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Chen C, Wen M, Jin Y. 1DE-MS Profiling for Proteoform-Correlated Proteomic Analysis, by Combining SDS-PAGE, Whole-Gel Slicing, Quantitative LC-MS/MS, and Reconstruction of Gel Distributions of Several Thousands of Proteins. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2311-2330. [PMID: 36018058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SDS-PAGE has often been used in proteomic analysis, but generally for sample prefractionation although the technique separates proteins by molecular masses (Mws) and the information would contribute to proteoform-level analysis. Here, we report a method that combines SDS-PAGE, whole-gel slicing, and quantitative LC-MS/MS for establishing gel distributions of several thousand proteins in a proteome. A previously obtained data set on rat cerebral cortex with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury1 was analyzed, and the gel distributions of 5906 proteins were reconstructed. These distributions, referred to as 1DE-MS profiles, revealed that about 30% of the proteins had more than one proteoform detected in the gels. The profiles were categorized into six types by distribution (narrow, dispersed, or broad) and relative deviations between the abundance-peak apparent Mws and calculated Mws. Only 56% of the proteins showed narrow distributions and matched Mws, while the others had rather complex profiles. Bioinformatic analysis on example profiles showed the resolved proteoforms involved alternative splicing, proteolytic processing, glycosylation and ubiquitination, fragmentation, and probably transmembrane structures. Profile-based differential analysis revealed that many of the disease-caused changes were proteoform dependent. This work provided a proteome-scale view of protein distributions in SDS-PAGE gels, and the method would be useful to obtain proteoform-correlated information for in-depth proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Wen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ya Jin
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Potokar M, Morita M, Wiche G, Jorgačevski J. The Diversity of Intermediate Filaments in Astrocytes. Cells 2020; 9:E1604. [PMID: 32630739 PMCID: PMC7408014 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable complexity of the individual neuron and of neuronal circuits, it has been clear for quite a while that, in order to understand the functioning of the brain, the contribution of other cell types in the brain have to be accounted for. Among glial cells, astrocytes have multiple roles in orchestrating neuronal functions. Their communication with neurons by exchanging signaling molecules and removing molecules from extracellular space takes place at several levels and is governed by different cellular processes, supported by multiple cellular structures, including the cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments in astrocytes are emerging as important integrators of cellular processes. Astrocytes express five types of intermediate filaments: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); vimentin; nestin; synemin; lamins. Variability, interactions with different cellular structures and the particular roles of individual intermediate filaments in astrocytes have been studied extensively in the case of GFAP and vimentin, but far less attention has been given to nestin, synemin and lamins. Similarly, the interplay between different types of cytoskeleton and the interaction between the cytoskeleton and membranous structures, which is mediated by cytolinker proteins, are understudied in astrocytes. The present review summarizes the basic properties of astrocytic intermediate filaments and of other cytoskeletal macromolecules, such as cytolinker proteins, and describes the current knowledge of their roles in normal physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology – Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology – Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Russell MA. Synemin Redefined: Multiple Binding Partners Results in Multifunctionality. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32258037 PMCID: PMC7090255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically synemin has been studied as an intermediate filament protein. However, synemin also binds the type II regulatory (R) subunit α of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein phosphatase type 2A, thus participating in the PKA and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and signaling pathways. In addition, recent studies using transgenic mice indicate that a significant function of synemin is its role in signaling pathways in various tissues, including the heart. Recent clinical reports have shown that synemin mutations led to multiple cases of dilated cardiomyopathy. Additionally, a single case of the rare condition ulnar-mammary-like syndrome with left ventricular tachycardia due to a mutation in the synemin gene (SYNM) has been reported. Therefore, this review uses these recent studies to provide a new framework for detailed discussions on synemin tissue distribution, binding partners and synemin in disease. Differences between α- and β-synemin are highlighted. The studies presented here indicate that while synemin does function as an intermediate filament protein, it is unique among this large family of proteins as it is also a regulator of signaling pathways and a crosslinker. Also evident is that the dominant function(s) are isoform-, developmental-, and tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Trumbull, Warren, OH, United States
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Paulin D, Hovhannisyan Y, Kasakyan S, Agbulut O, Li Z, Xue Z. Synemin-related skeletal and cardiac myopathies: an overview of pathogenic variants. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C709-C718. [PMID: 32023076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00485.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes data concerning patients with cardiomyopathies or skeletal myopathies associated with a variation in the intermediate filament (IF) synemin gene (SYNM), also referred to as desmuslin (DMN). Molecular studies demonstrate that synemin copolymerizes with desmin and vimentin IF and interacts with vinculin, α-actinin, α-dystrobrevin, dystrophin, talin, and zyxin. It has been found that synemin is an A-kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP) that anchors protein kinase A (PKA) and modulates the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of several cytoskeletal substrates such as desmin. Because several IF proteins, including desmin, have been implicated in human genetic disorders such as dominant or recessive congenital and adult-onset myopathy, synemin becomes a significant candidate for cardiac and skeletal myopathies of unknown etiology. Because SYNM is a new candidate gene that displays numerous sequence polymorphisms, in this review, we summarize the genetic and clinical literature about SYNM mutations. Protein-changing variants (missense, frameshifts, nonsense) were further evaluated based on structural modifications and amino acid interactions. We present in silico modeling of helical salt-bridges between residues to evaluate the impact of the synemin networks crucial to interactions with cytoskeletal proteins. Finally, a discussion is featured regarding certain variants that may contribute to the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Paulin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Yeranuhi Hovhannisyan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Serdar Kasakyan
- Duzen Laboratories Group, Center of Genetic Diagnosis, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
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Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis Reveals Intermediate Stage of Non-Lesional Psoriatic Skin and Points out the Importance of Proteins Outside this Trend. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11382. [PMID: 31388062 PMCID: PMC6684579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the pathomechanism of psoriasis, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed with non-lesional and lesional skin from psoriasis patients and skin from healthy individuals. Strikingly, 79.9% of the proteins that were differentially expressed in lesional and healthy skin exhibited expression levels in non-lesional skin that were within twofold of the levels observed in healthy and lesional skin, suggesting that non-lesional skin represents an intermediate stage. Proteins outside this trend were categorized into three groups: I. proteins in non-lesional skin exhibiting expression similar to lesional skin, which might be predisposing factors (i.e., CSE1L, GART, MYO18A and UGDH); II. proteins that were differentially expressed in non-lesional and lesional skin but not in healthy and lesional skin, which might be non-lesional characteristic alteration (i.e., CHCHD6, CHMP5, FLOT2, ITGA7, LEMD2, NOP56, PLVAP and RRAS); and III. proteins with contrasting differential expression in non-lesional and lesional skin compared to healthy skin, which might contribute to maintaining the non-lesional state (i.e., ITGA7, ITGA8, PLVAP, PSAPL1, SMARCA5 and XP32). Finally, proteins differentially expressed in lesions may indicate increased sensitivity to stimuli, peripheral nervous system alterations, furthermore MYBBP1A and PRKDC were identified as potential regulators of key pathomechanisms, including stress and immune response, proliferation and differentiation.
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de Pablo Y, Chen M, Möllerström E, Pekna M, Pekny M. Drugs targeting intermediate filaments can improve neurosupportive properties of astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2018; 136:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Parlakian A, Paulin D, Izmiryan A, Xue Z, Li Z. Intermediate filaments in peripheral nervous system: Their expression, dysfunction and diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:607-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Increase of neurofilament-H protein in sensory neurons in antiretroviral neuropathy: Evidence for a neuroprotective response mediated by the RNA-binding protein HuD. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:23-33. [PMID: 27238228 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are key components of HIV/AIDS treatment to reduce viral load. However, antiretroviral toxic neuropathy has become a common peripheral neuropathy among HIV/AIDS patients leading to discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy, for which the underlying pathogenesis is uncertain. This study examines the role of neurofilament (NF) proteins in the spinal dorsal horn, DRG and sciatic nerve after NRTI neurotoxicity in mice treated with zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycitidine; ddC). ddC administration up-regulated NF-M and pNF-H proteins with no effect on NF-L. The increase of pNF-H levels was counteracted by the silencing of HuD, an RNA binding protein involved in neuronal development and differentiation. Sciatic nerve sections of ddC exposed mice showed an increased axonal caliber, concomitantly to a pNF-H up-regulation. Both events were prevented by HuD silencing. pNF-H and HuD colocalize in DRG and spinal dorsal horn axons. However, the capability of HuD to bind NF mRNA was not demonstrated, indicating the presence of an indirect mechanism of control of NF expression by HuD. RNA immunoprecipitation experiments showed the capability of HuD to bind the BDNF mRNA and the administration of an anti-BDNF antibody prevented pNF-H increase. These data indicate the presence of a HuD - BDNF - NF-H pathway activated as a regenerative response to the axonal damage induced by ddC treatment to counteract the antiretroviral neurotoxicity. Since analgesics clinically used to treat neuropathic pain are ineffective on antiretroviral neuropathy, a neuroregenerative strategy might represent a new therapeutic opportunity to counteract neurotoxicity and avoid discontinuation or abandon of NRTI therapy.
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Turco F, Linan-Rico A, Soghomonyan S, Whitaker E, Wehner S, Cuomo R, Christofi FL. Enteric Glial Cells: A New Frontier in Neurogastroenterology and Clinical Target for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:433-49. [PMID: 26689598 PMCID: PMC4718179 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The word "glia" is derived from the Greek word "γλoια," glue of the enteric nervous system, and for many years, enteric glial cells (EGCs) were believed to provide mainly structural support. However, EGCs as astrocytes in the central nervous system may serve a much more vital and active role in the enteric nervous system, and in homeostatic regulation of gastrointestinal functions. The emphasis of this review will be on emerging concepts supported by basic, translational, and/or clinical studies, implicating EGCs in neuron-to-glial (neuroglial) communication, motility, interactions with other cells in the gut microenvironment, infection, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The concept of the "reactive glial phenotype" is explored as it relates to inflammatory bowel diseases, bacterial and viral infections, postoperative ileus, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and motility disorders. The main theme of this review is that EGCs are emerging as a new frontier in neurogastroenterology and a potential therapeutic target. New technological innovations in neuroimaging techniques are facilitating progress in the field, and an update is provided on exciting new translational studies. Gaps in our knowledge are discussed for further research. Restoring normal EGC function may prove to be an efficient strategy to dampen inflammation. Probiotics, palmitoylethanolamide (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α), interleukin-1 antagonists (anakinra), and interventions acting on nitric oxide, receptor for advanced glycation end products, S100B, or purinergic signaling pathways are relevant clinical targets on EGCs with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Turco
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gastroenterological Unit, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
| | | | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emmett Whitaker
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gastroenterological Unit, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
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Coelho-Aguiar JDM, Bon-Frauches AC, Gomes ALT, Veríssimo CP, Aguiar DP, Matias D, Thomasi BBDM, Gomes AS, Brito GADC, Moura-Neto V. The enteric glia: identity and functions. Glia 2015; 63:921-35. [PMID: 25703790 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells were first described at the end of the 19th century, but they attracted more interest from researchers only in the last decades of the 20th. Although, they have a different embryological origin, the enteric GLIA share many characteristics with astrocytes, the main glial cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), such as in their expression of the same markers and in their functions. Here we review the construction of the enteric nervous system (ENS), with a focus on enteric glia, and also the main studies that have revealed the action of enteric glia in different aspects of gastrointestinal tract homeostasis, such as in the intestinal barrier, in communications with neurons, and in their action as progenitor cells. We also discuss recent discoveries about the roles of enteric glia in different disorders that affect the ENS, such as degenerative pathologies including Parkinson's and prion diseases, and in cases of intestinal diseases and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro - SES/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li Z, Parlakian A, Coletti D, Alonso-Martin S, Hourdé C, Joanne P, Gao-Li J, Blanc J, Ferry A, Paulin D, Xue Z, Agbulut O. Synemin acts as a regulator of signalling molecules during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4589-601. [PMID: 25179606 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synemin, a type IV intermediate filament (IF) protein, forms a bridge between IFs and cellular membranes. As an A-kinase-anchoring protein, it also provides temporal and spatial targeting of protein kinase A (PKA). However, little is known about its functional roles in either process. To better understand its functions in muscle tissue, we generated synemin-deficient (Synm(-) (/-)) mice. Synm(-) (/-) mice displayed normal development and fertility but showed a mild degeneration and regeneration phenotype in myofibres and defects in sarcolemma membranes. Following mechanical overload, Synm(-) (/-) mice muscles showed a higher hypertrophic capacity with increased maximal force and fatigue resistance compared with control mice. At the molecular level, increased remodelling capacity was accompanied by decreased myostatin (also known as GDF8) and atrogin (also known as FBXO32) expression, and increased follistatin expression. Furthermore, the activity of muscle-mass control molecules (the PKA RIIα subunit, p70S6K and CREB1) was increased in mutant mice. Finally, analysis of muscle satellite cell behaviour suggested that the absence of synemin could affect the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of these cells. Taken together, our results show that synemin is necessary to maintain membrane integrity and regulates signalling molecules during muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Ara Parlakian
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Dario Coletti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ-Paris 06, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR7215, Institut de Myologie, Paris-France
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Jacqueline Gao-Li
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Jocelyne Blanc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ-Paris 06, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR7215, Institut de Myologie, Paris-France
| | - Denise Paulin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256/INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, F-75005 France
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Su PH, Chen CC, Chang YF, Wong ZR, Chang KW, Huang BM, Yang HY. Identification and cytoprotective function of a novel nestin isoform, Nes-S, in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8391-8404. [PMID: 23319587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the first nestin isoform, Nes-S, was identified in neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult rats. Nes-S cannot form filaments by itself in cytoplasmic intermediate filament-free SW13 cells. Instead, it co-assembles into filaments with vimentin when transfected into vimentin(+) SW13 cells, and with peripherin and neurofilament proteins when transfected into N2a cells. In primary DRG neurons, endogenous Nes-S co-assembles with peripherin and neurofilament proteins. The expression of Nes-S first appears in DRG at postnatal day 5 and persists to adulthood. Among the adult tissues we examined, the expression of Nes-S is restricted to the sensory and motor neurons. Finally, exogenous Nes-S enhances viability when transfected into N2a cells, and knockdown of endogenous Nes-S impairs the survival of DRG neurons in primary cultures. Taken together, Nes-S is a new neuronal intermediate filament protein that exerts a cytoprotective function in mature sensory and motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Han Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fan Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Ruei Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Dynamic expression of synemin isoforms in mouse embryonic stem cells and neural derivatives. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:51. [PMID: 22107957 PMCID: PMC3233510 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intermediate filaments (IFs) are major components of the mammalian cytoskeleton and expressed in cell-type-specific patterns. Morphological changes during cell differentiation are linked to IF network remodeling. However, little is known concerning the presence and the role of IFs in embryonic stem (ES) cells and during their differentiation. Results We have examined the expression profile of synemin isoforms in mouse pluripotent ES cells and during their neural differentiation induced by retinoic acid. Using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunostaining, we show that synemin M is present at both mRNA and protein levels in undifferentiated ES cells as early as pluripotency factor Oct-3/4 and IF keratin 8. Synemin H was produced only in neural precursors when neural differentiation started, concurrently with synemin M, nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. However, both synemin H and M were restricted to the progenitor line during the neural differentiation program. Our in vivo analysis also confirmed the expression of synemins H/M in multipotent neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the adult brain, a neurogenic germinal niche of the mice. Knocking down synemin in ES cells by shRNA lentiviral particles transduction has no influence on expression of Oct4, Nanog and SOX2, but decreased keratin 8 expression. Conclusions Our study shows a developmental stage specific regulation of synemin isoforms in ES cells and its neural derivatives. These findings represent the first evidence that synemins could potentially be useful markers for distinguishing multipotent ES cells from undifferentiated neural stem cells and more committed progenitor cells.
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Clarke WT, Edwards B, McCullagh KJA, Kemp MW, Moorwood C, Sherman DL, Burgess M, Davies KE. Syncoilin modulates peripherin filament networks and is necessary for large-calibre motor neurons. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2543-52. [PMID: 20587592 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.059113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncoilin is an atypical type III intermediate filament (IF) protein, which is expressed in muscle and is associated with the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Here, we show that syncoilin is expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Isoform Sync1 is dominant in the brain, but isoform Sync2 is dominant in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve. Peripherin is a type III IF protein that has been shown to colocalise and interact with syncoilin. Our analyses suggest that syncoilin might function to modulate formation of peripherin filament networks through binding to peripherin isoforms. Peripherin is associated with the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), thus establishing a link between syncoilin and ALS. A neuronal analysis of the syncoilin-null mouse (Sync(-/-)) revealed a reduced ability in accelerating treadmill and rotarod tests. This phenotype might be attributable to the impaired function of extensor digitorum longus muscle and type IIb fibres caused by a shift from large- to small-calibre motor axons in the ventral root.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Clarke
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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Izmiryan A, Peltekian E, Paulin D, Li ZL, Xue ZG. Synemin Isoforms in Astroglial and Neuronal Cells from Human Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:881-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sun N, Huiatt TW, Paulin D, Li Z, Robson RM. Synemin interacts with the LIM domain protein zyxin and is essential for cell adhesion and migration. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:491-505. [PMID: 19853601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Synemin is a unique cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein for which there is limited understanding of its exact cellular functions. The single human synemin gene encodes at least two splice variants named alpha-synemin and beta-synemin, with the larger alpha-synemin containing an additional 312 amino acid insert within the C-terminal tail domain. We report herein that, by using the entire tail domain of the smaller beta-synemin as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human skeletal muscle cDNA library, the LIM domain protein zyxin was identified as an interaction partner for human synemin. The synemin binding site in human zyxin was subsequently mapped to the C-terminal three tandem LIM-domain repeats, whereas the binding site for zyxin within beta-synemin is within the C-terminal 332 amino acid region (SNbetaTII) at the end of the long tail domain. Transient expression of SNbetaTII within mammalian cells markedly reduced zyxin protein level, blocked localization of zyxin at focal adhesion sites and resulted in decreased cell adhesion and increased motility. Knockdown of synemin expression with siRNAs within mammalian cells resulted in significantly compromised cell adhesion and cell motility. Our results suggest that synemin participates in focal adhesion dynamics and is essential for cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- Muscle Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology and of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 3110 Molecular Biology Bldg, IA 50011-3260, USA
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Mizuno Y, Guyon JR, Okamoto K, Kunkel LM. Expression of synemin in the mouse spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 2009; 39:634-41. [PMID: 19229966 PMCID: PMC2868828 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
beta-Synemin was previously identified as an alpha-dystrobrevin-interacting protein in muscle. To better understand its function in neural tissue, in situ and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to identify where the synemin isoforms are expressed in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 and dystrophin-deficient (mdx) C57BL/10 mice. These analyses show that synemin transcript and its encoded protein colocalize in the anterior horn cells and that no differences in synemin expression were found in nerve tissue from C57BL/6 or mdx mice. The expression of synemin mRNA and protein predominantly in the anterior horn cells suggests that synemin performs an essential function in those cells. Because synemin is more highly expressed in the midbrain and pons, its function in neurological cells was further pursued by identifying coexpressed proteins in cells from those regions of the brain. These results show that neurons that express synemin also express tryptophan hydroxylase-1, a marker of serotoninergic nerve fibers. Muscle Nerve, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Izmiryan A, Franco CA, Paulin D, Li Z, Xue Z. Synemin isoforms during mouse development: Multiplicity of partners in vascular and neuronal systems. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:769-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khanamiryan L, Li Z, Paulin D, Xue Z. Self-Assembly Incompetence of Synemin Is Related to the Property of Its Head and Rod Domains. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9531-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800912w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Khanamiryan
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7079, Paris, France, and CNRS UMR 7079, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7079, Paris, France, and CNRS UMR 7079, Paris, France
| | - Denise Paulin
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7079, Paris, France, and CNRS UMR 7079, Paris, France
| | - Zhigang Xue
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7079, Paris, France, and CNRS UMR 7079, Paris, France
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Perrot R, Berges R, Bocquet A, Eyer J. Review of the Multiple Aspects of Neurofilament Functions, and their Possible Contribution to Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 38:27-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Goebel HH, Fardeau M, Olivé M, Schröder R. 156th ENMC International Workshop: desmin and protein aggregate myopathies, 9-11 November 2007, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:583-92. [PMID: 18595698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Goebel
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Pan Y, Jing R, Pitre A, Williams BJ, Skalli O. Intermediate filament protein synemin contributes to the migratory properties of astrocytoma cells by influencing the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. FASEB J 2008; 22:3196-206. [PMID: 18509200 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that, in astrocytoma cells, synemin is present at the leading edge, an unusual localization for an intermediate filament (IF) protein. Here, we report that synemin down-regulation with specific small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) sharply decreased the migration of astrocytoma cells. The presence of synemin at the leading edge also correlated with a high migratory potential, as shown by comparing astrocytoma cells to carcinoma cells without synemin at the leading edge. Synemin-silenced astrocytoma cells were smaller and spread more slowly than controls. In addition, synemin silencing reduced proliferation without increasing apoptosis. The adhesion to substratum and distribution of vinculin in focal contacts of synemin-silenced astrocytoma cells were similar to those of controls. Synemin-silenced cells, however, exhibited a reduction in the amount of filamentous (F) -actin and of alpha-actinin, but not of vinculin, associated with F-actin. Altogether, these results demonstrate that synemin is important for the malignant behavior of astrocytoma cells and that it contributes to the high motility of these cells by modulating the dynamics of alpha-actinin and actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Pan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy., Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Expression of the zebrafish intermediate neurofilament Nestin in the developing nervous system and in neural proliferation zones at postembryonic stages. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:89. [PMID: 17651502 PMCID: PMC1950091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The intermediate filament Nestin has been reported as a marker for stem cells and specific precursor cell populations in the developing mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Nestin expressing precursors may give rise to neurons and glia. Mouse nestin expression starts at the onset of neurulation in the neuroectodermal cells and is dramatically down regulated when progenitor cells differentiate and become postmitotic. It has been reported that in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) active neurogenesis continues in all major subdivisions of the CNS, however few markers for zebrafish precursors cells are known, and Nestin has not been described in zebrafish. Results We cloned a zebrafish nestin gDNA fragment in order to find a marker for precursor cells in the developing and postembryonic brain. Phylogenetic tree analysis reveals that this zebrafish ortholog clusters with Nestin sequences from other vertebrates but not with other intermediate filament proteins. We analyzed nestin expression from gastrula stage to 4 day larvae, and in post-embryonic brains. We found broad expression in the neuroectoderm during somitogenesis. In the larvae, nestin expression progressively becomes restricted to all previously described proliferative zones of the developing and postembryonic central nervous system. nestin expressing cells of the forebrain also express PCNA during late embryogenesis, identifying them as proliferating precursor or neural stem cells. nestin is also expressed in the cranial ganglia, in mesodermal precursors of muscle cells, and in cranial mesenchymal tissue. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that in zebrafish, like in mammals, the expression of the intermediated neurofilament nestin gene may serve as a marker for stem cells and proliferating precursors in the developing embryonic nervous system as well as in the postembryonic brain.
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Yan Y, Jensen K, Brown A. The polypeptide composition of moving and stationary neurofilaments in cultured sympathetic neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 64:299-309. [PMID: 17285620 PMCID: PMC1978456 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in cultured neurons have shown they move at fast rates, but their overall rate of movement is slow because they spend most of their time not moving. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we have shown that these proteins move in the form of assembled neurofilament polymers. However, the polypeptide composition of these moving polymers is not known. To address this, we visualized neurofilaments in cultured neonatal mouse sympathetic neurons using GFP-tagged neurofilament protein M and performed time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of naturally occurring gaps in the axonal neurofilament array. When neurofilaments entered the gaps, we stopped them in their tracks using a rapid perfusion and permeabilization technique and then processed them for immunofluorescence microscopy. To compare moving neurofilaments to the total neurofilament population, most of which are stationary at any point in time, we also performed immunofluorescence microscopy on neurofilaments in detergent-splayed axonal cytoskeletons. All neurofilaments, both moving and stationary, contained NFL, NFM, peripherin and alpha-internexin along>85% of their length. NFH was absent due to low expression levels in these neonatal neurons. These data indicate that peripherin and alpha-internexin are integral and abundant components of neurofilament polymers in these neurons and that both moving and stationary neurofilaments in these neurons are complex heteropolymers of at least four different neuronal intermediate filament proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Jing R, Wilhelmsson U, Goodwill W, Li L, Pan Y, Pekny M, Skalli O. Synemin is expressed in reactive astrocytes in neurotrauma and interacts differentially with vimentin and GFAP intermediate filament networks. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1267-77. [PMID: 17356066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature astrocytes and astrocytoma cells contain synemin and three other intermediate filament (IF) proteins: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and nestin. Here, we show that, after neurotrauma, reactive astrocytes produce synemin and thus propose synemin as a new marker of reactive astrocytes. Comparison of synemin mRNA and protein levels in brain tissues and astrocyte cultures from wild-type, Vim-/- and Gfap-/-Vim-/- mice showed that in the absence of vimentin, synemin protein was undetectable although synemin mRNA was present at wild-type levels. By contrast, in Gfap-/- astrocytes, synemin protein and mRNA levels, as well as synemin incorporation into vimentin IFs, were unaltered. Biochemical assays with purified proteins suggested that synemin interacts with GFAP IFs like an IF-associated protein rather than like a polymerization partner, whereas the opposite was true for synemin interaction with vimentin. In transfection experiments, synemin did not incorporate into normal, filamentous GFAP networks, but integrated into vimentin and GFAP heteropolymeric networks. Thus, alongside GFAP, vimentin and nestin, reactive astrocytes contain synemin, whose accumulation is suppressed post-transcriptionally in the absence of a polymerization partner. In astrocytes, this partner is vimentin and not GFAP, which implies a functional difference between these two type III IF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Jing
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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28
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Abstract
beta-Synemin has been identified as an alpha-dystrobrevin-interacting protein in human muscle, although at least two synemin transcripts are expressed in brain. To understand synemin's function in neural tissue, in situ and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to identify where alpha- and beta-synemin are expressed in the brain of C57BL/6 and mdx (dystrophin null) mice. This analysis shows that the alpha- and beta-synemin transcripts and their encoded proteins colocalize in neurons, especially in the midbrain and pons. Since alpha-dystrobrevin-1 and synemin do not colocalize in brain as in muscle, this suggests that another member of the dystrophin-associated protein complex might interact with synemin in brain. In support of this, synemin mRNA expression was decreased in mdx mice, suggesting that synemin transcription is linked to dystrophin expression. Our findings show where synemin is expressed in brain and allow one to speculate with regard to its function in neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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