting of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:117-26. [PMID: 23733879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS, and CD8 T cells are the predominant T cell population in MS lesions. Given that transfer of CNS-specific CD8 T cells results in an attenuated clinical demyelinating disease in C57BL/6 mice with immunization-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the cellular targets and mechanisms of autoreactive regulatory CD8 T cells. In this study we report that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55)-induced CD8 T cells could also attenuate adoptively transferred, CD4 T cell-mediated EAE. Whereas CD8(-/-) mice exhibited more severe EAE associated with increased autoreactivity and inflammatory cytokine production by myelin-specific CD4 T cells, this was reversed by adoptive transfer of MOG-specific CD8 T cells. These autoregulatory CD8 T cells required in vivo MHC class Ia (K(b)D(b)) presentation. Interestingly, MOG-specific CD8 T cells could also suppress adoptively induced disease using wild-type MOG35-55-specific CD4 T cells transferred into K(b)D(b-/-) recipient mice, suggesting direct targeting of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells. In vivo trafficking analysis revealed that autoregulatory CD8 T cells are dependent on neuroinflammation for CNS infiltration, and their suppression/cytotoxicity of MOG-specific CD4 T cells is observed both in the periphery and in the CNS. These studies provide important insights into the mechanism of disease suppression mediated by autoreactive CD8 T cells in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390, USA
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14
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Osborne DG, Wetzel SA. Trogocytosis results in sustained intracellular signaling in CD4(+) T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4728-39. [PMID: 23066151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells capture membrane and membrane-bound molecules from APCs directly from the immunological synapse in a process termed trogocytosis. The function and biological consequences of trogocytosis are largely unknown. In this study, we examine the biological significance of this phenomenon on the trogocytosis-positive T cell. We used murine fibroblasts expressing GFP-tagged I-E(k) molecules loaded with a covalently attached antigenic peptide (moth cytochrome c 88-103) to present Ag to primary TCR transgenic T cells. Using a combination of high-resolution light microscopy and flow cytometry, we show that the trogocytosed molecules are retained on the surface of the T cell in association with the TCR and elevated phosphorylated ZAP-70, phosphorylated tyrosine, and phosphorylated ERK 1/2. Through the use of the Src inhibitor PP2, we demonstrate that trogocytosed molecules directly sustain TCR signaling. In addition, after removal of APC, trogocytosis-positive cells preferentially survive in culture over several days. These novel findings suggest that trogocytosed molecules continue to engage their receptors on the T cell surface and sustain intracellular signaling leading to selective survival of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Osborne
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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15
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Barraud-Lange V, Chalas Boissonnas C, Serres C, Auer J, Schmitt A, Lefèvre B, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A. Membrane transfer from oocyte to sperm occurs in two CD9-independent ways that do not supply the fertilising ability of Cd9-deleted oocytes. Reproduction 2012; 144:53-66. [PMID: 22554680 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spermatozoa undergo regulation of their functions along their lifespan through exchanges via vesicles or interactions with epithelial cells, in the epididymis, in the seminal fluid and in the female genital tract. Two different ways of oocyte membrane transfer to spermatozoa have been described: trogocytosis and exosomes. We here report an analysis of in vitro exchanges between the membranes of unfertilised oocytes and capacitated spermatozoa. We showed that optimum conditions are fulfilled when unfertilised oocytes interact with acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, a scenario mimicking the events occurring when the fertilising spermatozoon is inside the perivitelline space. Although CD9 tetraspanin is an essential molecule for fertilisation, exosome and trogocytosis transfer persists in Cd9-null oocytes in spite of their dramatic fusion failure. These exchanges are CD9 tetraspanin independent. We also confirm that mice sperm express CD9 tetraspanin and that when Cd9-null oocytes were inseminated with sperm covered with oocyte membrane materials, including CD9 tetraspanin, no rescue of the oocytes' fertilisability could be obtained. Thus, the existence of two ways of exchange between gametes during fertilisation suggests that these events could be of a physiological importance in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Barraud-Lange
- Service d'Histologie Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, 123, Boulevard Port Royal, 75013 Paris, France
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16
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Engineering lymph node homing of ex vivo-expanded human natural killer cells via trogocytosis of the chemokine receptor CCR7. Blood 2012; 119:5164-72. [PMID: 22498742 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-389924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have gained significant attention in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. Consequently, novel methods of clinical-grade expansion of NK cells have emerged. Subsets of NK cells express a variety of chemokine receptors. However, to expand the scope of adoptively transferred NK cell homing to various malignancies, expression of corresponding chemokine receptors on NK cells is essential. Here, we have explored the use of trogocytosis as a tool to transiently express the chemokine receptor CCR7 on expanded human NK cells with the aim to enhance their homing to lymph nodes. We generated a K562-based "donor" cell line expressing CCR7, Clone9.CCR7, to transfer CCR7 onto NK cells via trogocytosis. CCR7 expression occurred in 80% of expanded NK cells within 1 hour after coculture with Clone9.CCR7. After removal of the donor cells from the coculture, the CCR7 expression on NK cells steadily declined to baseline levels by 72 hours. The acquired CCR7 receptors mediated in vitro migration of NK cells toward CCL19 and CCL21 and increased the lymph node homing by 144% in athymic nude mice. This is the first report on exploiting trogocytosis to rapidly and transiently modify lymphocytes, without direct genetic intervention, for adoptive transfer.
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17
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Kotsiou E, Brzostek J, Gould KG. Properties and applications of single-chain major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:645-55. [PMID: 21126187 PMCID: PMC3125553 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules at the cell surface consist of three separate, noncovalently associated components: the class I heavy chain, the β(2)-microglobulin light chain, and a presented peptide. These three components are assembled inside cells via complex pathways involving many other proteins that have been studied extensively. Correct formation of disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum is central to this process of MHC class I assembly. For a single specific peptide to be presented at the cell surface for possible immune recognition, between hundreds and thousands of peptide-containing precursor polypeptides are required, so the overall process is relatively inefficient. To increase the efficiency of antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules, and for possible therapeutic purposes, single-chain molecules have been developed in which the three, normally separate components have been joined together via flexible linker sequences in a single polypeptide chain. Remarkably, these single-chain MHC class I molecules fold up correctly, as judged by functional recognition by cells of the immune system, and more recently by X-ray crystallographic structural data. This review focuses on the interesting properties and potential of this new type of engineered MHC class I molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kotsiou
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
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18
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Carosella ED, Gregori S, Rouas-Freiss N, LeMaoult J, Menier C, Favier B. The role of HLA-G in immunity and hematopoiesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:353-68. [PMID: 21116680 PMCID: PMC11114977 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-classical HLA class I molecule HLA-G was initially shown to play a major role in feto-maternal tolerance. Since this discovery, it has been established that HLA-G is a tolerogenic molecule which participates to the control of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on (1) the multiple structures of HLA-G, which are closely associated with their role in the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity, (2) the factors that regulate the expression of HLA-G and its receptors, (3) the mechanism of action of HLA-G at the immunological synapse and through trogocytosis, and (4) the generation of suppressive cells through HLA-G. Moreover, we also review recent findings on the non-immunological functions of HLA-G in erythropoiesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo D Carosella
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France.
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19
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Membrane redistributions through multi-intercellular exchanges and serial trogocytosis. Cell Res 2010; 20:1239-51. [PMID: 20877312 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a rapid transfer between cells of membranes and associated proteins. Trogocytic exchanges have been investigated between different cell types, mainly in two-cell systems, involving one donor and one acceptor cell type. Here, we studied trogocytosis in a more complex system, involving not only several immune cell subsets but also multiple tumor cells. We show that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells and monocytes can acquire membrane patches and the intact proteins they contain from different tumor cells by multiple simultaneous trogocytoses. The trogocytic capabilities of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were found to be similar, but inferior to that of autologous monocytes. Activated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may also exchange membranes between themselves in an all-autologous system. For this reason, monocytes are capable of acquiring membranes from multiple tumor cell sources, and transfer them again to autologous T cells, along with some of their own membranes (serial trogocytosis). Our data illustrate the extent of membrane exchanges between autologous activated immune effector cells and their environment, and how the cellular content of the local environment, including "bystander" cells, may impact the functions of immune effector cells.
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20
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Hansen TH, Connolly JM, Gould KG, Fremont DH. Basic and translational applications of engineered MHC class I proteins. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:363-9. [PMID: 20832361 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules can be engineered as single chain trimers (SCTs) that sequentially incorporate all three subunits of the fully assembled proteins, namely peptide, β2 microglobulin, and heavy chain. SCTs have been made with many different MHC-peptide complexes and are used as novel diagnostic and therapeutic reagents, as well as probes for diverse biological questions. Here, we review the recent and diverse applications of SCTs. These applications include new approaches to enumerate disease-related T cells, DNA vaccines, eliciting responses to pre-assembled MHC-peptide complexes, and unique probes of lymphocyte development and activation. Future applications of SCTs will be driven by their further engineering and the ever-expanding identification of disease-related peptides using chemical, genetic and computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted H Hansen
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Li L, Herndon JM, Truscott SM, Hansen TH, Fleming TP, Goedegebuure P, Gillanders WE. Engineering superior DNA vaccines: MHC class I single chain trimers bypass antigen processing and enhance the immune response to low affinity antigens. Vaccine 2010; 28:1911-8. [PMID: 20188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that delivery of antigen into the class I antigen presentation pathway is a limiting factor in the clinical translation of DNA vaccines. This is of particular concern in the context of cancer vaccine development as many immunodominant peptides derived from self tumor antigens are not processed and presented efficiently. To address this limitation, we have engineered completely assembled peptide/MHC class I complexes whereby all three components (class I heavy chain, beta(2)m, and peptide) are attached by flexible linkers and expressed as a single polypeptide (single chain trimers or SCT). In this study, we tested the efficacy of progressive generations of SCT DNA vaccines engineered to (1) enhance peptide binding, (2) enhance interaction with the CD8 coreceptor, and/or (3) activate CD4(+) helper T cells. Disulfide trap SCT (dtSCT) have been engineered to improve peptide binding, with mutations designed to create a disulfide bond between the class I heavy chain and the peptide linker. dtSCT DNA vaccines dramatically enhance the immune response to model low affinity antigens as measured by ELISPOT analysis and tumor challenge. SCT engineered to enhance interaction with the CD8 coreceptor have a higher affinity for the TCR/CD8 complex, and are associated with more robust CD8(+) T cell responses following vaccination. Finally, SCT constructs that coexpress a universal helper epitope PADRE, dramatically enhance CD8(+) T cell responses. Taken together, our data demonstrate that dtSCT DNA vaccines coexpressing a universal CD4 epitope are highly effective in generating immune responses to poorly processed and presented cancer antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
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22
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HoWangYin KY, Alegre E, Daouya M, Favier B, Carosella ED, LeMaoult J. Different functional outcomes of intercellular membrane transfers to monocytes and T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1133-45. [PMID: 20238479 PMCID: PMC11115494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the uptake of membranes from one cell by another. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated for monocytes, B cells, T cells, and NK cells. The acquisition of the tolerogenic molecule HLA-G by T cells and NK cells makes them behave as regulatory cells. We investigated here whether HLA-G, which is expressed by tumor cells in vivo, could be acquired by monocytes and if this transfer could have functional consequences. We demonstrate that resting, and even more so, activated monocytes efficiently acquire membrane-bound HLA-G from HLA-G tumor cells by trogocytosis. However, we demonstrate that HLA-G quickly disappears from the surface of the monocytes in contrast to the HLA-G acquired by T cells. Consequently, HLA-G(acq+) monocytes do not reliably inhibit the on-going proliferation of autologous activated T cells and do not inhibit their cytokine production. Thus, we show that the acquirer cell may control the functional outcome of trogocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiave-Yune HoWangYin
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Estibaliz Alegre
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Daouya
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- CEA, I2BM, Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, 75475 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Hopital Saint Louis, 75475 Paris, France
- CEA-I2BM-SRHI, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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23
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Could CD4 capture by CD8+ T cells play a role in HIV spreading? J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:907371. [PMID: 20368790 PMCID: PMC2846356 DOI: 10.1155/2010/907371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have been shown to capture plasma membrane fragments from target cells expressing their cognate antigen, a process termed "trogocytosis". Here, we report that human CD4, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) receptor, can be found among the proteins transferred by trogocytosis. CD4 is expressed in a correct orientation after its capture by CD8(+) T cells as shown by its detection using conformational antibodies and its ability to allow HIV binding on recipient CD8(+) T cells. Although we could not find direct evidence for infection of CD8(+) T cells having captured CD4 by HIV, CD4 was virologically functional on these cells as it conferred on them the ability to undergo syncytia formation induced by HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells. Our results show that acquisition of CD4 by CD8(+) T cells via trogocytosis could play a previously unappreciated role for CD8(+) T cells in HIV spreading possibly without leading to their infection.
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Daubeuf S, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP, Joly E, Hudrisier D. The direction of plasma membrane exchange between lymphocytes and accessory cells by trogocytosis is influenced by the nature of the accessory cell. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1897-908. [PMID: 20089699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exchange of plasma membrane fragments, including cell-surface proteins and lipids, in conjugates formed between lymphocytes and their cellular partners is a field of intense investigation. Apart from its natural occurrence during Ag recognition, the process of membrane transfer can be triggered in experimental or therapeutic settings when lymphocytes targeted by Abs are conjugated to FcgammaR-expressing accessory cells. The direction of membrane capture (i.e., which of the two cells is going to donate or accept plasma membrane fragments) can have important functional consequences, such as insensitivity of tumor cells to treatment by therapeutic mAbs. This effect, called antigenic modulation or shaving, occurs as a result of a process in which the FcgammaR-expressing cells remove the mAb and its target protein from the tumor cells. We therefore analyzed this process in conjugates formed between various FcgammaR-expressing cells and a series of normal or tumor T and B cells opsonized with different Abs capable of triggering membrane exchange (including the therapeutic Ab rituximab). Our results show that the direction of membrane capture is dictated by the identity of the FcgammaR-expressing cell, much more so than the type of lymphocyte or the Ab used. We found that monocytes and macrophages are prone to be involved in bidirectional trogocytosis with opsonized target cells, a process they can perform in parallel to phagocytosis. Our observations open new perspectives to understand the mechanisms involved in trogocytosis and may contribute to optimization of Ab-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Daubeuf
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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25
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Daubeuf S, Aucher A, Bordier C, Salles A, Serre L, Gaibelet G, Faye JC, Favre G, Joly E, Hudrisier D. Preferential transfer of certain plasma membrane proteins onto T and B cells by trogocytosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8716. [PMID: 20090930 PMCID: PMC2806835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T and B cells capture antigens via membrane fragments of antigen presenting cells (APC) in a process termed trogocytosis. Whether (and how) a preferential transfer of some APC components occurs during trogocytosis is still largely unknown. We analyzed the transfer onto murine T and B cells of a large panel of fluorescent proteins with different intra-cellular localizations in the APC or various types of anchors in the plasma membrane (PM). Only the latter were transferred by trogocytosis, albeit with different efficiencies. Unexpectedly, proteins anchored to the PM's cytoplasmic face, or recruited to it via interaction with phosphinositides, were more efficiently transferred than those facing the outside of the cell. For proteins spanning the PM's whole width, transfer efficiency was found to vary quite substantially, with tetraspanins, CD4 and FcRgamma found among the most efficiently transferred proteins. We exploited our findings to set immunodiagnostic assays based on the capture of preferentially transferred components onto T or B cells. The preferential transfer documented here should prove useful in deciphering the cellular structures involved in trogocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Daubeuf
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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26
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Abstract
In a multicellular system, cellular communication is a must for orchestration and coordination of cellular events. Advent of the latest analytical and imaging tools has allowed us to enhance our understanding of the intercellular communication. An intercellular exchange of proteins or intact membrane patches is a ubiquitous phenomenon, and has been the subject of renewed interest, particularly in the context of immune cells. Recent evidence implicates that intercellular protein transfers, including trogocytosis is an important mechanism of the immune system to modulate immune responses and transferred proteins can also contribute to pathology. It has been demonstrated that intercellular protein transfer can be through the internalization/pathway, dissociation-associated pathway, uptake of exosomes and membrane nanotube formations. Exchange of membrane molecules/antigens between immune cells has been observed for a long time, but the mechanisms and functional consequences of these transfers remain unclear. In this review, we will discuss the important findings concerning intercellular protein transfers, possible mechanisms and highlight their physiological relevance to the immune system, with special reference to T cells such as the stimulatory or suppressive immune responses derived from T cells with acquired dendritic cell membrane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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27
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Yamanaka N, Wong CJ, Gertsenstein M, Casper RF, Nagy A, Rogers IM. Bone marrow transplantation results in human donor blood cells acquiring and displaying mouse recipient class I MHC and CD45 antigens on their surface. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8489. [PMID: 20046883 PMCID: PMC2796175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models of human disease are invaluable for determining the differentiation ability and functional capacity of stem cells. The best example is bone marrow transplants for studies of hematopoietic stem cells. For organ studies, the interpretation of the data can be difficult as transdifferentiation, cell fusion or surface antigen transfer (trogocytosis) can be misinterpreted as differentiation. These events have not been investigated in hematopoietic stem cell transplant models. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we investigated fusion and trogocytosis involving blood cells during bone marrow transplantation using a xenograft model. We report that using a standard SCID repopulating assay almost 100% of the human donor cells appear as hybrid blood cells containing both mouse and human surface antigens. Conclusion/Significance Hybrid cells are not the result of cell-cell fusion events but appear to be due to efficient surface antigen transfer, a process referred to as trogocytosis. Antigen transfer appears to be non-random and includes all donor cells regardless of sub-type. We also demonstrate that irradiation preconditioning enhances the frequency of hybrid cells and that trogocytosis is evident in non-blood cells in chimera mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yamanaka
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine J. Wong
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. Casper
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian M. Rogers
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Hansen T, Yu YYL, Fremont DH. Preparation of stable single-chain trimers engineered with peptide, beta2 microglobulin, and MHC heavy chain. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 17:17.5.1-17.5.17. [PMID: 19918946 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1705s87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes a method for constructing a class I MHC molecule with a bound peptide as a single polypeptide chain, termed SCT, for single chain trimer. The component organization of the SCT appears to be widely applicable to different mouse or human MHC class I isotypes bound by different antigenic peptides. The enhanced peptide occupancy afforded by the SCT format makes these molecules effective reagents as DNA vaccines, multimeric staining reagents to enumerate CD8 T cells, and probes of lymphocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Hansen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Y Y Lawrence Yu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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29
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Beum PV, Mack DA, Pawluczkowycz AW, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. Binding of rituximab, trastuzumab, cetuximab, or mAb T101 to cancer cells promotes trogocytosis mediated by THP-1 cells and monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:8120-32. [PMID: 19018005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 years ago clinical investigations in the immunotherapy of cancer revealed that infusion of certain immunotherapeutic mAbs directed to tumor cells induced loss of targeted epitopes. This phenomenon, called antigenic modulation, can compromise mAb-based therapies. Recently we reported that rituximab (RTX) treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients induced substantial loss of targeted CD20 on B cells found in the circulation after RTX infusion; this "shaving" of RTX-CD20 complexes from B cells is also promoted in vitro by THP-1 monocytes and by PBMC in a reaction mediated by Fcgamma receptors. The mechanism responsible for shaving appears to be trogocytosis, a process in which receptors on effector cells remove and internalize cognate ligands and cell membrane fragments from target cells. We now report that three therapeutic mAbs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer, RTX, cetuximab, and trastuzumab, as well as mAb T101, which has been shown to induce antigenic modulation in the clinic, promote trogocytosis in vitro upon binding to their respective target cells. Trogocytosis of the mAb-opsonized cells is mediated by THP-1 monocytes and by primary monocytes isolated from PBMC. In view of these results, it is likely that these mAbs and possibly other anticancer mAbs now used in the clinic may promote trogocytic removal of the therapeutic mAbs and their cognate Ags from tumor cells in vivo. Our findings may have important implications with respect to the use of mAbs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Beum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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30
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Zhang QJ, Li XL, Wang D, Huang XC, Mathis JM, Duan WM, Knight D, Shi R, Glass J, Zhang DQ, Eisenbach L, Jefferies WA. Trogocytosis of MHC-I/peptide complexes derived from tumors and infected cells enhances dendritic cell cross-priming and promotes adaptive T cell responses. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3097. [PMID: 18769733 PMCID: PMC2518214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), two important components of the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway, are often deficient in tumor cells. The restoration of their expression has been shown to restore the antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumor cells. However, it is unclear whether TAP and MHC-I expression in tumor cells can affect the induction phase of the T cell response. To address this issue, we expressed viral antigens in tumors that are either deficient or proficient in TAP and MHC-I expression. The relative efficiency of direct immunization or immunization through cross-presentation in promoting adaptive T cell responses was compared. The results demonstrated that stimulation of animals with TAP and MHC-I proficient tumor cells generated antigen specific T cells with greater killing activities than those of TAP and MHC-I deficient tumor cells. This discrepancy was traced to differences in the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to access and sample different antigen reservoirs in TAP and MHC-I proficient versus deficient cells and thereby stimulate adaptive immune responses through the process of cross-presentation. In addition, our data suggest that the increased activity of T cells is caused by the enhanced DC uptake and utilization of MHC-I/peptide complexes from the proficient cells as an additional source of processed antigen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that immune-escape and metastasis are promoted in the absence of this DC ‘arming’ mechanism. Physiologically, this novel form of DC antigen sampling resembles trogocytosis, and acts to enhance T cell priming and increase the efficacy of adaptive immune responses against tumors and infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Jin Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Gene Therapy Program, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
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31
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Capture of plasma membrane fragments from target cells by trogocytosis requires signaling in T cells but not in B cells. Blood 2008; 111:5621-8. [PMID: 18381976 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of their respective cellular partners, T and B cells acquire their antigens by a process of membrane capture called trogocytosis. Here, we report that various inhibitors of actin polymerization or of kinases involved in intracellular signaling partially or fully inhibited trogocytosis by CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, whereas they had no effect on trogocytosis by B cells. Similarly, trogocytosis by T cells was inhibited at 4 degrees C, whereas in B cells it was independent of temperature, indicating that trogocytosis by B cells does not rely on active processes. By contrast, most inhibitors we tested impaired both T-cell and B-cell activation. The differential effect of inhibitors on T-cell and B-cell trogocytosis was not due to the higher affinity of the B-cell receptor for its cognate antigen compared with the affinity of the T-cell receptor for its own antigen, but it correlated tightly with the abilities of T cells and B cells to form conjugates with their target cells in the presence of inhibitors. Trogocytosis thus has different requirements in different cell types. Moreover, the capture of membrane antigen by B cells is identified as a novel signaling-independent event of B-cell biology.
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32
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Daubeuf S, Aucher A, Sampathkumar SG, Preville X, Yarema KJ, Hudrisier D. Chemical labels metabolically installed into the glycoconjugates of the target cell surface can be used to track lymphocyte/target cell interplay via trogocytosis: comparisons with lipophilic dyes and biotin. Immunol Invest 2008; 36:687-712. [PMID: 18161525 DOI: 10.1080/08820130701674596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trogocytosis, the process whereby lymphocytes capture membrane components from the cells they interact with, is classically evidenced by the transfer of fluorescent lipophilic compounds or biotinylated proteins from target cells to T or B cells. A particular class of molecules, not studied explicitly so far in the context of trogocytosis is glycoconjugates. Here, we used a method to metabolically install chemical labels in target cell glycoconjugates. Working with those target cells, we describe the conditions allowing CTL to be detected based on glycoconjugate trogocytosis triggered by antigen or stimulatory antibodies. Accordingly, we used this method to monitor the CTL response triggered in mice after vaccination. In addition, we documented the applicability of this approach to the detection of CD4(+) T and B cells. Overall, glycoconjugates were transferred between target cells and lymphocytes during trogocytosis with efficiencies comparable or higher than measured for biotinylated proteins or lipophilic dyes incorporated into general membrane lipids. From a technological point of view, our approach can be employed to detect reactive lymphocytes via glycoconjugate trogocytosis. More generally, we believe that the ever-growing ability to employ chemistry in living systems to label particular compounds will be powerful in unraveling the contributions of glycosylation to various aspects of T and B cells biology.
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33
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Daubeuf S, Puaux AL, Joly E, Hudrisier D. A simple trogocytosis-based method to detect, quantify, characterize and purify antigen-specific live lymphocytes by flow cytometry, via their capture of membrane fragments from antigen-presenting cells. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2536-42. [PMID: 17406507 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a method exploiting the phenomenon of trogocytosis to detect lymphocytes reacting specifically with target cells by flow cytometry. Trogocytosis is a process by which lymphocytes capture fragments of the plasma membrane from the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressing their cognate antigen. For this method, a label (such as a fluorescent lipid or biotin) is first incorporated in the membrane of APCs. These labeled cells are then co-cultured for a few hours with a population of cells containing the lymphocytes to be detected. After this period of stimulation, lymphocytes that have performed trogocytosis are identified by their acquisition of the label initially present on the APC membrane using flow cytometry. A major advantage of this method is its compatibility with the simultaneous detection of phenotypic and/or functional markers on the lymphocytes. Furthermore, cells can be recovered alive and active after detection of trogocytosis, and are therefore available for further characterization or even conceivably for therapeutic purposes.
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34
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Cox JH, McMichael AJ, Screaton GR, Xu XN. CTLs Target Th Cells That Acquire Bystander MHC Class I-Peptide Complex from APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:830-6. [PMID: 17617573 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLs can acquire MHC class I-peptide complexes from their target cells, whereas CD4(+) T cells obtain MHC class II-peptide complexes from APCs in a TCR-specific manner. As a consequence, Ag-specific CTL can kill each other (fratricide) or CD4(+) T cells become APCs themselves. The purpose of the acquisition is not fully understood and may be either inhibition or prolongation of an immunological response. In this study, we demonstrate that human CD4(+) Th cells are able to capture membrane fragments from APC during the process of immunological synapse formation. The fragments contain not only MHC class II-peptide complexes but also MHC class I-peptide complexes, rendering these cells susceptible to CTL killing in an Ag-specific manner. The control of CD4(+) Th cells by Ag-specific CTL, therefore, maybe another mechanism to regulate CD4(+) T cell expansion in normal immune responses or cause immunopathology during the course of viral infections such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Cox
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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35
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Williams GS, Collinson LM, Brzostek J, Eissmann P, Almeida CR, McCann FE, Burshtyn D, Davis DM. Membranous structures transfer cell surface proteins across NK cell immune synapses. Traffic 2007; 8:1190-204. [PMID: 17605758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular transfer of cell surface proteins is widespread and facilitates several recently discovered means for immune cell communication. Here, we examined the molecular mechanism for intercellular exchange of the natural killer (NK) cell receptor KIR2DL1 and HLA-C, prototypical proteins that swap between NK cells and target cells. Transfer was contact dependent and enhanced for cells expressing cognate receptor/ligand pairs but did not depend on KIR2DL1 signaling. To a lesser extent, proteins transferred independent from specific recognition. Intracellular domains of transferred proteins were not exposed to the extracellular environment and transferred proteins were removed by brief exposure to low pH. By fluorescence microscopy, transferred proteins localized to discrete regions on the recipient cell surface. Higher resolution scanning electron micrographs revealed that transferred proteins were located within specific membranous structures. Transmission electron microscopy of the immune synapse revealed that membrane protrusions from one cell interacted with the apposing cell surface within the synaptic cleft. These data, coupled with previous observations, lead us to propose that intercellular protein transfer is mediated by membrane protrusions within and surrounding the immunological synapse.
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MESH Headings
- Acids/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Surface Extensions/metabolism
- Cell Surface Extensions/ultrastructure
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/metabolism
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/ultrastructure
- HLA-C Antigens/genetics
- HLA-C Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Intercellular Junctions/ultrastructure
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron
- Organic Chemicals/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, KIR2DL1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR2DL1/immunology
- Receptors, KIR2DL1/metabolism
- Transfection
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Williams
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK
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36
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Adamopoulou E, Diekmann J, Tolosa E, Kuntz G, Einsele H, Rammensee HG, Topp MS. Human CD4+ T cells displaying viral epitopes elicit a functional virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5465-72. [PMID: 17442927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ag-specific cellular recall response to herpes virus infections is characterized by a swift recruitment of virus-specific memory T cells. Rapid activation is achieved through formation of the immunological synapse and supramolecular clustering of signal molecules at the site of contact. During the formation of the immunological synapse, epitope-loaded MHC molecules are transferred via trogocytosis from APCs to T cells, enabling the latter to function as Ag-presenting T cells (T-APCs). The contribution of viral epitope expressing T-APCs in the regulation of the herpes virus-specific CD8+ T cell memory response remains unclear. Comparison of CD4+ T-APCs with professional APCs such as Ag-presenting CD40L-activated B cells (CD40B-APCs) demonstrated reduced levels of costimulatory ligands. Despite the observed differences, CD4+ T-APCs are as potent as CD40B-APCs in stimulating herpes virus-specific CD8+ T cells resulting in a greater than 35-fold expansion of CD8+ T cells specific for dominant and subdominant viral epitopes. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells generated by CD4+ T-APCs or CD40B-APCs showed both comparable effector function such as specific lysis of targets and cytokine production and also did not differ in their phenotype after expansion. These results indicate that viral epitope presentation by Ag-specific CD4+ T cells may contribute to the rapid recruitment of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells during a viral recall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Adamopoulou
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Röntgernring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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37
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Iyer JK, Amaladoss A, Genesan S, Ganesan S, Preiser PR. Variable expression of the 235 kDa rhoptry protein ofPlasmodium yoeliimediate host cell adaptation and immune evasion. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:333-46. [PMID: 17590237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The severity of infections caused by the malaria parasite Plasmodium is in part due to the rapid multiplication cycles in the blood of an infected individual. A fundamental step in this phenomenon is the invasion of selected erythrocytes of the host by the parasite. The py235 rhoptry protein multigene family of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii has been implicated in mediating host cell selection during erythrocyte invasion and virulence. Here we show using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis that variations in the amounts of py235 may be a mechanism that the parasite uses to define its host cell repertoire. High levels of py235 expression leads to a wider range of erythrocytes invaded and therefore increased virulence. In contrast, to evade PY235-specific immunity, the parasite downregulates py235 thereby decreasing the host cell repertoire and virulence. These results demonstrate a new mechanism where variations in the amounts of parasite ligand define the parasite host cell repertoire and enable it to evade host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree Kaveri Iyer
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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38
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Smyth LA, Afzali B, Tsang J, Lombardi G, Lechler RI. Intercellular transfer of MHC and immunological molecules: molecular mechanisms and biological significance. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1442-9. [PMID: 17511673 PMCID: PMC3815510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular transfer of many molecules, including the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), both class I and II, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix organization molecules as well as chemokine, viral and complement receptors, has been observed between cells of the immune system. In this review, we aim to summarize the findings of a large body of work, highlight the molecules transferred and how this is achieved, as well as the cells capable of acquiring molecules from other cells. Although a physiological role for this phenomenon has yet to be established we suggest that the exchange of molecules between cells may influence the immune system with respect to immune amplification as well as regulation and tolerance. We will discuss why this may be the case and highlight the influence intercellular transfer of MHC molecules may have on allorecognition and graft rejection.
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39
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Gertner J, Wiedemann A, Poupot M, Fournié JJ. Human γδ T lymphocytes strip and kill tumor cells simultaneously. Immunol Lett 2007; 110:42-53. [PMID: 17451812 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When human gammadelta lymphocytes bind to tumor cells for killing, they also strip their membrane for unknown reasons. Here we investigated this topic using the model of human gammadelta lymphocytes co-incubated with anaplastic large cell lymphomas, a group of tumors with cytolytic T or null lineage. By using flow cytometry and live cell imaging, we show that as soon as both cells were in contact, the TCR-mediated activation of gammadelta lymphocytes simultaneously triggered their secretion of lytic granules and stripping of lymphoma cell membranes, and both activities continued even after their cell death. However reciprocally in such conjugates, resistant lymphoma failed to strip gammadelta cells and to kill them by untargeted secretion of their own lytic granules. This indicated that secretion of lytic granules and target membrane stripping are associated in lytic cell conjugates, and that gammadelta T lymphocytes strip and kill their targets simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gertner
- Department of Oncology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, BP 3128, Hopital Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 03, France
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40
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Hudrisier D, Aucher A, Puaux AL, Bordier C, Joly E. Capture of Target Cell Membrane Components via Trogocytosis Is Triggered by a Selected Set of Surface Molecules on T or B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3637-47. [PMID: 17339461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Key events of T and B cell biology are regulated through direct interaction with APC or target cells. Trogocytosis is a process whereby CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and B cells capture their specific membrane-bound Ag through the acquisition of plasma membrane fragments from their cellular targets. With the aim of investigating whether the ability to trigger trogocytosis was a selective property of Ag receptors, we set up an assay that allowed us to test the ability of many different cell surface molecules to trigger trogocytosis. On the basis of the analysis of a series of surface molecules on CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and B cells, we conclude that a set of cell type-specific surface determinants, including but not limited to Ag receptors, do trigger trogocytosis. On T cells, these determinants include components of the TCR/CD3 as well as that of coreceptors and of several costimulatory molecules. On B cells, we identified only the BCR and MHC molecules as potentials triggers of trogocytosis. Remarkably, latrunculin, which prevents actin polymerization, impaired trogocytosis by T cells, but not by B cells. This was true even when the same Abs were used to trigger trogocytosis in T or B cells. Altogether, our results indicate that although trogocytosis is performed by all hemopoietic cells tested thus far, both the receptors and the mechanisms involved can differ depending on the lineage of the cell acquiring membrane materials from other cells. This could therefore account for the different biological consequences of Ag capture via trogocytosis proposed for different types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Hudrisier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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41
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Caumartin J, Favier B, Daouya M, Guillard C, Moreau P, Carosella ED, LeMaoult J. Trogocytosis-based generation of suppressive NK cells. EMBO J 2007; 26:1423-33. [PMID: 17318190 PMCID: PMC1817622 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a fast uptake of membranes and associated molecules from one cell by another. Trogocytosis between natural killer (NK) cells and tumors is already described, but the functional relevance of NK-tumor targets material exchange is unclear. We investigated whether the immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G that is commonly expressed by tumors in vivo and known to block NK cytolytic function, could be transferred from tumor cells to NK cells, and if this transfer had functional consequences. We show that activated NK cells acquire HLA-G1 from tumor cells, and that upon this acquisition, NK cells stop proliferating, are no longer cytotoxic, and behave as suppressor cells. Such cells can inhibit other NK cells' cytotoxic function and protect NK-sensitive tumor cells from cytolysis. These data are the first demonstration that trogocytosis of HLA-G1 can be a major mechanism of immune escape that acts through effector cells made to act as suppressor cells locally, temporarily, but efficiently. The broader consequences of membrane sharing between immune and non-immune cells on the function of effectors and the outcome of immune responses are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-G Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Caumartin
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marina Daouya
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Christine Guillard
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France. Tel.: +33 1 53 72 22 29; Fax: +33 1 48 03 19 60; E-mail:
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42
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Roda-Navarro P, Reyburn HT. Intercellular protein transfer at the NK cell immune synapse: mechanisms and physiological significance. FASEB J 2007; 21:1636-46. [PMID: 17314139 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7488rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune synapses (IS) are supramolecular clusters providing intercellular communication among cells of the immune system. While the physiological role and consequences of IS formation are beginning to be understood, these studies have given rise to a new research topic in the biology of lymphocyte interactions: synaptic transfer of proteins between lymphocytes. During natural killer (NK) cell immunosurveillance, clustering and transfer of receptor and ligand molecules have been observed at both the inhibitory and cytotoxic NK cell immune synapse (NK-IS). The transfer of activating receptors seems to be associated with receptor distribution to thin membrane connective structures (MCS)/nanotubes that communicate effector and susceptible target cells. Strikingly, bidirectional transfer of the activating receptor NKG2D and its cellular ligand MICB correlates with a reduction in NK cell cytotoxic function. In this regard, synaptic uptake of MICB may represent a novel strategy of tumor immune evasion. Finally, synaptic acquisition of receptors by NK cells may also favor the spread of pathogens. In this review we discuss possible mechanisms of synaptic protein transfer and propose different testable hypotheses about the physiological and pathological significance of this process for NK cell function.
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43
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Davis DM. Intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins is common and can affect many stages of an immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:238-43. [PMID: 17290299 DOI: 10.1038/nri2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells can extend the limits of their transcriptome by using proteins captured from other cells. Through an exchange of specific proteins, tools and information can be shared to establish integrated communities of cells that are better able to coordinate stages of an immune response. Transferred proteins can also contribute to pathology by allowing, for example, infection of cell types not otherwise infected. Here, I present the case for considering the intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins between immune cells as commonplace and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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44
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LeMaoult J, Caumartin J, Carosella ED. Exchanges of membrane patches (trogocytosis) split theoretical and actual functions of immune cells. Hum Immunol 2006; 68:240-3. [PMID: 17400058 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exchanges of antigens between immune cells have long been evidenced in the murine system and more recently in humans, but the mechanisms by which these transfers occur, and even more so their functional and physiologic significance remain unclear. Yet, intercellular antigen exchanges, and particularly intercellular exchanges of intact membrane patches, also called trogocytosis, have recently been the subject of renewed interest. Indeed, trogocytosis has been thoroughly investigated in terms of phenomenology, mechanisms and parameters, and function. For lack of a dramatic function for trogocytosis, the possible significance of membrane patch transfers has been discussed. Here, we will briefly outline the key findings concerning trogocytosis, highlight their significance, and discuss how they have an impact on commonly accepted immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel LeMaoult
- Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France.
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Caumartin J, Lemaoult J, Carosella ED. Intercellular exchanges of membrane patches (trogocytosis) highlight the next level of immune plasticity. Transpl Immunol 2006; 17:20-2. [PMID: 17157208 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although they have been evidenced a long time ago, exchanges of antigens between cells have remained poorly understood and their significance is still unclear. Yet, intercellular antigen exchanges, and most particularly intercellular exchanges of intact membrane patches, also called trogocytosis, have recently been the subject of renewed interest. We here briefly outline the key findings concerning trogocytosis, and discuss their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Caumartin
- Service de Recherches en Hemato-Immunologie, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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Kessler JH, Bres-Vloemans SA, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Huijbers IJG, Camps M, Mulder A, Offringa R, Drijfhout JW, Leeksma OC, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM. BCR-ABL fusion regions as a source of multiple leukemia-specific CD8+ T-cell epitopes. Leukemia 2006; 20:1738-50. [PMID: 16932347 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For immunotherapy of residual disease in patients with Philadelphia-positive leukemias, the BCR-ABL fusion regions are attractive disease-specific T-cell targets. We analyzed these regions for the prevalence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes by an advanced reverse immunology procedure. Seventeen novel BCR-ABL fusion peptides were identified to bind efficiently to the human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-A68, HLA-B51, HLA-B61 or HLA-Cw4 HLA class I molecules. Comprehensive enzymatic digestion analysis showed that 10 out of the 28 HLA class I binding fusion peptides were efficiently excised after their C-terminus by the proteasome, which is an essential requirement for efficient cell surface expression. Therefore, these peptides are prime vaccine candidates. The other peptides either completely lacked C-terminal liberation or were only inefficiently excised by the proteasome, rendering them inappropriate or less suitable for inclusion in a vaccine. CTL raised against the properly processed HLA-B61 epitope AEALQRPVA from the BCR-ABL e1a2 fusion region, expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), specifically recognized ALL tumor cells, proving cell surface presentation of this epitope, its applicability for immunotherapy and underlining the accuracy of our epitope identification strategy. Our study provides a reliable basis for the selection of optimal peptides to be included in immunotherapeutic BCR-ABL vaccines against leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitope Mapping/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/immunology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- HLA-B Antigens/immunology
- HLA-B Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-B51 Antigen
- HLA-C Antigens/immunology
- HLA-C Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kessler
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Puaux AL, Campanaud J, Salles A, Préville X, Timmerman B, Joly E, Hudrisier D. A very rapid and simple assay based on trogocytosis to detect and measure specific T and B cell reactivity by flow cytometry. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:779-88. [PMID: 16482513 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Detection, quantification, separation and characterization of T and B cells reactive to specific antigens are important tasks in both basic and clinical immunology. Here, we describe an approach allowing the performance of all four tasks on a functional basis by flow cytometry. The assay is based on the property of lymphocytes to capture membrane components from the cells they interact with, in a process we call trogocytosis. Working with CD8+ CTL and target cells labeled with membrane markers, we describe the conditions allowing reactive lymphocytes to be detected rapidly and inexpensively within mixed populations. Accordingly, we used this method to monitor the CTL response triggered in mice after vaccination. In addition, we documented the applicability of this method to the detection of antigen-specific CD4+ T and B cells. While our method is, for the time being, not as sensitive as staining of CTL with MHC class I multimers, it allows the simultaneous quantitative identification of reactive CD8+, CD4+ and B cells. Altogether, our method offers a simple and general alternative to other methods previously described to detect and quantify lymphocyte reactivity, and it can also be used in combination with those.
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