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Siudek P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coarse particles (PM 10) over the coastal urban region in Poland: Distribution, source analysis and human health risk implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137130. [PMID: 36336024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the results of PM10-bound PAH measurements were subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach and diagnostic ratios to investigate their levels, seasonal variability, impact of primary anthropogenic sources, and human health risk via the inhalation route. Daily ground-based observations were carried out at a representative coastal site in Gdynia (northern Poland), from April to December 2019. The concentrations of Σ13PAHs in PM10 varied between 0.45 ng m-3 and 54.02 ng m-3, with a mean of 5.22 ± 8.67 ng m-3. A clear seasonality and distribution profiles of PM10-bound PAHs were observed as a result of local/remote sources and meteorological conditions. The highest Σ13PAH concentration was found in December (18.56 ± 16.45 ng m-3) and the lowest values were observed between June and September (3.89 ± 0.52 ng m-3). The PMF-based analysis revealed five factors, suggesting the importance of primary anthropogenic sources of PAHs, i.e. coal combustion, biomass burning, gasoline/diesel vehicles, industrial and shipping activities as well as natural gas combustion. In summer, PAH levels were mostly controlled by local shipping emissions as well as traffic-related and non-combustion sources such as photochemical decomposition. The winter PAH maxima were attributed to a strong increase in residential coal combustion. A Spearman's rank correlation and multilinear regression analysis showed that ambient temperature and NO× had a significant impact on intra-annual variability in PM10-bound PAH transformation in this region. PAH congeners in coarse-size fraction were positively correlated with SO2, indicating their shared anthropogenic sources. The annual mean of epidemiologically based ILCR value was 6.6 × 10-5. This work indicates a potential carcinogenic risk for the local population and a significant difference in BaPeq levels between the individual seasons in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Siudek
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Waszyngtona 42, PL-81-342, Gdynia, Poland.
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2
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Lei Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Du W, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Li L, Qu L, Hang Ho SS, Shen Z, Cao J. Characteristics and health risks of parent, alkylated, and oxygenated PAHs and their contributions to reactive oxygen species from PM 2.5 vehicular emissions in the longest tunnel in downtown Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113357. [PMID: 35580669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30-10:30, II: 11:00-14:00, III: 16:30-19:30, and IV: 20:00-23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), alkylated (a-PAHs), and oxygenated (o-PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were quantified. The relationships between the PAHs and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied. The average total quantified PAHs concentration was 236.3 ± 48.3 ng m-3. The p-PAHs were found to be the most dominated group, accounting for an average of 88.1% of the total quantified PAHs, followed by a-PAHs (6.1%) and o-PAHs (5.8%). On the base of the number of aromatic rings, the groups of ≤5 rings (92.5 ± 1.2%) had higher fractions than the high ones (≥6 rings, 7.5 ± 1.2%) for pPAHs. Diurnal variations of PAHs subgroups exhibited the highest levels in Period III, consistent with the largest traffic counts in evening rush hours. However, less reduction of few PAHs in the night period demonstrates that the emissions of compressed natural gas (CNG) and methanol-fueled vehicles cannot be ignored while their contribution increased. High ROS activity levels were observed in the traffic-dominated samples, implying the potential oxidative damages to humans. Additionally, diurnal variation of the ROS activity was consistent with the total quantified PAHs and toxic equivalency of benzo[a]pyrene. Good correlations (R > 0.6, p < 0.05) were seen between individual groups of PAHs (especially for 3-5 rings p-PAHs, 4 rings a-PAHs, and 2-3 rings o-PAHs) and ROS activity, supporting that the vehicular emitted PAHs possibly initiate oxidative stress. The multiple linear regression analysis further illustrated that chrysene contributed the highest (25.0%) to ROS activity. In addition to highlighting the potential hazards to the PAHs from the vehicular emission, their roles to mitigate the health effects by formations of ROS were firstly reported in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Henan Research Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Hu J, Bao Y, Zhu Y, Osman R, Shen M, Zhang Z, Wang L, Cao S, Li L, Wu Q. The Preliminary Study on the Association Between PAHs and Air Pollutants and Microbiota Diversity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:321-332. [PMID: 32897393 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and air pollutants and the diversity of microbiota. Daily average concentrations of six common air pollutants were obtained from China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The PAHs exposure levels were evaluated by external and internal exposure detection methods, including monitoring atmospheric PAHs and urinary hydroxyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OH-PAH) metabolite levels. We analyzed the diversity of environmental and commensal bacterial communities with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and performed functional enrichment with Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Correlation analysis and logistic regression modeling were conducted to evaluate the relationship of PAHs levels with air pollutants and microbial diversity. Correlation analysis found that the concentrations of atmospheric PAHs were significantly positively correlated with those of PM10, NO2, and SO2. There also was a positive correlation between the abundance of the genus Micrococcus (Actinobacteria) and high molecular weight PAHs, and Bacillus, such as genera and low molecular weight PAHs in the atmosphere. Logistic regression showed that the level of urinary 1-OHPyrene was associated with childhood asthma after sex and age adjustment. The level of urinary 1-OHPyrene was significantly positively correlated with that of PM2.5 and PM10. In addition, the level of 1-OHPyrene was positively correlated with oral Prevotella-7 abundance. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that PAHs exposure may disturb signaling pathways by the imbalance of commensal microbiota, such as purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolites, lipid metabolism, and one carbon pool by folate, which may contribute to public health issues. Our results confirmed that atmospheric PAHs and urinary 1-OHPyrene were correlated with part of six common air pollutants and indicated that PAHs pollution may alter both environmental and commensal microbiota communities associated with health-related problems. The potential health and environmental impacts of PAHs should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuling Bao
- Department of Respiratory, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ranagul Osman
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mengfan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shuyuan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Wang Q, Dong Z, Guo Y, Yu F, Zhang Z, Zhang R. Characterization of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Two Central China Cities: Seasonal Variation, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:20-33. [PMID: 31587094 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2014 to August 2015 in urban area of Luoyang (LY) and Pingdingshan (PDS), two medium-size industrial cities in central China. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to investigate the seasonal variation, potential pollution sources, and health risk of PAHs bound to PM2.5 (PM2.5-bound PAHs). The diagnostic ratios analysis and positive matrix fraction (PMF) model were used to identify potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs were 128 μg m-3 and 73 ng m-3 for LY, and 119 μg m-3 and 182 ng m-3 for PDS, respectively, both displaying seasonal trends with higher concentrations in winter and autumn than in spring and summer. BaP equivalent concentrations were 14.4 and 16.5 ng m-3 in LY and PDS, respectively. The predominant PAHs were 4-6 ring PAHs, with contribution of more than 80% at both sampling sites. PMF analysis revealed that coal combustion was the most important source of PM2.5-bound PAHs in LY and PDS, accounting for 37% and 39%, respectively, followed by traffic emissions (34% and 33% in LY and PDS, respectively). The average inhalation cancer risk (ICR) for a lifetime of 70 years were 12.5 × 10-4 and 14.3 × 10-4 in LY and PDS, respectively, which were much higher than US EPA guideline limit of 10-6. The traffic source and coal combustion source contributed the highest ICR values in LY and PDS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Environmental Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhangsen Dong
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yue Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Environmental Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Environmental Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Environmental Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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5
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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6
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Wang S, Yu R, Hu G, Hu Q, Zheng Q. Distribution and source of rare earth elements in PM 2.5 in Xiamen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3217-3222. [PMID: 28671299 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5 ) is a serious atmospheric pollutant. Composition and source analyses are essential for controlling PM2.5 . Rare earth elements (REEs) have received little attention as a component of PM2.5 . In the present study, PM2.5 samples were collected in urban and suburban areas in Xiamen and analyzed for REEs. The concentration range of total REEs (∑REE) is 12.07 to 98.45 mg/kg, with a mean of 38.53 mg/kg, in urban PM2.5 and 16.44 to 160.62 mg/kg, with a mean of 42.94 mg/kg, in suburban PM2.5 . Light REE concentrations are higher in suburban PM2.5 , whereas heavy REE concentrations are higher in urban PM2.5 , implying distinct sources of REEs in urban and suburban PM2.5 . The scatter plots of δEu-∑REE and La-Ce-Sm suggest that REEs in urban PM2.5 originate from gasoline- and diesel-vehicle exhaust, whereas those in suburban PM2.5 are mainly influenced by gasoline-vehicle exhaust. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3217-3222. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Gongren Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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7
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Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Matsiko J, Zhang Y, Jiang G. Airborne persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in China: occurrence and its implication associated with air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:983-999. [PMID: 28745352 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Gao J, Peng X, Chen G, Xu J, Shi GL, Zhang YC, Feng YC. Insights into the chemical characterization and sources of PM(2.5) in Beijing at a 1-h time resolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:162-71. [PMID: 26519577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As the widespread application of online instruments penetrates the environmental fields, it is interesting to investigate the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) based on the data monitored by online instruments. In this study, online analyzers with 1-h time resolution were employed to observe PM2.5 composition data, including carbon components, inorganic ions, heavy metals and gas pollutants, during a summer in Beijing. Chemical characteristics, temporal patterns and sources of PM2.5 are discussed. On the basis of hourly data, the mean concentration value of PM2.5 was 62.16±39.37 μg m(-3) (ranging from 6.69 to 183.67 μg m(-3)). The average concentrations of NO3(-), SO4(2-), NH4(+), OC and EC, the major chemical species, were 15.18±13.12, 14.80±14.53, 8.90±9.51, 9.32±4.16 and 3.08±1.43 μg m(-3), respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 varied during the online-sampling period, initially increasing and then subsequently decreasing. Three factor analysis models, including principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF) and Multilinear Engine 2 (ME2), were applied to apportion the PM2.5 sources. Source apportionment results obtained by the three different models were in agreement. Four sources were identified in Beijing during the sampling campaign, including secondary sources (38-39%), crustal dust (17-22%), vehicle exhaust (25-28%) and coal combustion (15-16%). Similar source profiles and contributions of PM2.5 were derived from ME2 and PMF, indicating the results of the two models are reasonable. The finding provides information that could be exploited for regular air control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yue-Chong Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Li R, Kou X, Xie L, Cheng F, Geng H. Effects of ambient PM2.5 on pathological injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic enzyme activity, and expression of c-fos and c-jun in lungs of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20167-76. [PMID: 26304807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is associated with morbidity and mortality induced by respiratory diseases and increases the lung cancer risk. However, the mechanisms therein involved are not yet fully clarified. In this study, the PM2.5 suspensions at different dosages (0.375, 1.5, 6.0, and 24.0 mg/kg body weight) were respectively given to rats by the intratracheal instillation. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure induced inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperemia in the lung tissues and increased the inflammatory cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, PM2.5 significantly elevated the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the expression of c-fos and c-jun in rat lungs exposed to higher dose of PM2.5. These changes were accompanied by decreases of activities of superoxide dismutase and increases of levels of malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cytochrome P450s, and glutathione S-transferase. The results implicated that acute exposure to PM2.5 induced pathologically pulmonary changes, unchained inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, activated metabolic enzyme activity, and enhanced proto-oncogene expression, which might be one of the possible mechanisms by which PM2.5 pollution induces lung injury and may be the important determinants for the susceptibility to respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Kou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Xie
- Shanxi Qingyuan Environmental Consultation Co., Ltd, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Geng
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zhang XJ, Shi Z, Lyv JX, He X, Englert NA, Zhang SY. Pyrene is a Novel Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activator and Causes Hepatotoxicity by CAR. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:436-45. [PMID: 26160115 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants which are primarily formed from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Many potential sources of human exposure to PAHs exist, including daily exposures from the ambient environment or occupational settings. PAHs have been found to cause harmful effects on human health. Here, we evaluated the adverse effects of pyrene, a common PAH, on the liver. The present study demonstrates that pyrene is able to activate mouse constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). CAR protein, as measured by Western blot analysis, was observed to translocate into the nucleus from the cytoplasm in mouse liver after exposure to pyrene. Utilizing CAR null mice, we identified that CAR mediates pyrene-induced hepatotoxicity. Increased relative liver weight, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels were found in wild-type but not CAR null mice after orally administered pyrene. We further show that pyrene induced the expression of mouse liver metabolism enzymes including CYP2B10, CYP3A11, GSTm1, GSTm3, and SULT1A1, and caused hepatic glutathione depletion in wild-type but not CAR null mice. Moreover, by luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time PCR analysis, pyrene was found to be a potential inducer of CYP2B6 expression via activation of human CAR in HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes. Our observations suggest that pyrene is a novel CAR activator and that CAR is essential for mediating pyrene-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Zhang
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Zhe Shi
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Jing-Xi Lyv
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Xuyan He
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Neal A Englert
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Shu-Yun Zhang
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
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