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Takahashi Y. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and adult growth hormone deficiency: An under-recognized association? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101816. [PMID: 37643935 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays an essential role not only in promoting growth in children, but also in many important metabolic processes in adults. One of the major metabolic functions of GH is its stimulatory effects on the liver in generating approximately 80% of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is an established clinical entity defined as a defect in endogenous GH secretion that is frequently associated with central obesity, loss of muscle mass, decreased bone mass, and impaired quality of life. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are conditions that are often under-recognized in adults with GHD, and accordingly some studies have shown that GH and IGF-1 levels are decreased in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, it has been reported that it can progress to end-stage liver cirrhosis in some adults and children with GHD. Due to their underlying mechanisms of action, GH and IGF-1 can act on hepatocytes, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells to mitigate progression to steatosis and fibrosis. It is, thus, important to recognize NAFLD/NASH as important complications in adult and childhood GHD. Therefore, careful and thorough evaluation of NAFLD/NASH in adults with GHD and the consideration for GH replacement therapy is crucial in these patients, together with management of other metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. This review will focus on recent reports on the role of GH and IGF-1 in the liver and its clinical significance in the regulation of hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Japan.
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Yu S, Wang H, Cui L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Lin X, He N, Zou Y, Li S. Pectic oligosaccharides ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in association with modulating gut microbiota in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:9892-9906. [PMID: 37853813 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02168h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that gut microbiota and its metabolites have important significance in the etiology of obesity and related disorders. Prebiotics prevent and alleviate obesity by modulating the gut microbiota. However, how pectin oligosaccharides (POS) derived from pectin degradation affect gut microbiota and obesity remains unclear. To investigate the potential anti-obesity effects of POS, mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and a POS supplement with drinking water during the last 8 weeks. The outcomes demonstrated that POS supplementation in HFD-fed mice decreased body weight (P < 0.01), improved glucose tolerance (P < 0.001), reduced fat accumulation (P < 0.0001) and hepatic steatosis, protected intestinal barrier, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. After fecal metagenomic sequencing, the POS corrected the gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by the HFD, as shown by the increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, and Bifidobacterium animalis, and decreased populations of Alistipes and Erysipelatoclostridium, which were previously considered harmful bacteria. Notably, the changed gut microbiota was associated with the obesity prevention of POS. These findings demonstrate that POS regulates particular gut microbiota, which is essential owing to its ability to prevent disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Luwen Cui
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhinan Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | | | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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Henry RK, Miller BS. Approach to the Patient: Case Studies in Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency and Their Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3009-3021. [PMID: 37246615 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pathologies attributed to perturbations of the GH/IGF-I axis are among the most common referrals received by pediatric endocrinologists. AIM In this article, distinctive cased-based presentations are used to provide a practical and pragmatic approach to the management of pediatric growth hormone deficiency (GHD). CASES We present 4 case vignettes based on actual patients that illustrate (1) congenital GHD, (2) childhood GHD presenting as failure to thrive, (3) childhood GHD presenting in adolescence as growth deceleration, and (4) childhood-onset GHD manifesting as metabolic complications in adolescence. We review patient presentation and a management approach that aims to highlight diagnostic considerations for treatment based on current clinical guidelines, with mention of new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities being used in the field. CONCLUSION Pediatric GHD is diverse in etiology and clinical presentation. Timely management has the potential not only to improve growth but can also ameliorate or even mitigate adverse metabolic outcomes, which can be directly attributed to a GH deficient state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan K Henry
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, MHealth Fairview Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Ma IL, Stanley TL. Growth hormone and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00030. [PMID: 37520312 PMCID: PMC10373851 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent cause of liver disease and metabolic comorbidities. Obesity is strongly associated with NAFLD and is also a state of relative deficiency of growth hormone (GH). Evidence supports a role of reduced GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in NAFLD pathogenesis. Physiological actions of GH in the liver include suppression of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and promotion of lipid beta-oxidation, and GH also appears to have anti-inflammatory actions. Physiologic actions of IGF-1 include suppression of inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways important in the evolution from steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Rodent models of impaired hepatic GH signaling show the development of steatosis, sometimes accompanied by inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and fibrosis, and these changes are ameliorated by treatment with GH and/or IGF-1. In humans, individuals with GH deficiency and GH resistance demonstrate an increased prevalence of NAFLD compared to controls, with improvement in hepatic lipid, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis following GH replacement. As a corollary, individuals with GH excess demonstrate lower hepatic lipid compared to controls along with increased hepatic lipid following treatment to normalize GH levels. Clinical trials demonstrate that augmentation of GH reduces hepatic lipid content in individuals with NAFLD and may also ameliorate steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Taken together, evidence supports an important role for perturbations in the GH/IGF-1 axis as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and suggests that further study is needed to assess whether augmentation of GH and/or IGF-1 may be a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L. Ma
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takara L. Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Del Río-Moreno M, Pyatkov M, Sarmento-Cabral A, Mahmood M, Pelke N, Wnek M, Cordoba-Chacon J, Waxman DJ, Puchowicz MA, McGuinness OP, Kineman RD. Direct and systemic actions of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-signaling on hepatic glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, associated with steatosis. Metabolism 2023; 144:155589. [PMID: 37182789 PMCID: PMC10843389 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that growth hormone (GH) protects against the development of steatosis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GH may control steatosis indirectly by altering systemic insulin sensitivity and substrate delivery to the liver and/or by the direct actions of GH on hepatocyte function. APPROACH To better define the hepatocyte-specific role of GH receptor (GHR) signaling on regulating steatosis, we used a mouse model with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd). To prevent the reduction in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and the subsequent increase in GH observed after aHepGHRkd, subsets of aHepGHRkd mice were treated with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) driving hepatocyte-specific expression of IGF1 or a constitutively active form of STAT5b (STAT5bCA). The impact of hepatocyte-specific modulation of GHR, IGF1 and STAT5b on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied across multiple nutritional states and in the context of hyperinsulinemic:euglycemic clamps. RESULTS Chow-fed male aHepGHRkd mice developed steatosis associated with an increase in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) and ketohexokinase (KHK) expression and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) rate, in the post-absorptive state and in response to refeeding after an overnight fast. The aHepGHRkd-associated increase in hepatic KHK, but not GCK and steatosis, was dependent on hepatocyte expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), in re-fed mice. Interestingly, under clamp conditions, aHepGHRkd also increased the rate of DNL and expression of GCK and KHK, but impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, without altering plasma NEFA levels. These effects were normalized with AAV-mediated hepatocyte expression of IGF1 or STAT5bCA. Comparison of the impact of AAV-mediated hepatocyte IGF1 versus STAT5bCA in aHepGHRkd mice across multiple nutritional states, indicated the restorative actions of IGF1 are indirect, by improving systemic insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in the liver transcriptome. In contrast, the actions of STAT5b are due to the combined effects of raising IGF1 and direct alterations in the hepatocyte gene program that may involve suppression of BCL6 and FOXO1 activity. However, the direct and IGF1-dependent actions of STAT5b cannot fully account for enhanced GCK activity and lipogenic gene expression observed after aHepGHRkd, suggesting other GHR-mediated signals are involved. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate hepatocyte GHR-signaling controls hepatic glycolysis, DNL, steatosis and hepatic insulin sensitivity indirectly (via IGF1) and directly (via STAT5b). The relative contribution of these indirect and direct actions of GH on hepatocytes is modified by insulin and nutrient availability. These results improve our understanding of the physiologic actions of GH on regulating adult metabolism to protect against NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maxim Pyatkov
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Wnek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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Liu J, Wang F, Luo F. The Role of JAK/STAT Pathway in Fibrotic Diseases: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010119. [PMID: 36671504 PMCID: PMC9855819 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There are four members of the JAK family and seven of the STAT family in mammals. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway could be activated by broad hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and more. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway extensively mediates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune regulation. JAK/STAT activation is closely related to growth and development, homeostasis, various solid tumors, inflammatory illness, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, with the deepening understanding of the JAK/STAT pathway, the relationship between JAK/STAT and the pathophysiology of fibrotic diseases was noticed, including the liver, renal, heart, bone marrow, and lung. JAK inhibitor has been approved for myelofibrosis, and subsequently, JAK/STAT may serve as a promising target for fibrosis in other organs. Therefore, this article reviews the roles and mechanisms of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faping Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18980601355
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Dong H, Zhong W, Zhang W, Hao L, Guo W, Yue R, Sun X, Sun Z, Bataller R, Zhou Z. Loss of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 promotes hepatocyte death in alcohol-induced steatohepatitis. Metabolism 2023; 138:155334. [PMID: 36349655 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption has been shown to disrupt hepatic lipid homeostasis. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) critically regulates hepatic fatty acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis by channeling fatty acids to lipid metabolic pathways. However, it remains unclear how ACSL1 contributes to the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). METHODS We performed chronic alcohol feeding animal studies with hepatocyte-specific ACSL1 knockout (ACSL1Δhep) mice, hepatocyte-specific STAT5 knockout (STAT5Δhep) mice, and ACSL1Δhep based-STAT5B overexpression (Stat5b-OE) mice. Cell studies were conducted to define the causal role of ACSL1 deficiency in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. The clinical relevance of the STAT5-ACSL1 pathway was examined using liver tissues from patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and normal subjects (Normal). RESULTS We found that chronic alcohol consumption reduced hepatic ACSL1 expression in AH patients and ALD mice. Hepatocyte-specific ACSL1 deletion exacerbated alcohol-induced liver injury by increasing free fatty acids (FFA) accumulation and cell death. Cell studies revealed that FFA elicited the translocation of BAX and p-MLKL to the lysosomal membrane, resulting in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and thereby initiating lysosomal-mediated cell death pathway. Furthermore, we identified that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a novel transcriptional regulator of ACSL1. Deletion of STAT5 exacerbated alcohol-induced liver injury in association with downregulation of ACSL1, and reactivation of ACSL1 by STAT5 overexpression effectively ameliorated alcohol-induced liver injury. In addition, ACSL1 expression was positively correlated with STAT5 and negatively correlated with cell death was also validated in the liver of AH patients. CONCLUSIONS ACSL1 deficiency due to STAT5 inactivation critically mediates alcohol-induced lipotoxicity and cell death in the development of ALD. These findings provide insights into alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Liuyi Hao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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Blake BE, Miller CN, Nguyen H, Chappell VA, Phan TP, Phadke DP, Balik-Meisner MR, Mav D, Shah RR, Fenton SE. Transcriptional pathways linked to fetal and maternal hepatic dysfunction caused by gestational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) in CD-1 mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114314. [PMID: 36436258 PMCID: PMC9742811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise a diverse class of chemicals used in industrial processes, consumer products, and fire-fighting foams which have become environmental pollutants of concern due to their persistence, ubiquity, and associations with adverse human health outcomes, including in pregnant persons and their offspring. Multiple PFAS are associated with adverse liver outcomes in adult humans and toxicological models, but effects on the developing liver are not fully described. Here we performed transcriptomic analyses in the mouse to investigate the molecular mechanisms of hepatic toxicity in the dam and its fetus after exposure to two different PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its replacement, hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA, known as GenX). Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed via oral gavage from embryonic day (E) 1.5-17.5 to PFOA (0, 1, or 5 mg/kg-d) or GenX (0, 2, or 10 mg/kg-d). Maternal and fetal liver RNA was isolated (N = 5 per dose/group) and the transcriptome analyzed by Affymetrix Array. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) and differentially enriched pathways (DEP) were obtained. DEG patterns were similar in maternal liver for 5 mg/kg PFOA, 2 mg/kg GenX, and 10 mg/kg GenX (R2: 0.46-0.66). DEG patterns were similar across all 4 dose groups in fetal liver (R2: 0.59-0.81). There were more DEGs in fetal liver compared to maternal liver at the low doses for both PFOA (fetal = 69, maternal = 8) and GenX (fetal = 154, maternal = 93). Upregulated DEPs identified across all groups included Fatty Acid Metabolism, Peroxisome, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Adipogenesis, and Bile Acid Metabolism. Transcriptome-phenotype correlation analyses demonstrated > 1000 maternal liver DEGs were significantly correlated with maternal relative liver weight (R2 >0.92). These findings show shared biological pathways of liver toxicity for PFOA and GenX in maternal and fetal livers in CD-1 mice. The limited overlap in specific DEGs between the dam and fetus suggests the developing liver responds differently than the adult liver to these chemical stressors. This work helps define mechanisms of hepatic toxicity of two structurally unique PFAS and may help predict latent consequences of developmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin E Blake
- Chemical and Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Colette N Miller
- Cardiopulmonary Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Vesna A Chappell
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Trina P Phan
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Deepak Mav
- Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Huang Q, Xu H, Wang X, Mao J, Yu B, Zhu Y, Zhang R, Sun B, Zhang J, Ji W, Ma W, Nie M, Wu X. Relationship between growth hormone deficiency and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:612-621. [PMID: 35384023 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS), characterized by thinning or disappearance of the pituitary stalk, hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary, and an ectopic posterior pituitary, can lead to congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency. There is a high prevalence of various metabolic disorders, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in this population. OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of NAFLD in Chinese adult patients with PSIS and its association with growth hormone deficiency. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study in a tertiary referral center of China. PATIENTS Adult patients with PSIS diagnosed, followed up between September 2019 and August 2021, were consecutively enrolled. MEASUREMENTS Abdominal ultrasonography images were evaluated and noninvasive fibrosis scores were determined to assess the severity of NAFLD. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were compared between patients with and without NAFLD. Logistic regression was performed to assess the independent effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on NAFLD. RESULTS A total of 93 patients (77 men, 16 women, mean age: 29.6 ± 7.1 years) were included. The prevalence of NAFLD and advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis was 50.5% and 4.3%, respectively. Insufficient hormone therapy and prominent metabolic disorders, including central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, were more common in the NAFLD (+) group. After adjusting for multiple variables, IGF-1 <-2 standard deviation score (SDS) was found to be associated with an increased prevalence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR]: 4.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-24.55, p = .035). Per 1 SDS increase in IGF-1 was associated with a 27% lower risk of NAFLD (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.52-0.97, p = .042). CONCLUSION NAFLD is a frequent comorbidity among Chinese adult patients with PSIS and is strongly associated with lower IGF-1 levels. Timely and appropriate hormone replacement, particularly growth hormone may contribute to decreasing the risk of NAFLD in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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11
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Li X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Lin Y. Chi-Circ_0006511 Positively Regulates the Differentiation of Goat Intramuscular Adipocytes via Novel-miR-87/CD36 Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012295. [PMID: 36293149 PMCID: PMC9603556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Goats are an important livestock and goat meat is essential to local people. The intramuscular fat (IMF) content has a great influence on the quality of goat meat. The intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation is closely related to the IMF deposition; however, its potential regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. CircRNAs were revealed to be involved in multiple biological progressions. In this study, we took primary goat intramuscular preadipocyte (GIMPA) as the study model to verify the function and mechanism of chi-circ_0006511, which was abundant and up-regulated in mature adipocytes (GIMA). The results showed that the expression level of chi-circ_0006511 gradually increased in the early stage of GIMPA differentiation, and chi-circ_0006511 was confirmed to promote GIMPA lipid droplets aggregation and up-regulate the adipogenic differentiation determinants, further promoting GIMPA differentiation. Mechanistically, chi-circ_0006511 exerts its function by sponging novel-miR-87, thereby regulating the expression of CD36. The results from this study provided novel significant information to better understand the molecular regulatory mechanism of intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation, thereby providing a new reference for the intramuscular fat adipogenesis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
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12
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Dichtel LE, Corey KE, Haines MS, Chicote ML, Kimball A, Colling C, Simon TG, Long MT, Husseini J, Bredella MA, Miller KK. The GH/IGF-1 Axis Is Associated With Intrahepatic Lipid Content and Hepatocellular Damage in Overweight/Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3624-e3632. [PMID: 35779256 PMCID: PMC9387707 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a state of relative growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and GH has been identified as a candidate disease-modifying target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because of its lipolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the GH/IGF-1 axis has not been well characterized in NAFLD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate serum GH and IGF-1 levels in relation to intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) and markers of hepatocellular damage and fibrosis in NAFLD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 102 adults (43% women; age 19-67; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) without type 2 diabetes. IHL was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD was defined by ≥ 5% IHL. Peak-stimulated GH in response to GH releasing hormone and arginine was assessed as was serum IGF-1 (LC/MS). RESULTS There was no difference in mean age, BMI, or sex distribution in NAFLD vs controls. Mean (± SD) IHL was higher in NAFLD vs controls (21.8 ± 13.3% vs 2.9 ± 1.1%, P < 0.0001). Mean peak-stimulated GH was lower in NAFLD vs controls (9.0 ± 6.3 vs 15.4 ± 11.2 ng/mL, P = 0.003), including after controlling for age, sex, visceral adipose tissue, and fasting glucose. In a stepwise model, peak-stimulated GH predicted 14.6% of the variability in IHL (P = 0.004). Higher peak-stimulated GH was also associated with lower ALT. Higher serum IGF-1 levels were associated with lower risk of liver fibrosis by Fibrosis-4 scores. CONCLUSION Individuals with NAFLD have lower peak-stimulated GH levels but similar IGF-1 levels as compared to controls. Higher peak-stimulated GH levels are associated with lower IHL and less hepatocellular damage. Higher IGF-1 levels are associated with more favorable fibrosis risk scores. These data implicate GH and IGF-1 as potential disease modifiers in the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Correspondence: Laura Dichtel, MD, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL457, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark L Chicote
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Allison Kimball
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Caitlin Colling
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jad Husseini
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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13
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Doycheva I, Erickson D, Watt KD. Growth hormone deficiency and NAFLD: An overlooked and underrecognized link. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2227-2237. [PMID: 35765700 PMCID: PMC9426379 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone and its mediator insulin‐like growth factor‐1 exert their effect on different organs and control various physiologic metabolic processes. Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) presents with one or more components of metabolic syndrome and can be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AGHD is present in spectrum of hypothalamic/pituitary disorders as well as cranial radiation of brain tumors and often remains underdiagnosed or untreated due to its nonspecific symptoms, relatively difficult diagnosis in some clinical scenarios, and various barriers to treatment. NAFLD usually develops soon after diagnosis of AGHD and might progress rapidly to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis, eventually requiring liver transplantation. A timely initiation of growth hormone replacement therapy might be important, although studies so far have demonstrated controversial results on NAFLD, primarily due to small sample size and different diagnostic methods of NAFLD. Increased awareness of the association between AGHD and NAFLD would facilitate early diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH if present. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving hepatology and endocrinology should become a standard of care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Doycheva
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dana Erickson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kymberly D Watt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Dichtel LE, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1812-1824. [PMID: 35172328 PMCID: PMC9202731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obesity have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), representing a spectrum of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), without and with fibrosis. Understanding the etiology of NAFLD is clinically relevant since NAFLD is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, NASH predisposes patients to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH cirrhosis represents the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is appreciated that multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulate metabolic, immune, and hepatic stellate cell function, and alterations in the production and function of GH is associated with obesity and NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, this review will focus on the potential role of GH and IGF1 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Lau-Corona D, Ma H, Vergato C, Sarmento-Cabral A, del Rio-Moreno M, Kineman RD, Waxman DJ. Constitutively Active STAT5b Feminizes Mouse Liver Gene Expression. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac046. [PMID: 35396838 PMCID: PMC9070516 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STAT5 is an essential transcriptional regulator of the sex-biased actions of GH in the liver. Delivery of constitutively active STAT5 (STAT5CA) to male mouse liver using an engineered adeno-associated virus with high tropism for the liver is shown to induce widespread feminization of the liver, with extensive induction of female-biased genes and repression of male-biased genes, largely mimicking results obtained when male mice are given GH as a continuous infusion. Many of the STAT5CA-responding genes were associated with nearby (< 50 kb) sites of STAT5 binding to liver chromatin, supporting the proposed direct role of persistently active STAT5 in continuous GH-induced liver feminization. The feminizing effects of STAT5CA were dose-dependent; moreover, at higher levels, STAT5CA overexpression resulted in some histopathology, including hepatocyte hyperplasia, and increased karyomegaly and multinuclear hepatocytes. These findings establish that the persistent activation of STAT5 by GH that characterizes female liver is by itself sufficient to account for the sex-dependent expression of a majority of hepatic sex-biased genes. Moreover, histological changes seen when STAT5CA is overexpressed highlight the importance of carefully evaluating such effects before considering STAT5 derivatives for therapeutic use in treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cameron Vergato
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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16
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Chen Q, Zhao L, Mei L, Zhong R, Han P, Yang H, Li Q, Li J. Association of sex hormones with hepatic steatosis in men with chronic hepatitis B. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:378-384. [PMID: 34116975 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study on the relationship between hepatic steatosis and sex hormone levels in male patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection has been conducted. AIMS We aimed to investigate the association between serum sex hormones and hepatic steatosis among a cohort of males with CHB. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 268 male patients with CHB were enrolled. All participants underwent anthropometric measurement, blood testing, and FibroScan test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of serum sex hormones with hepatic steatosis. RESULTS We included 137 males with and 131 without hepatic steatosis in this study. Subjects with serum testosterone (T) levels in the highest tertile had an odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.35 (0.18-0.70) (P for trend=0.003); those with serum prolactin (PRL) levels in the highest tertile had an OR (95%CI) of 0.21 (0.10-0.45) (P for trend<0.001); and those with serum estradiol/testosterone (E2/T) in the highest tertile had an OR (95%CI) of 4.02 (1.97-8.20) (P for trend<0.001) for hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION Lower serum total T and PRL levels and higher total E2/T are independently associated with presence of hepatic steatosis in male patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second People's Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ling Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second People's Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second People's Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi South Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China.
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17
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Beghini M, Wagner T, Luca AC, Metz M, Kaltenecker D, Spirk K, Hackl MT, Haybaeck J, Moriggl R, Kautzky-Willer A, Scherer T, Fürnsinn C. Adipocyte STAT5 deficiency does not affect blood glucose homeostasis in obese mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260501. [PMID: 34818373 PMCID: PMC8612524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the lack of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) in mature adipocytes of obese mice (Stat5Adipoq mice) improves glucose and lipid metabolism as previously observed in lean mice. Male Stat5Adipoq mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were fed high-fat diet (HFD). Effects of adipocyte STAT5 deficiency on adiposity as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism were determined under ad libitum feeding and after weight loss induced by calorie restriction. Compared to WT mice, obese Stat5Adipoq mice showed modestly accelerated weight gain and blunted depletion of fat stores under calorie restriction (reduction in % body fat after 3 weeks: WT, -9.3±1.1, vs Stat5Adipoq, -5.9±0.8, p = 0.04). No differences were observed between Stat5Adipoq and WT mice with regard to parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism including basal glycaemia, glucose tolerance, and plasma triglycerides. In conclusion, STAT5 deficiency in the adipocyte of HFD-fed obese mice was associated with increased fat accumulation. In contrast to previous findings in lean mice, however, lipid accumulation was not associated with any improvement in glucose and lipid metabolism. Our results do not support adipocyte STAT5 as a promising target for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Beghini
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Wagner
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreea Corina Luca
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthäus Metz
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Theresa Hackl
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Li Y, Jin L, Jiang F, Yan J, Lu Y, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Zhang Y, He Z, Zhang R, Yang J, Hu C. Mutations of NRG4 Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Related Metabolic Disorders. Diabetes 2021; 70:2213-2224. [PMID: 34261740 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4), an adipose tissue-enriched endocrine factor, participates in adipocyte-to-hepatocyte communication, eliciting beneficial metabolic effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluate the physiological roles of NRG4 in humans and unravel the role of NRG4 variants in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. We identified two rare missense mutations-p.R44H and p.E47Q-in the NRG4 EGF-like domain by whole-exome sequencing in 224 severely obese subjects and exome genotyping in 2,388 subjects from the Shanghai Obesity Study. The overexpression animal models showed that wild-type (WT) Nrg4 could attenuate high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipogenesis and improve energy metabolism. Nrg4 E47Q enhanced the protective effect, whereas Nrg4 R44H lost this function. Unlike Nrg4 R44H, Nrg4 E47Q activated the phosphorylation of ErbB4 and negatively regulated de novo lipogenesis through the ErbB4-STAT5-SREBP-1C pathway. The surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed a higher affinity of E47Q Nrg4 than WT to bind ErbB4, while R44H showed no binding. In conclusion, the study suggests that genetic variations in NRG4 could produce mutant proteins with aberrant functions and that impaired or enhanced Nrg4 function could be either a risk factor or a protective factor for NAFLD and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hairong Yu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen He
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102532. [PMID: 34685512 PMCID: PMC8533955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin. GH, IGF1, and insulin act on multiple tissues to coordinate metabolic control in a context-specific manner. This review will specifically focus on our current understanding of the direct and indirect actions of GH to control liver (hepatocyte) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the context of normal fasting (sleep) and feeding (wake) cycles and in response to prolonged nutrient deprivation and excess. Caveats and challenges related to the model systems used and areas that require further investigation towards a clearer understanding of the role GH plays in metabolic health and disease are discussed.
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20
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Nakagawa Y, Kumagai K, Han SI, Mizunoe Y, Araki M, Mizuno S, Ohno H, Matsuo K, Yamada Y, Kim JD, Miyamoto T, Sekiya M, Konishi M, Itoh N, Matsuzaka T, Takahashi S, Sone H, Shimano H. Starvation-induced transcription factor CREBH negatively governs body growth by controlling GH signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21663. [PMID: 34042217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002784rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
cAMP responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH) is a hepatic transcription factor to be activated during fasting. We generated CREBH knock-in flox mice, and then generated liver-specific CREBH transgenic (CREBH L-Tg) mice in an active form. CREBH L-Tg mice showed a delay in growth in the postnatal stage. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly increased in CREBH L-Tg mice, but plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly decreased, indicating GH resistance. In addition, CREBH overexpression significantly increased hepatic mRNA and plasma levels of FGF21, which is thought to be as one of the causes of growth delay. However, the additional ablation of FGF21 in CREBH L-Tg mice could not correct GH resistance at all. CREBH L-Tg mice sustained GH receptor (GHR) reduction and the increase of IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in the liver regardless of FGF21. As GHR is a first step in GH signaling, the reduction of GHR leads to impairment of GH signaling. These data suggest that CREBH negatively regulates growth in the postnatal growth stage via various pathways as an abundant energy response by antagonizing GH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Song-Iee Han
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaya Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yamada
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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MiR-210-5p regulates STAT3 activation by targeting STAT5A in the differentiation of dermal fibroblasts. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:243. [PMID: 33968586 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the microRNAs in skin fibrosis is critical for identifying a novel therapeutic strategy for hypertrophic scar (HS). In this study, it was shown that miR-210-5p is induced by TGFβ, and that overexpression of miR-210-5p promoted the differentiation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into myofibroblasts. STAT5A is required for TGFβ-induced STAT3 activity. Here, we show that miR-210-5p attenuated TGFβ-induced STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing the expression of STAT5A. Taken together, the present study suggests that TGFβ-induced miR-210-5p reduced STAT5A expression, leading to aberrant activation of STAT3, and facilitate skin fibrosis in HDFs.
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22
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Le Magueresse-Battistoni B. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders in the liver: What if we also looked at the female side? CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129212. [PMID: 33359838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are linked to the worldwide epidemic incidence of metabolic disorders and fatty liver diseases, which affects quality of life and represents a high economic cost to society. Energy homeostasis exhibits strong sexual dimorphic traits, and metabolic organs respond to EDCs depending on sex, such as the liver, which orchestrates both drug elimination and glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, fatty liver diseases show a strong sexual bias, which in part could also originate from sex differences observed in gut microbiota. The aim of this review is to highlight significant differences in endocrine and metabolic aspects of the liver, between males and females throughout development and into adulthood. It is also to illustrate how the male and female liver differently cope with exposure to various EDCs such as bisphenols, phthalates and persistent organic chemicals in order to draw attention to the need to include both sexes in experimental studies. Interesting data come from analyses of the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in males exposed to the mentioned EDCs showing significant correlations with hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic disorders but information on females is lacking or incomplete. As industrialization increases, the list of anthropogenic chemicals to which humans will be exposed will also likely increase. In addition to strengthening existing regulations, encouraging populations to protect themselves and promoting the substitution of harmful chemicals with safe products, innovative strategies based on sex differences in the gut microbiota and in the gut-liver axis could be optimistic outlook.
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23
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Human growth hormone proteoform pattern changes in pituitary adenomas: Potential biomarkers for 3P medical approaches. EPMA J 2021; 12:67-89. [PMID: 33786091 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relevance Human growth hormone (hGH) is synthesized, stored, and secreted by somatotroph cells in the pituitary gland, and promotes human growth and metabolism. Compared to a normal pituitary, a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma can secrete excessive GH to cause pathological changes in body tissues. GH proteoform changes would be associated with GH-related disease pathogenesis. Purpose This study aimed to elucidate changes in GH proteoforms between GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and control pituitaries for the predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and personalization of medical services. Methods The isoelectric point (pI) and relative molecular mass (Mr) are two basic features of a proteoform that can be used to effectively array and detect proteoforms with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and 2DGE-based western blot. GH proteoforms were characterized with liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Phosphoproteomics, ubiquitinomics, acetylomics, and bioinformatics were used to analyze post-translational modifications (PTMs) of GH proteoforms in GH-secreting pituitary adenoma tissues and control pituitaries. Results Sixty-six 2D gel spots were found to contain hGH, including 46 spots (46 GH proteoforms) in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and 35 spots (35 GH proteoforms) in control pituitaries. Further, 35 GH proteoforms in control pituitary tissues were matched with 35 of 46 GH proteoforms in GH-secreting pituitary adenoma tissues; and 11 GH proteoforms were presented in only GH-secreting pituitary adenoma tissues but not in control pituitary tissues. The matched 35 GH proteoforms showed quantitative changes in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas compared to the controls. The quantitative levels of those 46 GH proteoforms in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas were significantly different from those 35 GH proteoforms in control pituitaries. Meanwhile, different types of PTMs were identified among those GH proteoforms. Phosphoproteomics identified phosphorylation at residues Ser77, Ser132, Ser134, Thr174, and Ser176 in hGH. Ubiquitinomics identified ubiquitination at residue Lys96 in hGH. Acetylomics identified acetylation at reside Lys171 in hGH. Deamination was identified at residue Asn178 in hGH. Conclusion These findings provide the first hGH proteoform pattern changes in GH-secreting pituitary adenoma tissues compared to control pituitary tissues, and the status of partial PTMs in hGH proteoforms. Those data provide in-depth insights into biological roles of hGH in GH-related diseases, and identify hGH proteoform pattern biomarkers for treatment of a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma in the context of 3P medicine -predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and personalization of medical services. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-021-00232-7.
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24
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Ishikawa M, Brooks AJ, Fernández-Rojo MA, Medina J, Chhabra Y, Minami S, Tunny KA, Parton RG, Vivian JP, Rossjohn J, Chikani V, Ramm GA, Ho KKY, Waters MJ. Growth Hormone Stops Excessive Inflammation After Partial Hepatectomy, Allowing Liver Regeneration and Survival Through Induction of H2-Bl/HLA-G. Hepatology 2021; 73:759-775. [PMID: 32342533 PMCID: PMC7894545 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth hormone (GH) is important for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx). We investigated this process in C57BL/6 mice that express different forms of the GH receptor (GHR) with deletions in key signaling domains. APPROACH AND RESULTS PHx was performed on C57BL/6 mice lacking GHR (Ghr-/- ), disabled for all GH-dependent Janus kinase 2 signaling (Box1-/- ), or lacking only GH-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling (Ghr391-/- ), and wild-type littermates. C57BL/6 Ghr-/- mice showed striking mortality within 48 hours after PHx, whereas Box1-/- or Ghr391-/- mice survived with normal liver regeneration. Ghr-/- mortality was associated with increased apoptosis and elevated natural killer/natural killer T cell and macrophage cell markers. We identified H2-Bl, a key immunotolerance protein, which is up-regulated by PHx through a GH-mediated, Janus kinase 2-independent, SRC family kinase-dependent pathway. GH treatment was confirmed to up-regulate expression of the human homolog of H2-Bl (human leukocyte antigen G [HLA-G]) in primary human hepatocytes and in the serum of GH-deficient patients. We find that injury-associated innate immune attack by natural killer/natural killer T cell and macrophage cells are instrumental in the failure of liver regeneration, and this can be overcome in Ghr-/- mice by adenoviral delivery of H2-Bl or by infusion of HLA-G protein. Further, H2-Bl knockdown in wild-type C57BL/6 mice showed elevated markers of inflammation after PHx, whereas Ghr-/- backcrossed on a strain with high endogenous H2-Bl expression showed a high rate of survival following PHx. CONCLUSIONS GH induction of H2-Bl expression is crucial for reducing innate immune-mediated apoptosis and promoting survival after PHx in C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with HLA-G may lead to improved clinical outcomes following liver surgery or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ishikawa
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and ArteriosclerosisNippon Medical School Musashikosugi HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Manuel A Fernández-Rojo
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia.,Hepatic Fibrosis GroupQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,Hepatic Regenerative Medicine LaboratoryMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies in FoodCEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Shiro Minami
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and ArteriosclerosisNippon Medical School Musashikosugi HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Kathryn A Tunny
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Institute of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Viral Chikani
- Princess Alexandra Hospital and Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis GroupQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Princess Alexandra Hospital and Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia
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25
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Zhang C, Biehl Rudkjær LC, Cachón MF, Falkenhahn M, Theis S, Schmidt T, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Rigbolt K. Transcriptomic changes in pancreatic islets, adipose and liver after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a diet-induced obese rat model. Peptides 2021; 136:170467. [PMID: 33253774 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most efficient intervention in morbid obesity and promotes metabolic improvements in several peripheral tissues. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. To further understand the effects of RYGB on peripheral tissues transcriptomes, we determined transcriptome signatures in pancreatic islets, adipose and liver tissue from diet-induced obese (DIO) rats model following RYGB. Whereas RYGB led to discrete gene expression changes in pancreatic islets, substantial transcriptome changes were observed in metabolic and immune signaling pathways in adipose tissue and the liver, indicating major gene adaptive responses in fat-storing tissues. Compared to RYGB DIO rats, peripheral tissue transcriptome signatures were markedly different in caloric restricted weight matching DIO rats, implying that caloric restriction paradigms do not reflect transcriptomic regulations of RYGB induced weight loss. The present gene expression study may serve as a basis for further investigations into molecular regulatory effects in peripheral tissues following RYGB-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Theis
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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26
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STAT5 Regulation of Sex-Dependent Hepatic CpG Methylation at Distal Regulatory Elements Mapping to Sex-Biased Genes. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00166-20. [PMID: 33199496 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00166-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone-activated STAT5b is an essential regulator of sex-differential gene expression in mouse liver; however, its impact on hepatic gene expression and epigenetic responses is poorly understood. Here, we found a substantial, albeit incomplete loss of liver sex bias in hepatocyte-specific STAT5a/STAT5b (collectively, STAT5)-deficient mouse liver. In male liver, many male-biased genes were downregulated in direct association with the loss of STAT5 binding; many female-biased genes, which show low STAT5 binding, were derepressed, indicating an indirect mechanism for repression by STAT5. Extensive changes in CpG methylation were seen in STAT5-deficient liver, where sex differences were abolished at 88% of ∼1,500 sex-differentially methylated regions, largely due to increased DNA methylation upon STAT5 loss. STAT5-dependent CpG hypomethylation was rarely found at proximal promoters of STAT5-dependent genes. Rather, STAT5 primarily regulated the methylation of distal enhancers, where STAT5 deficiency induced widespread hypermethylation at genomic regions enriched for accessible chromatin, enhancer histone marks (histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation [H3K4me1] and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation [H3K27ac]), STAT5 binding, and DNA motifs for STAT5 and other transcription factors implicated in liver sex differences. Thus, the sex-dependent binding of STAT5 to liver chromatin is closely linked to the sex-dependent demethylation of distal regulatory elements linked to STAT5-dependent genes important for liver sex bias.
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27
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Sarmento-Cabral A, del Rio-Moreno M, Vazquez-Borrego MC, Mahmood M, Gutierrez-Casado E, Pelke N, Guzman G, Subbaiah PV, Cordoba-Chacon J, Yakar S, Kineman RD. GH directly inhibits steatosis and liver injury in a sex-dependent and IGF1-independent manner. J Endocrinol 2021; 248:31-44. [PMID: 33112796 PMCID: PMC7785648 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in hepatocyte growth hormone (GH)-signaling promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, debate remains as to the relative contribution of the direct effects of GH on hepatocyte function vs indirect effects, via alterations in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). To isolate the role of hepatocyte GH receptor (GHR) signaling, independent of changes in IGF1, mice with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd) were treated with a vector expressing rat IGF1 targeted specifically to hepatocytes. Compared to GHR-intact mice, aHepGHRkd reduced circulating IGF1 and elevated GH. In male aHepGHRkd, the shift in IGF1/GH did not alter plasma glucose or non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), but was associated with increased insulin, enhanced systemic lipid oxidation and reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. Livers of male aHepGHRkd exhibited steatosis associated with increased de novo lipogenesis, hepatocyte ballooning and inflammation. In female aHepGHRkd, hepatic GHR protein levels were not detectable, but moderate levels of IGF1 were maintained, with minimal alterations in systemic metabolism and no evidence of steatosis. Reconstitution of hepatocyte IGF1 in male aHepGHRkd lowered GH and normalized insulin, whole body lipid utilization and WAT mass. However, IGF1 reconstitution did not reduce steatosis or eliminate liver injury. RNAseq analysis showed IGF1 reconstitution did not impact aHepGHRkd-induced changes in liver gene expression, despite changes in systemic metabolism. These results demonstrate the impact of aHepGHRkd is sexually dimorphic and the steatosis and liver injury observed in male aHepGHRkd mice is autonomous of IGF1, suggesting GH acts directly on the adult hepatocyte to control NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mari C. Vazquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Elena Gutierrez-Casado
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago,
College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Papasani V. Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University
College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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28
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Dixit M, Poudel SB, Yakar S. Effects of GH/IGF axis on bone and cartilage. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111052. [PMID: 33068640 PMCID: PMC7736189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulate somatic growth, metabolism and many aspects of aging. As such, actions of GH/IGF have been studied in many tissues and organs over decades. GH and IGF-1 are part of the hypothalamic/pituitary somatotrophic axis that consists of many other regulatory hormones, receptors, binding proteins, and proteases. In humans, GH/IGF actions peak during pubertal growth and regulate skeletal acquisition through stimulation of extracellular matrix production and increases in bone mineral density. During aging the activity of these hormones declines, a state called somatopaguss, which associates with deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system. In this review, we will focus on GH/IGF-1 action in bone and cartilage. We will cover many studies that have utilized congenital ablation or overexpression of members of this axis, as well as cell-specific gene-targeting approaches used to unravel the nature of the GH/IGF-1 actions in the skeleton in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Dixit
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Sher Bahadur Poudel
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA.
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29
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Yu G, Yang Z, Peng T, Lv Y. Circular RNAs: Rising stars in lipid metabolism and lipid disorders. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4797-4806. [PMID: 33275299 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in lipid metabolism regulation and the pathogenesis of lipid disorder diseases are clarified in this review. circRNAs are produced from host genes by back splicing and are mainly degraded by RNase L. circRNAs act as molecular sponges or scaffolds that bind with microRNAs or proteins and thus affect the intracorporeal processes of lipid metabolism. CircRNA_11897 and circSAMD4A facilitated adipogenesis while circH19 and circRNA_26852 accelerated adipolysis in adipose tissue. CircSAMD4A promoted the differentiation of preadipocytes, but circH19 and circFUT10 inhibited this differentiation. CircFUT10 also promoted the proliferation of preadipocytes. CiRS-133 fostered the browning of white adipose tissue. CircACC1, circRNA_021412, circRNA_0046366, and circRNA_0046367 promoted the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids in hepatocytes. CircRNA_021412 suppressed the synthesis of triglycerides in hepatocytes. CircScd1 inhibited hepatic lipid droplet formation. circ_0092317, circ_0003546, circ_0028198, circ_0092317, and circACC1 probably reduced cholesterol efflux from macrophages. circ_0037251 likely promoted lipid accumulation and inhibited lipophagy in macrophages. circRNAs participate in lipid metabolism regulation and affect the development of lipid disorder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Yu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Wu ZY, Li YL, Chang B. Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome and liver changes: From clinical features to mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6909-6922. [PMID: 33311939 PMCID: PMC7701950 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i44.6909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by thinning or disappearance of the pituitary stalk, hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary and an ectopic posterior pituitary. Although the etiology of PSIS is still unclear, gene changes and perinatal adverse events such as breech delivery may play important roles in the pathogenesis of PSIS. PSIS can cause multiple hormone deficiencies, such as growth hormone, which then cause a series of changes in the human body. On the one hand, hormone changes affect growth and development, and on the other hand, they could affect human metabolism and subsequently the liver resulting in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Under the synergistic effect of multiple mechanisms, the progression of NAFLD caused by PSIS is faster than that due to other causes. Therefore, in addition to early identification of PSIS, timely hormone replacement therapy and monitoring of relevant hormone levels, clinicians should routinely assess the liver function while managing PSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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31
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Jiang Y, Tao Y, Zhang X, Wei X, Li M, He X, Zhou B, Guo W, Yin H, Cheng S. Loss of STAT5A promotes glucose metabolism and tumor growth through miRNA-23a-AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:710-724. [PMID: 33155364 PMCID: PMC7858139 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Here, we identified that increased miR‐23a expression in HCC tissues was associated with worse survival. More importantly, we found that STAT5A was a target of miR‐23a, whose levels significantly decreased in tumor tissues. Stable expression of STAT5A in Huh7 cells suppressed glucose metabolism and tumor growth. Finally, this study showed that increased miR‐23a negatively regulated STAT5A, which further activated AKT signaling to enable rapid metabolism for accelerated tumor growth in HCC. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the miR‐23a‐STAT5A‐AKT signaling pathway is critical to alter glucose metabolism in HCC and may offer new opportunities for effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Jiang
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xubiao Wei
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Guo
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Activation of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Ace2 through JAK/STAT-Dependent Enhancers during Pregnancy. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108199. [PMID: 32966801 PMCID: PMC7474886 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ACE2 binds the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and facilitates its cellular entry. Interferons activate ACE2 expression in pneumocytes, suggesting a critical role of cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 target cells. Viral RNA was detected in breast milk in at least seven studies, raising the possibility that ACE2 is expressed in mammary tissue during lactation. Here, we show that Ace2 expression in mouse mammary tissue is induced during pregnancy and lactation, which coincides with the activation of intronic enhancers. These enhancers are occupied by the prolactin-activated transcription factor STAT5 and additional regulatory factors, including RNA polymerase II. Deletion of Stat5a results in decommissioning of the enhancers and an 83% reduction of Ace2 mRNA. We also demonstrate that Ace2 expression increases during lactation in lung, but not in kidney and intestine. JAK/STAT components are present in a range of SARS-CoV-2 target cells, opening the possibility that cytokines contribute to the viral load and extrapulmonary pathophysiology. Ace2 expression is induced in the mammary glands of pregnant and lactating mice Gene enhancers are activated by the prolactin-activated transcription factors STAT5A/B Deletion of the Stat5a gene mitigates enhancer formation and Ace2 expression Ace2 levels also increase in lung tissue during lactation
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Activation of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor Ace2 by cytokines through pan JAK-STAT enhancers. SSRN 2020:3601827. [PMID: 32714116 PMCID: PMC7366816 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3601827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ACE2, in concert with the protease TMPRSS2, binds the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and facilitates its cellular entry. The ACE2 gene is expressed in SARS-CoV-2 target cells, including Type II Pneumocytes (Ziegler, 2020), and is activated by interferons. Viral RNA was also detected in breast milk (Wu et al., 2020), raising the possibility that ACE2 expression is under the control of cytokines through the JAK-STAT pathway. Here we show that Ace2 expression in mammary tissue is induced during pregnancy and lactation, which coincides with the establishment of a candidate enhancer. The prolactin-activated transcription factor STAT5 binds to tandem sites that coincide with activating histone enhancer marks and additional transcription components. The presence of pan JAK-STAT components in mammary alveolar cells and in Type II Pneumocytes combined with the autoregulation of both STAT1 and STAT5 suggests a prominent role of cytokine signaling pathways in cells targeted by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lau-Corona D, Bae WK, Hennighausen L, Waxman DJ. Sex-biased genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis are controlled by EZH1 and EZH2. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008796. [PMID: 32428001 PMCID: PMC7263639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and progression of many liver diseases, including liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are associated with sex-biased hepatic expression of hundreds of genes. This sexual dimorphism is largely determined by the sex-specific pattern of pituitary growth hormone secretion, which controls a transcriptional regulatory network operative in the context of sex-biased and growth hormone-regulated chromatin states. Histone H3K27-trimethylation yields a major sex-biased repressive chromatin mark deposited at many strongly female-biased genes in male mouse liver, but not at male-biased genes in female liver, and is catalyzed by polycomb repressive complex-2 through its homologous catalytic subunits, Ezh1 and Ezh2. Here, we used Ezh1-knockout mice with a hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ezh2 to investigate the sex bias of liver H3K27-trimethylation and its functional role in regulating sex-differences in the liver. Combined hepatic Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency led to a significant loss of sex-biased gene expression, particularly in male liver, where many female-biased genes were increased in expression while male-biased genes showed decreased expression. The associated loss of H3K27me3 marks, and increases in the active enhancer marks H3K27ac and H3K4me1, were also more pronounced in male liver. Further, Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency in male liver, and to a lesser extent in female liver, led to up regulation of many genes linked to liver fibrosis and liver cancer, which may contribute to the observed liver pathologies and the increased sensitivity of these mice to hepatotoxin exposure. Thus, Ezh1/Ezh2-catalyzed H3K27-trimethyation regulates sex-dependent genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis through its sex-dependent effects on the epigenome, and may thereby determine the sex-bias in liver disease susceptibility. Sex-differences in the expression of genes in liver have a direct impact on liver diseases whose incidence and severity is sex-biased, and is controlled by hormones that regulate chemical alterations to histone proteins used to package chromosomal DNA. However, a direct demonstration of the functional importance of such sex differences in histone protein modifications has been elusive. Here, we address this question using a mouse model deficient in two enzymes, Ezh1/Ezh2, which generate the histone repressive mark H3K27me3. Remarkably, although H3K27me3 marks are formed by Ezh1/Ezh2 throughout the genome, loss of liver Ezh1/Ezh2 preferentially disrupts the control of sex-biased genes, with expression increasing in male mouse liver for many female-biased genes and decreasing for many male-biased genes. Sex-biased H3K27me3 repressive marks were abolished, and there was a gain of active histone marks at gene enhancers. We also found increased expression of many genes associated with liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which may help explain the increased sensitivity of Ezh1/Ezh2-deficient livers to hepatotoxic chemicals whose exposure may lead to sex differences in liver disease incidence and susceptibility. Thus, our findings highlight the potential role of sex differences in histone modifications catalyzed by Ezh1/Ezh2 in widespread sex differences in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Activation of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor Ace2 by cytokines through pan JAK-STAT enhancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.11.089045. [PMID: 32511315 PMCID: PMC7239044 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.11.089045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ACE2, in concert with the protease TMPRSS2, binds the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and facilitates its cellular entry. The ACE2 gene is expressed in SARS-CoV-2 target cells, including Type II Pneumocytes (Ziegler, 2020), and is activated by interferons. Viral RNA was also detected in breast milk (Wu et al., 2020), raising the possibility that ACE2 expression is under the control of cytokines through the JAK-STAT pathway. Here we show that Ace2 expression in mammary tissue is induced during pregnancy and lactation, which coincides with the establishment of a candidate enhancer. The prolactin-activated transcription factor STAT5 binds to tandem sites that coincide with activating histone enhancer marks and additional transcription components. The presence of pan JAK-STAT components in mammary alveolar cells and in Type II Pneumocytes combined with the autoregulation of both STAT1 and STAT5 suggests a prominent role of cytokine signaling pathways in cells targeted by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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Lee J, Garcia V, Nambiar SM, Jiang H, Dai G. Pregnancy facilitates maternal liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G772-G780. [PMID: 32003603 PMCID: PMC7191459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00125.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver resection induces robust liver regrowth or regeneration to compensate for the lost tissue mass. In a clinical setting, pregnant women may need liver resection without terminating pregnancy in some cases. However, how pregnancy affects maternal liver regeneration remains elusive. We performed 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) in nonpregnant mice and gestation day 14 mice, and histologically and molecularly compared their liver regrowth during the next 4 days. We found that compared with the nonpregnant state, pregnancy altered the molecular programs driving hepatocyte replication, indicated by enhanced activities of epidermal growth factor receptor and STAT5A, reduced activities of cMet and p70S6K, decreased production of IL-6, TNFα, and hepatocyte growth factor, suppressed cyclin D1 expression, increased cyclin A1 expression, and early activated cyclin A2 expression. As a result, pregnancy allowed the remnant hepatocytes to enter the cell cycle at least 12 h earlier, increased hepatic fat accumulation, and enhanced hepatocyte mitosis. Consequently, pregnancy ameliorated maternal liver regeneration following PH. In addition, a report showed that maternal liver regrowth after PH is driven mainly by hepatocyte hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia during the second half of gestation in young adult mice. In contrast, we demonstrate that maternal liver relies mainly on hepatocyte hyperplasia instead of hypertrophy to restore the lost mass after PH. Overall, we demonstrate that pregnancy facilitates maternal liver regeneration likely via triggering an early onset of hepatocyte replication, accumulating excessive liver fat, and promoting hepatocyte mitosis. The results from our current studies enable us to gain more insights into how maternal liver regeneration progresses during gestation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that pregnancy may generate positive effects on maternal liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy, which are manifested by early entry of the cell cycle of remnant hepatocytes, increased hepatic fat accumulation, enhanced hepatocyte mitosis, and overall accelerated liver regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyong Lee
- 1Department of Biology, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Veronica Garcia
- 1Department of Biology, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shashank Manohar Nambiar
- 1Department of Biology, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Huaizhou Jiang
- 1Department of Biology, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana,2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui, China
| | - Guoli Dai
- 1Department of Biology, Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Wu J, Dong T, Chen T, Sun J, Luo J, He J, Wei L, Zeng B, Zhang H, Li W, Liu J, Chen X, Su M, Ni Y, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Xi Q. Hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a-3p attenuates glucose intolerance via suppressing PHLPP2 gene in adipocyte. Metabolism 2020; 103:154006. [PMID: 31715176 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are a major risk factor for type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence has indicated that the interplay between the liver and adipose tissue is crucial in maintaining energy homeostasis. Recently, the interaction between two distant endocrine organs mainly focuses on the regulation of hormones and receptors. However, as a novel carrier in the inter-tissue communication, exosomes plays a role in liver-fat crosstalk, but its effects on glucose and lipid metabolisms are still unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a-3p in the regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism in adipose tissues. MEASURE In vivo, we constructed generalized miR-130a-3p knockout (130KO) and overexpressed (130OE) mice. Wild type (WT), 130KO and 130OE mice (n = 10) were assigned to a randomized controlled trial and were fed diets with either 10% (standard diet, SD) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) of total calories from fat (lard). Next, hepatic exosomes were extracted from WT-SD, 130KO-SD and 130OE-SD mice (WT-EXO, KO-EXO, OE-EXO), and 130KO mice were injected with 100 mg hepatic exosomes of different sources via tail-vein (once every 48 h) for 28 days, fed with HFD. In vitro, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with miR-130a-3p mimics, inhibitor and hepatic exosomes. Growth performance and glucose and lipid metabolic profiles were examined. RESULTS After feeding with HFD, the weights of 130KO mice were markedly higher than WT mice. Over-expression of miR-130a-3p in 130OE mice and intravenous injection of 130OE-EXO in 130KO mice contributed to a positive correlation with the recovery of insulin resistance. In addition, miR-130a-3p mimics and 130OE-EXO treatment of 3T3-L1 cells exhibited decreasing generations of lipid droplets and increasing glucose uptake. Conversely, inhibition of miR-130a-3p in vitro and in vivo resulted in opposite phenotype changes. Furthermore, PHLPP2 was identified as a direct target of miR-130a-3p, and the hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a-3p could improve glucose intolerance via suppressing PHLPP2 to activate AKT-AS160-GLUT4 signaling pathway in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a regulated energy metabolism in adipose tissues, and elucidated a new molecular mechanism that hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a-3p is a crucial participant in organismic energy homeostasis through mediating crosstalk between the liver and adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajian He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weite Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuechun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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A Mouse Model to Assess STAT3 and STAT5A/B Combined Inhibition in Health and Disease Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091226. [PMID: 31443474 PMCID: PMC6770775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) lacking diseased-associated gene(s) globally or in a tissue-specific manner represent an attractive tool with which to assess the efficacy and toxicity of targeted pharmacological inhibitors. Stat3 and Stat5a/b transcription factors have been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, and pharmacological inhibition of both transcription factors has been proposed to treat certain diseases, such as malignancies. To model combined inhibition of Stat3 and Stat5a/b we have developed a GEMM harboring a flox Stat3-Stat5a/b allele (Stat5/3loxP/loxP mice) and generated mice lacking Stat3 and Stat5a/b in hepatocytes (Stat5/3Δhep/Δhep). Stat5/3Δhep/Δhep mice exhibited a marked reduction of STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B proteins in the liver and developed steatosis, a phenotype that resembles mice lacking Stat5a/b in hepatocytes. In addition, embryonic deletion of Stat3 and Stat5a/b (Stat5/3Δ/Δ mice) resulted in lethality, similar to Stat3Δ/Δ mice. This data illustrates that Stat5/3loxP/loxP mice are functional and can be used as a valuable tool to model the combined inhibition of Stat3 and Stat5a/b in tumorigenesis and other diseases.
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39
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Li T, Weng J, Zhang Y, Liang K, Fu G, Li Y, Bai X, Gao Y. mTOR direct crosstalk with STAT5 promotes de novo lipid synthesis and induces hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:619. [PMID: 31409773 PMCID: PMC6692326 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be the last step of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evolution, and the main characteristic of NAFLD is alteration in lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of abnormal lipid metabolism in NAFLD and HCC progression are yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that liver-specific activation of mTORC1 promoted the expression of lipid synthesis genes and lead to the development of spontaneous HCC. Genetic mouse models developed spontaneous HCC along with increased expressions of SREBP1, ACC1 and FASN. In addition, high levels of p-STAT5 were observed in the livers and particularly evident in the tumor area. And the synthesis of p-STAT5 was increased in patients along with the increase in SREBP1 synthesis in clinical samples. Moreover, mTORC1 interacts with and phosphorylates the STAT5 in hepatocytes. In conclusion, our data suggested that mTORC1 upregulates SREBP1 transcription via crosstalk with the STAT5 pathway which contributes to the NAFLD-related HCC pathogenesis. And the inhibitor of SREBP1 and mTOR may help to prevent HCC in clinical NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Weng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangyan Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongbo Fu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Second Military Medical University, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China. .,Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lee HK, Willi M, Shin HY, Liu C, Hennighausen L. Progressing super-enhancer landscape during mammary differentiation controls tissue-specific gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10796-10809. [PMID: 30285185 PMCID: PMC6237736 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary luminal lineage relies on the common cytokine-sensing transcription factor STAT5 to establish super-enhancers during pregnancy and initiate a genetic program that activates milk production. As pups grow, the greatly increasing demand for milk requires progressive differentiation of mammary cells with advancing lactation. Here we investigate how persistent hormonal exposure during lactation shapes an evolving enhancer landscape and impacts the biology of mammary cells. Employing ChIP-seq, we uncover a changing transcription factor occupancy at mammary enhancers, suggesting that their activities evolve with advancing differentiation. Using mouse genetics, we demonstrate that the functions of individual enhancers within the Wap super-enhancer evolve as lactation progresses. Most profoundly, a seed enhancer, which is mandatory for the activation of the Wap super-enhancer during pregnancy, is not required during lactation, suggesting compensatory flexibility. Combinatorial deletions of structurally equivalent constituent enhancers demonstrated differentiation-specific compensatory activities during lactation. We also demonstrate that the Wap super-enhancer, which is built on STAT5 and other common transcription factors, retains its exquisite mammary specificity when placed into globally permissive chromatin, suggesting a limited role of chromatin in controlling cell specificity. Our studies unveil a previously unrecognized progressive enhancer landscape where structurally equivalent components serve unique and differentiation-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michaela Willi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rege SD, Royes L, Tsai B, Zhang G, Yang X, Gomez-Pinilla F. Brain Trauma Disrupts Hepatic Lipid Metabolism: Blame It on Fructose? Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801054. [PMID: 31087499 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The action of brain disorders on peripheral metabolism is poorly understood. The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on peripheral organ function and how TBI effects can be influenced by the metabolic perturbation elicited by fructose ingestion are studied. METHODS AND RESULTS It is found that TBI affects glucose metabolism and signaling proteins for insulin and growth hormone in the liver; these effects are exacerbated by fructose ingestion. Fructose, principally metabolized in the liver, potentiates the action of TBI on hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Studies in isolated cultured hepatocytes identify GH and fructose as factors for the synthesis of lipids. The liver has a major role in the synthesis of lipids used for brain function and repair. TBI results in differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus, primarily associated with lipid metabolism, providing cues to understand central control of peripheral alterations. Fructose-fed TBI animals have elevated levels of markers of inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and cell energy metabolism, suggesting the pro-inflammatory impact of TBI and fructose in the liver. CONCLUSION Results reveal the impact of TBI on systemic metabolism and the aggravating action of fructose. The hypothalamic-pituitary-growth axis seems to play a major role in the regulation of the peripheral TBI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha D Rege
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luiz Royes
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Centro De Educacao Fisica e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105, Brazil
| | - Brandon Tsai
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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CircScd1 Promotes Fatty Liver Disease via the Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:113-122. [PMID: 30259280 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in affluent countries. Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators of hepatic steatosis. However, the role and mechanism of circRNA in NAFLD are poorly understood. AIMS This study is to reveal the role and mechanism of circRNA in NAFLD. METHODS Through NAFLD-related circRNA microarrays, we used real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to screen circScd1 levels in control and test groups of mice fed a high-fat diet. RNA interference and over-expression plasmid vectors were used to manipulate the expression of circScd1, and the biological effects were evaluated by oil red staining, triglyceride detection, and western blot analysis. RESULTS CircScd1 expression was significantly lower in NAFLD tissues than in control tissues. Moreover, over-expression of circScd1 significantly inhibited the formation of lipid droplets. Western blot analyses showed that the protein levels of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) were significantly increased. However, knockdown of circScd1 significantly promoted the degree of hepatocellular lipidosis and reduced the expression levels of JAK2 and STAT5. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant expression of circScd1 affects the extent of hepatocellular lipidosis in NAFLD and promotes fatty liver disease via the JAK2/STAT5 pathway.
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Cordoba-Chacon J, Sarmento-Cabral A, del Rio-Moreno M, Diaz-Ruiz A, Subbaiah PV, Kineman RD. Adult-Onset Hepatocyte GH Resistance Promotes NASH in Male Mice, Without Severe Systemic Metabolic Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3761-3774. [PMID: 30295789 PMCID: PMC6202859 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with reduced GH input/signaling, and GH therapy is effective in the reduction/resolution of NAFLD/NASH in selected patient populations. Our laboratory has focused on isolating the direct vs indirect effects of GH in preventing NAFLD/NASH. We reported that chow-fed, adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific, GH receptor knockdown (aHepGHRkd) mice rapidly (within 7 days) develop steatosis associated with increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), independent of changes in systemic metabolic function. In this study, we report that 6 months after induction of aHepGHRkd early signs of NASH develop, which include hepatocyte ballooning, inflammation, signs of mild fibrosis, and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase. These changes occur in the presence of enhanced systemic lipid utilization, without evidence of white adipose tissue lipolysis, indicating that the liver injury that develops after aHepGHRkd is due to hepatocyte-specific loss of GH signaling and not due to secondary defects in systemic metabolic function. Specifically, enhanced hepatic DNL is sustained with age in aHepGHRkd mice, associated with increased hepatic markers of lipid uptake/re-esterification. Because hepatic DNL is a hallmark of NAFLD/NASH, these studies suggest that enhancing hepatocyte GH signaling could represent an effective therapeutic target to reduce DNL and treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Institute IMDEA Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence: Rhonda D. Kineman, PhD, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, 820 South Damen Avenue, Building 11A, Suite 6215, MP151, Chicago, Illinois 60612. E-mail:
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Golob-Schwarzl N, Friedbichler K, Kenner L, Haybaeck J, Moriggl R. STAT5 deficiency in hepatocytes reduces diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumorigenesis in mice. Cytokine 2018; 124:154573. [PMID: 30377054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are closely linked and pose a major medical challenge as treatment options are limited. Animal studies have shown that genetic deletion of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 in liver is associated with higher susceptibility to fatty liver disease, fibrosis and cancer, indicating a protective role of hepatic STAT5 in mouse models of chronic liver disease. To investigate the role of STAT5 in the etiology of liver cancer in more detail, we applied the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to mice harboring a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Stat5 (S5KO). At 8 months after DEN injections, tumor formation in S5KO was significantly reduced. This was associated with diminished tumor frequency and less aggressive liver cancer progression. Apoptosis and inflammation markers were not changed in S5KO livers suggesting that the reduced tumor burden was not due to impaired inflammatory response. Despite reduced mRNA expression of the DEN bio-activator cytochrome P450 2e1 (Cyp2e1) in S5KO livers, protein levels were similar. Yet, delayed tumor formation in S5KO mice coincided with decreased activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Taken together, while STAT5 has a protective role in fatty liver-associated liver cancer, it exerts oncogenic functions in DEN-induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria; Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; CBMed Core Lab2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, a Sequel of Untreated Childhood Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency Developing in a 17-Year-Old Patient. Case Rep Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4748750. [PMID: 30473891 PMCID: PMC6220405 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4748750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In a seminal report, a 17-year-old boy with panhypopituitarism had fatty liver (FL) amelioration with growth hormone (GH). By extension, since hepatic insulin resistance (IR) is key to FL and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), GH then may ameliorate the IR of T2DM. We present a 17-year-old nonobese female with untreated childhood onset growth hormone deficiency (CO-GHD) who developed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and steatohepatitis with bridging fibrosis. Based on height z-score of – 3.1 and a history of radiation therapy as treatment for a medulloblastoma at 7 years of age, GHD was quite likely. GH therapy was, however, not initiated at 15 years of age (when growth was concerning) based on full skeletal maturity. After she developed T2DM, GHD was confirmed and GH was initiated. With its initiation, though insulin dose decreased from 2.9 (~155 units) to 1.9 units/kg/day (~ 100 units), her T2DM was, however, not fully reversed. This illustrates the natural history of untreated CO-GHD and shows that though hepatic IR can be ameliorated by GH, full reversal of T2DM may be prevented with irreversible hepatic changes (fibrosis). Clinicians caring for pediatric patients and otherwise should remember that, even in patients beyond the cessation of linear growth, GH can have a crucial role in both glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Henry RK. Growth Hormone Deficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Insights from Humans and Animals: Pediatric Implications. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:507-513. [PMID: 30346875 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its growth promoting role, growth hormone (GH) has a significant effect on intermediary metabolism in the well state. Despite the latter fact, pediatric practitioners are usually focused on the growth promoting aspects of GH as opposed to those metabolic. In recent years various animal and human studies (in adults mainly) and clinical reports in children have repeatedly shown the association of GH deficiency (GHD) and fatty liver disease. Based on this well-identified association, despite a lack of studies involving children, it behooves the pediatric clinician to ensure that not only patients with GHD are appropriately treated but also that adolescents even beyond the period of linear growth should be appropriately transitioned to adult GH therapy should this be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan K Henry
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
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Kineman RD, del Rio-Moreno M, Sarmento-Cabral A. 40 YEARS of IGF1: Understanding the tissue-specific roles of IGF1/IGF1R in regulating metabolism using the Cre/loxP system. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T187-T198. [PMID: 29743295 PMCID: PMC7721256 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is important in supporting growth and regulating metabolism. The IGF1 found in the circulation is primarily produced by the liver hepatocytes, but healthy mature hepatocytes do not express appreciable levels of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Therefore, the metabolic actions of IGF1 are thought to be mediated via extra-hepatocyte actions. Given the structural and functional homology between IGF1/IGF1R and insulin receptor (INSR) signaling, and the fact that IGF1, IGF1R and INSR are expressed in most tissues of the body, it is difficult to separate out the tissue-specific contributions of IGF1/IGF1R in maintaining whole body metabolic function. To circumvent this problem, over the last 20 years, investigators have taken advantage of the Cre/loxP system to manipulate IGF1/IGF1R in a tissue-dependent, and more recently, an age-dependent fashion. These studies have revealed that IGF1/IGF1R can alter extra-hepatocyte function to regulate hormonal inputs to the liver and/or alter tissue-specific carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to alter nutrient flux to liver, where these actions are not mutually exclusive, but serve to integrate the function of all tissues to support the metabolic needs of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Suite 6215, MP 191, 820 S Damen Ave. Chicago, IL 60612
- Corresponding author: Rhonda D Kineman, . University of Illinois at Chicago, Medicine, 1819 W. Polk St., MC 640, Chicago, IL, USA 60612
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
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Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. Insulin-like growth factors: actions on the skeleton. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T115-T137. [PMID: 29626053 PMCID: PMC5966339 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the growth hormone (GH)-mediated somatic factors (somatomedins), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II, has elicited an enormous interest primarily among endocrinologists who study growth and metabolism. The advancement of molecular endocrinology over the past four decades enables investigators to re-examine and refine the established somatomedin hypothesis. Specifically, gene deletions, transgene overexpression or more recently, cell-specific gene-ablations, have enabled investigators to study the effects of the Igf1 and Igf2 genes in temporal and spatial manners. The GH/IGF axis, acting in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion, is the major axis controlling skeletal growth. Studies in rodents have clearly shown that IGFs regulate bone length of the appendicular skeleton evidenced by changes in chondrocytes of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. IGFs affect radial bone growth and regulate cortical and trabecular bone properties via their effects on osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast function. Interactions of the IGFs with sex steroid hormones and the parathyroid hormone demonstrate the significance and complexity of the IGF axis in the skeleton. Finally, IGFs have been implicated in skeletal aging. Decreases in serum IGFs during aging have been correlated with reductions in bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. This review highlights many of the most relevant studies in the IGF research landscape, focusing in particular on IGFs effects on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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Tatlı F, Kırımlıoğlu SH, Yılmaz S, Gözeneli O, Kayaalp C, Karıncaoğlu M, Dirican A, Barut B, Kırımlıoğlu V. Association of signal transducer and activator of transcription, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 positivity with antiviral treatment in cirrhotic liver samples from patients with the hepatitis B or C virus. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.424993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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