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Hu L, Cheng Z, Chu H, Wang W, Jin Y, Yang L. TRIF-dependent signaling and its role in liver diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370042. [PMID: 38694821 PMCID: PMC11061444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is a crucial adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). TRIF directly binds to TLR3 through its TIR domain, while it associates with TLR4 indirectly through the bridge adaptor molecule TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). TRIF plays a pivotal role in regulating interferon beta 1 (IFN-β) response, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, apoptosis, and necroptosis signaling mediated by TLR3 and TLR4. It accomplishes these by recruiting and activating various kinases or transcription factors via its distinct domains. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and TLR4, elucidating key target molecules and downstream pathways. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TRIF's impact on several liver disorders, including drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also explore its effects on liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, as well as the intricate relationship between TRIF and liver diseases, can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel and effective therapeutics against hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Rutt LN, Liu M, Melamed E, Twardy S, Sturgill JL, Brenner LA, Hardesty J, Weinman SA, Tschann MM, Travers J, Welsh DA, Chichetto N, Crotty KM, Mackowiak B, Yeligar SM, Wyatt TA, McMahan RH, Choudry MA, Kovacs EJ, McCullough RL. Emerging concepts in alcohol, infection & immunity: A summary of the 2023 alcohol and immunology research interest group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol 2024; 118:9-16. [PMID: 38582261 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
On December 8th 2023, the annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado. The 2023 meeting focused broadly on how acute and chronic alcohol exposure leads to immune dysregulation, and how this contributes to damage in multiple tissues and organs. These include impaired lung immunity, intestinal dysfunction, autoimmunity, the gut-Central Nervous System (CNS) axis, and end-organ damage. In addition, diverse areas of alcohol research covered multiple pathways behind alcohol-induced cellular dysfunction, including inflammasome activation, changes in miRNA expression, mitochondrial metabolism, gene regulation, and transcriptomics. Finally, the work presented at this meeting highlighted novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for patients suffering from alcohol-induced organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Rutt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mengfei Liu
- Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Twardy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie L Sturgill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josiah Hardesty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Steven A Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Madison M Tschann
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA; Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David A Welsh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Natalie Chichetto
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn M Crotty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Pulmonary Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Division of GI Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudry
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA; Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Division of GI Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Minayoshi Y, Maeda H, Hamasaki K, Nagasaki T, Takano M, Fukuda R, Mizuta Y, Tanaka M, Sasaki Y, Otagiri M, Watanabe H, Maruyama T. Mouse Type-I Interferon-Mannosylated Albumin Fusion Protein for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:260. [PMID: 38399475 PMCID: PMC10893114 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a lot of effort has been put into creating drugs and combination therapies against chronic hepatitis, no effective treatment has been established. Type-I interferon is a promising therapeutic for chronic hepatitis due to its excellent anti-inflammatory effects through interferon receptors on hepatic macrophages. To develop a type-I IFN equipped with the ability to target hepatic macrophages through the macrophage mannose receptor, the present study designed a mouse type-I interferon-mannosylated albumin fusion protein using site-specific mutagenesis and albumin fusion technology. This fusion protein exhibited the induction of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, IL-1Ra, and PD-1, in RAW264.7 cells, or hepatoprotective effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatitis mice. As expected, such biological and hepatoprotective actions were significantly superior to those of human fusion proteins. Furthermore, the repeated administration of mouse fusion protein to carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatitis mice clearly suppressed the area of liver fibrosis and hepatic hydroxyproline contents, not only with a reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and fibrosis-related genes (TGF-β, Fibronectin, Snail, and Collagen 1α2), but also with a shift in the hepatic macrophage phenotype from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory. Therefore, type-I interferon-mannosylated albumin fusion protein has the potential as a new therapeutic agent for chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Minayoshi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Keisuke Hamasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Taisei Nagasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Mei Takano
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Ryo Fukuda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuki Mizuta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Motohiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.S.)
- Public Health and Welfare Bureau, 5-1-1 Oe, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0971, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.S.)
- Osaka Central Hospital, 3-3-30 Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0001, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (T.N.); (M.T.); (R.F.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
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Yu JH, Choi MG, Lee NY, Kwon A, Lee E, Koo JH. Hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38233853 PMCID: PMC10795343 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding to foreign antigens. Recently, its roles in sterile conditions are being studied, as in metabolic and fibrotic diseases. However, the search on the upstream regulator for efficient pharmacological targeting is yet to be fully explored. Here, we show that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can regulate IRF3 phosphorylation through of GPCR-Gα protein interaction. RESULTS IRF3 and target genes were strongly associated with fibrosis markers in liver fibrosis patients and models. Conditioned media from MIHA hepatocytes overexpressing IRF3 induced fibrogenic activation of LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In an overexpression library screening using active mutant Gα subunits and Phos-tag immunoblotting, Gαs was found out to strongly phosphorylate IRF3. Stimulation of Gαs by glucagon or epinephrine or by Gαs-specific designed GPCR phosphorylated IRF3. Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling was primarily responsible for IRF3 phosphorylation and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) expression downstream of Gαs. PKA phosphorylated IRF3 on a previously unrecognized residue and did not require reported upstream kinases such as TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Activation of Gαs signaling by glucagon induced IL-33 production in hepatocytes. Conditioned media from the hepatocytes activated HSCs, as indicated by α-SMA and COL1A1 expression, and this was reversed by pre-treatment of the media with IL-33 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS Gαs-coupled GPCR signaling increases IRF3 phosphorylation through cAMP-mediated activation of PKA. This leads to an increase of IL-33 expression, which further contributes to HSC activation. Our findings that hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation provides an insight for understanding the complex intercellular communication during liver fibrosis progression and suggests therapeutic opportunities for the disease. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Yu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Gi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Dasgupta D, Ghosh S, Dey I, Majumdar S, Chowdhury S, Das S, Banerjee S, Saha M, Ghosh A, Roy N, Manna A, Ray S, Agarwal S, Bhaumik P, Datta S, Chowdhury A, Banerjee S. Influence of polymorphisms in TNF-α and IL1β on susceptibility to alcohol induced liver diseases and therapeutic potential of miR-124-3p impeding TNF-α/IL1β mediated multi-cellular signaling in liver microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241755. [PMID: 38146363 PMCID: PMC10749309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the leading cause of the liver cirrhosis related death worldwide. Excessive alcohol consumption resulting enhanced gut permeability which trigger sensitization of inflammatory cells to bacterial endotoxins and induces secretion of cytokines, chemokines leading to activation of stellate cells, neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte injury followed by steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. But all chronic alcoholics are not susceptible to ALD. This study investigated the causes of differential immune responses among ALD patients and alcoholic controls (ALC) to identify genetic risk factors and assessed the therapeutic potential of a microRNA, miR-124-3p. Materials and methods Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine analysis/qRT-PCR array was used for identification of deregulated immune genes. Sequencing/luciferase assay/ELISA detected and confirmed the polymorphisms. THP1 co-cultured with HepG2/LX2/HUVEC and apoptosis assay/qRT-PCR/neutrophil migration assay were employed as required. Results The combined data analysis of the GSE143318/Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine array and qRT-PCR array revealed that six genes (TNFα/IL1β/IL8/MCP1/IL6/TGFβ) were commonly overexpressed in both serum/liver tissue of ALD-patients compared to ALC. The promoter sequence analysis of these 6 genes among ALD (n=322)/ALC (n=168) samples revealed that only two SNPs, rs361525(G/A) at -238 in TNF-α/rs1143627(C/T) at -31 in IL1β were independently associated with ALD respectively. To evaluate the functional implication of these SNPs on ALD development, the serum level of TNF-α/IL1β was verified and observed significantly higher in ALD patients with risk genotypes TNF-α-238GA/IL1β-31CT+TT than TNF-α-238GG/IL1β-31CC. The TNF-α/IL1β promoter Luciferase-reporter assays showed significantly elevated level of luciferase activities with risk genotypes -238AA/-31TT than -238GG/-31CC respectively. Furthermore, treatment of conditioned medium of TNF-α/IL1β over-expressed THP1 cells to HepG2/LX2/HUVEC cells independently showed enhanced level of ER stress and apoptosis in HepG2/increased TGFβ and collagen-I production by LX2/huge neutrophil infiltration through endothelial layer. However, restoration of miR-124-3p in THP1 attenuated such inter-cellular communications and hepatocyte damage/collagen production/neutrophil infiltration were prohibited. Target analysis/luciferase-reporter assays revealed that both TNF-α/IL1β were inhibited by miR-124-3p along with multiple genes from TLR4 signaling/apoptosis/fibrogenesis pathways including MYD88, TRAF3/TRADD, Caspase8/PDGFRA, TGFβR2/MCP1, and ICAM1 respectively. Conclusion Thus, rs361525(G/A) in TNF-α and rs1143627(C/T) in IL1β gene may be used as early predictors of ALD susceptibility among East Indian population. Impeding overexpressed TNF-α/IL1β and various genes from associated immune response pathways, miR-124-3p exhibits robust therapeutic potential for ALD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Dasgupta
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Suchandrima Ghosh
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Indrashish Dey
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Swagata Majumdar
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Saheli Chowdhury
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhas Das
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjana Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Mehelana Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Neelanjana Roy
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukanta Ray
- Department Gastro-Surgery, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shaleen Agarwal
- Liver Transplant and Biliary Sciences, Max Saket West Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Bhaumik
- Department of Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, West Tripura, India
| | - Simanti Datta
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Patil VS, Harish DR, Sampat GH, Roy S, Jalalpure SS, Khanal P, Gujarathi SS, Hegde HV. System Biology Investigation Revealed Lipopolysaccharide and Alcohol-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resembled Hepatitis B Virus Immunobiology and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11146. [PMID: 37446321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection caused by the hepatitis B virus is a life-threatening cause of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Researchers have produced multiple in vivo models for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and, currently, there are no specific laboratory animal models available to study HBV pathogenesis or immune response; nonetheless, their limitations prevent them from being used to study HBV pathogenesis, immune response, or therapeutic methods because HBV can only infect humans and chimpanzees. The current study is the first of its kind to identify a suitable chemically induced liver cirrhosis/HCC model that parallels HBV pathophysiology. Initially, data from the peer-reviewed literature and the GeneCards database were compiled to identify the genes that HBV and seven drugs (acetaminophen, isoniazid, alcohol, D-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide, thioacetamide, and rifampicin) regulate. Functional enrichment analysis was performed in the STRING server. The network HBV/Chemical, genes, and pathways were constructed by Cytoscape 3.6.1. About 1546 genes were modulated by HBV, of which 25.2% and 17.6% of the genes were common for alcohol and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis. In accordance with the enrichment analysis, HBV activates the signaling pathways for apoptosis, cell cycle, PI3K-Akt, TNF, JAK-STAT, MAPK, chemokines, NF-kappa B, and TGF-beta. In addition, alcohol and lipopolysaccharide significantly activated these pathways more than other chemicals, with higher gene counts and lower FDR scores. In conclusion, alcohol-induced hepatitis could be a suitable model to study chronic HBV infection and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis for an acute inflammatory response to HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Darasaguppe R Harish
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Ganesh H Sampat
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Sunil S Jalalpure
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Swarup S Gujarathi
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
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7
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Wu J, Kim A, Wu X, Ray S, Allende DS, Welch N, Bellar A, Dasarathy J, Dasarathy S, Nagy LE. 5S rRNA pseudogene transcripts are associated with interferon production and inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated hepatitis. Hepatology 2023; 77:1983-1997. [PMID: 36645226 PMCID: PMC10192046 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interferon (IFN) signaling is critical to the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), yet the mechanisms for activation of this system are elusive. We hypothesize that host-derived 5S rRNA pseudogene (RNA5SP) transcripts regulate IFN production and modify immunity in AH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Mining of transcriptomic datasets revealed that in patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH), hepatic expression of genes regulated by IFNs was perturbed and gene sets involved in IFN production were enriched. RNA5SP transcripts were also increased and correlated with expression of type I IFNs. Interestingly, inflammatory mediators upregulated in sAH, but not in other liver diseases, were positively correlated with certain RNA5SP transcripts. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that RNA5SP transcripts were upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with sAH. In sAH livers, increased 5S rRNA and reduced nuclear MAF1 (MAF1 homolog, negative regulator of RNA polymerase III) protein suggested a higher activity of RNA polymerase III (Pol III); inhibition of Pol III reduced RNA5SP expression in monocytic THP-1 cells. Expression of several RNA5SP transcript-interacting proteins was downregulated in sAH, potentially unmasking transcripts to immunosensors. Indeed, siRNA knockdown of interacting proteins potentiated the immunostimulatory activity of RNA5SP transcripts. Molecular interaction and cell viability assays demonstrated that RNA5SP transcripts adopted Z-conformation and contributed to ZBP1-mediated caspase-independent cell death. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression and binding availability of RNA5SP transcripts was associated with hepatic IFN production and inflammation in sAH. These data identify RNA5SP transcripts as a potential target to mitigate inflammation and hepatocellular injury in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Semanti Ray
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicole Welch
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Annette Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaividhya Dasarathy
- Department of Family Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Ren A, He W, Rao J, Ye D, Cheng P, Jian Q, Fu Z, Zhang X, Deng R, Gao Y, Ma Y. Dysregulation of innate cell types in the hepatic immune microenvironment of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1034356. [PMID: 36845083 PMCID: PMC9947838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1034356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The risk of alcoholic cirrhosis increases in a dose- and time-dependent manner with alcohol consumption and ethanol metabolism in the liver. Currently, no effective antifibrotic therapies are available. We aimed to obtain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. Methods We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to analyze immune cells from the liver tissue and peripheral blood form patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and healthy controls to profile the transcriptomes of more than 100,000 single human cells and yield molecular definitions for non-parenchymal cell types. In addition, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis to reveal the immune microenvironment related to alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Hematoxylin and eosin, Immunofluorescence staining and Flow cytometric analysis were employed to study the difference between tissues and cells with or without alcoholic cirrhosis. Results We identified a fibrosis-associated M1 subpopulation of macrophages that expands in liver fibrosis, differentiates from circulating monocytes, and is pro-fibrogenic. We also define mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that expand in alcoholic cirrhosis and are topographically restricted to the fibrotic niche. Multilineage modeling of ligand and receptor interactions between the fibrosis-associated macrophages, MAIT, and NK cells revealed the intra-fibrotic activity of several pro-fibrogenic pathways, including responses to cytokines and antigen processing and presentation, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cell adhesion molecules, Th1/Th2/Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17 signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Discussion Our work dissects unanticipated aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of human organ alcoholic fibrosis at the single-cell level and provides a conceptual framework for the discovery of rational therapeutic targets in liver alcoholic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ren
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Rao
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengrui Cheng
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Jian
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongli Fu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhi Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ronghai Deng
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Ma X, Chen A, Melo L, Clemente-Sanchez A, Chao X, Ahmadi AR, Peiffer B, Sun Z, Sesaki H, Li T, Wang X, Liu W, Bataller R, Ni HM, Ding WX. Loss of hepatic DRP1 exacerbates alcoholic hepatitis by inducing megamitochondria and mitochondrial maladaptation. Hepatology 2023; 77:159-175. [PMID: 35698731 PMCID: PMC9744966 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased megamitochondria formation and impaired mitophagy in hepatocytes have been linked to the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). This study aims to determine the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption increases megamitochondria formation in the pathogenesis of ALD. APPROACH AND RESULTS Human alcoholic hepatitis (AH) liver samples were used for electron microscopy, histology, and biochemical analysis. Liver-specific dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1; gene name DNM1L, an essential gene regulating mitochondria fission ) knockout (L-DRP1 KO) mice and wild-type mice were subjected to chronic plus binge alcohol feeding. Both human AH and alcohol-fed mice had decreased hepatic DRP1 with increased accumulation of hepatic megamitochondria. Mechanistic studies revealed that alcohol feeding decreased DRP1 by impairing transcription factor EB-mediated induction of DNM1L . L-DRP1 KO mice had increased megamitochondria and decreased mitophagy with increased liver injury and inflammation, which were further exacerbated by alcohol feeding. Seahorse flux and unbiased metabolomics analysis showed alcohol intake increased mitochondria oxygen consumption and hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), acylcarnitine, and ketone levels, which were attenuated in L-DRP1 KO mice, suggesting that loss of hepatic DRP1 leads to maladaptation to alcohol-induced metabolic stress. RNA-sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed increased gene expression of the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-interferon pathway in L-DRP1 KO mice regardless of alcohol feeding. Alcohol-fed L-DRP1 KO mice had increased cytosolic mtDNA and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to increased activation of cGAS-STING-interferon signaling pathways and liver injury. CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption decreases hepatic DRP1 resulting in increased megamitochondria and mitochondrial maladaptation that promotes AH by mitochondria-mediated inflammation and cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Allen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Luma Melo
- Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana Clemente-Sanchez
- Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ali Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon Peiffer
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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10
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Osna NA, Rasineni K, Ganesan M, Donohue TM, Kharbanda KK. Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1492-1513. [PMID: 36340300 PMCID: PMC9630031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a global healthcare problem with enormous social, economic, and clinical consequences. While chronic, heavy alcohol consumption causes structural damage and/or disrupts normal organ function in virtually every tissue of the body, the liver sustains the greatest damage. This is primarily because the liver is the first to see alcohol absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal circulation and second, because the liver is the principal site of ethanol metabolism. Alcohol-induced damage remains one of the most prevalent disorders of the liver and a leading cause of death or transplantation from liver disease. Despite extensive research on the pathophysiology of this disease, there are still no targeted therapies available. Given the multifactorial mechanisms for alcohol-associated liver disease pathogenesis, it is conceivable that a multitherapeutic regimen is needed to treat different stages in the spectrum of this disease.
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Key Words
- AA, Arachidonic acid
- ADH, Alcohol dehydrogenase
- AH, Alcoholic hepatitis
- ALD, Alcohol-associated liver disease
- ALDH, Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, Alanine transaminase
- ASH, Alcohol-associated steatohepatitis
- AST, Aspartate transaminase
- AUD, Alcohol use disorder
- BHMT, Betaine-homocysteine-methyltransferase
- CD, Cluster of differentiation
- COX, Cycloxygenase
- CTLs, Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- CYP, Cytochrome P450
- CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Cu/Zn SOD, Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DC, Dendritic cells
- EDN1, Endothelin 1
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ETOH, Ethanol
- EVs, Extracellular vesicles
- FABP4, Fatty acid-binding protein 4
- FAF2, Fas-associated factor family member 2
- FMT, Fecal microbiota transplant
- Fn14, Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14
- GHS-R1a, Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a
- GI, GOsteopontinastrointestinal tract
- GSH Px, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSSG Rdx, Glutathione reductase
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide
- HA, Hyaluronan
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HPMA, 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid
- HSC, Hepatic stellate cells
- HSD17B13, 17 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase 13
- HSP 90, Heat shock protein 90
- IFN, Interferon
- IL, Interleukin
- IRF3, Interferon regulatory factor 3
- JAK, Janus kinase
- KC, Kupffer cells
- LCN2, Lipocalin 2
- M-D, Mallory–Denk
- MAA, Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde protein adducts
- MAT, Methionine adenosyltransferase
- MCP, Macrophage chemotactic protein
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MIF, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- Mn SOD, Manganese superoxide dismutase
- Mt, Mitochondrial
- NK, Natural killer
- NKT, Natural killer T-lymphocytes
- OPN, Osteopontin
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PNPLA3, Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- RIG1, Retinoic acid inducible gene 1
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SCD, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- STAT, Signal transduction and activator of transcription
- TIMP1, Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- alcohol
- alcohol-associated liver disease
- ethanol metabolism
- liver
- miRNA, MicroRNA
- p90RSK, 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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11
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The Role of STING in Liver Injury Is Both Stimulus- and Time-Dependent. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194029. [PMID: 36235681 PMCID: PMC9572800 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STING, Tmem173, is involved in liver injury caused by both infectious and sterile inflammatory models. Its role in toxic liver injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however, is less clear. While a few groups have investigated its role in NAFLD pathogenesis, results have been conflicting. The objective of this study was to clarify the exact role of STING in toxic liver injury and NAFLD models. Goldenticket mice (Tmem173gt), which lack STING protein, were subjected to either a toxic liver injury with tunicamycin (TM) or one of two dietary models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: high fructose feeding or Fructose-Palmitate-Cholesterol (FPC) feeding. Three days after TM injection, Tmem173gt mice demonstrated less liver injury (average ALT of 54 ± 5 IU/L) than control mice (average ALT 108 ± 24 IU/L). In contrast, no significant differences in liver injury were seen between WT and Tmem173gt mice fed either high fructose or FPC. Tmem173gt mice only distinguished themselves from WT mice in their increased insulin resistance. In conclusion, while STING appears to play a role in toxic liver injury mediated by TM, it plays little to no role in two dietary models of NAFLD. The exact role of STING appears to be stimulus-dependent.
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12
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Yang X, Ben H, Zhao F, Yang S, Wang L, Qing J. Pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP axis suppresses pathological angiogenesis and ameliorates organ fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 932:175241. [PMID: 36058291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is accompanied by pathological angiogenesis. Discovering new ways to ameliorate pathological angiogenesis may bypass organ fibrosis. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been implicated in organ injuries and its activation inhibits endothelial proliferation. Currently, a controversy exists as to whether cGAS/STING activation exacerbates inflammation and tissue injury or mitigates damage, and whether one of these effects predominates under specific context. This study unveiled a new antifibrotic cGAS/STING signaling pathway that suppresses pathological angiogenesis in liver and kidney fibrosis. We showed that cGAS expression was induced in fibrotic liver and kidney, but suppressed in endothelial cells. cGAS genetic deletion promoted liver and kidney fibrosis and pathological angiogenesis, including occurrence of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Meanwhile, cGAS deletion upregulated profibrotic Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling in endothelial cells, which was evidenced by the attenuation of organ fibrosis in mice specifically lacking endothelial YAP. Pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP signaling by both a small-molecule STING agonist, SR-717, and a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based antagonist that blocks the profibrotic activity of endothelial YAP, attenuated liver and kidney fibrosis. Together, our data support that activation of cGAS/STING signaling mitigates organ fibrosis and suppresses pathological angiogenesis. Further, pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP axis exhibits the potential to alleviate liver and kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yafeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Haijing Ben
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fulan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jie Qing
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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13
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Cho Y, Joshi R, Lowe P, Copeland C, Ribeiro M, Morel C, Catalano D, Szabo G. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates liver damage by M2 macrophage polarization and hepatocyte proliferation in alcoholic hepatitis in mice. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2322-2339. [PMID: 35997009 PMCID: PMC9426408 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive inflammation and liver failure are main contributors to the high mortality in alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH). In recent clinical trials, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy improved liver function and survival in patients with AH. However, the mechanisms of G-CSF-mediated beneficial effects in AH remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated effects of in vivo G-CSF administration, using a mouse model of AH. G-CSF treatment significantly reduced liver damage in alcohol-fed mice even though it increased the numbers of liver-infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Moreover, G-CSF promoted macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype and increased hepatocyte proliferation, which was indicated by an increased Ki67-positive signal colocalized with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4α) and cyclin D1 expression in hepatocytes. We found that G-CSF increased G-CSF receptor expression and resulted in reduced levels of phosphorylated β-catenin in hepatocytes. In the presence of an additional pathogen-associated molecule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is significantly increased in the circulation and liver of patients with AH, the G-CSF-induced hepatoprotective effects were abolished in alcohol-fed mice. We still observed increased Ki67-positive signals in alcohol-fed mice following G-CSF treatment; however, Ki67 and HNF-4α did not colocalize in LPS-challenged mice. Conclusion: G-CSF treatment increases immune cell populations, particularly neutrophil counts, and promotes M2-like macrophage differentiation in the liver. More importantly, G-CSF treatment reduces alcohol-induced liver injury and promotes hepatocyte proliferation in alcohol-fed mice. These data provide new insights into the understanding of mechanisms mediated by G-CSF and its therapeutic effects in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhee Cho
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Lowe
- Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Copeland
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Morel
- Advanced Pathology Service, Invicro, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Halimani N, Nesterchuk M, Andreichenko IN, Tsitrina AA, Elchaninov A, Lokhonina A, Fatkhudinov T, Dashenkova NO, Brezgina V, Zatsepin TS, Mikaelyan AS, Kotelevtsev YV. Phenotypic Alteration of BMDM In Vitro Using Small Interfering RNA. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162498. [PMID: 36010574 PMCID: PMC9406732 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous macrophage transfer is an emerging platform for cell therapy. It is anticipated that conventional macrophage reprogramming based on ex vivo polarization using cytokines and ligands of TLRs may enhance the therapeutic effect. We describe an alternative approach based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of selected molecular cues of macrophage polarization, namely EGR2, IRF3, IRF5, and TLR4 in Raw264.7 monocyte/macrophage cell line and mouse-bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The impact of IRF5 knockdown was most pronounced, curtailing the expression of other inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and NOS2, especially in M1-polarized macrophages. Contrary to IRF5, EGR2 knockdown potentiated M1-associated markers while altogether abolishing M2 marker expression, which is indicative of the principal role of EGR2 in the maintenance of alternative phenotypes. IRF3 knockdown suppressed M1 polarization but upregulated Arg 1, a canonical marker of alternative polarization in M1 macrophages. As anticipated, the knockdown of TLR4 also attenuated the M1 phenotype but, akin to IRF3, significantly induced Arginase 1 in M0 and M1, driving the phenotype towards M2. This study validates RNAi as a viable option for the alteration and maintenance of macrophage phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Halimani
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Mikhail Nesterchuk
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Irina N. Andreichenko
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Tsitrina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Histology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Department of Histology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Nataliya O. Dashenkova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Vera Brezgina
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Timofei S. Zatsepin
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Arsen S. Mikaelyan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kotelevtsev
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation and Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (Y.V.K.)
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15
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Feng L, Chen J, Yan W, Ye Z, Yu J, Yao G, Wu Y, Zhang J, Yang D. Preparation of Active Peptides from Camellia vietnamensis and Their Metabolic Effects in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061790. [PMID: 35335153 PMCID: PMC8951368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver damage seriously affects human health. Over 35% of cases of acute liver damage are caused by alcohol damage. Thus, finding drugs that can inhibit and effectively treat this disease is necessary. This article mainly focuses on the effect of the metabolome physical activity of active peptides in Camellia vietnamensis active peptide (CMAP) and improving liver protection. DEAE Sepharose FF ion-exchange column chromatography was used in separating and purifying crude peptides from Camellia vietnamensis Two components, A1 and A2, were obtained, and the most active A1 was selected. Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography was used in A1 separation and purification. Three components, Al-1, Al-2, and Al-3, were obtained. Through antioxidant activity in vitro as an index of inspection, the relatively active component A1-2 was removed. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the purity of component A1-2 was 93.45%. The extracted CMAPs acted on alcoholic liver injury cells. Metabolomics studies revealed that the up-regulated metabolites were ribothymidine and xanthine; the down-regulated metabolites were hydroxyphenyllactic acid, creatinine, stearoylcarnitine, and inosine. This study provides an effective theoretical support for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (L.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (L.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Wuping Yan
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Zhouchen Ye
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Guanglong Yao
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-153-4886-9654 (G.Y.); +86-136-3769-0969 (Y.W.)
| | - Yougen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-153-4886-9654 (G.Y.); +86-136-3769-0969 (Y.W.)
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dongmei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (W.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (D.Y.)
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16
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Albillos A, Martin-Mateos R, Van der Merwe S, Wiest R, Jalan R, Álvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:112-134. [PMID: 34703031 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease. Systemic inflammation and immune deficiency are the key components of CAID. Their severity is highly dynamic and progressive, paralleling cirrhosis stage. CAID involves two different immune phenotypes: the low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype and the high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype. The low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype can be found in patients with compensated disease or clinical decompensation with no organ failure. In this phenotype, there is an exaggerated immune activation but the effector response is not markedly compromised. The high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype is present in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, a clinical situation characterized by decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. Along with high-grade inflammation, this CAID phenotype includes intense immune paralysis that critically increases the risk of infections and worsens prognosis. The intensity of CAID has important consequences on cirrhosis progression and correlates with the severity of liver insufficiency, bacterial translocation and organ failure. Therapies targeting the modulation of the dysfunctional immune response are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Martin-Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Schalk Van der Merwe
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Sun L, Li Y, Misumi I, González-López O, Hensley L, Cullen JM, McGivern DR, Matsuda M, Suzuki R, Sen GC, Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Lemon SM. IRF3-mediated pathogenicity in a murine model of human hepatitis A. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009960. [PMID: 34591933 PMCID: PMC8509855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HAV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice recapitulate many of the cardinal features of hepatitis A in humans, including serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation, hepatocellular apoptosis, and liver inflammation. Previous studies implicate MAVS-IRF3 signaling in pathogenesis, but leave unresolved the role of IRF3-mediated transcription versus the non-transcriptional, pro-apoptotic activity of ubiquitylated IRF3. Here, we compare the intrahepatic transcriptomes of infected versus naïve Mavs-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice using high-throughput sequencing, and identify IRF3-mediated transcriptional responses associated with hepatocyte apoptosis and liver inflammation. Infection was transcriptionally silent in Mavs-/- mice, in which HAV replicates robustly within the liver without inducing inflammation or hepatocellular apoptosis. By contrast, infection resulted in the upregulation of hundreds of genes in Ifnar1-/- mice that develop acute hepatitis closely modeling human disease. Upregulated genes included pattern recognition receptors, interferons, chemokines, cytokines and other interferon-stimulated genes. Compared with Ifnar1-/- mice, HAV-induced inflammation was markedly attenuated and there were few apoptotic hepatocytes in livers of infected Irf3S1/S1Ifnar1-/- mice in which IRF3 is transcriptionally-inactive due to alanine substitutions at Ser-388 and Ser-390. Although transcriptome profiling revealed remarkably similar sets of genes induced in Irf3S1/S1Ifnar1-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice, a subset of genes was differentially expressed in relation to the severity of the liver injury. Prominent among these were both type 1 and type III interferons and interferon-responsive genes associated previously with apoptosis, including multiple members of the ISG12 and 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase families. Ifnl3 and Ifnl2 transcript abundance correlated strongly with disease severity, but mice with dual type 1 and type III interferon receptor deficiency remained fully susceptible to liver injury. Collectively, our data show that IRF3-mediated transcription is required for HAV-induced liver injury in mice and identify key IRF3-responsive genes associated with pathogenicity, providing a clear distinction from the transcription-independent role of IRF3 in liver injury following binge exposure to alcohol. Hepatitis A is a common and potentially serious disease involving inflammation and liver cell death resulting from infection with the picornavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV). The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Here, we have profiled changes in the RNA transcriptome of livers from mice with various genetic deficiencies in the innate immune response to HAV. We show that the liver injury associated with HAV infection in these mice results from the induction of genes under transcriptional control of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). We use high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify sets of genes induced in mice with wild-type versus transcriptionally-incompetent IRF3, rule out roles for type III interferons and IFIT proteins in disease pathogenesis, and identify genes with intrahepatic expression correlating closely with HAV-mediated liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - You Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucinda Hensley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. McGivern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Birková A, Hubková B, Čižmárová B, Bolerázska B. Current View on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9686. [PMID: 34575850 PMCID: PMC8472195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely used and, unfortunately, often abused. In addition to acute effects such as intoxication, it may cause many chronic pathological conditions. Some of the effects are very well described and explained, but there are still gaps in the explanation of empirically co-founded dysfunction in many alcohol-related conditions. This work focuses on reviewing actual knowledge about the toxic effects of ethanol and its degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Birková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Hubková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Čižmárová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Bolerázska
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
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19
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The Impact of the NLRP3 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. LIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/livers1020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hepatic steatosis and inflammation is increasingly associated with both metabolic and alcohol-related liver conditions. Both are on the increase globally and, apart from liver transplantation, there are no licensed therapies that target the full complement of disease features. The presence of some shared pathogenic mechanisms and histological features in NAFLD and ALD suggests that it may be possible to develop markers for prognostication or staging, or indeed new therapeutic tools to treat both conditions. One such example of an approach exists in the form of the NACHT-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in hepatocyte pyroptosis, persistence, and amplification of liver inflammation and activation of profibrogenic signaling cascades. Thus, targeting elements of the pathway in NAFLD and ALD may provide a tractable route to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarize the contribution of this inflammasome to disease and review the current options for therapy.
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20
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Xu D, Tian Y, Xia Q, Ke B. The cGAS-STING Pathway: Novel Perspectives in Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682736. [PMID: 33995425 PMCID: PMC8117096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a major global health burden accounting for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. The liver functions as a primary immune organ that is largely enriched with various innate immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and NKT cells. Activation of these cells orchestrates the innate immune response and initiates liver inflammation in response to the danger signal from pathogens or injured cells and tissues. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a crucial signaling cascade of the innate immune system activated by cytosol DNA. Recognizing DNA as an immune-stimulatory molecule is an evolutionarily preserved mechanism in initiating rapid innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor eliciting robust immunity via the production of cyclic GMP-AMPs that bind and activate STING. Although the cGAS-STING pathway has been previously considered to have essential roles in innate immunity and host defense, recent advances have extended the role of the cGAS-STING pathway to liver diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that overactivation of cGAS-STING may contribute to the development of liver disorders, implying that the cGAS-STING pathway is a promising therapeutic target. Here, we review and discuss the role of the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing signaling pathway in a variety of liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), with highlights on currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Xu
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhu Tian
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bibo Ke
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Pasqualotto A, Ayres R, Longo L, Del Duca Lima D, Losch de Oliveira D, Alvares-da-Silva MR, Reverbel da Silveira T, Uribe-Cruz C. Chronic exposure to ethanol alters the expression of miR-155, miR-122 and miR-217 in alcoholic liver disease in an adult zebrafish model. Biomarkers 2021; 26:146-151. [PMID: 33435755 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1874051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatic and circulating expression of miR-155, miR-122 and miR-217 in a model of chronic exposure to ethanol in adult zebrafish. METHODS Wild-type adult zebrafish were divided into two groups (n = 281): an EG (exposed to 0.5% v/v Ethanol in aquarium water) and a CG (without ethanol). After 28 days the animals were euthanized, followed by histopathological analysis, quantification of lipids, triglycerides and inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue. miR-155, miR-122 and miR-217 gene expression was quantified in liver tissue and serum. RESULTS We observed hepatic lesions and increased accumulation of hepatic lipids in the EG. The expression of il-1β was higher in the EG, but there were no differences in il-10 and tnf-α between groups. In the liver, expression of miR-122 and miR-155 was higher in the EG. The circulating expression of miR-155 and miR-217 was significantly higher in the EG. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to ethanol in zebrafish leads to altered hepatic and circulating expression of miR-155, miR-122 and miR-217. This confirms its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pasqualotto
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ayres
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Del Duca Lima
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Alvares-da-Silva
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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Wang Q, Kim SY, Matsushita H, Wang Z, Pandyarajan V, Matsuda M, Ohashi K, Tsuchiya T, Roh YS, Kiani C, Zhao Y, Chan M, Devkota S, Lu SC, Hayashi T, Carson DA, Seki E. Oral administration of PEGylated TLR7 ligand ameliorates alcohol-associated liver disease via the induction of IL-22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020868118. [PMID: 33443222 PMCID: PMC7817133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020868118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are limited; therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic agents is greatly warranted. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a pattern recognition receptor for single-stranded RNA, and its activation prevents liver fibrosis. We examined liver and intestinal damage in Tlr7-/- mice to determine the role of TLR7 in ALD pathogenesis. In an alcoholic hepatitis (AH) mouse model, hepatic steatosis, injury, and inflammation were induced by chronic binge ethanol feeding in mice, and Tlr7 deficiency exacerbated these effects. Because these results demonstrated that endogenous TLR7 signaling activation is protective in the AH mouse model, we hypothesized that TLR7 activation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for ALD. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effect of TLR7 agonistic agent, 1Z1, in the AH mouse model. Oral administration of 1Z1 was well tolerated and prevented intestinal barrier disruption and bacterial translocation, which thus suppressed ethanol-induced hepatic injury, steatosis, and inflammation. Furthermore, 1Z1 treatment up-regulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides, Reg3b and Reg3g, in the intestinal epithelium, which modulated the microbiome by decreasing and increasing the amount of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, respectively. Additionally, 1Z1 up-regulated intestinal interleukin (IL)-22 expression. IL-22 deficiency abolished the protective effects of 1Z1 in ethanol-induced liver and intestinal damage, suggesting intestinal IL-22 as a crucial mediator for 1Z1-mediated protection in the AH mouse model. Collectively, our results indicate that TLR7 signaling exerts protective effects in the AH mouse model and that a TLR7 ligand, 1Z1, holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Wang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- College of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Vijay Pandyarajan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Koichiro Ohashi
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Calvin Kiani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048;
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23
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Martins de Carvalho L, Fonseca PAS, Paiva IM, Damasceno S, Pedersen ASB, da Silva E Silva D, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Brunialti Godard AL. Identifying functionally relevant candidate genes for inflexible ethanol intake in mice and humans using a guilt-by-association approach. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01879. [PMID: 33094916 PMCID: PMC7749619 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene prioritization approaches are useful tools to explore and select candidate genes in transcriptome studies. Knowing the importance of processes such as neuronal activity, intracellular signal transduction, and synapse plasticity to the development and maintenance of compulsive ethanol drinking, the aim of the present study was to explore and identify functional candidate genes associated with these processes in an animal model of inflexible pattern of ethanol intake. To do this, we applied a guilt-by-association approach, using the GUILDify and ToppGene software, in our previously published microarray data from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum of inflexible drinker mice. We then tested some of the prioritized genes that showed a tissue-specific pattern in postmortem brain tissue (PFC and nucleus accumbens (NAc)) from humans with alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the mouse brain, we prioritized 44 genes in PFC and 26 in striatum, which showed opposite regulation patterns in PFC and striatum. The most prioritized of them (i.e., Plcb1 and Prkcb in PFC, and Dnm2 and Lrrk2 in striatum) were associated with synaptic neuroplasticity, a neuroadaptation associated with excessive ethanol drinking. The identification of transcription factors among the prioritized genes suggests a crucial role for Irf4 in the pattern of regulation observed between PFC and striatum. Lastly, the differential transcription of IRF4 and LRRK2 in PFC and nucleus accumbens in postmortem brains from AUD compared to control highlights their involvement in compulsive ethanol drinking in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pablo A S Fonseca
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isadora M Paiva
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Agatha S B Pedersen
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel da Silva E Silva
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana L Brunialti Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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24
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Selim NM, El-Hawary SS, El Zalabani SM, Shamma RN, Mahdy NES, Sherif NH, Fahmy HA, Mekkawy MH, Yasri A, Sobeh M. Impact of Washingtonia robusta Leaves on Gamma Irradiation-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats and Correlation with STING Pathway and Phenolic Composition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100320. [PMID: 33086669 PMCID: PMC7603372 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation usually results in cellular oxidative damage and may induce liver toxicity. The efficiency of the ethanol extracts of Washingtonia filifera (EWF) and Washingtonia robusta (EWR) leaves in alleviating γ-radiation-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity was herein explored. Proximate and macronutrient composition of the leaves was determined to establish reliable quality control criteria. Colorimetric estimation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents revealed their occurrence in larger amounts in EWR. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant capacity by 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays confirmed higher efficiency of EWR designating a close correlation with phenolic composition. Four phenolics, viz., naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and gallic acid, were isolated from EWR. In vivo assessment of the extracts' antioxidant potential was performed on γ-irradiated (7.5 Gy) female rats. EWR was found more efficient in restoring the elevated liver index, ALT, albumin, cholesterol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Both extracts ameliorated the increase in the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) expression. Bioactivity was confirmed by immuno-histochemical examination of inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6 and caspase-3) and histopathological architecture. In addition, the interactions of the isolated compounds with STING were assessed in silico by molecular docking. Therefore, Washingtonia robusta leaves might be suggested as a valuable nutritional supplement to alleviate radiotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M. Selim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (S.M.E.Z.); (N.E.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Seham S. El-Hawary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (S.M.E.Z.); (N.E.S.M.)
| | - Soheir M. El Zalabani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (S.M.E.Z.); (N.E.S.M.)
| | - Rehab Nabil Shamma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Nariman El Sayed Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (S.M.E.Z.); (N.E.S.M.)
| | - Noheir H. Sherif
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt; (H.A.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Hanan A. Fahmy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt; (H.A.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mai H. Mekkawy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt; (H.A.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Abdelaziz Yasri
- AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660–Hay MoulayRachid, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco;
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660–Hay MoulayRachid, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco;
- Correspondence: (N.M.S.); (M.S.)
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25
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Gregory DJ, DeLoid GM, Salmon SL, Metzger DW, Kramnik I, Kobzik L. SON DNA-binding protein mediates macrophage autophagy and responses to intracellular infection. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2782-2799. [PMID: 32484234 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens affect diverse host cellular defence and metabolic pathways. Here, we used infection with Francisella tularensis to identify SON DNA-binding protein as a central determinant of macrophage activities. RNAi knockdown of SON increases survival of human macrophages following F. tularensis infection or inflammasome stimulation. SON is required for macrophage autophagy, interferon response factor 3 expression, type I interferon response and inflammasome-associated readouts. SON knockdown has gene- and stimulus-specific effects on inflammatory gene expression. SON is required for accurate splicing and expression of GBF1, a key mediator of cis-Golgi structure and function. Chemical GBF1 inhibition has similar effects to SON knockdown, suggesting that SON controls macrophage functions at least in part by controlling Golgi-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon L Salmon
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dennis W Metzger
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Hepatoprotective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone against alcoholic liver injury through activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammation responses. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Li YN, Su Y. Remdesivir attenuates high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD by regulating hepatocyte dyslipidemia and inflammation via the suppression of STING. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:381-388. [PMID: 32223926 PMCID: PMC7194706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) is a predisposing factor for metabolic syndrome-related systemic inflammation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is still no effective therapeutic treatment for NAFLD. Here, we showed that remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734), as a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug with anti-inflammatory effects, was effective for attenuating HFD-induced metabolic disorder and insulin resistance. Results revealed that the liver weight, hepatic dysfunction and lipid accumulation were markedly increased compared with that of the Control group, while that of the RDV group exhibited significant reduction, accompanied by the improved signaling pathway regulating fatty acid metabolism. In agreement with reduced lipid deposition, RDV supplementation suppressed the systematic and hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduction of inflammatory cytokines and the blockage of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. In addition, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and its down-streaming factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were greatly increased in livers of HFD-fed mice, which were considerably restrained by RDV treatment. The in vitro analysis suggested that RDV functioned as an inhibitor of STING, contributing to the suppression of dyslipidemia and inflammation induced by palmitate (PA). However, PA-triggered lipid deposition and inflammatory response was further accelerated in hepatocytes with STING over-expression. Notably, RDV-attenuated lipid disorder and inflammation were significantly abrogated by the over-expression of STING in PA-stimulated hepatocytes. Taken together, these findings indicated that RDV exhibited protective effects against NAFLD development mainly through repressing STING signaling, and thus could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy. Remdesivir attenuates metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed mice. Remdesivir alleviates hepatic function and lipid accumulation in HFD-induced mice. Remdesivir inhibits inflammatory response in liver of HFD-fed mice. Remdesivir-regulated lipid accumulation and inflammation is dependent on STING in PA-incubated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hanzhong Central Hospital Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
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28
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Sanz‐Garcia C, McMullen MR, Chattopadhyay S, Roychowdhury S, Sen G, Nagy LE. Nontranscriptional Activity of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Protects Mice From High-Fat Diet-Induced Liver Injury. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1626-1641. [PMID: 31832571 PMCID: PMC6887899 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) has both transcriptional and nontranscriptional functions. Transcriptional activity is dependent on serine phosphorylation of IRF3, while transcription-independent IRF3-mediated apoptosis requires ubiquitination. IRF3 also binds to inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase (IKKβ) in the cytosol, restricting nuclear translocation of p65. IRF3-deficient mice are highly sensitive to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver injury; however, it is not known if transcriptional and/or nontranscriptional activity of IRF3 confers protection. Using a mouse model only expressing nontranscriptional functions of IRF3 (Irf3 S1/S1), we tested the hypothesis that nontranscriptional activity of IRF3 protects mice from HFD-induced liver injury. C57BL/6, Irf3 -/-, and Irf3 S1/S1 mice were fed an HFD for 12 weeks. In C57BL/6 mice, the HFD increased expression of interferon (IFN)-dependent genes, despite a decrease in IRF3 protein in the liver. The HFD had no impact on IFN-dependent gene expression Irf3 -/- or Irf3 S1/S1 mice, both lacking IRF3 transcriptional activity. Liver injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis were exacerbated in Irf3 -/- compared to C57BL/6 mice following the HFD; this increase was ameliorated in Irf3 S1/S1 mice. Similarly, expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as numbers of neutrophils and infiltrating monocytes was increased in Irf3 -/- mice compared to C57BL/6 and Irf3 S1/S1 mice. While the HFD increased the ubiquitination of IRF3, a response associated with IRF3-mediated apoptosis, in Irf3 S1/S1 mice, protection from liver injury was not due to differences in apoptosis of hepatocytes or immune cells. Instead, protection from HFD-induced liver injury in Irf3 S1/S1 mice was primarily associated with retardation of nuclear translocation of p65 and decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-dependent inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Taken together, these data identify important contributions of the nontranscriptional function of IRF3, likely by reducing NFκB signaling, in dampening the hepatic inflammatory environment in response to an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanz‐Garcia
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Megan R. McMullen
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOH
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - Ganes Sen
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
- Gastroenterology and HepatologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
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29
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Liang S, Zhong Z, Kim SY, Uchiyama R, Roh YS, Matsushita H, Gottlieb RA, Seki E. Murine macrophage autophagy protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by degrading interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and removing damaged mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12359-12369. [PMID: 31235522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption induces intestinal dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and reduces gut epithelial integrity. This often leads to portal circulation-mediated translocation of gut-derived microbial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to the liver, where these products engage Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and initiate hepatic inflammation, which promotes alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although the key self-destructive process of autophagy has been well-studied in hepatocytes, its role in macrophages during ALD pathogenesis remains elusive. Using WT and myeloid cell-specific autophagy-related 7 (Atg7) knockout (Atg7 ΔMye) mice, we found that chronic ethanol feeding for 6 weeks plus LPS injection enhances serum alanine aminotransferase and IL-1β levels and augments hepatic C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) expression in WT mice, a phenotype that was further exacerbated in Atg7 ΔMye mice. Atg7 ΔMye macrophages exhibited defective mitochondrial respiration and displayed elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation relative to WT cells. Interestingly, compared with WT cells, Atg7 ΔMye macrophages also had a drastically increased abundance and nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) after LPS stimulation. Mechanistically, LPS induced co-localization of IRF1 with the autophagy adaptor p62 and the autophagosome, resulting in subsequent IRF1 degradation. However, upon p62 silencing or Atg7 deletion, IRF1 started to accumulate in autophagy-deficient macrophages and translocated into the nucleus, where it induced CCL5 and CXCL10 expression. In conclusion, macrophage autophagy protects against ALD by promoting IRF1 degradation and removal of damaged mitochondria, limiting macrophage activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Texas 75390
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Texas 75390
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Ryosuke Uchiyama
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University College of Pharmacy, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048.
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30
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Zhang L, Pavicic PG, Datta S, Song Q, Xu X, Wei W, Su F, Rayman PA, Zhao C, Hamilton T. Unfolded Protein Response Differentially Regulates TLR4-Induced Cytokine Expression in Distinct Macrophage Populations. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1390. [PMID: 31293572 PMCID: PMC6598306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses are often engaged at sites of inflammation and can alter macrophage cytokine production. We now report that macrophages in distinct states of differentiation or in different temporal stages of inflammatory response exhibit differential sensitivity to cell stress mediated alterations in M1-like polarized inflammatory cytokine production. Tunicamycin (Tm) treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) cultured with M-CSF cultured bone marrow derived macrophages (M-BMDM) had markedly amplified M1-like responses to LPS, exhibiting higher levels of IL12p40 and IL12p35 mRNAs while BMDM cultured with GM-CSF, which normally express high IL12 subunit production in response to LPS, were relatively unaltered. Anti-inflammatory IL10 mRNA production in LPS-stimulated M-BMDM was greatly reduced by cell stress. These changes in cytokine mRNA levels resulted from altered rates of transcription and mRNA decay. Stress also altered cytokine protein production. Resident liver macrophages isolated from mice treated with Tm showed elevated levels of IL12 subunit mRNA production following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, macrophages infiltrating the liver during the early phase of acetaminophen injury (24 h) had little stress-mediated change in cytokine mRNA production while cells isolated in the later phase (48–72 h) exhibited higher sensitivity for stress elevated cytokine production. Hence cultured macrophages developed using different growth/differentiation factors and macrophages from different temporal stages of injury in vivo show markedly different sensitivity to cell stress for altered inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that cellular stress can be an important modulator of the magnitude and character of myeloid inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Paul G Pavicic
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shyamasree Datta
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qiaoling Song
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Su
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Patricia A Rayman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Hamilton
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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31
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Stärkel P, Schnabl B, Leclercq S, Komuta M, Bataller R, Argemi J, Palma E, Chokshi S, Hellerbrand C, Maccioni L, Lanthier N, Leclercq I. Deficient IL-6/Stat3 Signaling, High TLR7, and Type I Interferons in Early Human Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Triad for Liver Damage and Fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:867-882. [PMID: 31334440 PMCID: PMC6601428 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury and its progression still remain incompletely understood. Animal models can only address some aspects of the pathophysiology that requires studies directly in humans, which are scarce. We assessed liver inflammatory and immune responses at early stages of alcoholic liver disease in a unique cohort of alcohol-dependent patients undergoing a highly standardized alcohol withdrawal program. In active drinkers, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed alcohol-induced activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and nuclear factor kappa B in liver tissue already at early disease stages. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that this proinflammatory response was restricted to activated, CD68-positive macrophages. In parallel, down-regulation of IL-6, inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) pathway, as well as blunted cyclin D expression in hepatocytes, reduced proliferation and favored hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of liver tissue showed that alcohol also activated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7-interferon (IFN) axis in hepatocytes, which was confirmed in alcohol-stimulated primary human hepatocytes and precision-cut liver slices in vitro. Activation of the TLR7-IFN axis strongly correlated with liver fibrosis markers and disease progression. Two weeks of abstinence attenuated the inflammatory response but did not allow recovery of the defective Stat3 pathway or effect on fibrosis-associated factors. Conclusion: In humans, inflammation, activation of the TLR7-IFN axis, and inhibition of Stat3-dependent repair mechanisms in early alcoholic liver disease pave the way for fibrosis development and ultimately disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Institute of Neuroscience Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Mina Komuta
- Department of Pathology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center Pittsburgh PA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center Pittsburgh PA
| | - Elena Palma
- Institute of Hepatology Foundation for Liver Research London United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology Foundation for Liver Research London United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
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32
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Anzaghe M, Resch T, Schaser E, Kronhart S, Diez C, Niles MA, Korotkova E, Schülke S, Wolfheimer S, Kreuz D, Wingerter M, Bartolomé Rodríguez MM, Waibler Z. Organ-Specific Expression of IL-1 Receptor Results in Severe Liver Injury in Type I Interferon Receptor Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1009. [PMID: 31143178 PMCID: PMC6521796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon treatment with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], an artificial double-stranded RNA, type I interferon receptor-deficient (IFNAR−/−) mice develop severe liver injury seen by enhanced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the serum that is not observed in their wildtype (WT) counterparts. Recently, we showed that liver injury is mediated by an imbalanced expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and its receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) in the absence of type I IFN. Here we show that despite comparable expression levels of IL-1β in livers and spleens, spleens of poly(I:C)-treated IFNAR−/− mice show no signs of injury. In vitro analyses of hepatocytes and splenocytes revealed that poly(I:C) had no direct toxic effect on hepatocytes. Furthermore, expression levels of cytokines involved in other models for liver damage or protection such as interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22 were comparable for both organs in WT and IFNAR−/− mice upon treatment. Moreover, flow cytometric analyses showed that the composition of different immune cells in livers and spleens were not altered upon injection of poly(I:C). Finally, we demonstrated that the receptor binding IL-1β, IL1R1, is specifically expressed in livers but not spleens of WT and IFNAR−/− mice. Accordingly, mice double-deficient for IFNAR and IL1R1 developed no liver injury upon poly(I:C) treatment and showed ALT activities comparable to those of WT mice. Collectively, liver injury is mediated by the organ-specific expression of IL1R1 in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anzaghe
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Theresa Resch
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Elea Schaser
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kronhart
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Clara Diez
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Marc A Niles
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Eugenia Korotkova
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group 1 "Molecular Allergology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sonja Wolfheimer
- Vice President's Research Group 1 "Molecular Allergology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Kreuz
- Section 3/3 "Morphology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Marion Wingerter
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Zoe Waibler
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Sanz-Garcia C, Poulsen KL, Bellos D, Wang H, McMullen MR, Li X, Chattopadhyay S, Sen G, Nagy LE. The non-transcriptional activity of IRF3 modulates hepatic immune cell populations in acute-on-chronic ethanol administration in mice. J Hepatol 2019; 70:974-984. [PMID: 30710579 PMCID: PMC6462245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor mediating antiviral responses, yet recent evidence indicates that IRF3 also has critical non-transcriptional functions, including activating RIG-I-like receptors-induced IRF-3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA) and restricting activity of NF-κB. Using a novel murine model expressing only non-transcriptional IRF3 activity (Irf3S1/S1), we tested the hypothesis that non-transcriptional functions of IRF3 modulate innate immune responses in the Gao-binge (acute-on-chronic) model of alcohol-related liver disease. METHODS IRF3 and IRF3-mediated signals were analysed in liver samples from 5 patients transplanted for alcoholic hepatitis and 5 healthy controls. C57BL/6, Irf3-/- and Irf3S1/S1 mice were exposed to Gao-binge ethanol-induced liver injury. IRF3-mediated RIPA was investigated in cultured macrophages. RESULTS Phospho-IRF3 and IRF3-mediated signals were elevated in livers of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. In C57BL/6 mice, Gao-binge ethanol exposure activated IRF3 signaling and resulted in hepatocellular injury. Indicators of liver injury were differentially impacted by Irf3 genotype. Irf3-/-, but not Irf3S1/S1, mice were protected from steatosis, elevated alanine/aspartate aminotransferase levels and inflammatory cytokine expression. In contrast, neutrophil accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress were independent of genotype. Protection from Gao-binge injury in Irf3-/- mice was associated with an increased ratio of Ly6Clow (restorative) to Ly6Chigh (inflammatory) cells compared to C57BL/6 and Irf3S1/S1 mice. Reduced ratios of Ly6Clow/Ly6Chigh in C57BL/6 and Irf3S1/S1 mice were associated with increased apoptosis in the Ly6Clow population in response to Gao-binge. Activation of primary macrophage cultures with Poly (I:C) induced translocation of IRF3 to the mitochondria, where it associated with Bax and activated caspases 3 and 9, processes indicative of activation of the RIPA pathway. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data identify that the non-transcriptional function of IRF3 plays an important role in modulating the innate immune environment in response to Gao-binge ethanol exposure, via regulation of immune cell apoptosis. LAY SUMMARY Activation of the innate immune system contributes to inflammation in the progression of alcohol-related liver disease, as well as to the resolution of injury. Here we show that the protein IRF3 modulates the innate immune environment of the liver in a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis. It does this by increasing the apoptotic cell death of immune cells that promote the resolution of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanz-Garcia
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kyle L. Poulsen
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Damien Bellos
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Han Wang
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan R. McMullen
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ganes Sen
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,,Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Qiu P, Dong Y, Zhu T, Luo YY, Kang XJ, Pang MX, Li HZ, Xu H, Gu C, Pan SH, Du WF, Ge WH. Semen hoveniae extract ameliorates alcohol-induced chronic liver damage in rats via modulation of the abnormalities of gut-liver axis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:40-50. [PMID: 30599911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hovenia dulcis Thunb. is considered as a traditional herbal medicine that has been used in the treatment for ethanol-induced liver disease for centuries. Recently, substantial studies demonstrated that Semen hoveniae extract (SHE) not only suppressed the hepatic steatosis caused by chronic ethanol exposure, but also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms largely remained elusive. AIM To determine the hepatoprotective effects of SHE on ethanol-triggered liver damage and further elucidate its potential mechanisms. METHODS In the present study, the Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with the Lieber-DeCarli diet containing alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin as control diet with or without SHE (300 and 600 mg/kg/d bw) for 8 weeks. The levels of serum biomarkers (ALT, AST and LDH) and LPS were detected by biochemical assay kits and endotoxin detection LAL kit, respectively. The histopathological changes of liver and intestinal tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expressions of CD14, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, Iκ-B, P-Iκ-B and TNF-α in liver, and ZO-1 and occludin in intestine were determined by western blot. The faecal microbial composition was determined by16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Analysis. RESULTS Biochemical and histopathological analysis revealed that SHE significantly alleviated the lipid deposition and inflammation response in liver induced by ethanol. SHE remarkably inhibited the TLR4 pathway and its downstream inflammatory mediators, and up-regulated the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in the intestine. The further investigations suggested SHE dramatically reversed ethanol-induced alterations in the intestinal microbial flora and decreased the generation of gut-derived endotoxin. CONCLUSION In summary, SHE probably modulated abnormalities of gut-liver axis and inhibited TLR4-associated inflammatory mediators activation to exert its hepatoprotective properties. These findings suggested that SHE as a traditional therapeutic options which may play an essential role in protecting against the chronic ethanol-triggered liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yun-Yun Luo
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xian-Jie Kang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Min-Xia Pang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huan-Zhou Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Su-Hua Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Feng Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei-Hong Ge
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Maimaitimin K, Jiang Z, Aierken A, Shayibuzhati M, Zhang X. Hepatoprotective effect of Alhagi sparsifolia against Alcoholic Liver injury in mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000317732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, China; Northwest A&F University, China; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology University of Minho, Portugal
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36
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Minayoshi Y, Maeda H, Yanagisawa H, Hamasaki K, Mizuta Y, Nishida K, Kinoshita R, Enoki Y, Imafuku T, Chuang VTG, Koga T, Fujiwara Y, Takeya M, Sonoda K, Wakayama T, Taguchi K, Ishima Y, Ishida T, Iwakiri Y, Tanaka M, Sasaki Y, Watanabe H, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Development of Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon for the treatment of hepatitis via inducing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1067-1077. [PMID: 29688069 PMCID: PMC6058604 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1464083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its multifaceted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, delivering type-I interferon to Kupffer cells has the potential to function as a novel type of therapy for the treatment of various types of hepatitis. We report herein on the preparation of a Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon, an albumin-IFNα2b fusion protein that contains highly mannosylated N-linked oligosaccharide chains, Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b, attached by combining albumin fusion technology and site-directed mutagenesis. The presence of this unique oligosaccharide permits the protein to be efficiently, rapidly and preferentially distributed to Kupffer cells. Likewise IFNα2b, Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b caused a significant induction in the mRNA levels of IL-10, IL-1Ra, PD-L1 in RAW264.7 cells and mouse isolated Kupffer cells, and these inductions were largely inhibited by blocking the interferon receptor. These data indicate that Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b retained the biological activities of type-I interferon. Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b significantly inhibited liver injury in Concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced hepatitis model mice, and consequently improved their survival rate. Moreover, the post-administration of Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b at 2 h after the Con-A challenge also exerted hepato-protective effects. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the therapeutic effectiveness and utility of Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon against hepatitis via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Minayoshi
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Maeda
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hiroki Yanagisawa
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Hamasaki
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuta
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Kento Nishida
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Ryo Kinoshita
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Tadasi Imafuku
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Koga
- c Department of Molecular Medicine , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- d Department of Cell Pathology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- d Department of Cell Pathology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Kayoko Sonoda
- e Department of Histology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- e Department of Histology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- f Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and DDS Research Institute , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- g Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- g Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- h Department of Internal Medicine , Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Motohiko Tanaka
- i Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- i Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- f Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and DDS Research Institute , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
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Qiao JT, Cui C, Qing L, Wang LS, He TY, Yan F, Liu FQ, Shen YH, Hou XG, Chen L. Activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway promotes hepatocyte inflammation, apoptosis and induces metabolic disorders in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2018; 81:13-24. [PMID: 29106945 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common result of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Hepatocyte injury and metabolic disorders are hallmarks of NAFLD. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and its downstream factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) trigger inflammatory reaction in response to the presence of cytosolic DNA. STING has recently been shown to play an important role in early alcoholic liver disease. However, little is known about the role of STING-IRF3 pathway in hepatocyte injury. Here, we aimed to examine the effect of STING-IRF3 pathway on hepatocyte metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis. METHODS We examined the activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway, a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, and determined the role of this pathway in a free fatty acid (FFA)-induced hepatocyte inflammatory response, injury, and dysfunction in L-O2 human liver cells. RESULTS STING and IRF3 were upregulated in livers of HFD-fed mice and in FFA-induced L-O2 cells. Knocking down either STING or IRF3 led to a significant reduction in FFA-induced hepatic inflammation and apoptosis, as evidenced by modulation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic signaling. Additionally, STING/IRF3 knockdown enhanced glycogen storage and alleviated lipid accumulation, which were found to be associated with increased expression of hepatic enzymes in glycolysis and lipid catabolism, and attenuated expression of hepatic enzymes in gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the STING-IRF3 pathway promotes hepatocyte injury and dysfunction by inducing inflammation and apoptosis and by disturbing glucose and lipid metabolism. This pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for preventing NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Qiao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Cui
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Qing
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L S Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - T Y He
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Yan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Q Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - X G Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - L Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Kim A, McCullough RL, Poulsen KL, Sanz-Garcia C, Sheehan M, Stavitsky AB, Nagy LE. Hepatic Immune System: Adaptations to Alcohol. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:347-367. [PMID: 29374837 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical for the maintenance of healthy liver function. Immune activity maintains the tolerogenic capacity of the liver, modulates hepatocellular response to various stresses, and orchestrates appropriate cellular repair and turnover. However, in response to heavy, chronic alcohol exposure, the finely tuned balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in the liver is disrupted, leading to a state of chronic inflammation in the liver. Over time, this non-resolving inflammatory response contributes to the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here we review the contributions of the cellular components of the immune system to the progression of ALD, as well as the pathophysiological roles for soluble and circulating mediators of immunity, including cytokines, chemokines, complement, and extracellular vesicles, in ALD. Finally, we compare the role of the innate immune response in health and disease in the liver to our growing understanding of the role of neuroimmunity in the development and maintenance of a healthy central nervous system, as well as the progression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos Sanz-Garcia
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Megan Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abram B Stavitsky
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wen Z, Ji X, Tang J, Lin G, Xiao L, Liang C, Wang M, Su F, Ferrandon D, Li Z. Positive Feedback Regulation between Transglutaminase 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Hepatic Stellate Cells Correlates with Liver Fibrosis Post Schistosoma japonicum Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1808. [PMID: 29321784 PMCID: PMC5733538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) infection is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The activated and differentiated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the predominant ECM-producing cell type in the liver. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway activation plays a key role in mice liver fibrosis models induced by alcohol, biliary ligation, and carbon tetrachloride 4. In this work, we found that TLR4 pathway activation correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis post Sj infection. The TLR4 receptor inhibitor TAK242 reduced the extent of liver fibrosis. The increased expression of TLR4, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cytoglobin was observed in the HSCs of mouse liver after Sj infection. In response to stimulation with either lipopolysaccharide or Sj's soluble egg antigen (SEA), high levels of TLR4 and α-SMA were induced in HSCs and were inhibited by TAK242 treatment. In previous work, we had reported that a high level of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is crucial for liver fibrosis post Sj infection. Herein, we found that TLR4 signaling also controlled Tgm2 expression. Inhibition of TGM2 activity by cystamine (CTM) in Sj-infected mice or in HSCs induced with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) stimulation led to a lowered activation of TLR4 signaling and a reduced α-SMA expression. These results were confirmed by downregulating the Tgm2 gene by specific siRNA. These observations implied the presence of a positive feedback regulation between TGM2 and TLR4 signaling in HSCs that correlated with liver fibrosis post Sj infection. This novel connection between TGM2 and TLR4 pathway activation in liver fibrosis induced by Sj infection enhances our understanding of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Wen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Ji
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Tang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiying Lin
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linzhuo Xiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Liang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Su
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Université de Strasbourg, RIDI UPR9022 du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zi Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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NOX4 Regulates CCR2 and CCL2 mRNA Stability in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46144. [PMID: 28383062 PMCID: PMC5382722 DOI: 10.1038/srep46144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of inflammatory cells is a major feature of alcoholic liver injury however; the signals and cellular sources regulating this are not well defined. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is expressed by active hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and is a key monocyte recruitment signal. Activated HSC are also important sources of hydrogen peroxide resulting from the activation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). As the role of this NOX in early alcoholic liver injury has not been addressed, we studied NOX4-mediated regulation of CCR2/CCL2 mRNA stability. NOX4 mRNA was significantly induced in patients with alcoholic liver injury, and was co-localized with αSMA-expressing activated HSC. We generated HSC-specific NOX4 KO mice and these were pair-fed on alcohol diet. Lipid peroxidation have not changed significantly however, the expression of CCR2, CCL2, Ly6C, TNFα, and IL-6 was significantly reduced in NOX4HSCKO compared to fl/fl mice. NOX4 promoter was induced in HSC by acetaldehyde treatment, and NOX4 has significantly increased mRNA half-life of CCR2 and CCL2 in conjunction with Ser221 phosphorylation and cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR. In conclusion, NOX4 is induced in early alcoholic liver injury and regulates CCR2/CCL2 mRNA stability thereby promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Yang L, Miura K, Zhang B, Matsushita H, Yang YM, Liang S, Song J, Roh YS, Seki E. TRIF Differentially Regulates Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation/Fibrosis in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:469-483. [PMID: 28462384 PMCID: PMC5403956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is activated through 2 adaptor proteins: MyD88 and TIR-domain containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). TLR4 and MyD88 are crucial in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. However, the role of TRIF in TLR4-mediated NASH and fibrosis has been elusive. This study investigated the differential roles of TRIF in hepatic steatosis and inflammation/fibrosis. METHODS A choline-deficient amino acid defined (CDAA) diet was used for the mouse NASH model. On this diet, the mice develop hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. TLR4 wild-type and TLR4-/- bone marrow chimeric mice and TRIF-/- mice were fed CDAA or a control diet for 22 weeks. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis were examined. RESULTS In the CDAA diet-induced NASH, the mice with wild-type bone marrow had higher alanine aminotransferase and hepatic tumor necrosis factor levels than the mice with TLR4-/- bone marrow. The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score showed that both wild-type and TLR4-/- bone marrow chimeras had reduced hepatic steatosis, and that both types of chimeras had similar levels of inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning to whole-body wild-type mice. Notably, wild-type recipients showed more liver fibrosis than TLR4-/- recipients. Although TRIF-/- mice showed reduced hepatic steatosis, these mice showed more liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis than wild-type mice. TRIF-/- stellate cells and hepatocytes produced more C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand than wild-type cells in response to lipopolysaccharide. Consistently, TRIF-/- mice showed increased CXCL1 and CCL3 expression along with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, which promotes liver inflammation and injury. CONCLUSIONS In TLR4-mediated NASH, different liver cells have distinct roles in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. TRIF promotes hepatic steatosis but it inhibits injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BM, bone marrow
- BMT, bone marrow transplantation
- CDAA, choline-deficient amino acid defined
- DGAT2, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocyte Apoptosis
- IL, interleukin
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LPS
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Neutrophils
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- TLR4
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Bi Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shuang Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jingyi Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Ekihiro Seki, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Research Building, Suite 2099, Los Angeles, California 90048. fax: (310) 423-0157.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly BoulevardDavis Research BuildingSuite 2099Los AngelesCalifornia 90048
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Scoparone Inhibits LPS-Simulated Inflammatory Response by Suppressing IRF3 and ERK in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121718. [PMID: 27983636 PMCID: PMC6272885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation and the release of various inflammatory cytokines are largely related to neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other brain diseases. The suppression of microglial cells using natural bioactive compounds has become increasingly important for brain therapy owing to the expected beneficial effect of lower toxicity. Scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin), a major bioactive compound found in various plant parts, including the inner shell of chestnut (Castanea crenata), was evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cells. The results indicated that scoparone suppresses the LPS-stimulated increase of neuroinflammatory responses and inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the BV-2 microglial cells. A mechanistic study showed that scoparone specifically inhibited the LPS-stimulated activation via a major regulation of IRF-3 and a regulation of ERK, whereby the phosphorylation in the BV-2 microglial cells is blocked. These data suggest that scoparone has anti-neuroinflammatory effects in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells, and could possibly be used in the development of novel drugs for the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Iracheta-Vellve A, Petrasek J, Gyongyosi B, Satishchandran A, Lowe P, Kodys K, Catalano D, Calenda CD, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA, Szabo G. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Hepatocellular Death Pathways Mediate Liver Injury and Fibrosis via Stimulator of Interferon Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26794-26805. [PMID: 27810900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, driven by inflammation, marks the transition from benign to progressive stages of chronic liver diseases. Although inflammation promotes fibrogenesis, it is not known whether other events, such as hepatocyte death, are required for the development of fibrosis. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates hepatocyte apoptosis and production of type I IFNs. In the liver, IRF3 is activated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adapter, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We hypothesized that IRF3-mediated hepatocyte death is an independent determinant of chemically induced liver fibrogenesis. To test this, we performed acute or chronic CCl4 administration to WT and IRF3-, Toll/Interleukin-1R (TIR) domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)-, and STING-deficient mice. We report that acute CCl4 administration to WT mice resulted in early ER stress, activation of IRF3, and type I IFNs, followed by hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury, accompanied by liver fibrosis upon repeated administration of CCl4 Deficiency of IRF3 or STING prevented hepatocyte death and fibrosis both in acute or chronic CCl4 In contrast, mice deficient in type I IFN receptors or in TLR4 signaling adaptors, TRAM or TRIF, upstream of IRF3, were not protected from hepatocyte death and/or fibrosis, suggesting that the pro-apoptotic role of IRF3 is independent of TLR signaling in fibrosis. Hepatocyte death is required for liver fibrosis with causal involvement of STING and IRF3. Thus, our results identify that IRF3, by its association with STING in the presence of ER stress, couples hepatocyte apoptosis with liver fibrosis and indicate that innate immune signaling regulates outcomes of liver fibrosis via modulation of hepatocyte death in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jan Petrasek
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Patrick Lowe
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Karen Kodys
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Donna Catalano
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Charles D Calenda
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Pritchard MT, McCracken JM. Identifying Novel Targets for Treatment of Liver Fibrosis: What Can We Learn from Injured Tissues which Heal Without a Scar? Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:1332-46. [PMID: 26302807 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150825111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is unique in that it is able to regenerate. This regeneration occurs without formation of a scar in the case of non-iterative hepatic injury. However, when the liver is exposed to chronic liver injury, the purely regenerative process fails and excessive extracellular matrix proteins are deposited in place of normal liver parenchyma. While much has been discovered in the past three decades, insights into fibrotic mechanisms have not yet lead to effective therapies; liver transplant remains the only cure for advanced liver disease. In an effort to broaden the collection of possible therapeutic targets, this review will compare and contrast the liver wound healing response to that found in two types of wound healing: scarless wound healing of fetal skin and oral mucosa and scar-forming wound healing found in adult skin. This review will examine wound healing in the liver and the skin in relation to the role of humoral and cellular factors, as well as the extracellular matrix, in this process. While several therapeutic targets are similar between fibrotic liver and adult skin wound healing, others are unique and represent novel areas for hepatic anti-fibrotic research. In particular, investigations into the role of hyaluronan in liver fibrosis and fibrosis resolution are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66161, USA.
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease includes a broad clinical-histological spectrum from simple steatosis, cirrhosis, acute alcoholic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma as a complication of cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease can be conceptually divided into (1) ethanol-mediated liver injury, (2) inflammatory immune response to injury, (3) intestinal permeability and microbiome changes. Corticosteroids may improve outcomes, but this is controversial and probably only impacts short-term survival. New pathophysiology-based therapies are under study, including antibiotics, caspase inhibition, interleukin-22, anakinra, FXR agonist and others. These studies provide hope for better future outcomes for this difficult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Dunn
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Song M, Chen T, Prough RA, Cave MC, McClain CJ. Chronic Alcohol Consumption Causes Liver Injury in High-Fructose-Fed Male Mice Through Enhanced Hepatic Inflammatory Response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:518-28. [PMID: 26858005 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and the metabolic syndrome occur in approximately one-third of patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The increased consumption of fructose parallels the increased prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in the United States and worldwide. In this study, we investigated whether dietary high fructose potentiates chronic alcohol-induced liver injury, and explored potential mechanism(s). METHODS Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 4 groups: control, high fructose, chronic ethanol (EtOH), and high fructose plus chronic alcohol. The mice were fed either control diet or high-fructose diet (60%, w/w) for 18 weeks. Chronic alcohol-fed mice were given 20% (v/v) ethanol (Meadows-Cook model) ad libitum as the only available liquid from the 9th week through the 18th week. Liver injury, steatosis, hepatic inflammatory gene expression, and copper status were assessed. RESULTS High-fructose diet and chronic alcohol consumption alone each induce hepatic fat accumulation and impair copper status. However, the combination of dietary high fructose plus chronic alcohol synergistically induced liver injury as evidenced by robustly increased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, but the combination did not exacerbate hepatic fat accumulation nor worsen copper status. Moreover, FE-fed mice were characterized by prominent microvesicular steatosis. High-fructose diet and chronic alcohol ingestion together led to a significant up-regulation of Kupffer cell (KC) M1 phenotype gene expression (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), as well as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling gene expression, which is also associated with the up-regulation of KCs and activation marker gene expression, including Emr1, CD68, and CD163. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that dietary high fructose may potentiate chronic alcohol consumption-induced liver injury. The underlying mechanism might be due to the synergistic effect of dietary high fructose and alcohol on the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, which in turn leads to KC activation and phenotype switch toward M1 polarization. This study suggests that alcohol-fructose combination contributes to ALD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Theresa Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Wang G, Wang H, Singh S, Zhou P, Yang S, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Chen A, Billiar T, Monga SP, Wang Q. ADAR1 Prevents Liver Injury from Inflammation and Suppresses Interferon Production in Hepatocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3224-37. [PMID: 26453800 PMCID: PMC4729276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an essential protein for embryonic liver development. ADAR1 loss is embryonically lethal because of severe liver damage. Although ADAR1 is required in adult livers to prevent liver cell death, as demonstrated by liver-specific conditional knockout (Alb-ADAR1(KO)) mice, the mechanism remains elusive. We systematically analyzed Alb-ADAR1(KO) mice for liver damage. Differentiation genes and inflammatory pathways were examined in hepatic tissues from Alb-ADAR1(KO) and littermate controls. Inducible ADAR1 KO mice were used to validate regulatory effects of ADAR1 on inflammatory cytokines. We found that Alb-ADAR1(KO) mice showed dramatic growth retardation and high mortality because of severe structural and functional damage to the liver, which showed overwhelming inflammation, cell death, fibrosis, fatty change, and compensatory regeneration. Simultaneously, Alb-ADAR1(KO) showed altered expression of key differentiation genes and significantly higher levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, especially type I interferons, which was also verified by inducible ADAR1 knockdown in primary hepatocyte cultures. We conclude that ADAR1 is an essential molecule for maintaining adult liver homeostasis and, in turn, morphological and functional integrity. It inhibits the production of type I interferons and other inflammatory cytokines. Our findings may provide novel insight in the pathogenesis of liver diseases caused by excessive inflammatory responses, including autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alex Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cardiology, Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Timothy Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cardiology, Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Ni MM, Xu T, Wang YR, He YH, Zhou Q, Huang C, Meng XM, Li J. Inhibition of IRF3 expression reduces TGF-β1-induced proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:9-23. [PMID: 26611114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic management of liver fibrosis remains an unresolved clinical problem. Activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is a pivotal event in the progression of liver fibrosis. Recent reports have showed that inhibition of activated HSC proliferation contributes to the reversal of liver fibrosis. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), one member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, is recently proven to be a critical modulator in cardiac fibrosis. And accumulating evidence demonstrated that IRF3 plays a crucial role in liver diseases, such as hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, and alcoholic liver injury. However, the understanding of the function of IRF3 in liver fibrosis remains limited. Our results identified the role of IRF3 in regulating human HSC (LX-2 cell) cell proliferation and apoptosis. The present study indicated that the expression of IRF3 was significantly increased in HSCs in response to TGF-β1 stimulation. Moreover, a stable and unlimited source of human HSC, the LX-2 cell line, transfected with IRF3-siRNA significantly decreases the expression level of type I collagen (Col1a1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in activated LX-2 cells. On the contrary, overexpression of IRF3 gives rise to an upregulation of Col1a1 and α-SMA in LX-2 cells, and further promoted HSC proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of IRF3 significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced HSC proliferation and increased its apoptosis. Of note, the present study indicated IRF3 may regulate LX-2 cell proliferation by via AKT signaling pathway. In summary, these observations suggest IRF3 may function as a novel regulator to modulate TGF-β1-induced LX-2 proliferation, at least in part, via AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-ming Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ya-rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ying-hua He
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.
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Chen YL, Peng HC, Wang XD, Yang SC. Dietary saturated fatty acids reduce hepatic lipid accumulation but induce fibrotic change in alcohol-fed rats. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:172-83. [PMID: 26151057 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the influence of an ethanol-containing diet with high saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats weighing about 160 g were divided into four groups: an ethanol (E) group fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet with 36% total calories as fat (corn oil, olive oil and safflower oil); a control (C) group pair-fed an isoenergetic diet without ethanol; an ethanol with saturated fat (EHS) group fed an ethanol-containing diet which contained 40% total calories as fat (90% lard); and a control with saturated fat (CHS) group fed an isoenergetic diet without ethanol, which contained 40% total calories as fat. RESULTS After 8 weeks of treatment, the liver weight and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in E and EHS groups were significantly higher than those of C group. Significantly higher scores of inflammation, necrosis, and fatty changes were found in E group, whereas significantly higher scores of necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were found in EHS group. Although significantly lower plasma adiponectin concentrations were observed in both E and EHS groups, compared to C group, plasma adiponectin in EHS group was significantly higher than that in E group. There was no change in hepatic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α expression between E and C groups, and rats in EHS group showed a significantly elevated level compared to the other groups. A lower hepatic sirtuins (SIRT)-1 level was found in E group, but it did not reach statistical significance. Moreover, the highest plasma TGF-β1 level was found in EHS group. Compared to C group, the hepatic reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance level were significantly increased in E and EHS groups; however, there was no significant difference between E and EHS groups. Significantly increased hepatic CYP2E1 expression was observed in both E and EHS groups, while at the same time, hepatic CYP2E1 in EHS group was the highest among all groups. The hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations in the E group were significantly higher than those in C group, whereas the hepatic IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in ES group were significantly lower than those of E group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that dietary saturated fats may inhibit hepatic fat accumulation and induce hepatic fibrosis in rats under chronic alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Chen
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; 2 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chi Peng
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; 2 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; 2 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA
| | - Suh-Ching Yang
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; 2 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA
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Petrasek J, Iracheta-Vellve A, Saha B, Satishchandran A, Kodys K, Fitzgerald KA, Kurt-Jones EA, Szabo G. Metabolic danger signals, uric acid and ATP, mediate inflammatory cross-talk between hepatocytes and immune cells in alcoholic liver disease. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:249-56. [PMID: 25934928 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab1214-590r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation defines the progression of ALD from reversible to advanced stages. Translocation of bacterial LPS to the liver from the gut is necessary for alcohol-induced liver inflammation. However, it is not known whether endogenous, metabolic danger signals are required for inflammation in ALD. Uric acid and ATP, 2 major proinflammatory danger signals, were evaluated in the serum of human volunteers exposed to a single dose of ethanol or in supernatants of primary human hepatocytes exposed to ethanol. In vitro studies were used to evaluate the role of uric acid and ATP in inflammatory cross-talk between hepatocytes and immune cells. The significance of signaling downstream of uric acid and ATP in the liver was evaluated in NLRP3-deficient mice fed a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet. Exposure of healthy human volunteers to a single dose of ethanol resulted in increased serum levels of uric acid and ATP. In vitro, we identified hepatocytes as a significant source of these endogenous inflammatory signals. Uric acid and ATP mediated a paracrine inflammatory cross-talk between damaged hepatocytes and immune cells and significantly increased the expression of LPS-inducible cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, by immune cells. Deficiency of NLRP3, a ligand-sensing component of the inflammasome recognizing uric acid and ATP, prevented the development of alcohol-induced liver inflammation in mice and significantly ameliorated liver damage and steatosis. Endogenous metabolic danger signals, uric acid, and ATP are involved in inflammatory cross-talk between hepatocytes and immune cells and play a crucial role in alcohol-induced liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Banishree Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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